Special Libraries, October 1964

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1964 Special Libraries, 1960s

10-1-1964

Special Libraries Association

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION Putting Knowledge to Work OFFICERS DIRECTORS President WILLIAMK. BEATTY WILLIAMS. BUDINGTON Northwestern University Medic'il The John Crerar Library, Chicago, Illinois School, Chicago, Illinois President-Elect HELENEDECHIEF ALLEENTHOMPSON Canadian Nafional Railwa~r, General Electric Company, Sun Jose, California Montreal, Quebec Advisory Council Chairman JOAN M. HUTCHINSON(Secretary) Research Center, Diamond Alkali LORNAM. DANIELLS Company, Painesville, Ohio Harvard Business School, Boston, Massachusetl~ KENNETHN. METCALF Advisory Council Chairman-Elect Henry Ford Museum and Greei~. HERBERTS. WHITE field Village, Dearborn, Michigan NASA Facility, Documentation, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland MRS.ELIZABETH B. ROTH Treasurer Standard Oil Company of Cali- JEANE. FLEGAL fornia, San Francisco, California Union Carbide Corp., New YorR, New York MRS. DOROTHYB. SKAU Immediate Past-President Southern Regional Research Lab- MRS.MILDRED H. BRODE oratory, U.S. Department of Agri- David Taylor Model Basin, Washington, D. C. culture. New Orleans, Louirirrna EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: BILL M. WOODS Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10 Street, New York, New York 10003 MEMBERSHIP Dues: Sustaining-$100; Active-$20 (Paid For Life-$250) ; Associaie -420; Afiliate-$15 ; Student-$? ; Emeritus-$5. For qualifications, privileges and further information, write Special Libraries Association.

PUBLICATIONS Aviation subject headings, 1949 ...... $1.75 National insurance organizations in the A checklist for the organization, opera- United States and Canada, 1957 .... tion and evaluation of a company li- "Picture sources, 2nd ed., 1964 ...... brary, I960 ...... 2.00 4:SLA directory of members. as of July Contributions toward a special library 15. 1964, 7964 ...... members glossary, 2nd ed., 1950 ...... 1.25 nonmembers Correlation index document series & PB SLA directory of members, as of Octo- reports, 1953 ...... 10.00 ber 15. 1962. 1962 ...... members Creation & development of an insur- nonmembers ance library, rev. ed., 1949 ...... 2.00 Source list of selected labor statistics, Dictionary of report series codes, 1962 12.75 rev. ed., 1953 ...... Directory of business and financial serv- Sources of commodity prices, 1960 .... ices, 1963 ...... 6.50 Special Libraries Association personnel Directory of special libraries, 1953 .... 5.00 survey 1959, 1960 ...... Guide to metallurgical information (SLA *Special libraries: how to plan and equip Bibliography no. 3), 1961 ...... 4.00 them (SLA Monograph no. 2), 1963 Guide to Russian reference and lan- Subject headings for aeronautical engi- guage aids (SLA Bibliography no. 4), neering libraries, 1949 ...... 1962 ...... 4.22 Subject headings for financial libraries, Handbook of scientific and technical 1954 ...... awards in the United States and Can- *Subject headings in advertising, market- ada, 1900-1952, 1956 ...... 3.00 ing, and communications media, 1964 *Literature of executive management Translators and translations: services and (SLA Bibliography no. 5), 1963 ... 4.25 sources, 1959 ...... Map collections in the U. S. and Can- US. sources of petroleum and natural ada; a directory, 1954 ...... 3.00 gas statistics, 1961 ...... Latest publications SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS-Subscription, $7.00; Foreign, $8.00 SPECIAL LIBRARIES-Subscription, $10.00; Foreign, $11.00; Single copies, $1.50 TECMCAL BOOK REVIEW INDEX-Subscription, $10.00 ;Foreign, $1 1.00 ;Single copies, $1.50 UNLISTED DRUGS-Subscription, $20 ; Single Copies, $2.00 SLA serves as he US. sales agent for selected Aslib publications

