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Special Libraries, 1979 Special Libraries, 1970s
4-1-1979
Special Libraries, April 1979
Special Libraries Association
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An Information Service for the Maritime Industry D. G. Mellor
Overcoming the Criterion Problem in the Evaluation of Library Performance Editor: NANCYM. VIGGIANO John J. Knightly Assistant Editor: BARRYJ. KATZEN Advertising Sales: DOROTHYE. SMITH Looking Back at the Microfilm Circulation: FREDERICK BAUM Decision: Expectations and Experiences Gloria J. Zamora and Martha C. Adamson Special Libraries is published by Special Librar- ies Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003.Monthly except double issue Survey on the Use and Cost May/June. Annual index in December issue. of Scientific Journals in the Soreq Library S. Weil 01979 by Special Libraries Association. Material protected by this copyright may be photocopied for the noncommercial purpose Information Management: of scholarship or research. Survey of Readership in Second class postage paid at New York, N.Y., Public Patent Libraries and at additional offices. H. Bank
SLA News
Actions of the Board of 195 Directors, Feb 1-3, 1979
Networking Notes 200
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Pubs 208 Index to Advertisers 7ON-LINE SEARCHING
0 Over 150 on-line data bases described Directory of On-Line 0 Both bibliographic and non- bibliographic data bases Information Resources
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L.C. No. 74-18864, ISBN 0-87815-023-4 Send for this vital reference now- call (202) 293-2605 or mail the coupon below: 11111111111~11111111 INFORMATION RESOURCES PRESS I IP 21W M StNW , Dgt P 039 WMngton, LC 2CO37 I I YES. please send - copy(ies) of the Nutiond I Directory of Strife Agenc,ies/IY 78-1979 6 1655.00 each (plus S2.40 for postage and handling). I Name I Title ------I Organization p- 1 Address I City, State. Zip pp I 1111111111111111111J out of market research. Over 2,500 reports Ilsted In the tollowlng categories: I. Basic Industries 11. Energy Ill. Construction1 MaterialsIMachinery IV. Computers1 Electronics V. Consumer Durable8 VI. Consumer Nondurables VII. Retailing1 Consumer Services VIII. Healthcare IX. Transportation X. DefenseISecurity Systems XI. Media XII. Business1 Finance XIII. 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It Includes syndl- t~onand a 1979 m~d- I Card No Exp Dale I cated and mult~client year supplement studies, audits, sub I Name At last, there's a scription research ser- way to locate market research information VIC~S,and reports on I pp ------I cornpanles wh~chare I I without researchmg the produced by major I " - I whole market - - ZIP I ~nvestrnentflrrns Its I State - special libraries COMPENDEX /TECHNOLOGY ' Your window on worldwide developments in engineering Your first choice for answers to queries on: Solar Energy Measurement Geothermal Energy Engineering Education Propellants for Rockets Waste Heat Utilization Industrial Management and Missiles 0 Defects in Semiconductor Data Base Management Treatment of Industrial Wastes Materials Biomedical Engineering Heat Insulating Materials Control of Air Pollut~on COMPENDEX - via on-line search services operational in U.S.. Canada and Europe. Providing instant access to over 700,000 records (including Abstracts)growing by 7,500 additions monthly; average rates - $1 0.00 to $15.00 per search. COMPENDEX -via batch mode (SDI or retrospective searches) available from centers around the world. COMPENDEX - via Acquisition Lease or L~censefor National Information Services, Industrial Organizations and Academ~cInstitutions. For further information contact: Marketing Division Subscriptions Kzw\ the Professional way. . . Faxon wrote the book. With costs increasing as library budgets shrink, modern librarians are called upon to use their professional skills more than ever. That's why Faxon's fast, accurate, flexible subscription service makes sense for so many busy libraries. Ordering through Faxon helps manage costs, and frees librarians for important management tasks. Write or call today for our LIBRARIANS' GUIDE and SERVICE BROCHURE. Faxon. For subscription service. . . the professional way. Library business is our only business - since 1881 fin. mxon compmu, inc. Library Magazine Subscription Agency 15 Southwest Park, Westwood, Mass. 02090 Tel: 800-225-6055 (toll-free) 61 7-329-3350 (collect In Mass and Canada only) MAP COLLECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA A Directory, 3d ed. 1978 / soft cover / 215 pages / 6% X 10 / $19.75 ISBN 0-871 11-243-4 1 LC 77-26685 David K. Carrington and Richard W. Stephenson, eds. The Directory describes 745 major map collections in the United States and Canada-a 23% increase in coverage over the previous 1970 edition. The entries are arranged alphabetically by city within a state or province. A comprehensive index aids the user of this valuable reference tool. The Directory is completely revised, as well as expanded. The data has been compiled from questionnaires completed by responding li- braries. It is the first time data about cataloging, classification, and reader services are included. In addition to information about the name and address of the institution, the person in charge, the size and growth of the collections, and major subject and area specializations, the Directory gives the date the map library was established, the number of professional and non-professional staff, chronological em- phasis of materials in the collection cataloged, hours of service, seating capacity of the reading room, and number of readers served per month. Order your copy from: Special Libraries Association Order Department 235 Park Avenue South New York, N.Y. 10003 20A special libraries Cost-Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit Determinations in Special Libraries Herbert S. White Graduate Library School, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. 47401 Mechanisms to establish and evaluate cost-effectiveness in the administration of libraries are as feasible and necessary as for any other operational unit. The determination of cost- benefit to the sponsoring organization is far more difficult, and probably cannot be made on a consistent and continuing basis. However, user perception that such cost-benefit exists, even if unsupportable in an accounting sense, can suffice to justify the validity of the library operation. It is this perception and appearance that library managers must seek to cultivate. NE OF THE THINGS which By contrast, the author cannot envi- 0 differentiates libraries in the for- sion any such restraining pressure on profit sector from academic, public, and corporate officials, or company presi- school libraries is that in these latter dents comparing notes on the quality institutions the library is assumed to and size of their libraries. have value per se. In part this is because there is perhaps a greater tolerance for knowledge and learning as a self- Corporate Decision-Making evident good, rather than simply as a Although many companies are be- contributor to bottom line figures. ginning to soften their public image, However, academic librarians now re- the fundamental purpose of the for- port that much of this tolerance for the profit organization is still precisely library is eroding under financial pres- that-to make a profit. What size profit? sures. Nevertheless, it should be safe to Stockholders never set limits on their assume that a university president appetites for return on investments, would not, and could not, shut down and when short-term profits are the university library and sell its books, plowed back into the business for plant even if the administration was abso- expansion and enhanced research pro- lutely convinced that the library con- grams, all that is being done is to trade tributed nothing to academic excellence in a present return for the expectation on the campus. The faculty would not of an even larger future profit. Corpo- allow it, the school would lose its ac- rate executives are hired to make good creditation, the graduates would not get decisions, and if the decisions work out jobs, and the Board of Trustees would well for the company, no one really fire the president at its next meeting. cares whether or not they were scientif- ically based. If the decisions turn out renovation decrease turnover or im- badly, nobody cares how they were prove productivity? If productivity arrived at either. later increases, how do we know that Most business decisions of the 19th this renovation was solely or even and early 20th centuries, as well as primarily responsible? It makes for management philosophies in existence happier employees? So what? There is today, were and are based on instinct no tangible proof that happier em- and innovation. Success rates were ployees are harder workers. We have all never high, but those who did succeed seen organizations with so much staff were glorified and lionized, and the camaraderie that most of the day was impression grew that such bold and spent in planning parties, picnics, incisive courage was the key to business bowling tournaments, and bridal show- success. ers, and almost no work at all got done. We still have some such instinctive The author is forced to conclude, innovators, but they are a dying breed, from his own experience in operations replaced by groups of professional and management, that a true cost-bene- managers whose objective is frequently fit analysis of an overhead organization the avoidance of a bad decision rather such as the library, in terms of what it than the formulation of a good one. These managers, who did not neces- sarily start the business or grow with it, need tools with which to make good, or at least safe, decisions. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis programs are designed to assure the effective allocation of scarce resources. In a production environment this works reasonably well. Parameters can be established for determining the relative merits of starting a second shift or of building a new assembly plant. contributes directly to organizational Models can be drawn to determine goals, may be neither practicable nor whether or not price increases will even possible. There are libraries, of depress sales sufficiently to offset the course, whose operating budgets are gain in unit profitability. allocated to user groups, either by formula or by actual use. In theory, to The Library as Overhead the extent to which the group has the Cost-benefit analyses become more right to reject library service, such an difficult when applied to overhead acceptance can be argued to represent operations such as the library. In cost-benefit acceptance, but in point of accounting terms, overhead is cost fact there is organizational pressure for applied to gross profit; overhead turns each group to pay its so-called fair profit into a smaller operating or net share. Part of this pressure still comes profit, or even a net loss. Since over- from the belief, even in business envi- head always has a negative impact, it is ronments, that libraries are good always assumed to be too large. things, and not to be reviled. Part of it Furthermore, the advantages of over- comes from the recognition that, if one head expenditures, while perhaps easy group refuses to pay, the others will to claim, are difficult to justify. Why probably have to pay more. Most renovate the company cafeteria? Be- importantly, they are willing to go cause it improves employee morale? along because their share of the allo- Does it really, even if there were cated library expense is in fact rather complaints in the last survey? Would trivial, and really does not make that employees prefer this to a raise? Will much difference. special libraries Generally, corporate measurement staffs or to increase their sales targets. criteria have not extended to the evalu- While they may happily agree that the ation of one overhead service against library saves them time, they will never another-of a better library versus hot agree that this allows them to operate cafeteria lunches versus new electric with fewer people, and there is there- typewriters versus expanding the park- fore no tangible cost reduction. ing lot versus doubling the number of The lesson for librarians in this is daily mail deliveries. clear. The library is perceived as being Usually, the library is treated as part useful (these words are chosen care- of the overhead pool, and a fairly insig- fully because it cannot actually be nificant one at that. Overhead funding proven to be useful) to the extent that is decreased when sales and earnings its services and activities are felt by fall, or when they do not approach operating profit center managers to be expectations. It can be convincingly of positive influence on their group. argued that bad times are in themselves Only "positive" counts. An evaluation the worst times in which to cut back on of "having no impact" is just as deadly research and, by extension, library as a negative one would be. Having activities, but those arguments are postulated that cost-benefit studies of usually fruitless. Stockholders are inter- the role of the library in the achieve- ested in this year's dividends and this ment of overall organization goals are year's stock market quotations. Five probably not practicable, it could then years from now somebody else may be argued that cost-benefit analysis of own the stock, and the present owner operations within the library can be will not care. measured quite effectively if objectives If decisions affecting specific over- for the library are established in terms head services such as the library are not of their impact on the performance of made within the organization based on operating groups. any specific or scientific cost-benefit formulation, how are they made? By and large, these decisions are based on Internal Cost-Benefit Analyses perceptions by individuals on how the What this requires, first of all, is that continuance, strength, growth, or de- librarians think of themselves as entre- cline of the library will affect their own preneurs running a business. The performance. It should not be assumed success or failure of that business comes that individual profit center managers from the acceptance and appreciation of will be sufficiently altruistic to vote for its products and services-its operating things that will hurt them or their capital comes from the willingness of performance, but which may help the the customers to provide it with a organization. Managers are encouraged stake. to be selfish in their thinking; they are Most corporations pay little attention rewarded for their own successes and to how libraries allocate their funds. punished for their own failures. Credit The budget may require line item and blame are not generally shared. descriptions, but the only real interest is in the cost total. In addition, most The Library's "Usefulness" organizations impose headcount ceil- Individual managers have little idea ings, in that additional money cannot of how the operation of the library usually be spent on full-time perma- affects the success or failure of their nent employees without additional per- own performance. They cannot admit mission. However, it usually can be that they would have committed a seri- allocated to purchased services or ous blunder, if not for certain help from contract labor, and sometimes even for the library. Nor can they accept that the in-house employees, as long as these existence of a strong library allows are either part-time, temporary, or them to decrease their own technical both. In order for the library administra- not our job. Economy may become a tion to perform its own internal cost- requirement, but corporate profitability benefit analysis, it must obviously is a factor that someone else is hired to know both costs and benefits. Costs are monitor at a considerably higher salary. easy to calculate; they come monthly In fact, we can cost reduce our way into from the accounting department. If we being fired for not doing our job, which assign functional or task codes to time is to run a library that is both an effec- sheets we can get cost breakdowns by tive library and one which is perceived functions performed and even user to be an effective library. Both are groups for which services are per- important, and both are inexorably tied formed. together. The first because that is our One of the traditional management professional responsibility, the second communication problems that libraries because it is a prerequisite for being have had is that library objectives are able to do the first. It is sometimes usually inwardly directed. We will difficult to convince library managers purchase and process books and period- in for-profit environments, who are icals to projected numbers, we will usually conservative to start with and compile a certain number of bibliogra- who have been ground down by corpo- phies, we will achieve a 10% increase in rate propaganda, not to worry about . . . a true cost-benefit analysis of an overhead organization such as the library, in terms of what it contributes directly to organizational goals, may be neither practicable nor even possible. circulation and an 8% increase in inter- requesting a tripling of their budgets library loan. These statistics, while they for a program addition or a program may impress fellow library profession- expansion if that program makes sense. als, are meaningless to management, The library cannot spend enough, no which is not in the book processing and matter how extravagant we get, to affect material lending business. It is to the earnings by even one cent per share, real business, or the many businesses, and new programs are far easier to sell of the company that library objectives than a 20% increase in existing must relate. What does the library plan programs. to do in support of program A and program B? At least as importantly, Justifiable Costs how do we assure that the directors of programs A and B are aware of what we It is possible, then, to make cost- are doing for them-are they direct benefit determinations in the for-profit recipients, are they told by their own special library, but only if there is first a people, or do we make sure we tell determination of what will be benefi- them ourselves? cial. That determination is not practica- Unless the library manager has a ble in terms of overall corporate goals specific direction for the library and and objectives. These are too broad to feels convinced that success in this permit the library to measure its endeavor is good both for the library performance against the achievement and for the organization, then the of corporate performance. In fact, it library will inevitably drift. The librar- might be misleading in that corporate ian was hired to run a good library and performance may be excellent despite a to serve the needs of the organization, poor library, or that corporate perfor- even if management cannot articulate mance may be poor because of a them. marketing strategy decision in which That is our objective; saving money is the library had no part. 166 special libraries Nor can the library's contribution be volume of material requested, its rela- measured simply in terms of its own tion as a percentage to the material internal statistics. Technical processing supplied internally (missing the tenth unit costs, circulation unit costs, or article is not quite so important when circulation per volume owned are you have been able to immediately useful tools in any library, and they supply the other nine), and the user may be sufficient in an academic setting perceived importance of rapid service in which the need for a library, and in general and for specific items. Of even the largest possible library, is course, we must also consider what we accepted as a premise and not subject to give up in other services by detaching question by the faculty. However, in a this half-time clerk, or by cutting $4,000 for-profit library, located in an organi- from our other budget categories to zation for which library service is an contract for twenty hours per week of a incidental and suspect miscellaneous student to do this work. That option is expense, the only meaning of benefit usually ours. Management neither can come in terms of impact on those knows nor cares, nor should it bother. profit centers and revenue earning Academic libraries are not as fortu- programs which are subject to close nate. Since the concept of