SPECIAL LIBRARIES is published by Special Libraries Association monthly September to April, bimonthly May to August, at 73 Main Street, Brattleboro, Vermont 05302: Editorial Offices: 31 East 10th Street, New York, New ,York 10003. Second class postage pa~dat Brattleboro, Vermont. POSTMASTER: Send Form 3579 to Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10 St., New York, N. Y. 10003 O The Faraday Press announces 21 major Soviet Scientific Journals now available for the first time .AUTHORITATIVE COVER-TO-COVER ENGLISH TRANSLATION REGULAR YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION -BEGINNING WITH JAN. 1965 ISSUES

Nuclear Physics / Yadernaya Fizika Journal of Organic Chemistry / Soviet progress at the Kurchatov Institute, at Dubna and other Zhurnal Organicheskoy Khimii key centers, previously reported in various journals, will now be Of interest to every Western organic chemist, this new journal covered by th~sind~spensable Academy of Sciences pubiication. will be the principal source of information on Soviet research irt Monthly, $150 /year this field, previously ava~lableonly as scattered articles in many Differential Equations / . Differentsial'nyye Uravneniya journals. Monthly, $1 60 /year Offers for the first time in a single journal the original work of Journal of Applied Spectroscopy / outstanding Soviet mathematicians in th~sincreasingly important field. Monthly, $150 /year Zhurnal Prikladnoy Spektroskopii Describes the many expanded and new applications of spectroscopy in the various engineering and scientif~cdisciplines. Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry / Monthly, $150 / year Teoreticheskaya i Eksperimental'naya Khimiya Reports on the most important current research of the leading Journal of Engineering Physics / centers throughout the Soviet Union; the equivalent in impor- Inzhenerno-Fiz~cheskiy Zhurnaf tance In chemistry to the Soviet J. Theoretical & Exp. Phys. in Devoted to Soviet basic and applied research in heat and mass physics. Bimonthly, $120 /year transfer and exotic heat sources; hlghly valuable, presenting many orig~nalcontributions. Monthly, $150 /year Soviet Radiophysics / lzvestiya VUZ. Radiofizika Magnetic Properties of Liquid Metals / Presents .original contributions by Troitskiy and other world- famous Soviet radiophysicists dealing with lunar and solar radio Magnitnaya Mekhanika Zhidkikh Metallov emission, the propagation of electromagnetic waves, and other Increasing research and success in technological applications of radiophysical phenomena. Bimonthly, $125 /year magnetism in the Soviet Union have led to the publication of this important new journal. Quarterly, $90 /year Soviet Radio Engineering / lzvestiya VUZ. Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds / Radiotekhnika Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soyedineniy Publishes articles on the latest Soviet advances in information Expanding Soviet research in this increasingly important area theory, high-frequency radio electronics and electrodynamics, has contributed this vital new journal. Birnonthly, $120 /year and new radio engineering materials and components. Bimonthly, $115 /year Chemistry of Natural Compounds / Khimiva Prirodnvkh Sovedineni~ Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics / The Soviet journal devoted to original research in the structure, Zhurnal Prikladnoy Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki modification and synthesis of natural compounds. A wide-ranging journal of importance to applied physicists, and Bimonthly, $110 /year mechanical, aeronautical, chemical, and structural engineers. Birnonthly, $150 /year Electrical Engineering / Elekfrotekhnika Reports the latest, most important advances in Soviet electrical equipment and instrumentation. Monthly, $1 60 /year Soviet Physics / lzvestiya VUZ. Fizika Covers advanced Soviet theoretical and experimental investiga- Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology / tions In plasma physics, optics, molecular physics, electronic Prikladnaya Biokhimiya i Mikrobiologiya processes and the entire range of physics research. Research in this field is producing extensive and valuable new Birnonthly, $125 /year applicat~onsin many areas of industry and medicine; reviewed fully In this critically important new journal. Astrophysics / Astrofizika Bimonthly, $120 /year Describes Soviet research in lunar, interplanetary, solar and stellar physics, as performed under the direction of V. A. Ambart- Physicochemical Properties of Materials / sumyan and other leading astrophysicists. Quarterly. $90 /year Fiziko-Khimicheskaya Mekhanika Materialov Of great importance to industry, this journal reports on new Polymer Mechanics / Mekhanika Polirnerov materials being developed in the Soviet Union, the~rproperties Keeps the reader informed on the latest and most valuable devel- and specific applicat~ons. Bimonthly, $1 15 /year opments in Soviet polymer research and applications. Bimonthly, $120 /year Cybernetics / Kibernetika Offers a complete review of current achievements and long- Heat and Power / Teploenergetika range goals in this field being rapidly developed in the Soviet Union, In which top Soviet talent is being concentrated. Reports the latest advances in heavy power equipment and automation, fuels and combustion, turbomachinery design, and Bimonthly. $115 /year thermophysical properties. Monthly, $220 /year Note: Yearly subscriptions and back copies (1962-current) to "Soviet Eng~neeringPhysics Abstracts" and "Sov~et Heat and Applied Solar Energy / Geliotekhnika Power Abstracts" arestill available-write for further information. A Significant new journal, devoted entirely to a subject in which Order your 1965 subscriptions to the essential Soviet scientists are making outstanding contributions. Bimonthly, $110 /year Soviet journals described above from: 3 The Faraday PresspuBLlsHERs 15 Park Row, New York, N.Y. 10038 - - - - ... OCTOBER 1963 BIOCHEMISCHES TASCHENBUCH Edited by H. M. RAUEN, and M. RAUEN-BUCHLA 2nd edition completely revised In 2 parts, not sold separately Part 1 With 151 illustrations. XII, 1060 pages. 1964 Cloth $19.50 Part 2 (to appear shortly) With 166 illustrations. About 11 12 pages. 1964 Cloth $19.50 Stecherl-Halner, lnc. FOUNDED IN NEW YORK 7872 LONDON /PARIS J STUTTGART / BOGOTA 31 East 10 Street / New York 3, N. Y. throughout the world ... AUSTRALIA FRANCE INDIA SWITZERLAND BELGIUM GERMANY l TALY U. K. CANADA HOLLAND SWEDEN U. S. A. EXPRESS TRANSLATION SERVICE meets the demands of science and industry at fixed, compet- itive rates e.g. from: RUSSIAN ...... $16.80 per 1000 words of original text FRENCH, GERMAN ...... $14.70 per 1000 words of original text JAPANESE* ...... $16.80 per 1000 Japanese characters All our translators and editors possess high academic qualifications and experience in their respective fields. We handle all European languages, Russian and Japanese* in science and technology, with particularly good coverage in Chemistry, Metallurgy, Geology, Physics, Electronics, Biology, Medicine, Pharmacology, and related subjects. In Japanese our coverage is limited to Chemistry and related subjects. FOR BROCHURE AND PRICE LIST PLEASE WRITE TO: EXPRESS TRANSLATION SERVICE 28 ALEXANDRA ROAD, LONDON. S.W.19, ENGLAND Telephone : WIMbledon 8876