information scrutiny, and, even more importantly, service has not really been developed in terms of the perception of that and no expectation for it has been impact by profit center managers. aroused, except in small departmental With this as a yardstick, consider- collections which function more like ation of alternatives within the library special libraries, the academic library is is possible. Bibliographic access, which basically expected to maintain the size is now expanding so rapidly through of its acquisitions program. It does not various time-shared access systems, have the option of transferring materi- inevitably carries a cost; the cost of als money to services or to the develop- providing bibliographic availability ment of effective computer systems. The librarian was hired to run a good library and to serve the needs of the organization, even if management cannot articulate them. That is our objective; saving money is not our job. must be related to the cost of providing If we look at our stewardship of the document delivery. This can be done library as running a private business, through library purchase of single we will quickly see that making wrong copies and subscriptions, through the decisions is a luxury we cannot afford. purchase of multiple copies and sub- Store owners will rapidly go bankrupt scriptions to assure rapid access, if they sink capital into stock which through effective recall procedures for does not move from the shelves. The material already in the system, and comparison to libraries is apt. If we through providing rapid and reliable spend our money to have staff perform document delivery from outside the useless tasks, if we subscribe to biblio- collection. Should the librarian, from graphic data bases in which no one is the labor budget, designate one indi- interested, we are not only wasting vidual on a half-time basis to make a organizational money, we are stealing daily trip to the nearby university li- money from ourselves which we could brary, make the necessary interlibrary use for more meaningful purposes. loan copies personally, and bring them This is not to suggest that we return it back the same day? It obviously as surplus. Our job, as previously stated, depends on many factors, including the is not to save money. There is a whole uprill979 167 financial control organization; let them accountants and purchasing agents worry about that. Nor is it our job to without whom life in the organization help out the personnel department by is impossible. These managers of new taking protected misfits into the li- projects need help most of all. Yet they brary. Our need for a high quality staff do not know what they need; neither is as great as that of any other unit. do they have time to think about it. Perhaps our need is greater, because How do we find out what projects our staff is usually small. exist, particularly what new projects are just coming into being? We must work Coordination with Company Projects hard at developing informal communi- cations channels, because most deci- The library cannot make tangible sions are made long before they are contributions to the specific programs formally reported. Depending on the which are carried out within the orga- librarians' position in management nization without first knowing what chains, they may be participants in these are. This may seem obvious, but it meetings in which decisions are made. is surprising to what extent these If not, then somebody in the manage- programs are only dimly perceived. ment chain is such a participant, and we Start by making a list of programs and must make it clear that it is part of their activities within the organization, and job to help us do ours by keeping us then determine to what extent these informed. can benefit from library support, and to Part of the information process what extent they are already supported. simply consists of talking to people, There are two kinds of projects that informally or through formal appoint- should be starred or underlined. The ments, to find out what they are doing first consists of the ones run by individ- uals in a position to affect library fund- ing and library support. Frequently these individuals, in general adminis- tration and finance, are not natural or instinctive library users, but that does not mean they do not have information problems. Lack of complaints in this instance does not necessarily imply good library service. It may mean poor service, or no service. The second group concerns newly started projects, because new projects are most in need of information, and timeliness is critical. Frequently a new project team is put together and given specific and demanding assignments, with little if any understanding of what and to suggest support the library has transpired in the past, what docu- might be able to provide. People like to mentation already exists, or what talk about their work, like to explain services might be available. The man- what they are doing. They usually do ager of this new project has no time to not consider this an imposition, even if spend on literature searches. More it requires translation into very basic priority must be given to logistical English. At the same time, their percep- problems, concerns about justifying, tions of and expectations for services interviewing and hiring staff, fighting from the library are frequently re- for and arranging space and equipment, stricted to the clerical provision of getting a budget established, and devel- documents on request, and they require oping the necessary contacts with the education just as we do. special libraries Conclusion lenge in the public and academic sector. The implementation of cost-benefit In the private sector this is nothing determinations within the library is a new, as the "bloodbaths" of the early long overdue process. Librarians have 1970s attest. Libraries, unable to dem- continued, for far too long, to perform onstrate their specific contribution to their jobs in a traditional way, partially this year's profit growth, have tended because they report to a management to avoid financial analyses entirely. It is which is neither knowledgeable a third alternative, a middle ground, enough nor interested enough to sug- which this paper has sought to address. gest any changes. At the same time, the Manuscript received Apr 21, 1978. Revised premise of the library as an inherent manuscripf accepted for publication Dec 11, good is coming under growing chal- 1978. april 1979 An lnformation Service for the Maritime Industry D. G. Mellor Maritime Research information Service, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D. C. 20418 - - .The services and publications available to the maritime industry through the Maritime Research lnformation Service (MRIS) are reviewed. MRIS is a computer-based service spon- sored by the Maritime Administration and operated by the Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council. lnformation distribution to the maritime industry is provided through monthly and semiannual publications to subscribers, special bibliographies, computerized retrievals on request, and on-line retrieval directly through the Lockheed DIALOG system. HE Maritime Research Information The MRIS data base now contains T Service (MRIS) has been in opera- over 17,000 abstracts of reports, journal tion for about nine years. It is spon- articles, and conference proceedings. sored by the Maritime Administration Storage of this information in the and operated by the Transportation computer at the National Research Research Board of the National Re- Council makes it possible to retrieve search Council for the benefit of the information on request, and to use the maritime industry. The purpose of the output to produce publications. service is to provide rapid access to The sources of information for MRIS maritime information that has been input consist of articles from the vari- brought together from numerous ous maritime journals (United States sources. and foreign), reports resulting from MRIS selects, abstracts, and stores government sponsored research, con- maritime information that relates to the ference proceedings, and papers from design, building, and operation of technical societies. commercial vessels. The information The maritime information in MRIS is covers vessels that operate on inland from international as well as domestic waterways as well as in foreign sources. The major input of overseas commerce. maritime information is covered 170 Copyrtghl a 1979 s~~~~~I~~b~~~~~~Asroilallon specia 1 libraries through exchange agreements with the British Ship Research Association, the Norwegian Ship Research Institute, and membership in foreign technical soci- eties. Basically, MRIS provides information in four different ways. 1) Subscribers receive the following two publications: MRlS Abstracts, issued in June and December yearly. Each issue covers all the information collected during each six-month period and has two major divisions: abstracts of reports and journal papers, and summaries of ongoing research. The abstracts and summaries are grouped under twen- ty-four subject areas that are listed in the Appendix. In addition, each issue of thi kbstracts has a keyword index, a list of authors, and a list of publish- ers and performing or publishing agencies. may acquire the corresponding report Current Awareness Service, issued or article that is represented by the each month. It contains abstracts of abstract. Present US. users of DIALOG published reports and papers, as well data bases do not need to make addi- as summaries of ongoing research tional arrangements with Lockheed to which were abstracted during the use the MRIS data base. month. In addition, each issue con- 4) Special publications represent the tains information on maritime meet- last type of MRIS output. Generally these ings and conferences and citations of are bibliographies with abstracts. MRIS timely transportation reports and plans to publish a special bibliography articles. The citations are furnished on "marine transit" that will incorporate through the cooperation of the Trans- abstracts of available papers from the portation Center Library at North- October 1977 International Waterborne western University. Transportation Conference with about 2) On-request computer retrievals are 150 additional abstracts on this topic supplied for specific topics. These selected from the MRIS data base. generally are handled by a telephone Two bibliographies of this type, call to one of the MRIS maritime infor- already published, are Technical Report mation specialists. Abstracts covering Maritime Adminis- 3) Beginning in March 1979 users tration Research and Development could search the MRIS data base via the from 1957 to 1972 and Abstracts of Mari- Lockheed DIALOG on-line retrieval time Education and Training Publications. svstem. This new mode of access to The latter was published as a coopera- maritime information makes it possible tive effort by the Maritime Administra- for users to search for information on tion, the Maritime Training Advisory specific questions and to learn immedi- Board, and MRIS. ately of relevant information that is MRIS is one of four modally oriented contained in the data base. Relevant transportation information services op- abstracts can be displayed at the user's erated by the Transportation Research terminal or may be ordered through Board. The other three are the Highway Lockheed's off-line printout service. (HRIS), Railroad (RRIS), and Air Trans- Each abstract indicates how the user port (ATRIS) research information ser- vices. Since all four modes use the same ports written under contract. If this software and computer, it is possible to information is forwarded to MRIS for provide multimodal retrievals when input, the service can provide greater required by a requestor's need for trans- in-depth output for all users. portation information. Continued cooperation of this type There are numerous sources of infor- between the people seeking specific mation that can be tapped only through maritime information and the group voluntary cooperation. These consist of that provides the information can only the many individuals, companies, and improve the quality and usefulness of state and local agencies who collect the services that are already available to maritime information or produce re- all users through MRIS. Appendix All information abstracted and stored in the data base is classified according to one of the following twenty-four categories. Arctic and Cold Weather Operations Pollution Abatement and Control Air Conditioning, Heating, and Ports and Harbors Refrigeration Propellers, Gear Trains, Shafting, and Auxiliaries Couplings Cargo and Materials Handling Propulsion Machinery Corrosion, Fouling, and Protection Safety and Damage Control Electric Generation and Distribution Ship Construction, Conversion, and Experimental Ships and Special Type of Repair Craft Ship Design and Analyses Lubrication, Fuels, and Combustion Ship Handling and Control Systems Technology Ship Operation Management and Advanced Planning Strength of Materials and Structural Maritime Labor, Education, and Training Analysis Marketing and Traffic Management Trade Development and International Materials Commerce Navigation, Communications, and Detection Manuscript received Apr 27, 1978. Ac- Davis G. Mellor is manager, Maritime cepted for publication Nov 22, 1978. Research Information Service, Transpor- tation Research Board, National Re- search Council, Washington, D.C. special libraries Overcoming the Criterion Problem In the Evaluation of Library Performance John J. Knightly The University of Tennessee, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Knoxville, Tenn. 37916 Library performance criteria in use by managers in sixty-two academic, special, and public libraries are analyzed to measure the extent to which criteria proposed in the literature are actually used, to identify types of criteria in use, and to develop guidelines for future criterion selection. The study's criterion model includes measurement on basis of users' opin- ion, experts' opinion, formulas/standards, comparison to other organizations, quantifiable operations, quantifiable outputs, costs. Findings suggest use by managers of few criteria of only one or two types with other types excluded. Accordingly, feedback on performance may be misleading. Recommenda- tions are offered. HE EXTENSIVE literature pertain- others (1-7). However, the complexity T ing to library evaluation has intro- of the literature may be an obstacle to duced a seemingly endless list of crite- its usefulness. The task now is to make ria. Managers are awash in item-use the literature usable. The purposes of days, exposure time, effective user this article are to offer a framework for hours, library use transactions, hold- viewing library performance criteria, to ings and availability indexes, perform- introduce data on criteria in wide ance indexes, delivery times, ratios, and usage, and to provide guidelines to satisfaction rates. But, while the litera- library managers for selecting more ture is complex and dynamic, actual appropriate criteria for the evaluation practice may not be changing signifi- of their own organizations. cantly. Evidence to be examined in this article suggests that the same technol- ogy transfer problems that exist in so Types of Evaluation many other research areas exist also in Library managers have become accus- libraries. That is, the literature is going tomed to thinking in the system terms one way, while managers are going of inputs, processes, and outputs. Thus, another. the manager obtains resources (inputs), In the 1970s there have been excel- allocates them to develop capability lent books and articles on evaluation, (processes), utilizes that capability to written by Orr, Deprospo, Hamburg, provide products and services (out- Evans, Lancaster, Kates, Saracevic, and puts), and, from these outputs, has an Table 1. Four Classes of Evaluation with Examples. I II 111 IV Inputs Processes Outputs Impact (Resources) (Capability) (Utilization) (Benefits) Budget Methods Use of Services Impact on objectives of parent Space Collections organization-learning, Salaries Security company performance Gifts Catalog Cost savings compared to use of Cooperative alternate sources of arrangements information Staff Training Stimulation of invention or User Education productivity Policies lmproved decisions Planning1 Improved level of education Organizing Better use of leisure effect (impact) on the parent organiza- with a view toward improvement of the tion or larger community. This view of situation if needed. Such a purpose the system gives rise to at least the implies that performance criteria exist following four classes of evaluation also by which achievements can be mea- noted in Table 1: 1) effort evaluation sured. However, the identification of focusing on inputs, 2) process evalua- appropriate measures has proven so tion focusing on the appropriateness difficult that it has come to be known as and efficiency of activities and pro- "the criterion problem" (9). A long list grams, 3) effectiveness evaluation fo- of evaluation approaches and measure- cusing on the extent to which outputs ment criteria have been offered in the accomplish organizational objectives, literature. Although the list is long, and 4) impact evaluation focusing on there are only four classes of evaluation the extent to which accomplished objec- and a limited number of types of tives actually meet needs of the parent measurement criteria. Seven types of organization or larger community. measurement criteria are proposed as Additionally, relationships of classes follows: 1-3 and 1-4 produce a fifth class of evaluation, cost-effectiveness and cost- assessment on basis of user opinion; benefit. Effective planning is con- assessment on basis of expert opin- cerned with all parts of the system, thus ion; with all five classes of evaluation. *assessment on basis of ideal stan- However, library managers are some- dards; times criticized for giving too much assessment on basis of comparison attention to inputs and activities, and with other organizations; not enough attention to outputs and assessment on basis of quantifiable impact. Odiorne has called this situa- outputs; tion the "active trap," in which the assessment on basis of quantifiable entire system approach breaks down processes; because "people become so bemused of assessment on basis of costs or unit the activity that they lose sight of the costs which gain meaning in combi- input-output relationship" (8). nation with other criteria to pro- duce cost-effectiveness and cost- The Criterion Problem benefit relationships. The purpose of evaluation is to When the measurement categories gather information on how well the are combined with the principal classes library is accomplishing objectives, of evaluation, a perspective emerges special libraries which will be called here the evalua- most entirely on processes evaluation. tion grid, shown in Table 2. That is, the manager voiced an opinion on how well a particular procedure or Criteria in Use by Managers approach was working, or-would work A pilot study was designed to test the in the future. usefulness of the evaluation grid and to Standards/ formulas. Prior to the study, gather data on the types of criteria now it was foreseen that some criteria in use in use by managers. The study was would be based on the library standards based on a listing of all criteria of ALA, ACRL, various accrediting mentioned in annual reports of sixty- organizations, and the like, or from two selected libraries of various types, formulas such as the Clapp-Jordan listed in the Appendix. Although formula for academic libraries (10). sources in addition to annual reports Findings showed negligible use of would be needed to give a complete criteria of this type, only 0.2%. picture of any library's evaluation Comparison to other organizations. Com- efforts, study of current practices in the parison generally is based on quantifi- annual reports is indicative and engag- able measures. The advantage of com- ing. parison is that it draws attention to Criterion use is extensive, as shown areas of possible shortcoming or in Table 2. The sixty-two annual reports strength. An example can be drawn included 774 criteria of various types from the 1977 report of the Cincinnati and averaged 12.3 criteria per report. Public Library, entitled "We're No. 2!" User opinion. This type of measure- The report notes the library's second ment criterion was little used by the place national ranking in number of practitioners studied. Only 1.1% of volumes read per person and in least criteria were of this type. amount expended to circulate materials. Expert opinion. Of all criteria, 20.5% Overall, measurement on the basis of were that of expert opinion. The library comparison appeared infrequently in managers' own statements of opinion the annual reports studied for this arti- were tabulated as expert, which is cle and made up only 1.9% of criteria appropriate since the librarians clearly used. are experts on their own operations. It Quantifiable measures. Nearly 60% of was expected that opinion of outside all criteria cited in the annual reports experts also would be used; however, were quantifiable, with half directed this was cited in only one instance. toward processes/capability evaluation Expert opinion was concentrated al- and the other half toward outputs/utili- Table 2. Evaluation Grid: Types of Measurement Criteria and Classes of Evaluation Used in Sixty-two Annual Reports. Pro- Inputs/ cesses/ Outputs/ Impact/ resources capability utilization benefits Totals User opinion 0 9 1. 