SPECIAL LIBRARIES OUT-OF-PRINT BOOKS now available in . . . RUSSIAN.. . SOUTHEAST ASIA.. . ECONOMICS.. . GENEALOGY.. . New Republishing Programs Offer Selected l mportant Reference Books at Reduced Prices RUSSIAN HISTORY SOUTHEAST ASIA Fifth series in Micro Photo's program for Beginning a new program to republish out- republishing basic Russian books. Selections of-print Southeast Asia reference books made from Paul L. Horecky's Basic Russiun selected from Southeast Asian History-A Publications, published by the University of Bibliographical Guide by May and Case; and An Annotated Bibliography by Cecil Hobbs. Chicago Press. Previous four offerings List reviewed and approved by Professor covered Bibliographies, General Reference John Cady, Department of History, Ohio Aids, Geography, The People (Anthropology University, head of the Committee on South- & Demography). east Asia for the Association of Asian Studies.

ECONOMICS Selections made from Series I1 of the survey GENEALOGY prepared by members of the Economics De- partment of Johns Hopkins University, Books from the genealogical bibliography recommending books which should be part used for many years at the Institute of Gene- of every library's basic economics collection. Our selected list of out-of-print books pre- alogical Research in Washington, prepared pared by Professor Mark Perlman, Senior by Meredith B. Colket, Director of Western Research Associate, Center for Regional Economics Studies, University of Pittsburgh, Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland. consists of titles which are not available through any other source.

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Just about every currently available title - some 171,000 - from some 1500 US. publishers - listed here in separate author and title indexes. Find all the books by a certain author or all the editions of a given title, including paper- backs, gift editions, etc. Learn author, title, year, price, publisher, binding. In- cludes full list of publishers with addresses. $18 net postpaid.