1OIo Expert opinion 145 159 20.5°/o Standards/formulas 2 2 0.2% Comparison to others 10 15 1.gO/o Quantifiable measures 23 1 462 59.6% Costs 5 11 1 14.3% Other* 0 16 2.0°/0 Totals 393 774 99.6% Percent of total sample 50.7OIo 99.8% *Other includes buildings, building additions. zation evaluation. In the sample, no recommended that managers use addi- example was located of use of a tional types of criteria. Any criterion "newer" measurement criterion from tends to indicate in only a limited or the evaluation literature such as hold- approximate way the actual perfor- ings rate, availability rate, satisfaction mance of the unit being evaluated. The rate, success rate at the catalog, present use of only one or two types of response time, performance index or measurement criteria suggests that document exposure index. For output feedback on performance may be mis- evaluation, 89% of all criteria used were leading for some managers. Use of circulation totals, reference questions, several types of measures would in- and attendance figures. The other 11% crease probability of a balanced apprais- were also tallies-of exhibits, on-line al. When managers select additional searches, publications, photocopies, criteria they may wish to consider the and audiovisual productions. following measures. Costs. Total costs, costs by category, User opinion. Users' perceptions of and rising costs constituted 14.3%of all the performance of the library would criteria cited in the annual reports. seem to be one of the types of feedback Surprisingly, only one instance of unit desired routinely by managers. Its cost was located. Not so surprisingly, infrequent use seems surprising; man- no example was located of cost-effec- agers may wish to begin sampling tiveness or cost-benefit. users' opinions as one part of the libra- Library managers use only a few ry's evaluation program. types of measurement criteria. Man- Expert opinion. Use of outside expert agers in the sample used an average of opinion can provide stimulating and 2.1 types of criteria to evaluate constructive feedback on programs and processes; 1.2 types to evaluate outputs; procedures, yet this use was cited in 1.5 to evaluate inputs. As already noted, only one instance. More managers may about 60% of criteria used were classed consider bringing in an outside expert as quantifiable, 20% were expert opin- or even a panel of outside experts for ion, 14% pertained to costs. User opin- evaluation and planning purposes. ion, standards, comparison to others Standards. One opinion on standards were each used less than 2%. can be stated as follows: Measurement criteria tend to focus There can be little doubt. . . that on process evaluation rather than on the overall effect of standards has outputs, inputs, or impact. Slightly over been to upgrade libraries, providing half (50.7%) of all criteria used in the substandard institutions with yard- annual reports were concerned with sticks by which to measure their defi- evaluating processes; 31.5% focused on ciencies (1 1). outputs; 17.6% focused on inputs. No Typically, library standards have fo- example was located of impact. cused excessively on inputs rather than effectiveness and, additionally, have Recommendations been based only on expert opinion. But, The findings from this study of even with weaknesses, standards may measurement criteria used in library be usable by more managers as one type annual reports give rise to several of measurement criterion. recommendations. First, it is recom- Comparison to other organizations. mended that managers recognize more Even recognizing that some compari- explicitly the classes of evaluation sons may not make their way into an towards which they are directing their annual report because they are unfavor- criteria. This would tend to lead a able, it still seems that this criterion is manager toward a primary focus on underused. Comparison can draw at- outputs for the evaluation purposes of tention to strengths or to areas needing the annual report; currently the pri- correction; many managers may wish to mary focus is on processes. Second, it is select it for greater use. special libraries *Quantifiable Measures. It seems time volves five stages: awareness, interest, for more managers to try some less evaluation, trial, and adoption (12). traditional measures. Circulation, refer- Librarians are probably at the "interest" ence questions, and attendance are fine stage in their adoption of new measure- but how about experimenting with a ment criteria. Managers are aware of satisfaction rate, holdings rate, success excellent studies on measurement and rate, availability rate, measurement of evaluation and are interested in mea- response time, or other recommenda- sures which will show more effectively tions which abound in the literature? the strengths and limitations of their Costs. Cost-effectiveness is difficult units' performance. The immediate and cost-benefit seems beyond the state requirement for managers is to become of the art. However, unit costs permit more involved in the active selection of helpful feedback and seem to deserve criteria to be used on a trial basis. The greater use by managers. Only one requirement for library school teachers example in sixty-two reports is too few. and writers is to make measurement and evaluation more understandable Studies indicate that the process by and usable. By working together, those which new information is actually involved can help to surmount the perceived, internalized, and used in- criterion problem. Appendix. Listing of Library Annual Reports 1. Fulton High School, Knoxville, Tenn. 32. Columbia University, New York City 2. Nichols School, Lenoir City, Tenn. 33. Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 3. Webb School, Knoxville, Tenn. 34. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 4. Central High School, Knoxville, Tenn. 35. University of California at Los Angeles 5. Bearden Jr. High School, Knoxville, Tenn. 36. Wichita State, Kan. 6. Tuscola High School, Tenn. 37. Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. 7. University of South Carolina, Columbia 38. Tulane University, New Orleans, La. 8. University of North Carolina at Greensboro 39. State University of New York, Buffalo 9. University of British Columbia, Vancouver 40. Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, N.H. 10. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 41. University of Virginia, Charlottesville 11. University of Pennsylvania Libraries, Phila- 42. Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. delphia 43. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 12. Duke University, Durham, N.C. 44. Indiana State University, Terre Haute 13. Johns Hopkins University Library, Baltimore, 45. University of California at Davis Md. 46. University of Kansas, Lawrence 14. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 47. John Crerar Library, Chicago, Ill. 15. Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich. 48. Knoxville-Knox County Public Library, 16. Texas A&M University Libraries, College Tenn. Station 49. Chattanooga Public Library, Tenn. 17. Pennsylvania State University Libraries, Uni- 50. Memphis Public Library and Information versity Park Center, Tenn. 18. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam- 51. Brooklyn (N.Y.) Public Library bridge 52. Wichita Public Library, Kan. 19. Johns Hopkins University Library 53. Portland Public Library, Ore. 20. Ohio State University, Columbus 54. Buffalo and Erie County (N.Y.) Public Library 21. University of Colorado Libraries, Boulder 55. Jefferson Parish Public Library, Metairie, La. 22. Northridge Library, California State 56. Ft. Loudon (Tenn.) Regional Library University 57. Indianapolis-Marion County Public Library, 23. State University of New York, Albany Ind. 24. University of Wisconsin, Madison 58. Haywood County, N. C., Public Library 25. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 59. Madison Public Library, Wisconsin 26. University of Maryland, College Park 60. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, Pa. 27. University of Georgia, Athens 61. Anderson County, Campbell County, 28. University of Houston, Tex. Claiborne County, Morgan County, Scott 29. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga County, Union County, Tenn. 30. University of Tennessee at Knoxville 62. Highland Rim Regional Library Center, 31. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Murfreesboro, Tenn. Literature Cited 1. Orr, R.H. / Measuring the Goodness of 8. Odiorne, George/Some Comments on Library Services: A General Framework Input-Output Relations in Nonprofit for Considering Quantitative Measures. Bureaucracies. In The Management of Journal of Documentation 29 (no. 3):315- Nonprofit Organizations. Richard M. 332 (Sep 1973). Cyert, ed. Lexington, Mass., Lexington 2. DeProspo, E. R. et al./Performance Mea- Books, 1975, p. 123-128. sures for Public Libraries. Chicago, Public 9. Swanson, RowenalDesign and Evalua- Library Association, 1978. tion of Information Systems. In Annual 3. Hamburg, M. et al./Library Planning and Review of Information Science and Technol- Decision-Making Systems. Cambridge, ogy. Carlos A. Cuadra, ed. Washington, Mass., MIT Press, 1974. D.C., American Society for Information 4. Evans, Edward, Harold Borko, and Patri- Science, 1975. p. 43-102. cia Ferguson/Review of Criteria Used to 10. Clapp, V. W. and Jordan, R. T./Quantita- Measure Library Effectiveness. Bulletin tive Criteria for Adequacy of Academic Medical Library Association 60 (no. 1):102- Library Collections. College and Research 110 (Jan 1972). Libraries 26:371-380 (Sep 1965). 5. Lancaster, F. W./The Measurement and 11. Downs, R. B. and Heussman, J. W./Stan- Evaluation of Library Services. Washing- dards for University Libraries. College ton, Information Resources Press, 1977. and Research Libraries 31:28-35 (Jan 6. Kates, Jacqueline R./One Measure of a 1970). Library's Contribution. Special Libraries 12. Rogers, Everett M./ Diffusion of Innova- 65 (no. 8):332-336 (Aug 1974). tions. Glencoe, New York, Free Press, 7. Saracevic, T., W. Shaw, Jr., and P. B. 1962. Kantor/Causes and Dynamics of User Frustration in an Academic Library. Manuscript received Feb 28, 1978. Revised College and Research Libraries 38 (no. 1):7- manuscript accepted for publication Jan 22, 18 (Jan 1977). 1979. John J. Knightly is assistant professor, Graduate School of Library and Informa- tion Science, The University of Tennes- see, Knoxville. special libraries The Practical Side Looking Back at the Microfilm Decision: Expectations and Experiences Gloria J. Zamora and Martha C. Adamson Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Technical Library, Kirtland Air Force Base, N.M. 871 17 A technical library in a physics and nuclear science research laboratory replaced its bound journal collection with commer- cially produced microfilm cartridges in order to relieve a space shortage. Cost figures, microfilm availability, and space savings are discussed. HERE WAS NO DOUBT in 1976 cially produced microfilm cartridges. T that the Air Force Weapons Labora- The $250,000 figure was derived from tory Technical Library would replace its discussions with a nearby research bound journal collection with micro- library that recently had undertaken a film. Both the library's staff and its similar conversion. Microfilm car- parent organization recognized a criti- tridges were chosen over reels because cal space shortage and its inescapable it was felt that they are less subject to remedy. Librarians and administrators deterioration in both handling and at all levels were grateful for such storage. The most recent five years of unanimous agreement, which permit- each journal were to be kept in hard ted the planning process to proceed copy in accordance with the commonly swiftly. held principle that scientific literature In addition to the space shortage, is most heavily used during its first five memoranda at the time also spoke of years. Removal of bound journal back- several other reasons for undertaking a files was expected to alleviate but not microfilm acquisition program. For solve the space shortage. example, during a past budget cutback, subscriptions to some key journals had been discontinued for a one- or two- Equipment and Instruction year interval. Some backfiles remained In an effort to ease the user's transi- unbound because issues were missing tion to microfilm, the library gave par- and replacements proved too costly. In ticular attention to the selection of dry- addition, photocopying hastened the process readerlprinters, deciding upon deterioration of existing bound vol- the 3M Model 500CT. Two machines umes. were made available at no cost to users The microfilm acquisition program or their project fund. The machines proposed to commit $250,000 over a were placed in the same room in which five-year period to the replacement of the noncirculating microfilm cartridges bound journal backfiles with commer- were housed. Clients were urged to use the unsupervised machines to read In converting to microfilm backfiles, articles and to freely print anything 3,275 film cartridges have replaced which might prove useful to them. Any 3,365 bound journal volumes and some user who expressed an interest was unbound back issues. In evaluating this given individual instruction on the use almost one-for-one exchange ratio, it of the machines. Topics covered were should be noted that some partial runs loading cartridges, focusing, printing, of bound journals were replaced with and rewinding. Cautions about the complete runs on microfilm if the fragility of lenses and film were manufacturer offered an attractive price avoided since it was believed that this on the purchase of a complete set. The might inhibit the user. When introduc- authors believe that most libraries ing clients to the system, special undertaking a similar conversion pro- emphasis was placed on the complete- ject will find the "package deals" ness and ready availability of microfilm equally appealing and should plan for backfiles. It was the library's opinion expanded holdings when purchasing that the conversion would be accepted storage cabinets. by users if they could be convinced that The replacement of 3,365 bound jour- the library's microfilmed backfiles were nal volumes freed 696 running feet of just as accessible as bound journals. shelving, or 16% of the total shelving Unanticipated funding facilitated the available. In an effort to release even substantial completion of the microfilm more shelf space, some bound copies of acquisition program within a two-year the most recent five years' issues are period. The project cost $158,209 also being converted to film. This accel- including reader / printer and storage erated conversion has been favorably equipment to convert 248 journal titles received by users who find the exis- to microfilm cartridge backfiles, or an tence of both bound volumes and average of $638 per title. Some backfiles microfilm backfiles to be confusing were purchased only as far back as the rather than convenient. As one user library had hard copy holdings (usually expressed it, "[I] would like to see more from the library's founding in 1947), journals added to microfilm . . . [and] while others were purchased in their would like microfilm to be more entirety. This choice was greatly depen- current. . . [It is] easier to use than both dent upon the form of the "package microfilm and bound or individual deal" offered by the manufacturer. To issues." Another commented, "[I] like date, 248 of the library's 464 journals, or microfilm because all the cartridges are 53% of the holdings, have been located in one place and you don't have purchased. An additional twenty-seven to Xerox [photocopy] from thick books." journals which have recently become available are presently under consider- Photocopy Use ation for purchase. A recent in-house survey disclosed that 68% of microfilm users only scan Positive Results an article on the screen to determine its The library's staff feels that the relevance before printing it in its choice of microfilm cartridges over entirety for reading at a later time. It reels was a good one. Deterioration seems likely that users who formerly from dust and fingerprints is minimal. photocopied articles from bound jour- It has been necessary to splice eight to nals have simply transferred this action ten broken films during the two years to microfilm. The 707 registered bor- in which the system has been available. rowers of the books and journals Without exception, the broken films section of the Technical Library (the were damaged by improper rewinding Technical Reports Section of the library or improper removal from the ma- maintains its own borrower files) made chine. an average of 1,900 copies per month special libraries during the last year. In the first six successful method of recovering shelf months for which copying statistics space while maintaining an acceptable were kept, June through December level of user satisfaction. The scientific 1977, an average of 1,485 copies were library described in this article found made each month. During the next six that 16%of its shelf space was regained months, January to June of 1978, the by conversion to microfilmed journal average rose to 2,368 copies per month, backfiles. The amount of recoverable an increase of 60%. The library expects shelf space is limited because only the rate of copying to continue to slightly over one-half of the library's increase and is budgeting accordingly. journals are available on commercially In spite of heavy printing volume, produced microfilm. potential conflicts with the 1978 Copy- Conversion to microfilm cartridges right Law have not materialized thus cost an average of $638 per journal title. far. The microfilm machines fall in the This figure includes the cost of acquir- "unsupervised copier" category of the ing complete sets of popular journals copyright law; each machine carries the that the library previously owned only appropriate warnings. Observation in- as partial runs. dicates that the typical user makes one When offered unrestricted printing copy of an article for research use. from microfilm files, the majority of Informal logs show that no one of the users prefer to print before reading. library's 248 microfilm journals re- Libraries planning to offer unrestricted ceives extraordinary use, nor is one arti- copying as one of their services should cle repeatedly copied by different users. budget accordingly. Since the purchase of microfilm files inherently carries with it the potential Manuscript received Sep 18, 1978. Revised for blow-back copies, the library antici- manuscript accepted for publication Feb 7, pates little difficulty in complying with 1979. the law. Gloria J. Zamora and Martha C. Adam- Conclusions son are librarians, Technical Library, Air Replacing backfiles of bound scien- Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland Air tific journals with microfilm can be a Force Base, New Mexico. Survey on the Use and Cost of Scientific Journals in the Soreq Library S. Weil Soreq Nuclear Research Centre, Yavne, Israel MA survey on the use of journals at the Soreq Nuclear Research Center Library was conducted to determine 1) whether the allocation of the largest share of the total library budget to journal subscriptions is justified and 2) which journals are in low use and could be discontinued in view of budgetary difficulties. In the analysis of the compiled data, the priceluse of individual jurnals as an indicator for journal renewal or cancellation was also considered. Criteria for defining core journals are suggested. The limitations in the application of journal surveys are discussed with regard to the more general problem of price increases of subscriptions. F THE TOTAL library budget for is divided into four sections, each with 0 the Soreq Nuclear Research Cen- two volumes; it totals approximately tre, the expenditure for journal sub- 30,000 pages and costs $720 per year. scriptions is constantly increasing. In Often, users require new journals on the late 1950s about 60% of the budget highly specific subjects, and the library was used for scientific journals, is obliged to order these publications. whereas now 85% or more is allocated During the three-month period Janu- to journals, leaving little for the acquisi- ary-March 1977, the library staff con- tion of books, reports, and other library ducted a formal survey of the use and material. costs of scientific journals in the library This trend is due largely to a continu- to determine to what extent the journal ing increase in journal prices of at least collection is in use and whether alloca- 15% per year on the world market, tion of such a large part of the total coupled with the effect of the inflation library budget to journals is warranted. of the Israeli pound against the US. In addition, since increasing journal dollar. Although the library receives an prices would eventually necessitate increased budget in local currency, it subscription cancellations, it was hoped inevitably is insufficient to keep pace that the results of this survey would with rising prices. In addition, the serve as a guide in deciding which jour- amount of information published in- nals to retain. In the past, about 3% of creases every year. For example, in 1960 the total journal subscriptions were Physical Review was published in four cancelled every year, partly because volumes, had approximately 10,000 new titles were requested and partly pages, and cost $160. Today the journal because budgetary allocations could not 182 Copyright @ 1979 Spec Table 1. A Sample of the Statistical Record of Journals in the Survey. Reader Scanned in Library choice Total- from Current Other cumulative Title list issues issues Loan Photocopy use number Acta Chem. Scand. Acta Crystallogr. Acta Met. Adv. Math. Adv. Phys. Aeq. Math. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. Am. J. Phys. Analyst Anal. Chim. Acta Anal. Abstr. Table 2. Journals Ranked in Order of Decreasing Frequency of Use. Subscription Cost and Cost /Use are Given for Each Journal. Frequency Subscription Cost/use Rank Title of use costs ($) ($1 Phys. Rev. New Sci. J. Phys. Phys. Rev. Lett. Aviat. Week Space Technol. J. Appl. Phys. Appl. Phys. Lett. J. Chem. Phys. Appl. Opt. Science J. Opt. Soc. Am. IEEE Trans. 8 Journals Sci. Am. Nature Phys. Lett. arranged statistical record were re- @Thestatistics are a mixture of two arranged according to decreasing fre- kinds of data, i.e., they combine the quency of use (Table 2). Journals with number of users with the number of the same number of cumulative use times the journals were used (anony- numbers were listed alphabetically. mously), where often one count repre- Since the data were treated according to sented several users (e.g., photocopy frequency of use, the rank number was prepared for a project). not relevant. Theusers of the library were coop- The costluse was calculated by divid- erative and helpful. However, since ing one-quarter of the 1976 annual these users were accustomed to helping subscription price of each journal (since themselves without signing slips and to the survey covered only three months) reshelving after use, some of the uses by the number of times it was used were not recorded. This means that during the period surveyed. those recorded are a minimum count. The following factors were not taken Since these limitations applied to all into consideration although they may the journals, they were not considered have had an effect on the total picture. to have a significant influence on the .Use of the same journal several results. times on the same day. For example, abstract journals were mostly reshelved immediately after use (since it would be Analysis and Interpretation of the uncomfortable to work at a table piled Collected Data up with volumes), and so they were not The data on the frequency of use of counted. When a journal was found on all currently received journals and their a table it was assumed that it was in use costs are correlated in Tables 3 and 4. only once during the day. The total number of different journals @Nodistinction was made between in the Soreq library at the time of the journals published at different frequen- survey was 444, of which 364 were cies, i.e., weekly, monthly, quarterly. ordered and the remaining 80 were Hence, during this time period, eleven received on exchange or as gifts. The to thirteen issues of weekly journals annual cost of these subscriptions at were surveyed, whereas only one issue 1976 prices was about $51,000. A total of of the quarterlies was included. 7,762 usage points were recorded dur- 184 special libraries ing the period of the survey. Both tables for these journals, most of them would demonstrate that the current journal not be ordered. The 70 subscriptions in collection is in full use. this low use category, which represent It can be seen from Table 3 that 82.5' 14.5%of the total cost, were thoroughly of the journals were in use five or more checked. First, it was found that despite times during the survey and that they the relatively low use during the account for approximately 97% of the survey, some of these journals must be total annual subscription cost. The first retained for various reasons. Fifteen of 300 most frequently used (eight or more the 70 journals purchased are abstract- times) journals (68.1% of the total ing and indexing journals which are number) constituted 92.7% of all uses not available on loan from other librar- and accounted for 85.5% of costs. If all ies; furthermore, the low number of journals used less than eight times were usage points that they received during cancelled, 14.5%of the expense for jour- the survey may not reflect their real nals could be saved or used for other use. Nine are on the subject of nuclear purposes. energy; since the Soreq library is one of The data on journals which were the libraries in Israel responsible for used seven times or less during the this subject, it is obliged to retain them. survey are given in Table 4. Of the 141 Seven journals are needed by a small journals considered in this table, 71 are group of mathematicians. Second, only regularly received as gifts or in nine journals were not used even once. exchange for library reports. It can be However, only one of these was assumed that if the library had to pay ordered; the eight others are gifts. Table 3. Use and Costs of Journals. Cumulative Cumulative number Frequency use Cumulative costs of journals of journals of use % of total No. Yo (points) Points costs 25 5.7 49- 156 1,965 50 11.4 35-48 2,980 100 22.8 24-35 4,466 150 34.2 18-24 5,528 200 45.6 14-18 6,145 300 68.1 8-14 7,21 1 363 82.5 5-7 7,594 444 100.0 0-4 7,762 Table 4. Use and Costs of Low-Use Journals. Cost Number of Journals Number of % of total Oh of total points Total Subscrip. Exchange journals ($) journal costs 0 9 1 8 2.0 57 0.1 1 26 10 16 5.9 2 12 0.4 2 12 3 9 2.7 293 0.6 3 15 8 7 3.4 369 0.7 4 18 11 7 4.1 699 1.4 5 19 15 4 4.3 1,548 3.0 6 20 12 8 4.5 1,757 3.4 7 2 2 10 12 5.0 2,502 4.9 Total 141 70 7 1 31.9 7,437 14.5 Actually, the 80 journals used four Figure 1. Use patterns shown by vari- times or less account for only 3% of the ous surveys. -.-. MIT Library (physics total costs. journals); --- Ohio State University, Price/Use Educational-Psychology Library;- Soreq Nuclear Research Centre Library. As the "use" criterion did not suggest any possibilities for significant savings % not in use and the reality of budget restrictions still loomed, additional ways were sought to reduce expenses for journal subscriptions without severely affect- ing the needs of the users. From the data on frequency of use and the subscription prices, the priceluse was calculated for each journal. This re- sulted in a set of lowest priceluse ($0.10-$0.35/use) (Table 5) and a set of highest price/use journals ($4.00- $31.80) (Table 6) which were then analyzed as follows: Lowest priceluse journals: All jour- nals in this list were used at least ten times during the survey. The most 0 20 40 60 80 100 expensive journal in this group was % of total number of journals priced at $127, while the average price was $30 for an annual subscription. Fifteen were among the 25 most Ohio State University (2) it was found frequently used journals and all were that among 804 journals surveyed 24% amont the first 250. were not used at all, while 25% of these Highest priceluse: A list of the 50 journals accounted for 90% usage. At highest priceluse journals was pre- the Soreq library during the survey pared. Of the journals in this list only period 98% of the journals were used at five were among the 100 most fre- least once, while 63% of all journals quently used, while sixteen journals accounted for 90% use. These findings were used five to seven times. The cost are compared in Figure 1. of these sixteen journals was $4,200 per The high frequency and the more year. This aspect of priceluse gave an even spread of the use of journals at additional indication as to where costs Soreq is noticeable because in the stud- might be cut. ies undertaken at the other institutes, highly specialized journal collections Discussion and Conclusions were surveyed (physics and psycholo- The survey clearly showed that the gy, respectively), while the Soreq journal collection is being fully used survey covered all the journals in all and that the allocation of a large part of scientific fields. In addition, due to the library budget for the acquisition of budget restrictions in previous years at journals seems to be justified. those libraries, all duplicate and many A study of the use patterns of 220 low use subscriptions had already been physics journals in the MIT Library (1) cancelled. revealed that 37% of these journals were If budget limitations did not exist, not in use even once during their 3l/2- the results of surveys on the use of month survey, while 22% of these jour- journals would indicate which journals nals accounted for 90% usage. In were not in use and could therefore be another periodical use study at the cancelled in favor of new subscriptions Educational-Psychology Library at recommended by library users. How- 186 special libraries Table 5. Journals in the Lowest Cost / Use Range ($0.10-0.35/use). Subscription Rank Title cost($) (Table 2) New Sci. 32 2 Aviat. Week Space Technol. 45 5 Appl. Phys. 68 7 Science 80 10 J. Opt. Soc. Am. 74 11 Sci. Am. 18 13 Phys. Today 34 17 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59 18 Laser Focus 35 19 Anal. Chem. 18 20 Chem. Eng. News 23 22 Rev. Mod. Phys. 45 23 Electronics 60 25 Can. J. Phys. 60 32 J. Appl. Phys. 127 36 Appl. Opt. 110 39 Phys. Rev. Abstr. 35 42 Wireless World 11.50 43 Philips Tech. Rev. 19 52 Am. J. Phys. 48 6 1 Mach. Design 40 62 Chem. Ind. 39 67 IBM J. Res. Dev. 10 68 Instrum. Contr. Syst. 25 73 Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 29 75 Contr. Eng. 20 77 Mater. Engin. 36 78 J. Chem. Educ. 12 85 Ind. Res. 17 93 J. Irreproduc. Res. 2.50 96 MADA 8 97 Chem. Soc. Rev. 26 100 Electron. Eng. 2 1 101 Int. Defence Rev. 24 102 Philips Res. 18 113 RCA Reviews 6.50 114 Army Res. Dev. 7 118 Environment 20 119 Bull. At. Sci. 17 126 J. Res. A 13 128 National Defence 14 129 Plating Surf. Finish 25 150 Energia Nucleare 2 1 17 1 Nucl. Safety 2 1 175 Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull 14 179 Israel J. Med. Sci. 5.40 193 Plast. Eng. 20 196 Fusion 10 209 Mater. Eval. 18 215 Israel J. Technol. 10 230 J. Res. I3 11 245 Calen. Forthcoming 4 250 Sci. Tech. Meetings. apri f 1979 Table 6. Journals in the Highest Cost /Use Range ($4.00-$31.801 use). Cost/Use Rank Title ($1 (Table 2) Chem. Abstr. J. Electroanal. Chem. Coord. Chem. Rev. Metal Abstr. Dokl. Phys. Chern. J. Diff. Equations Optik Sov. Radiochem. Thermochim. Acta Bull. Akad. Nauk USSR-Chem. Sov. At. Energy J. Nucl. Mater. Sov. Electrochern. Acta Crystallogr. Chem. Phys. Lett. Rus. J. Inorg. Chem. J. Radional. Chem. Acta Met. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer J. Less-Common Metals Nucl. Phys. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. J. Non-Cryst. Solids Rus. J. Phys. Chem. Ferroelectrics Nucl. Eng. Design Phys. Abstr. Thin Solid Films Dokl. Chem J. Chem. Therrnodyn. Bull. Akad. Nauk USSR-Phys. J. Cryst. Growth Surface Sci. Physica Radiat. Eff. Water Res. Adv. Math. Progr. Nucl. Eng. J. Thermal Anal. Mater. Sci. Eng. J. Appl. Crystallogr. Inorg. Chim. Acta Mass Spectrosc. Bull: J. Fluorine Chem. Spectrochim. Acta J. Solution Chem. J. Magn. Resonance Radiochim Radioanal. Lett. 2. Phys. Chem. Phys. Status Solidi *Journals costing more than $400 per year. special libraries ever, as budget limitations do exist, ing costs of journals and decreasing each library must determine those jour- library budgets. nals which belong to the core collection and those which deal with peripheral Literature Cited subjects and are obtainable on loan or as photocopies from local scientific librar- 1. Chen, C.C./The Use Patterns of Physics ies. Journals in a Large Academic Library. Journal of the American Society for Informa- The criteria (aside from frequency of tion Science 23 (no. 4): 254 (1972). use) for journals to qualify for our core 2. Perk, L.J. and N. Van Pulis/Periodical collection were established as follows: Usage in an Education-Psychology Li- abstracting and indexing journals brary. College and Research Libraries 38 which are never available on loan; (no. 4):304 (1977). *journals dealing with nuclear 3. Subramanyam, K./Criteria for Journal science, since the library is special- Selection. Special Libraries 66 (no. 8): 367- ized in this field; 371 (Aug 1975). journals with low priceluse; 4. Langlois, D.C. and J.V. Schulz/Journal journals on subjects of interest to a Usage Survey: Method and Application. Special Libraries 64 (nos. 516): 239-244 small but specialized group of scien- (May/ Jun 1973). tists. 5. Strain, P.M./A Study of the Usage and Surveys on journal use can serve as a Retention of Technical Periodicals. Li- guide to eliminating the least needed brary Resources and Technical Services 10 material, as well as to establishing crite- (no. 3): 295 (1966). ria for the core collections. However, surveys alone cannot be used in bridg- Manuscript received Sep 12, 1978. Accepted ing the growing gap between increas- for publication Nov 22, 1978. S. Weil is head, Library and Technical Information Department, Soreq Nuclear Research Centre, Yavne, Israel. Overseas Report lnformation Management: Survey of Readership in Public Patent Libraries H. Bank Directorate General, Scientific and Technical lnformation and lnformation Management Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg Aninquiry was made in 1976 among the users of 35 patent libraries in the member countries of the European Community. The results showed that, in most of the countries, the public is reasonably well served with patent libraries, but that most of these are underutilized. The study further suggests that one reason for this could be that the services of the libraries are not sufficiently promoted. HE PRESENT STUDY of the reader- tion of the use of patent literature as a T.ship of public patent libraries was source of technological information. made in September and October 1976. It This study included 35 libraries; the covers most of the patent libraries and results of 31 libraries are reported. similar institutions within the member The objective of the study was to states of the European Economic Com- provide information on the services munity (EEC), libraries connected with offered to the public by public patent patent offices, as well as specialized libraries. An important part of this patent libraries and public libraries information has already been pub- with patent collections. lished.7 The present survey, therefore, The study covers eight* of the nine was conducted to ascertain: member states; Luxembourg was omit- 0 how many people use the libraries, ted. The results of the study were meant how frequently, and for how long each to substantiate recommendations for visit lasted; improving the access to and the promo- who uses the libraries; ofor what purpose the visits were made; Extracted from Report EUR 5831 Ie-1977 for whether the users are satisfied with presentation at the IFLA Conferyce, Science and Technology Librar~esSection, Strbske Pleso, the facilities provided by the libraries. Czechoslovakia, Aug 27-Sep 2, 1978. tPatent lnformation and Documentation An *The e~ght countries are Belgium, Denmark, Inventory of Services Available to the Public in the France. West Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Nether- European Community (Verlag Dokumentation, lands, and the United Kingdom 1976). 190 copyright a 1979 Spec801 L(brar8er Arrocmt~on special libraries The study was made through a short auestionnaire which the users of the patent collections were requested to complete. The libraries, in particular the pro- vincial libraries, are organized in different ways in the various countries. In France they are in some cases directly owned or at least controlled by the Patent Office in Paris. In Germany, the Patentschriften-Auslegestellen are sponsored by local authorities and are simply reflect the differences in the fully independent of the German degree of industrialization in seven of Patent Office. In the United Kingdom the member states. Italy is, of course, an the patent collections are held by-ordi- exception in that the only patent library nary public libraries which are also is situated in Rome, far away from the fully independent of the United King- concentrations of industry and popula- dom Patent Office. tion in the north of the country. The patent office libraries are also The results of the study suggest that quite different. Most hold extensive certain patent office libraries have a collections. The collections of the Irish high number of users simply because and Italian offices are, however, rather the library serves a metropolitan area small. In most countries the patent with a large population. office library is a part of the patent office, but in the United Kingdom the Frequency of Visits Science Reference Library is -indepen- dent of the Patent Office. It has a large There is, however, one factor that collection of both patent documents must be taken into account: the and technical literature. In West Ger- frequency of visits as indicated by the many the main patent office is in users themselves. In Munich, for exam- ~unich,but a subsidiary with its own ple, 138 users stated that they visit more library exists in West Berlin. often than once a week and 75 said that they use the library every day. Howev- er, the provincial libraries have none or Results only a few such users. What is the consequence of this for our compari- Sources of Users son? , It seems reasonable to say that In general the majority of the users persons who stay at the patent office come from the city or agglomeration in every day for more than five hours a which the library is situated; in nearly day obviously do not work for them- all cases more than 80% of the visitors selves only. They are, to a large extent, come from within a distance of less professionals who make searches on than 50 kilometers. For the sake of behalf of clients who may live outside simplicity the survey area has in most the survey area. cases been defined as cities with more If a conclusion can be drawn on the than 50,000 inhabitants within a dis- basis of the rather small sample tance of 50 kilometers from the library. obtained, it must be that the facilities of A statistical analysis shows that there the patent office libraries are important is a strong correlation between the only to a small part of the users of the number of persons served by patent patent literature. The most regular libraries and the number of persons users constitute only about 15% of the employed in industry in the member total users. The rest of the 85% are well states (Italy excluded). Both figures