SUBJECT GUIDE to Books in Print. Find here all the books from BOOKS IN PRINT which can be classified under Library of Congress subject headings, with full ordering information as above. 25,000 subject categories and thousands of cross references make it easy to locate specialized books, even if you have only a vague idea of the subject. Includes full list of publishers with addresses. $17.50 net postpaid.

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES SLA Directory of Members As of July 15,1964

The -Only Name Directory of Special Librarians in the United States and Canada

LOW COST PERIODICAL Contains the names, addresses, and AND PAMPHLET FILES ALL SIZES SAME PRICE Chapter, Division, and Section affilia- $3.18 per doz. any assortment desired. tions of all SLA members, plus infor- 12 doz. or more, $2.88 per doz. mation about Special Libraries Associ- FREE SAMPLE MAGAFlLE sent upon ation. request. You will receive it by return mail along with handy size-chart and additional details. No obligation or sales- The alphabetical listing of 5,962 indi- man follow-up. vidual and Sustaining members of 5%?kp+bd- SLA, addresses, titles, company names or home addresses, and codes identify- THE MAGAFILE CO. ing members' Association affiliations P. 0. BOX 3121 ST. LOUIS 30, MO. and classes of membership are accurate as of July 15, 1964.

Now Available from EJC- Supplementary information includes Thesaurus of lists of SLA's 1964-65 Board of Di- Engineering Terms rectors, Chapter Presidents, Division Comprises over 10,500 terms and and Section Chairmen, Committee their cross-reference relationships in Chairmen, Special Representatives, over 80,000 entries 1964 Sustaining members, Association Provides vocabulary control for in- Headquarters staff, Hall of Fame dexing and retrieval of all types of en- members, Professional Award winners, gineering documents and Association Past-Presidents. The Provides a basis for vocabulary build- Bylaws are also reproduced in full. ing for specialized thesauri or thesauri in fields related to engineering 144 pages 302 + xvii ages, flexible cover. Price 5 15.00 plus L.50 billing charge Members $2.50 Also available on magnetic tape for Nonmembers $1 0.00 computer manipulation. Order or re- (Specify Member's Name When Ordering) quest additional information from Special Libraries Association ENGINEERS JOINT COUNCIL 31 East 10th Street, New York 10003 Dept.: Info 345 East 47th Street SLA is United States Sales Representative for New York, N. Y. 10017 Selected Aslib Publications

OCTOBER 1964 Membership List 1964

A complete list of members of Aslib arranged alphabetically under country of location. Details include full address, telephone and telex number, and name of representative (for corporate entries). A second main section lists corporate members under classified subject headings.

June 1964 Price 17s 6d to members of Aslib 40s to nonmembers

Aslib 3 Belgrave Square London SWI

Volumes 1-25. Calcutta 1924-1949 Cloth bound set ...... $725.00 Paper bound set ...... 625.00 Per volume, paper bound .. 25.00