may served by more limited collections of libraries. In the former long visits are dominant, while in the latter short visits are more frequent. The purpose of the visits, as indicated by the users themselves, was also stud- ied. In general, technical searches are more frequent than bibliographic ones; prior art searches are more important than searches for technical informa- tion. Specific Comments More detailed insights about the documents, and whether they go to the opinions of the users can be gained patent library or not may be deter- from the written comments made; 205 mined by other factors, such as the such comments were received. The personal assistance they can expect most criticized point was the document from the library staff or the effort made collection itself and the availability of by the library to "sell" its services to the the documents (87 comments). More public. specifically, 56 were dissatisfied with the availability of foreign patent docu- Types of Users ments and 34 were dissatisfied with the domestic documents or with availabil- The fields of employment of the ity in general. Among other responses, libraries' users can be grouped into 64 expressed dissatisfaction with the - - three categories: patents; science, tech- access they have or the means of access. nology, and technical information; and Of these criticisms, 21 found access in others. The overall figures are as general too difficult; 17 found classifi- follows: patents personnel, 47%; science cation inadequate; and 29 criticized the and technical information, 37%; others, means of access in general, or specifi- 16%. There is a tendency for the cally mentioned indexes, file lists, and percentage of patents people to be SO on. higher than average at patent office The organization of the library was libraries and below average at provin- criticized by 51 users. Of these, 7 criti- cial libraries. It is interesting to note cized the organization in general; 14 that the patent office libraries in Dublin mentioned the long wait for ordered and Rome have a user distribution simi- documents; 10 criticized library equip- lar to that of provincial libraries. The ment, chiefly reading and copying collections of patent documents in machines for microforms; 19 com- those cities may be too limited to allow plained about the accommodations; 6 for the novelty searches needed by said that collections were located in patent professionals. different buildings; and 3 felt that The private sector represents by far opening hours were too short. Among the greatest user of the libraries. The other comments, 37 mentioned the staff only exception seems to be in Manches- of the library. Specifically, 15 found the ter, England, where the group "others" library understaffed; 15 found the staff is relatively large. A closer look at the incompetent; while 8 said that the staff questionnaires, however, reveals that was satisfactory. The often criticized about 28% of the "others" are students microforms situation had only 7 ad- searching for information. verse comments. There is a pronounced difference in In the case of some libraries a single the duration of the visits between problem was considered so important patent office libraries and provincial that most comments dealt with it. special libraries Examples are as follows: Poor availabil- normally have an obligation to make ity of foreign patent documents: 16 out certain legal records available to the of 20 comments from one library, and public. However, the results of the 10 out of 13 comments from another study show that even the simplest library. Understaffing in one library attempt to disregard the specialized provoked 10 out of 11 comments. In users of the central libraries strongly many, if not most, cases it would be reduces the differences between these difficult to decide which of the critical and the provincial libraries. Therefore, remarks are justified and which are not. a fair assumption can be made that the difference between the facilities of the Fees for Services? two kinds of libraries are not very important to most users. The last item on the questionnaire It is clear from users' comments that attempted to determine whether the the most frequent complaint is the diffi- dissatisfied user would be willing to culty of access in libraries where the pay for improved services. The mere collections are mostly stored in numeri- suggestion that this could be a possibil- ity provoked a number of angry comments from hard-pressed taxpayers. In general, the users of the provincial libraries were the most positive; 47% (22 visitors) answered "yes" to the ques- tion, whereas only 35% (or 68) of the dissatisfied users of patent office li- braries said they were willing to pay. One reason for this difference is that the collections of the patent offices are considered a public record with free access. Many of the written comments supported this feeling. In this connec- cal order. This indicates to a certain tion it is interesting to note that there is extent that if only one set of documents only one library covered by the survey is available, the users would prefer it to where an entrance fee is collected. be in classified order. It is apparent that most of the differ- ences in number of users are within Conclusions what can reasonably be attributed to A large proportion of the users of the random effects and differences in the patent libraries belong to the patents structure of industry in the survey area. profession and use the patent literature But it is also apparent that the figures for chiefly legal purposes. However, a for Patentschriften-Auslegestelle in significant proportion of the users come Niirnberg are significantly higher than from circles outside the patent profes- for any other library except Munich. It sion and, in particular, the provincial would be interesting to see what is libraries seem to serve this category of different about Niirnberg. user. In several libraries there is an The industry in and around Niirn- unexpectedly high percentage of users berg is diversified, but this is true who indicate that searches for technical also for other cities. The toy industry is, information is one purpose of their however, important and is reported to visit-or the only purpose. be interested in information on patents. It was expected that there would be The library is a special patents library significant differences between the use with a rather large collection in classi- and the users of the central (patent fied order and housed in suitable office) libraries and the provincial rooms. The same could be said of the libraries, because the central libraries libraries in Lyon and Marseilles where the number of users is much lower. It other patent collections is much lower may nevertheless be a significant factor than that of the collection in Niirnberg, because, in their present form, the we can conclude that most patent libraries of Lyon and Marseilles are collections, if not all, must be under- relatively new and the numbers of their used. The best remedy seems to be an users are reported to be constantly activation of the libraries. increasing. The results of the study also suggest In the opinion of the director of that the facilities of some libraries are Landesgewerbeanstalt Bayern, who is inadequate. It may become expensive to responsible for the Patentschriften- make significant improvements; a study Auslegestelle, the most important fac- of how EEC action could help, e.g., tors are that the library has an adequate, through creation of suitable EURONET competent, full-time staff and is services, should be conducted. adapted to serve as an active informa- tion center, not only as a passive li- Manuscript received Sep 18, 1978. Accepted brary. A third factor mentioned is that a for publication Dec 18, 1978. constant effort is made to make the library and its services known within H. Bank is principal administrator, Di- the local community. rectorate General, Scientific and Techni- The conclusion must be that there is cal Information and Information Man- nothing peculiar about the Niirnberg agement, Commission of the Eurbpean area. Therefore, since the use of most Communities, Luxembourg. special libraries sZa news Actions of the Board of Directors Feb 1-3,1979 The Board of Directors, Special Libraries guidelines will be distributed to the Search Association met Feb 1-3, 1979, at the Committee. Marriott Hotel, Tucson, Ariz. The Chapter and Division Cabinets met Feb 1 and 2. A Executive Committee Actions Ratified- Joint Cabinet meeting was held Feb 2. The The Executive Committee of the SLA Board following is a summary of actions taken by of Directors met on Nov 16, 1978. The Board the Board. ratified two actions of the Executive Committee: Memorial Resolution - The Board ap- Following the death of Frank E. McKen- proved a Memorial Resolution to be sent to na, executive director, the Executive Com- the family of Dr. Frank E. McKenna, execu- mittee authorized Richard E. Griffin, assis- tive director of SLA from October 1970 until tant executive director, to act as executive his death in November 1978. The text of the director until a new executive director Resolution appears on p. 201 of this issue. assumes responsibility. So that registration forms for the 1979 Search Committee Announced - The Board Conference could be ordered in time for the endorsed the president's appointments to Conference mailing in March, registration the Search Committee for the new executive fees had to be approved in November. director. The five member committee is Therefore, the Executive Committee ap- chaired by Elizabeth Usher and includes proved the fees as they appeared in the Mary McNierney Grant, Marie Dooling, tentatively approved Conference Budget. Gilles Frappier, and Floyd Henderson. All inquiries should be sent to chairman, Search White House Conference - The Board Committee, 235 Park Avenue South, New heard the report of the chairman, SLA York, N.Y. 10003. Special Committee on the White House At the recommendation of the president- Conference on Library and Information elect the Board decided that the employ- Services (WHCLIS). The charge of this ment of an executive director should be on a Committee is the preparation of materials contractual basis. The exact terms of the for WHCLIS. The Committee intends to contract will be determined by mutual prepare position papers. The Board autho- agreement of the Board and the candidate. rized the Executive Committee of the Board A Special Committee of the Board formu- to review and approve the documents being lated guidelines for the qualifications of the prepared for WHCLIS (tentative publication candidates for executive director. These date is late April). Should outside sources of funding for this Included in the Budget were funds for project not be available, the Board autho- simultaneous translators and interpreters, rized the use of nonserial publications the added travel expenses for speakers and funds for the documents. their housing, and the added transportation and shipping costs of the Conference. Other National Library Agency - Following the expenditures based on grant money re- recommendation of the Joint Chapter and ceived after the Winter Meeting will be Division Cabinet, the Board endorsed the recommended by the assistant executive concept of a national lending library with director for approval by the Executive equal access to all types of libraries and Committee of the Board. which would include all publication for- mats. As an intermediate step in this goal, Conference Tapes - The Board asked the SLA supported the concept -of a ~ational Association staff to investigate the feasibil- Periodicals Center. ity of having tape recordings made of the However, it was felt both by the Joint sessions of the 1979 Conference for sale at Cabinets and the Board that it would not be the Conference. appropriate to endorse a National Library Agency before the White House Conference Washington 1980 Conference - The Board on Library and Information Services is approved the theme "Realities of the '80s- held. Challenging the Individual" for the 1980 Annual Conference in Washington, D.C. Honorary Member - As recommended by the Awards Committee, the nomination of Winter Meeting Dates Set - The Board Helen F. Spencer, president, Kenneth A. approved the site of the Winter 1982 Meet- and Helen F. Spencer Foundation, as an ing at the Galt House Hotel, Louisville, Ky. Honorary Member of SLA was unanimously The dates are Jan 27-29. endorsed by the Board. SLA members will vote on this nomination at the Annual Busi- Plenum Award - Originally the Plenum ness Meeting, Jun 13, 1979. Publishing Corporation Award was to be given for an original paper not previously Conference Dedicated - Because the First published or presented covering any aspect Worldwide Conference on Special Libraries of special librarianship. Unfortunately, suit- was conceived and planned by Frank E. able papers were not submitted to the McKenna and because it was his idea that 1976177 and 1977178 committees. There- the SLA 70th Annual Conference be an fore, the 1978179 committee was charged international meeting of special librarians, with suggesting an alternate use for the the Board of Directors has dedicated the $1,000 annual Plenum Award. The commit- Conference to his memory. tee recommended and the Board accepted A copy of the Dedication has been signed the idea of a named scholarship for a docto- by the president and sent to McKenna's rate in library and information science. family. Although Plenum will fund the scholar- ship, the SLA Scholarship Committee will H. W. Wilson-A grant of $25,000 was be the administrator of the award. The received from the H. W. Wilson Foundation Scholarship Committee will develop guide- to help the Association cover the extraordi- lines to administer and implement the nary expenses of the 1979 Worldwide Plenum Scholarship. A report will be made Conference on Special Libraries. The Board to the Board at the Fall Meeting 1979. authorized the president to write a letter of The Plenum Publishing Corporation appreciation on its behalf to the Founda- Award Committee was dissolved effective tion. Feb 3,1979. Conference Budget - A "barebones" Con- Chapter Activity - The Board approved a ference Budget was adopted at the Fall petition from fifteen SLA members from the Meeting (see Jan SL, p. 46). By the time of central section of Pennsylvania for es- the Winter Meeting, a grant from the H. W. tablishment of a Central Pennsylvania Wilson Company for $25,000 had been Provisional Chapter. For approval as a full received and other grant proposals were Chapter, a Provisional Chapter must have a pending. With this knowledge, the Board minimum of twenty-five members. The approved the revised Conference Budget. boundaries of the Central Pennsylvania special libraries Provisional Chapter are the eastern edges of Three members appointed for overlap- Franklin, Cumberland, Dauphin, Montour, ping terms of three years each, one of Columbia, Lycoming, and Tioga counties; whom shall be the SLA representative to the northern boundary of the Common- the ALA Statistics Coordinating Commit- wealth; the western edges of McKean, Elk, tee. The Committee shall: 1) survey the Jefferson, Clearfield, Blair, Huntington, and statistical needs of special libraries and Fulton counties; and the Mason-Dixon information centers, and identify defini- Line. tions useful for internal management and for comparative purposes; 2) inform the Association members of activities and Division Activity - The Division Cabinet developments in the field of statistics; and approved a resolution to establish a Stand- 3) serve as liaison with individuals and ing Committee to consider ". . .l) petitions organizations engaged in collecting, com- for the formation of new Divisions and 2) piling and evaluating library and infor- mergers, name changes, and dissolution of mation center statistics. (Association Of- existing Divisions. . ." This committee will fice contact is Manager, Professional submit its recommendations to the Board. Development.) The Board agreed with this concept and asked the Division Cabinet Chairman and Standards Committee Contact Revised - In Chairman-Elect to rewrite the Division drafting the definition of the Statistics Guidelines. A report on the revision is due Committee, the Committee on Committees in June 1979. realized that the Standards Committee and the Statistics Committee ought to have the Chapter and Division Allotment Formula same Association Office contact. Therefore, Changed - In order to more accurately the Board approved the change of the Stan- reflect the financial status of a Chapter or dards Committee contact to Manager, Pro- Division when issuing allotments, the SLA fessional Development. The definition of accountant recommended to the Board that the Committee was approved at the Fall the wording of the allotment formula be Meeting [see SL 70(no.l):48(Jan 1979)l. changed. The Board agreed to asking Chap- ters and Divisions to include information Copyright Committee - In June 1978 the about their liabilities, as well as their assets. Board dissolved the Special Committee on The new formula reads: Copyright Law Practice and Implementa- Each Chapter or Division which has a tion and instituted a Standing Committee to cash Net Worth (cash assets minus liabili- be known as the Copyright Law Implemen- ties) at the end of a year in excess of $8 per tation Committee. The Board reviewed the member (providing this sum is more than ConC definition which follows and ac- $1,000) shall receive one-half of the allot- cepted it: ment granted for that year. Any Chapter Three members appointed for overlap- or Division wishing to receive any part or ping terms of three years each, the chair- all of the other half of the allotment shall man of which shall be the Representative address its request to the Association to the appropriate CNLA copyright com- office to the attention of the Accountant mittee. The committee shall: 1) monitor who will remit the amount requested. the developments stemming from copy- This change should decrease the number right legislation; 2) represent the Associa- of initial one-half allotments and thereby tion on matters of copyright law imple- reduce the number of requests for the mentation; and 3) keep the Association second-half allotments. he new formula members advised on new developments became effective Dec 31, 1978. in the field of copyright. (Association Office contact is the Executive Director.) Statistics Committee - In June 1978 the Continuing Education - The Chapter Cabi- Board dissolved the Standards and Statistics net discussed continuing education at Committee and established two separate length during its meeting on Feb 1. Several committees [See SL 69 (no.9):376(Sep 1978)l. recommendations of the Cabinet were The following definition of the Statistics approved by the Board for action: Committee, as recommended to the Board Effective immediately the Education by the Committee on Committees, was Committee and the Manager, Professional adopted at the Winter Meeting: Development will give Chapters the option of making local arrangements for Regional of Abstracting and Indexing Services asked Continuing Education Courses. the SLA Board to consider offering compli- So that the Chapters, the Education mentary Conference Registration and a Committee, and the Manager, Professional complimentary subscription to Special Librar- Development can better understand their ies to official representatives of organiza- relationship to one another and to continu- tions that have a cross-representative rela- ing education, the Education Committee is tionship with SLA. The Board approved this presently developing guidelines to clarify recommendation with the condition that the various roles of those involved. A report these privileges would be extended only if will be made to the Board in June 1979. the representative is not an SLA member. The Education Committee and the Man- ager, Professional Development are also Reports of Meetings of the SLA Board of considering the feasibility of Chapter Presi- Directors At the request of the Minnesota dents being informed each summer of the - Chapter, the Board authorized the dissemi- subject matter of the regional courses which nation of the informal report of Actions of will be made available during the ensuing the Board to Chapter and Division Cabinet year. The possibility of offering at least ten members. The informal report had pre- continuing education courses on separate viously been sent only to