In Preparation Volumes 26-34, 1950-1957

Single issues available upon request

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SYRACUSE. N. Y. STOCKTON, CALIF. SCHOOL LIBRARY SUPPLIES OCTOBER 1964 -- RECENT REFERENCE WORKS FROM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PRESS AFRICA IN THE UNITED NATIONS by THOMAS HOVET, Jr. An analysis of the African bloc and its diplomacy. Appendices include roll-call votes to come before the plenary sessions of the General Assembly through 1962, broken down into all African votes on all issues, and the votes of all other countries on African issues. 29 figures 336 pages $8.50 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GHANA, 1930-1961 compiled by A. F. JOHNSON A listing of material published during the formative period of Gold Coast/Ghana, covering ethnology, arts and sciences, and history, with special citations in such areas as the cocoa industry, the Volta River Project, the rise of Kwame Nkrumah, and twentieth-century government and politics. Commissioned by the Ghana Library Board. 210 pages $6.50 CUMULATIVE INDEX TO THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW, VOLS. 1-57 : 1906-1963 edited by KENNETH JANDA Index of 2,500 articles of one page or longer, in three groupings: keyword listing by author, alphabetized list with complete citation, and author cross-reference list. Indispensable for libraries serving researchers in political science. 250 pages $5.00 THE ENGLISH NOVEL IN THE MAGAZINES, 1740-1815 by ROBERT D. MAY0 An attempt to characterize the nearly forgotten magazine fiction of the 18th century, including amateur and anonymous writers as well as Defoe, Haywood, Dr. Johnson, Hawkesworth, Goldsmith, Smollett, and Mackenzie. Features a 200-page catalogue of 1,375 magazine novels of over 5,000 words published in British periodicals during the period under discussion. 695 pages $10.50 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF PLASMAS edited by THOMAS P. ANDERSON, ROBERT W. SPRINGER, and RICHARD C. WARDER, Jr. Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Gas Dynamics Symposium, 1963, sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the Gas Dynamics Lab- oratory of Northwestern University. Includes 21 papers by leading scientists from industry and academic life. Over 100 graphs and photographs 350 pages $15.00 PRINTED WRITINGS BY GEORGE W. RUSSELL (AE) compiled by ALAN DENSON A bibliography of AE with some notes on his pictures and portraits. Foreword by Padraic Colum, reminiscences of AE by M. J. Bonn, and a note on AE and painting 13 illustrations 255 pages $6.50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AFRICANISTS edited by MICHAEL CROWDER and LALAGE BOWN Selected papers reporting on the status of modern African studies, delivered at the University of Ghana at Accra in 1962 under the direction of K. Onwuka Dike. Open- ing address by President Kwame Nkrumah, and papers by Melville J. Herskovits, Alioune Diop, and 28 others. 369 pages $5.95 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PRESS 816 University Place, Evanston, Illinois 60201

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NEW PUBLICATIONS FROM WESTERN PERIODICALS CO. EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF IEEE PRODUCT ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION GROUP-New York, June 11-12, 1964 $8.00 "The Engineering Approach, Economy in Design and Production in Electronics" FIFTH NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HUMAN FACTORS IN ELECTRONICS San Diego, May 5-6, 1964 $10.00 GOLDEN GATE METALS CONFERENCE San Francisco, February 13-15, 1964 "Today's Problems in the Use of Advanced Materials" AEROSPACE ELECTRICAL SOCIETY SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT AVIONICS SYMPOSIUM $8.50 Los Angeles, July 14-15, 1964 PROCEEDINGS OF IEEE THIRD ANNUAL MICRO ELECTRONICS SYMPOSIUM St. Louis, April 13-15, 1964 (Available on Microform only) $6.00 "Development of Microelectronics Through Materials Integration" THIRD SYMPOSIUM OF SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION DISPLAY $10.00 San Diego, February, 1964 MATERIALS SYMPOSIUM OF SOCIETY OF AEROSPACE MATERIALS AND PROCESS ENGINEERS-Los Angeles, May 20-22, 1964 $10.00 "Adhesives and Elastomers for Environmental Extremes" Exclusive Distributor: WESTERN PERIODICALS CO. 13000 Raymer St., North Hollywood, Calif. TR 5-0555 ST 2-2192

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chnology AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 50 East Huron St., Chicago, lll~nois60611

OCTOBER 1964 ABSTRACTS OF WORLD MEDICINE

The current issue contains the first of a series of REVIEW ARTICLES. This one is entitled "Dietary Factors in Ischaemic Heart Disease" by Dr. T. B. Begg of the Medical Research Council's Atheroma Research Unit. The demand for this critical and selective journal is increasing. Please ensure that it is available by ordering your subscription NOW.

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES SPECIAL LIBRARIES Oficial Journal Special Libraries Association

Volunte 55, No. 8 CONTENTS October 1964

The Education of a Catalyst DR. DON R. SWANSON Creative Organization: The Librarian as a Manager I : The Genesis of Two General Session Programs E. W. GONZALEZAND F. E. MCKENNA 11: The Structure and Functions of Management DANIELM. GREEN,M.D. I11 : Summarization of Reports from the Discussion Groups F. E. MCKENNA The Creative Person DR. WILLIAMSTEPHENSON The Word Is Think WILLIAMS. BUPINGTON IASLIC: Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres G. B. GHOSH Current Concentrates of the Library World Planning the New Library: The Charles A. Dana Biomedical Library CHARLESC. WADPINGTON LTP Reports to SLA GLADYST. FIEZ The Proposed New Copyright Law CHESTERM. LEWIS This Works For Us: Xerography for University Periodicals List EDMUNDG. HAMANN SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION H. W. Wilson Company Chapter Award 1964 Winning Minnesota Chapter Entry Sustaining Members NEWS Have You Heard Off the Press