bulletin editors so topics at the Conference in 1980 and future that they might publish such sections as Conferences is being investigated. they wished. Every effort will be made to Finally, the Board, following a recom- see that the report is mailed approximately mendation of the Chapter Cabinet, asked one month after the meeting. the Education Committee and the Manager, Professional Development to reconsider the offering of Regional Continuing Education Federal Library Committee - At the request Courses as carried out under the Education of the Guest Observer, Federal Library Committee's Pilot Program, that is, coopera- Committee (FLC), the Board endorsed the tively sponsored with Chapter involvement Committee's request for a prompt review of at all levels and including at least a 70-30% the present outdated Civil Service standards split of the net income. Their report will be for the Librarian Series (GS-1410) and the made to the Board at the Fall 1979 Meeting. Technical Information Series (GS-1412). In addition, the SLA Board of Directors Special Libraries- In response to the con- noted with interest the proposal of the FLC cern expressed by the chapter Cabinet that to establish an Information Management the membership listing would not be Series. The Board endorsed the recommen- included in the 1979 Directory issue and dation of the Guest Observer that the stan- that Special Libraries had cost more to dards for this series "not only include but produce in 1978 than expected, the Board clearly delineate a career path for librarians asked the president to appoint a three- as information managers." member special committee to investigate These two positions will be conveyed by the desirability of putting Special Libraries, the SLA president to the U.S. Office of including the Directory issue, on a break- Personnel Management. even basis. The Special Committee will report back to the Board at the Fall 1979 Endowment Fund Contemplated - At the Meeting. recommendation of the SLA president, the Board decided to consider the formation of Scholarship Awards - The chairman of the an endowment fund. The assistant executive Scholarship Committee reported that there director will investigate the procedures has been a steady decline in the number of necessary to establish such a fund and will applicants for scholarships over the last report to the Board at the Fall 1979 Meeting. three years. So as not to be forced into a position of having to award four scholar- ships, she asked that the wording of the Association Positions on WHCLIS - The Board resolution be changed to an approval American Society for Information Science of "up to four scholarships for 1979/80." has asked the National Science Foundation The action passed. for funds to coordinate the positions of information science associations for Reciprocal Courtesy Extended - The SLA WHCLIS. Three meetings are proposed for Representative to the National Federation this purpose. At the recommendation of the special libraries Joint Cabinets, the Board decided to support The Board asked the assistant executive this project and to send an SLA representa- director to contact the Committee to see tive to each of the proposed meetings. how SLA can participate. In addition, the Immediately after the Winter Meeting, the Board asked the Standards Committee to president wrote to NSF on behalf of the investigate the relevant materials on a Board to indicate the Association's support common bibliographic exchange format of the ASIS proposal. with the assistant executive director and to make a report to the Board at the June Bibliographic Exchange Format - In De- meeting. cember the SLA president received a letter The Committee is supported by the from the executive secretary, Committee for National Science Foundation, the National the Coordination of National Bibliographic Commission on Libraries and Information Control, seeking SLA's help in the develop- Science, and the Council on Library ment of a common bibliographic exchange Resources. The project is being undertaken format. with the assistance of Unesco. Scholarship Fund Contributions Received Jan-Dec 1978 H. W. Wilson Foundation Anonymous Trust Income San Francisco Bay Region Chapter Anita T. Goldstein ICI Americas, Inc. Heart of America Chapter Standard Oil Company of California Helen E. Iseminger St. Louis Metropolitan Area Chapter In Memory of Virginia Raynes (st. Louis Metropolitan Area Chapter) Texas Chapter In Memory of Jim Criswell (Texas Chapter) In Memory of Isabelle Bronk (Evelyn Butler) Joseph M. Dagnese Thomas Heitz In Tribute to Clara Stanton Jones on her Retirement and In Memory of Rose S. Sugar (Michigan Chapter) John M. Connor Alice E. Kingery Virginia L. Duncan Elizabeth E. Brown In Memory of Linda Shear (Cleveland Chapter) In Memory of John Connor (Judith Field) Agnes 0.Hanson Carolyn S. Kirby Margaret F. MacKellar In Memory of F. E. McKenna (Rocky Mountain Chapter) Frances J. Rugan In Memory oi F. E. McKenna (San Diego Chapter) In Memory of Virginia Raynes (Southern California Chapter) Mary Lee Tsuffis Wendell Walker Total Other Contributions Under $25.00 Total Contributions Jan-Dec 1978 The SLA John Cotton Dana Award was established in June SLA Award 1978 to recognize "exceptional services by members of Winners Special Libraries Association to special librarianship." The first award recipients are Ruth S. Smith, Institute for Announced Defense Analysis, and Jessie C. Wheelwright, retired, for- merly librarian, Hawaiian Telephone Company. Frank E. McKenna, the late executive director, SLA, and Gretchen D. Little, retired, formerly librarian, Atlas Library, ICI United States, Inc., Wilmington, Del., have been elected to the SLA Hall of Famel1979. Details of the citations will appear in a summer issue of Special Libraries. This column will appear irregularly in The committee has also added its sponsor- Special Libraries to help keep SLA members ship to a program developed by the Library informed of activities in the field of Management Division, Aerospace Division, networking that pertain especially to special Military Librarians Division, and Sci-Tech libraries. Please send your comments and Division. This program includes the follow- suggestions for items to include to the ing papers: Networking Committee chairman. Mem- bers of the committee are Audree Anthony, "Slow-Scan TV-A Library Network Pro- Vivian Arterberry, Sharon Vipong, and totype," by Patricia W. Berger, Environmen- James B. Dodd, chairman, Coordinator of tal Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Services to Business & Industry, Georgia "Shared Bibliographic Input Experi- Institute of Technology Library, Atlanta, Ga. ment-An Update," by Hubert A. Sauter, 30332. Defense Documentation Center, Alexan- dria, Va. Networking Programs at the Honolulu Programs of the Telecommunications Divi- Conference sion and the Transportation Division will The Networking Committee has arranged also directly pertain to networking inter- the following program at Honolulu: ests. "The Nationwide Network and Special Libraries," by Dr. I. M. Klempner, School of Library of Congress Network Advisory Library and Information Science, SUNY /A1- Committee bany, and SLA Representative to the Library SLA is officially represented on this of Congress Network Advisory Commit- committee by Dr. Irving M. Klempner. tee. There is one other SLA member on the "The National Periodical Center-A Sta- committee, and three other SLA members tus Report," by Laura N. Gasaway, Univer- are among the observers assigned by other sity of Oklahoma Law Library, and SLA organizations. The committee members and Representative to the National Periodicals observers, with their affiliations, are listed System Advisory Committee. as follows: "The Place of the Private, For-Profit Library in the National Networks," by Members Frank H. Spaulding, Bell Telephone Labora- California Library Authority tories Library Operations, Holmdel, N.J. for Systems and Services "The Metropolitan Transportation Com- Ronald F. Miller mission's Automated Data Library," by Dian Executive Director, CLASS Gillmar, Information Coordinator, Metro- 1415 Koll Circle, Suite 101 politan Transportation Commission, Berke- San Jose, Calif. 95112 ley, Calif. 4081289-1756 special libraries Special Libraries Association Association of American Publishers Irving M. Klempner Sandra K. Paul School of Library and Information SKP Associates Science 565 Fifth Ave. State University of New YorkIAlbany New York, N.Y. 10017 1400 Washington Ave. 2121687-3145 Albany, N.Y. 12222 5181457-8577 Observers American Society for Information Science ~atlonalFederation of Abstracting and Kieth Wright Indexing Services Dean, School of Library and Information Toni Carbo Bearman Science Executive Director, NFAIS University of Maryland 112 South 16th St., 11th Floor College Park, Md. 20742 Philadelphia, Pa. 19102 301 1454-5451 2151563-2406 Networking is a communications job. Furthermore, a good library is a communications medium and should be considered as such right along with TV, radio, newspapers, and so on. Our job is to get the right information to the right people at the right time-even if they do not know they need it. Networking is just a new word for what we have been trying to do all along, using the electronic and other modern technologies of today to do it. SLA Memorial Tribute to McKenna The Special Libraries Association Board of known not only in the United States but in the Directors released the following statement at the international information community as a whole. SLA Winter Meeting in Tucson, Ariz: The Association's 70th Annual Conference to be held in Honolulu, Hawaii, Jun 9-14, 1979 was It was with profound sorrow that the Staff and a project that was very close to his heart. He the Board of Directors of the Special Libraries conceived the idea for the Honolulu Conference Association learned of the untimely death of Dr. in 1972 during his visit to Japan as a guest lectur- Frank E. McKenna in his home on Nov 10,1978. er. His original conception was a joint meeting of Executive Director since 1970, he had been a the Japan Special Libraries Association (Sento- member of the Special Libraries Association since kyo) and SLA, but because of the interest 1953, coming up through the ranks in a variety of expressed by special library organizations in offices at the Chapter and Division levels. Before other countries, the Conference expanded to becoming Executive Director, he was Editor, include the participation of the Special Libraries Special Libraries. He was an able and exemplary Division of the International Federation of President of the Association in 1966167. Library Associations and Institutions and the The personal qualities of determination, gener- special library associations of several Pacific Basin osity, and humor which he brought to the countries. The Conference has been designated demanding task of executive leadership of SLA, by the SLA Board of Directors as the First World- and which, together with his breadth of intellect wide Conference on Special Libraries. The Staff and vision, based on a firm grasp of essentials, and the Board of Directors are committed to dedi- enabled him to make an outstanding contribution cating the Conference as a living memorial to to the development of Special Libraries Associa- him. They are also committed to continue to carry tion. His work in Oslo in 1974 toward the restruc- on the affairs of SLA in the spirit of cooperation turing of the new IFLA statutes was outstanding. and the pursuit of excellence in the manner he His understanding of the librarian's position on would have expected. This, in the end, will be the exceedingly complicated copyright questions and best tribute we can pay to Frank McKenna. his participation in negotiations, ultimately BE IT RESOLVED, That the Board of Directors resulting in the enactment of the US. Copyright place on record its esteem for the deceased Execu- Laws of 1976, must be recognized as the crowning tive Director, and its sorrow at his passing, and, achievement of an illustrious career. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, That a copy of His passing is a tragic loss to librarians and this Memorial Resolution, signed by the Presi- information specialists, nationally and interna- dent of the Association, be forwarded to his tionally. His professional achievements are well family as an expression of deep sympathy. Honolulu in June What to Expect of the Weather . . . and What to Pack Travel Light! Hawaii is Informal and Warm Daytime temperatures in June average in sandals, canvas shoes, or tennis shoes. Eve- the 80s, nighttime temperafures in the 70s. ning dress is basically informal. Women With tradewinds blowing in June, these wear muumuus or other casual clothes with temperatures are pleasant. There are about sandals, while white trousers and aloha or thirteen hours of daylight in summer, other open-neck shirts are popular with allowing for plenty of time for sightsee- men. Several restaurants require jackets for ing. men, but none require ties. Remember, even Lightweight, easy-care, loose clothes are bankers and stockbrokers in Hawaii conduct in order for both men and women. Bring business in aloha shirts. about the same kind of light-colored resort wear one would take to Florida or the Caribbean, or to the East Coast in August. Don't Forget Bathing Suits and Sunglasses-and Shorts for men and women are fine. Save Space for the Muumuus and Aloha Shirts Comfortable shoes are best, especially You will be Bringinf Back. IN MEMORIAM Beverly M. Knower American Chemical Society and the American Beverly M. Knower, section chief, Library and Society for Information Science. Information Center of Suntech, Inc., Marcus It is not surprising that she had many friends- Hook, Pa., died on Jul 30, 1978, in Media, Pa. of friends, not acquaintances. Her interests were cancer. She is survived by a sister and two broth- diverse and many of them were deep and lasting. ers. She was a gourmet cook and a superbly gracious Beverly, born in Genoa, Wisc., on Oct. 4, 1926, hostess; an oil painter whose works brought good received her BS in chemistry and MS in food prices in the market place; a true patron of the technology from the University of Wisconsin. arts: music, theater, painting, ballet, crafts; and a She received her MLS from Drexel University in world traveler. Best of all, she shared all of her 1958. wonder and love of life with her friends. The increasing responsibilities of her positions It was Bev's caring and her willingness to share at Suntech, from junior chemist in 1954 to head of that prompted her to such generous giving to the large information resource at the time of her Drexel Library School, and to the many students death, were a direct result of her hard work, long whom she quietly helped out in so many ways. hours, and high intelligence. Her success was This was an aspect of her activities that no one especially due to her concern and care for the except the beneficiaries knew about, yet we were needs of the individuals who used her library. not surprised when we learned of it. She was Her ability to see problems from several view- truly concerned about library students and points led to satisfying solutions for staff and wanted them to be prepared to render the best executive alike. Her own problems were never service, the kind which she always provided. more important to her than those of the newest Everyone at Suntech will miss her; she was staff member; the highest executives knew the involved in a truly creative process there as the information they needed would be carefully and library developed into an information center of completely prepared for their use. She was a great value. Her friends will miss her; there, too, librarian who put people first. she was creative as her great interests and talents Her activities in Special Libraries Association and love touched and influenced our lives. We followed the same pattern. She was active in the miss her, but memories live on to inspire and Philadelphia Chapter, holding various offices, enrich us continually. including president (1965166). She was chairman, Petroleum Section, Sci-Tech Division (1964165). Elizabeth Tomlinson She served on the American Petroleum Institute's White Memorial Library subcommittee on indexing and abstracting for University of Maryland seventeen years. She was also a member of the College Park special libraries COMING EVENTS May 18-19. University of Chicago Grad- Education Division, National Archives and uate Library School, 40th Annual Confer- Records Service, Washington, D.C. 20408 ence . . . Palmer House, Chicago. Theme: (2021523-3298). The Role of Libraries in the Growth of Knowledge. Contact: Dean, Graduate Li- May 30-Jun 1. Critical Issues in Coopera- brary School, JRL 5-106, 1100 E. 57th St., tive Library Development: A Conference Chicago, Ill. 60637. on Networks for Networkers . . . Indianap- olis, Ind. Jointly sponsored by Indiana May 21-22. The American University, Department of Public Instruction, Indiana Third Annual Institute on Federal Informa- Cooperative Library Service Authority, Pur- tion . . . Washington, D.C. Contact: Melinda due University Library and Audiovisual Beard or Lowell Hattery, Institute on Center, and Indiana University Graduate Federal Information: Policies and Access, Library School. Contact: Jean Gnat, Indiana College of Public Affairs, American Univer- University-Purdue University at Indianap- sity, Massachusetts and Nebraska Aves., olis, 420 Blake St., Indianapolis, Ind. 46202. N.W., Washington, D.C. (2021686-2513). May 21-Jun 1. Seminar in Art and Museum Jun 2-7. Medical Library Association, 78th Librarianship . . . Syracuse, N.Y. Sponsored Annual Conference . . . Honolulu, Hawaii. by Syracuse University School of Informa- Write: MLA, 919 W. Michigan Ave., Chica- tion Studies. Contact: Prof. Antje B. Lemke, go, Ill. 60611. School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, 113 Euclid Ave., Syracuse, N.Y. Jun 4-7. National Computer Conference 13210. . . . Americana Hotel, New York City. Spon- sored by the American Federation of Infor- May 24-26. Ontario Association of Library mation Processing Societies. Preregistration Technicians/Association des Bibliotechni- cost: $60. Contact: NCC '79, c/o AFIPS, 210 ciens de lrOntario, Sixth Annual Confer- Summit Ave., Montvale, N.J. 07645. ence . . . New College, University of Toron- to, Ont. Sponsored by OALTJABO Toronto Area Regional Branch. Contact: Jun 6-8. Institute of Information Scien- OALTIABO, P.O. Box 527, Thornhill, Ont., tists, Annual Conference . . . Imperial Hotel, Canada, L3T 4A2. Torquay, England. Theme: Towards 2001: New Information Technology and Its May 29- Jun 1. National Archives Course in Future Impact. Fee: £70 members, E90 the Use of Primary Sources . . . Archives nonmembers. Contact: Mike Allen, Head of Building, Washington, D.C. Topic: Going to Information Services Unit, Beecham Phar- the Source: An Introduction to Research in maceuticals, Coldharbour Rd., The Pinna- Archives. Fee: $60. Contact: Elsie Freivogel, cles, Harlow, Essex, England. Jun 7-9. The ~nter$ational.~iowof Infor- Jun 12-15. National Archives Course in the mation; A Trans-Pacific Perspective, Insti- Use of Primary Sources. . . Chicago Histori- tute . . . Makaha Inn, Hawaii. Sponsored by cal Society. Topic: Going to the Source: An the Center for the Book in the Library of Introduction to Research in Archives. Fee: Congress, the U.S. International Communi- $60. Write Elsie Freivogel, Education Divi- cation Agency, and the University of sion, National Archives and Records Ser- Hawaii Graduate School of Library Studies. vice, Washington, D.C. 20408, or call Robert Contact: Sarah K. Vann, Graduate School of Brubaker, Chicago Historical Society Library Studies, University of Hawaii at (3121642-4600). ~anoa,Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. Jun 14-20. Canadian Library Association, Jun 9-14. Special Libraries Association, Annual Conference . . . Ottawa, Canada. Worldwide Conference on Special Li- Write: Business Manager, CLA, 151 Sparks braries . . . Hilton Hawaiian Village and St., Ottawa, Ont., Canada KIP 5E3. Ilikai, Honolulu, Hawaii. Theme: Politics and Economics: Their Impact on Li- Jun 17-20. Association of Jewish Libraries, brary/Information Services. Also partici- Annual Convention . . . Cincinnati. Contact: pating: International Federation of Li- Robert Singerman, 3101 Clifton Ave., Cin- brary Associations and Institutions Spe- cinnati, Ohio 45220. cial Libraries Division and Japan Special Libraries Association (Sentokyo). Jun 17-22. Twenty-fourth Seminar on the Acquisition of Latin American Library Jun 11-13. Fourth Nordic Information and Materials . . . University of California, Los Documentation Congress . . . Uppsala, Angeles. Theme: Caribbean Research and Sweden. Theme: Information Support in the Resources in Europe and the Americas. Fee: 1980s. Write: Swedish Society for Technical $25 members, $35 nonmembers. Contact: Documentation, Box 5073,10242 Stockholm, Anne H. Jordan, Benson Latin American Sweden. Collection, The University of Texas, Austin, Tex. 78712. Jun 11-15. American Theological Library Association, Annual Conference . . . St. Jun 24-30. American Library Association, Paul, Minn. Contact: Dr. Norris Magnuson, Annual Conference . . . Dallas, Tex. librarian, Bethel Theological Seminary, 3949 Bethel Dr., St. Paul, Minn. 55112. Jun 24-30. Theatre Library Association, Annual Meeting. . . Dallas, Tex. Jun 12-15. Office of Management Studies, Association of Research Libraries, Library Skills Institute . . . Chicago, Ill. Fee: $200. Jun 25-27. Scandinavian Audiological So- Contact: OMS, Association of Research ciety, Annual Conference . . . Panum Insti- Libraries, 1527 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., tute, Copenhagen, Denmark. Scandinavian Washington, D.C. 20036 (2021232-8656). languages only. A Model Management Curriculum for Special Librarians The Metropolitan Washington Library Branch of the U. S. Office of Education and Council is conducting a series of four the Washington, D.C. Chapter of the Special management training courses in the spring Libraries' Association. of 1979 for special librarians in the Wash- The goal of the program is twofold: 1) to ington area. The Library Council has been develop and evaluate a curriculum for prac- conducting management courses for librar- ticing special librarians designed to im- ians since 1975. This is the first series prove their managerial effectiveness; 2) to designed specifically for special librarians. publish a description of the program which The program is being funded by the Library will include administrative guidelines and a Education and Post-secondary Resources series of specialized instructional materials 204 special libraries which can be used to develop similar work- be used by special library training adminis- shops for other special librarians. The publi- trators to develop similar programs. In addi- cation will also include suggested course tion, the curriculum guide may be used by modifications based upon evaluation data their instructors to replicate the courses gathered from participants, project staff, themselves. The publication will contain 1) and instructors. an assessment from a practical point of view In preparation for the project the Library of the advantages and disadvantages of a Council conducted an in-depth needs management curriculum for special librar- assessment in July of 1978 involving over ians; 2) suggested topics which have proved 100 Washington, D.C., area special librar- valuable; 3) an outline of procedures neces- ians. Participants were asked to establish the sary to establish the program; 4) syllabi of priorities of their management training instructional units tested; and 5) actual needs in an interactive problem-identifica- instructional materials specifically adapted tion session. Based on the results of the to special libraries and guidelines for their needs assessment the following courses use. The publication will be published by were selected for inclusion in the program: the Library Council in late summer of 1979 and be made available through ERIC and GPO. Human Resources Management The Library Council has published a simi- Financial Management lar report which outlines its previous expe- Management Communications rience in developing management courses Planning for Special Library Manage- for librarians. The report, entitled Continuing ment Library Education: An Interdisciplinary Ap- proach, can be ordered in microfilm only for Participation is open to Washington, D.C., $5.00, prepaid by contacting the Informa- area special librarians in top and middle tion Center, Metropolitan Washington management positions with current man- Council of Governments, 1225 Connecticut agement responsibility in the workshop Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 topics. (202 / 223-6800), One of the major outcomes of the For further information about the man- program will be a publication which will agement curriculum for special librarians include a curriculum guide describing the contact Mary Sage, Library Planner, Metro- courses and a series of specialized instruc- politan Washington Library Council, 1225 tional materials. Administrative guidelines Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, will also be included. These guidelines may D.C. 20036 (2021223-6800). STAFF DEVELOPMENT Burack, Elmer H. and Miller, Edwin L. / A aspirants to top management positions is Model for Personnel Practices and People. discussed. In an interview, a new young manager Personnel Administrator 24(no.l):50-56 (Jan 1979). describes his experiences and ideas regarding the Human Resource Management (HRM), some of adjustments that must be made even in personal the factors which gave rise to its emergence, and lifestyle and leisure activities if one intends to go its implications for personnel are described. HRM up the management ladder. is characterized by increased involvement in the development of policy and guidelines, as well as the implementation of programs and techniques designed to put policies into effect. The emphasis Johnston, Robert W. / Seven Steps to Whole of the model will be less on programs and Organization Development. Training and techniques and more on the quality and quantity Development Iournal 33(no.1):12-22 (Jan 1979). required to help the organization achieve its Presents a seven-step plan for development of a goals. whole organization, applicable to groups of varying sizes. Steps include clarification of whole The First Job: Making the Transition to Manager. organization objectives, data gathering, diag- S.A.M. Advanced Management Iotirnal nosis, prescribing interventions, commitment, 43(no.4):54-60 (Autumn 1978). implementation, and progress review. Five charts The role that goal setting and career planning and the description of a case study help to clarify should play in the plans of self-motivated the steps in the process. Kramer, Otto P. / Flexible Working Hours. Milk, Leslie B. / The Key to Job Journal of Systems Management 29(no.12):17-21 Accommodations. Personnel Administrator (Dec 1978). 24(no.1):31-33,38 (Jan 1979). Gives rationale for flexible working hours and Legislation requires that those firms or describes procedures that can be used. Points out individuals doing $25,000 of business with the advantages and disadvantages of such a system. federal government or institutions receiving Most organizations that have converted to the federal financial assistance must take affirmative flexible hours system believe it has improved action steps in recruiting, hiring, and advancing utilization of human resources and employee in employment qualified handicapped relations. individuals. Included in the legislation is the requirement to make reasonable accomodation McMaster, John B. / Designing an Appraisal for qualified handicapped individuals. The System That Is Fair and Accurate. Personnel Journal author points out that imagination in 58(no.l):38-40 (Jan 1979). determining "reasonable accommodation" is Describes a method of designing and more important than expense and that attitudes implementing a personnel appraisal system that are a determining ingredient in an effective can be used to identify employees 1) who have accommodation process. potential for advancement, 2) who need additional training, 3) who perform well in their present position but have limited potential, and Motivational Programs-Or How You Can Get 4) who should, for one reason or another, be More Out of You. Administrative Management terminated. Eight specific components of the 32(no.9):30-32ff (Sep 1978). system are discussed. Describes motivational programs at various levels in different forms. Purpose of the programs Michaud, Robert E. / The Staff Development is to strengthen the ability of people to do a better Function-Assessing Training Needs. Training job, to face new challenges, and maintain a and Development Journal 32(no.8):62-63 (Aug positive attitude. Suggests books and films that 1978). have helped to create successful programs. Presents method for obtaining information needed for staff development program. Suggests questions that should be asked of program Watson, Thomas B. / Making Negative Feedback directors. Responses are categorized and arranged Work. Personnel Journal 57(no.12):680-681 (Dec in an assessment form on which participants 1978). check items according to interest, level, and Individuals need feedback to increase their job importance. When the items checked on the effectiveness. Negative feedback identifies areas assessment forms are assigned priorities, a staff where improvements are desired or necessary development program can begin. and specifies how these improvements can be made. In order for such feedback to be helpful, A Manager's Guide to Successful Meetings. three things are necessary: an understanding of Training and Development Journal 32(no.10):12-16 what is said, acceptance on the part of the (Oct 1978). employee, and an action taken. The author A down-to-earth article outlining in detail the describes how these steps can result in better steps one must go through in planning a relationships in an organization. successful meeting. The importance of walking throughout the entire sequence is stressed. Lucille Whalen was truly a revolution that they were REVIEWS discussing or whether it was more likely an The On-Line Revolution in Libraries; evolutionary process-the gradual intro- Proceedings of the 1977 Conference in duction and integration of information Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Allen Kent and technology-that was transforming modes Thomas J. Galvin, eds. New York, Marcel of access, scope, speed, depth, costs, effec- Dekker, 1978. 203p. ISBN 0-8247-6754-3. tiveness, and even the overall philosophy of providing library services. The list of 27 major contributors to the More than 700 librarians, information proceedings of this conference certainly specialists, managers of information ser- includes many individuals who are well- vices, information industry representatives, known in the information field for their and so on, had gathered at the University of significant contributions. Five position pa- Pittsburgh to listen to a number of prepared pers dealt with: l) the potential of on-line papers and to discuss "The On-Line Revolu- information systems (Allen Kent); 2) the tion in Libraries." One wonders whether it impact of on-line systems on national infor- special libraries mation policy and on local, state, and searches, correlative searching offers the regional planning (Lee G. Burchinal); 3) the most efficient and economic means of impact of on-line systems on library func- access. tions (Miriam A. Drake); 4) the impact of Drake, from Purdue University, did a fine on-line systems on the clientele (Paul E. job of summarizing the applications of on- Peters and Ellen G. Detlefsen); and 5) the line systems in terms of their potential training and retraining of librarians and toward improving resource sharing, collec- users (Elaine Caruso). tion building, cooperative processing, speed The position papers, the order of their of searching, provision of system manage- presentation, as well as the scheduled reac- ment data, and similar factors. Martha tor comments reflected, of course, the Williams, director of Information Retrieval projected content and intended structure for Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, the conference. Yet, having read the confer- thought that a revolution in information ence proceedings, it becomes apparent that retrieval was indeed occurring. As an exam- certain underlying concerns manifested ple, she referred primarily to the machine- themselves at almost every conference readable data bases of abstracting and index- session, regardless of the specifics of the ing services. papers presented. These concerns include: Burchinal discussed electronic means of How will on-line services be paid for? Is the transmission, frequently coupled with mi- issue of user charges to be reduced to "fee or crographic storage of large files, as offering free"? Is the NCLIS assumption of "informa- the greatest hope of attaining the objectives tion as a national resource" to be under- of lowering unit costs, allowing for manage- mined and eventually abandoned? Are on- ment of increasing volumes of information, line systems to be designed for intermedi- and increasing its effective uses. Carlos A. aries, or for direct user access? Are systems Cuadra, buttressed by several other speak- to be developed to meet the information ers, invoked the economic theories of Adam needs of all our publics, or only for those Smith. He noted that the federal govern- publics that meet the test of the market ment could be asked to step in; by taxing the place? Are on-line systems to encompass entire public, the government could subsi- numeric data bases, current research data dize service for those who would like to use bases, i.e., are they to access the totality of on-line service but presently cannot afford stored information in machine-readable to do so. "But why just on-line information form or should they be confined to "biblio- services?," he asks, "Why not ask the federal graphic" data bases? government to pay for all the costs of For the most part, the papers and reactor university libraries or public libraries?" comments were well organized and highly Cuadra apparently refused to acknowledge informative. They tended, however, to that many university libraries, most public emphasize information technology relevant libraries, such as Chemical Abstracts, Biological to on-line systems without paying sufficient Abstracts, and so on, are subsidized in whole attention to the need of an improved intel- or in part by public funds. lectual apparatus essential for the attain- Several speakers provided the perspective ment of quality retrieval and the reduction necessary to counterbalance the more of redundant and irrelevant output. Should extreme views. In a cool-headed manner, people really be awed by the technological Richard De Gennaro, Keith Doms, John G. achievement of having the entire text of The Lorenz, and Susan K. Martin were able to New York Times available to us on-line? How assess the on-line revolution in terms of can one retrieve desired information with- their own vast experiences as librarians and out being flooded by a superabundance of administrators of functioning library sys- false drops? Detlefsen's paper touched on 'tems. On the whole, the conference papers, this and similar issues. reactor statements, and audience comments By inference, Kent's paper may have represent a cross-section of the thinking and given a hint at some possible solutions. technology applications relevant to the state Being revolution oriented, Kent deplored of the art of on-line systems-systems alphabetic thinking and its monodimen- which are undergoing evolutionary, if not sional search approaches by stressing on- revolutionary, development. line combinatory or correlative retrieval which is now made possible through use of Dr. Irving M. Klempner modern, interactive systems. His paper School of Library and Information Science amply emphasized that for certain types of State University of New YorkIAlbany PUBS (79-031) Industry Analysts in the Federal (79-037) Federal Yellow Book. Looseleaf service. Government. Washington, D.C., Washington Re- $95/year. ISSN 0145-6202. searchers, 1978.23~.$10.00. Directory of the U.S. executive branch: names and Names and phone numbers of over 100 Depart- phone numbers of 25,000 top administrators in ment of Commerce analysts who monitor activi- the Executive Office of the President, depart- ties within specific industries. Arranged by Stan- ments, agencies, and regional federal offices. dard Industrial Classification Codes (industry and Published by The Washington Monitor, 499 product), with an alphabetical index. Available National Press Building, Washington, D.C. 20045. from: Washington Researchers, 910 17th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006.202/452-0025. (79-038) Supervision: An Introduction to Busi- ness Management. Shapiro, Steven L. New York, (79-032) Barrier-Free Meetings: a Guide for Fairchild, 1978. 307p. LC 77-94514, ISBN 87005- Professional Associations. Redden, Martha Ross, 213-6. Wayne Fortunato-Schwandt, Janet Welsh Brown. Introductory text. Topics discussed include gen- Washington, D.C. American Assn. for the eral management theory, motivation, leadership, Advancement of Science, 1976. 73p. $4.00. ISBN communication, selection, and training of em- 0-87168-229-X. ployees. Fxplains how to make meetings accessible to the physically disabled. (79-039) Contemporary Art and Artists: An Index to Reproductions. Parry, Pamela Jeffcott, (79-033) Reference and Information Services: A comp. Westport, Conn., Greenwood, 1978. 32713. Reader. Katz, Bill, and Andrea Tarr, eds. Metuch- $25.00. LC 78-57763, ISBN 0-313-20544-2. en, N.J., Scarecrow, 1978. 466p. $12.50. LC 77- 20698, ISBN 0-8108-1091-3. Guide to locating illustrations of works of art produced since 1940, based on 60 books and exhi- Thirty-seven recent essays dealing with the prac- bition catalogs. Each entry includes artist; title, tice of referencelinformation service, and with date, material, and location of work; publications the types of reference tools. in which illustrations of the work appear. (79-034) Library Searching: Resources and Strat- (79-040) Charging for Computer-Based Refer- egies. Morris, Jacquelyn M., and Elizabeth A. ence Services. Watson, Peter G., ed. Chicago, Elkins. New York, Jeffrey Norton, 1978. 129p. American Library Assn. Reference & Adult $8.95 hardcover, $5.95 paperback. LC 77-9214, Services Division, 1978. 49p. $4.00 prepaid. ISBN ISBN 0-88432-004-9 hardcover, ISBN 0-88432- 0-8389-6356-0. 005-7 paperback. Proceedings of a program organized by the RASD A handbook of library research, originally devel- at the ALA Conference in Detroit, 1977. Three oped for use in an academic library user-educa- presentations-on the history of charging for tion program. Examples are drawn from the envi- services, on intellectual freedom issues, and on ronmental sciences. operational considerations-are followed by a discussion. (79-035) Evaluations of Micrographic Equip- (79-041) A Computer Network Protocol for ment (Resource Report 12). Wolk, Sue, comp. Library and Information Science Applications. Silver Spring, Md., National Micrographics Assn., NCLISINBS Task Force on Computer Network 1978. 6p. $2.00 to NMA members, $3.00 nonmem- Protocol. Washington, D.C., National Commis- bers. sion on Libraries and Information Science, 1977. A bibliography of micrographic equipment eval- 90p. Single copies free from NCLIS, $2.75 from uations. Available from: NMA, 8728 Colesville GPO. GPO stock number 052-003-00601-4. Rd., Silver Spring, Md. 20910. Describes a proposed computer-to-computer pro- tocol for electronic communication of digital (79-036) A Basic Music Library: Essential Scores information over a nationwide library biblio- and Books. Music Library Assn., comp.; Pauline graphic network. Available from NCLIS, Suite Shaw Bayne, ed. Chicago, American Library 601, 1717 K Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Assn., 1978. 182p. $5.00. LC 78-11997, ISBN (2021653-6252). 0-8389-0281-2, Annotated list of 952 scores, books, and periodi- cals. Marie Dooling specia 1 libraries German Chemical Abbreviations, 2nd rev. printing Gabriele E. M. Wohlauer and H. D. Gholston, comp. I9681 paper 168 pages 16 x 9 /$7.5O ILC 66- 13627 I ISBN 0-87 11 1 - 165-9 This specialized dictionary is designed for all who work with German chemical journals, books, patents, and other literature. Approximately 2,500 abbreviations with their German and English meanings are listed alphabetically in a three-column format. A few technical Latin and nontechnical abbreviations that are frequently encountered in German chemical literature have been included. Running heads on each page and a visible thumb index ease the task of locating specific entries. Order from: Order Department Special Libraries Association 235 Park Avenue South New York, N.Y. 10003 I I PERSONALIZED SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE Every customer is assigned an experienced "Home Office" representative, You correspond direct; any title needs, changes, cancellations or problems can be handled promptly by letter or phone. This makes your job easier and keeps you abreast of your subscription needs at all times. With over 45 years experience, McGregor has built a reputation of prompt and courteous service on both domestic and international tides. We prepay subscriptions ahead of time. Our customers, large and small, like the prompt attention we give them. We think you would too! 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Whether you are a scientist, librarian, or information specialist. . .CA SEARCH Also contained in CA SEARCH are will glve you faster, easler reference to bibliographic citations: Each document the wealth of chemistry-related informa- - referenced in CA SEARCH 1s identified t~onabstracted in CA. by title, author names, primary publlca- tion, CA section number, and other Regardless of your location, CA pertinent details revealing the abstract's SEARCH IS available for your use source and scope. These citations make through an lnformation Center licensed it easy for you to Identify the original by CAS. For more information, send in document, in case you must refer to it. the coupon below. CA SEARCH ...A Fast, Convenient Way to Search CA References I Please send me more information MA1L TO: Chemical Abstracts Service I : about searching CA SEARCH at Marketing Department - DGA I I a licensed Information Center. P. 0. Box 3012 I I Columbus. 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For a dramatic, free, no- DAYTON, OHIO 45404 obligation demonstration, contact P/H Electron- (513) 461-5898 ics . . . manufacturer of MONI-COM""I, the patented two-way wireless language laboratory SWETS NORTH AMERICA, INC. provides a FULL SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE for pe- riodicals, serials, and continuations, both do- mestic and foreign - through our home office in North America and our offices in Europe, South America and Great Britain. w~th61 -Monthly and Air Fre~ghtor Surface Mad Opt~ons Doesn't Your librarv Deserve SWBS Serviee ? CALL COLLECT (215)644-4944 SWETS NORTH AMERICA, INC. BOX 517 BERWYN, PA. 19312 TELEX 084-5392 PLACEMENT "Positions Open" and "Positions Wanted" ads are $3.50 per line; $10.00 minimum. Current members of SLA may place a "Positions Wanted" ad at a special rate of $2.00 per line; $6.00 minimum. 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Reader Special Libraries Association reserves the right to re- VICON RE'-1, 11K-16 ject any advertisements which in any way refer to Kearler I'rinter race, creed, color, age, or sex as conditions for em- YICOS KT)-1. K1)-2 ployment. 1 Single lens, dual len~rs: POSITIONS OPEN Science Librarian - Wichita State University. Gives direct user assistance at a centralized refer- A New ence desk, takes part in the library use instruction Processor - Camera FD-230P and collection development programs, provides 1 S~mpleu/l)uplexl computer searches, and serves as liaison with the A CompleteI\ No\eI Concept Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Geology Departments. and \rrsatilit~ Requirements and Qualifications: The ability to work effectively with both students and faculty is required. The successful candidate will be service oriented and committed to aggressively promot- ing informational services to the academic community. Must have a master's degree in library science from an ALA-accredited library school and backgrounds in engineering, chemis- try, mathematics, physics, or geology. A second graduate degree is required for tenure. Salary and Benefits: $11,500 to $16,000 for 12- month appointment, depending on qualifica- tions. Tenure track appointment, TIAA-CREF, Blue Cross/Blue Shield. Send letter of application and resume to: James C. Eller, Associate Director for Library Services, Wichita State University, % I\ ill arrrllt requeqts fur drsi~ntng #68, Wichita, KS 67208, by May 30, 1979. Finalists an\. rnodrk olhrr than 5tmdsl-d to will be invited for expense-paid interview. rnrtt yoor spcr~flcneeds Wichita State University: WSU is an urban insti- tution, with an enrollment of 16,000 that offers an outstanding opportunity for aggressive librar- ians. There are active library instruction and collection development programs, as well as other opportunities for relating the library to instructional programs. Librarians at Wichita State University enjoy faculty rank, privileges, and responsibilities. Wichita State University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. Applica- tions from minority persons and women are encouraged. special libraries ------POSITIONS OPEN POSITIONS OPEN --- - Director, University of Minnesota St. Paul Information Scientist - The Chemical Hygiene Campus Libraries- Under the general direction Fellowship of Carnegie-Mellon Institute of of the Director of University of Minnesota Li- Research, a well-established and expanding braries, the Director of the St. Paul Campus research facility concerned with all phases of Libraries is responsible for the administration of toxicology testing of chemicals, located 20 miles this Department, which includes a central library, east of Pittsburgh, Pa., has an immediate opening which is undergoing major expansion, and six for an Information Scientist. physically separate subject libraries. The collec- tions total over 200,000 cataloged volumes, as The qualified individual must have advanced well as substantial holdings in government degrees or equivalent experience. Degrees should publications and other materials, which support be in a biological science and in information programs in agriculture, biological sciences, and science or library science. Experience in conduct- veterinary medicine. There is an operating ing literature searches, both manual and comput- budget of $770,000 including $275,000 for erized, and familiarity with toxicology and its acquisition and binding, and a staff of 41 FTE, literature are required. Duties will include: including 12 professionals. As director of one of conducting complete literature searches with the seven major departments in the university minimal consultation and supervision, and pro- libraries, the individual participates fully in viding a "current awareness" function which university libraries-wide planning and program routinely monitors the current literature for areas development. The library system serves as a of specific or common concern and directing this regional (7-state) USDA document delivery information to the appropriate individuals or center and includes its own collection processing groups. Submit curriculum vitae to: Carnegie- department. Also, a library automation program Mellon Institute of Research, R.D. #4, Box 60, is being implemented. Export, Pa. 15632, Attn: Mr. A. R. Ryrholm. Applicants for this position must have demon- strated exceptional skills in leadership, adminis- An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Em- tration, planning, and interpersonal relations. ployer. A Division of Carnegie-Mellon Universi- They must possess the MLS or an appropriate ty. equivalent, as well as significant applicable expe- rience in a major university library. An educa- Information Specialist - Corporate Technical Li- tional background in the agricultural, biological brary, The Upjohn Company. Provides informa- sciences, or supporting science is desirable. tion services on demand or as a continuing Knowledge of academic programs and the ability service to management and technical staff includ- to work with faculty and academic administrators ing: general factual information and answer is essential. Individual must have a commitment services, retrospective literature searching, cur- to participate in national library professional rent literature altering (internal & vendor association activities. Applicants should be able to supplied data bases), user education/liaison. meet the requirements of a university libraries Keeps informed of current Upjohn research activ- faculty appointment with tenure at the rank of ity; anticipates user information needs and helps associate professor or professor. plan and implement services designed to meet The minimum starting salary for the position is them; help increase visibility of the Corporate $25,000 which includes an administrative sti- Technical Library and utilization of its informa- pend. Closing date for receipt of applications: tion services; keeps informed of developments in May 15, 1979. The University of Minnesota is information science, new information resources, committed to the policy that all persons shall and techniques for their utilization. The corpo- have equal access to its programs, facilities, and rate Technical Library collection contains 20,000 employment without regard to race, creed, color, books, 30,000 bound journals, and 1,300 current sex, national origin, or handicap. periodical subscriptions. It serves a research staff Send application, detailed resume, and names of of 1,500 with a budget over 1'12 million. The three references to: Clarence Carter, Personnel Upjohn Company is located in Kalamazoo, a Officer, 499 Wilson Library, University of Minne- medium-sized southwestern Michigan university sota, Minneapolis, Minn. 55455. city with excellent cultural/recreational opportu- nities. Reference Librarian- University of Notre Dame. Qualifications: BS/BA in science plus MAIMS in Responsible to the head of reference, Memorial library/information science, or MS in science Library. Provides general reference service with plus 1-4 years information-related experience staff of other subject specialists in central refer- (biochemical/biomedical environment). Re- ence department. Responsibilities include biblio- quires: training and experience in searching graphic instruction and collection development scientific bibliographic data bases and in provi- in business administration and economics. Qual- sion of general reference and information ifications: Graduate degree in library science from services; current knowledge of and ability to an accredited library school. A business degree or experience in a business library. Working knowl- utilize medical, biological, and chemical edge of a modern foreign language. Twelve reference tools effectively. Prefer chemistry month contract, faculty status. Salary $11,200. degree. Application deadline Jun 1, 1979. Send resum6 to: Dr. George E. Sereiko, Secretary, Appointments Salary: $17,064 to $25,608 or $19,692 to $29,544 and Promotions Committee, Memorial Library, depending on level at which position is filled. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. Excellent benefits. An EEO/AA employer. Apply 46556. An Equal Opportunity Employer. Women to: Don King, The Upjohn Company, 7171 and minorities are urged to apply. Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001. -- - POSITIONS OPEN THE MARKET PLACE State of Kuwait - Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, National Scientific and Technical Infor- mation Center. Four positions open in a modern, Back Issue Periodicals - Scientific, Technical, attractive, and dynamic scientific and technical Medical and Liberal Arts. Please submit want lists research library supported by automated informa- and lists of materials for sale or exchange. Prompt tion systems and sewices for in-house functions replies assured. G. H. Arrow Co., 4th & Brown and with on-line access to US. data bases (Lock- Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 19123. heed/DIALOG and SDCIORBIT). Future access to European data bases via EURONET DIANE is imminent. Foreign Books and Periodicals- Specialty: Build- Catalog Librarian - To catalog monographs, peri- ing Collections. Albert J. Phiebig Inc., Box 352, odicals, book and nonbook materials in science White Plains, N.Y. 10602. and technology, using AACR, LCSH with and without LC cataloging copy. Qualifications: MLS from ALA-accredited school; minimum of three years' experience in cataloging scientific and technical materials; working knowledge of one European language; knowledge of Arabic desir- able, but not mandatory. Science Reference Librarian/Information Spe- cialist - Reference activities; computerized litera- Red Cross ture search; development and maintenance of reference collection; bibliographic instruction; me ~ood book selection and collection development; supervision of paraprofessionals. Qualifications: MLS from ALA-accredited school; MS or BS in Neighbo~ physical sciences; minimum five years' experi- ence in scientific or technical research library; knowledge of Arabic desirable, but not man- datory. Instruction/Librarian-To plan, develop, train, and coordinate short-term training programs for INDEX TO ADVERTISERS junior librarians and assistant information spe- American Geological Institute 10A cialists; to plan, coordinate, and develop regional ...... seminars, training workshops and institutes. American Psychological Association ..l2A Must have library experience and subject exper- Capital Systems Group ...... 4A tise in scientific and technical literature, informa- Chemical Abstracts Service ...... 14A, 22A tion science, and special librarianship. Qualifica- Demco Educational Corporation ...... 7A tions: Ph.D. or MLS from ALA-accredited school; Ebsco Subscription Service ...... Cover I11 significant library and teaching experience (mini- Engineering Index, Inc...... 19A mum 5 years); knowledge of Arabic desirable. Frank C. Farnham Company ...... 7A F. W. Faxon Company, Inc...... 19A Indexer/Abstractor - Indexing and abstracting of Find/SVP 18A articles in periodicals, patents, other nonbook ...... materials, for information retrieval, with empha- Gale Research Company...... Cover IV sis on scientific and technical materials. Qualifica- Heyden & Son, Inc...... 8A, 9A tions: MLS from ALA-accredited school; mini- Informatics, Inc...... 5A mum of three years' experience. Information Resources Press ...... 17A International Labor Office ...... 13A Conditions of Employment: Two-year contract, Institute for Scientific salary competitive depending on experience and Information Cover I1 qualifications. Furnished, air-conditioned hous- ...... ing; air travel, plus baggage and freight allow- McGregor Magazine Agency ...... 21A ance, for appointee, spouse, and three children Mochizuki Shoten, Ltd ...... 24A under 18, from place of origin and back upon Noyes Data Corporation ...... 16A appointment and termination; tuition paid at P/H Electronics ...... 23A American School of Kuwait; annual 45-day paid Pergamon Press, Inc...... 11A vacation (round trip air tickets to place of origin Special Libraries for appointee and dependents mentioned above). Assocation ...... lA, 20A, 21A Medical care is free in Kuwait; there is no income Swets, N.A...... 23.4 tax, and currency is freely transferable. All posi- United Nations Publications 13A tions become available in August 1979; deadline ...... for receiving applications is May 15, 1979. Send University Microfilms full resume and three letters of reference to: International ...... 15A Personnel Department, Kuwait Institute for Vacudyne Altair ...... 2.4 Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, State of The H. W. Wilson Company ...... 6A Kuwait. special libraries What can happen if you order foreign titles through EBSCO You har re one order, one lnvace , one check for all Publishers send current tltles - EBSCO orders all sub~crlptlons,sends pay- \ men! and corresponds wlth all pubhshers worldwde L L PUBLISHERS I I Your one order to EBSCO can include all foreign titles desired and all domestic titles - one listing to one source. (EBSCO lists more than 60,000 domestic and 40,000 foreign publications.) You receive one invoice covering all titles ordered - including both foreign and domestic titles. You make one payment only - payable in U.S. currency. All of your correspondence will be in English. There is no need to communicate in any foreign language. Your titles will be ordered direct with all publishers, world-wide. EBSCO handles all currency conversions and all service with foreign publishers. EBSCO's array of helpful serials management reports can include foreign titles too - consolidation to save you time. For more information EBSCO is only a telephone call away . . . (205) 252-9010 P.O. Box 2543 1 Birmingham, AL 35201 1 Telex: 5-9717 I 11 U.S.A. OFFICES / TORONTO / RIO DE JANEIRO / AMSTERDAM I I I30,OOOSERIAL LISTINGS FROM 47,000PUBLISHERS WORLDWIDE I RECENTLY PUBLISHED Reference Books from Gale RESEARCH CENTERS DIREC- SPEAKERS AND LECTURERS: NATIONAL FACULTY DIREC- TORY,6thed. Ed~tedby Archie M. How to Find Them, 1st ed. Edited TORY 1979, 9th ed Glves names Palmer. Completely revised and by Paul Wasserman and Jacque- and addresses of 480.000 mem- updated, thenewedition contains line R. Bernero. Provides details bers of teachlng facult~esat 3 00C over 6,000 detailed listings-over on booking agencies, college and U S and 180 selected Canadlan 1,000 of them brand new-on university speaker bureaus, com- junlor colleges, colleges, and unl- university-related and other non- panies, government agencies. versltles 2,668~~In 2 vols profit research organizations in and professional and trade asso- $125 OO/set (SO) the U.S. and Canada 1.025pp. ciations that handle some 4,200 $85.00. (SO) New Research speakers. Four indexes, ~ncludlng Centers IS the ~nter-edit~onsup- speakers and subjects. 464pp BOOKMAN'S PRICE INDEX, plement to RCD-6. Subscr~ption. $38.00. (SO) Vol 15 Ed~ted by Dane F $70.00. (SO) McGrath A baslc prlce gu~deto BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIO- rare and out-of-prlnt books En- DICTIONARY OF LITERARY ETHICS, Vol. 4. Ed~tedby LeRoy tries gwe author, t~tle,publ~cat~on BIOGRAPHY. The first two Walters. An annual key to print date and place, cond~tton,dealer volumes In th~sBruccoli Clark and nonprint materials on eutha- Serles are now in print. Vol. 1. The nasia, psycho-surgery, abortion. and prlce 35-50,000 entrles per vol Vols 1-15 In prlnt $64 00/vol Arner~can Renaissance ~n New genetic intervention, and other England. Edited by Joel Myerson. major issues in bioethlcs Vols (SO) Contains 98 biographical-critical 1-4 In prlnt: $30.00/vol (SO) entries complemented by some FIRST PRINTINGS OF AMERI- 150 illustrations. 224pp. Vol. 2, INTERNATIONAL PORTRAIT CAN AUTHORS. The publlcatlon Amencan Novel~stsSince World GALLERY. Three new supple- of Volume 4 brmgs to361 thetotal War 11. Edited by Jeffrey Helter- ments.. IPG-6. Third General number of novelists playwr~ghts man and Richard Layman 80 en- Supplement; IPG-7 Second Lit- poets, and essayists covered En- tries plus numerous illustrations. erary F~guresSupplement; IPG-8' tries ldentlfy both the f~rstAmerl- 557pp. $35.00/vol (SO) Med~aPeople Supplement Each can and the f~rstEngllsh pr~ntlng supplement contalns 350 8%" x of each book Profusely ~llus- YOUTH-SERVING ORGANIZA- 11" portra~tplates not Included In trated w~threproducttons of TIONS DIRECTORY, 1st ed. A the previous IPG units, Included selected tltle pages, dust jackets convenient one-stop source of with all orders is the Master Index and blndlngs Vo' 4 contalns an information about 850 U.S. or- to the 3,350 persons covered in Index to the ent re set A Bruccol~ ganizations that serve today's the entire Gallery $90 00/supp. Clark Series 4 vols $ '80 OO/set youth, from early years through (SO) (SO) junior college. (Based on Gale's Encyclopedia of Associat~ons, New Editions of Euiwpa Publ;cations 12th ed ) 476pp. $15.00. (SO) Available from Gale UFOs AND RELATED SUB- AFRICA SOUTH OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH JECTS. Edlted by Lynn E Catoe SAHARA 1978-79, 8th ed. AFRICA 1978-79, 25th ed. 936pp. Cites over 1,600 books, journal 1,150~~.$69.00. (SO) $60.00. (SO) articles, pamphlets, conference proceedings, tapes, orlg~nal FAR EAST AND AUSTRALASIA IN manuscripts, and other materials 1978-79, 10th ed 1.251~~$72.00. 1978-793 2nd ed. by M. Samlr Sarhan. 272pp $45.00 on this popular topic. (Reprlnt of (SO) 1969 ed.. with a supplementary (SO) appendix, Un~dent~fiedFlying INTERNATIONAL WHO'S WHO WORLD OF LEARNING 1978-79, Objects, first published 1976.) 1978-79, 42nd ed. Over 17,000 29th ed. 2,036~~.In 2vols $84 00/ 401 pp $24.00. listlngs 1.916pp. $70 00 (SO) set. (SO) (SO) This symbol designates titles available on standing order. All Gale books are sent on 30-day approval. GALE RESEARCH CO. 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