Editor: MARYL. ALLISON SPECIALLIBRARIES COMMITTEE Assistant Editor: EDYTHEC. PORPA Chairman: ROBERTG. KRUPP Consultants: ALBERTAL. BROWN HOWARDB. BENTLEY DR. I. A. WARHEIT MRS.ELIZABETH R. USHER Papers published in SPECIAL LIBRARIES express the views of the authors and do not represent the opinion or the policy of the editorial staff or the publisher. Manuscripts submitted for publication must be typed double space on only one side of paper and mailed to the editor. Reprints may be ordered immediately before or after publication. Subscriptions: U. S. $10; foreign, $11; single copies, 8l.liO. @ by Special Libraries Associ- ation 1964. INDEXED IN Business Periodicals Index, Public Affairs Information Seruice, Ltbrary Literatur~.Management Index and Library Science Abstracts. How University Microfilms drastically reduces the high cost of storing periodicals.

Did you know that if you subscribe to 500 magazines, it will cost you $116,250 to store them for thirty years? University Microfilms has developed a system that can reduce this cost by 94%.That's right. Instead of costing $116,250, the UMI system costs you only $6,975. And you still give people the convenience of paper copies. Here's how the UMI system works: You place a subscription to any 1rn magazine through your library agent. Same as you've always done. And you continue to receive the regular paper issues. 2 At the same time you place a rn subscription with University Microfilms for a microfilm copy of the magazine, The cost of this subscription is about the same as you've been paying for binding periodicals,so there is no increase in costs.

At the end of the volume year, University Micro- You keep the paper copies of 3. films ships your microfilm copy of the magazine. You 4. the magazine in the library get the entire year's editions on one roll of microfilm unbound until the period of great- with an index for the year at the beginning of the reel. est use is over. (Studies show that this varies from two to five years, depending on the publication.) At the end of this period, you throw out the paper copies and substitute the microfilm. That's all you have to do to cut your costs by 94% (or $109,275). And you do it without reducing your service.

If you want to hnow more about UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS, INC. the UMI Periodical System, write: lIwm 313 NORTH FIRSTSTREET,ANN ARBOR~MICHIGAN A subsidiary of Xerox Corporation SPECIAL LIBRARIES The Education of a Catalyst DR. DON R. SWANSON

ILL ROGERS(or being established in their rightful place. In W someone else) is referring to education, I am intentionally dis- said to have once said, tinguishing it from vocational training. Edu- "It's the things everyone cation succeeds only when it opens many knows that just ain't so doors for the student and when the skills he that cause most of the learns are those that are transferable from trouble in the world." one specialty to another. Everyone knows that the I suggest that these transferable skills can essence of special librarianship is creative best be recognized if we consider the process catalysis. Everyone knows that the ideal spe- of planning or designing information sys- cial librarian is an indispensable research as- tems and libraries, as distinct from the op- sistant who serves as a vital link between a eratilzg of such systems. The difference can scientist and the world's store of recorded be as important as that between architecture knowledge. Everyone knows that the best and carpentry. Unless librarians take notice possible chemistry librarian is one who be- of this, the intellectual core of librarianship gins his library career with a Ph.D. in chem- and the task of designing future libraries may istry. be abdicated to engineers who function as The above image of a creative, catalytic, planners and architects, with librarians left inspirational, indispensable, dedicated, re- only the role of operators. search-assistant type of special librarian with There is no quick and simple definition of a degree in a specialty and a degree in library information systems design, analysis, or ar- science is not wrong, but I think it is some- chitecture. There is no ready made branch of what troublesome and gives a distorted im- engineering or mathematics that can be taken pression of the intellectual content of librar- off the shelf and immediately applied with ianship. It seems to suggest that librarianship useful results. Yet unquestionably the tech- has no soul of its own and must borrow one niques of systems design have their roots in from the professions it serves. I believe that mathematics and engineering, and library librarianship can and should acquire a school curricula should take this into account. stronger professional image than it now has It does not follow though that these roots are by recognizing and making a more positive so deep that librarians must abandon hope of claim for its own soul, though without neces- competing with engineers in designing new sarily returning any of those it has success- systems. fully stolen or borrowed. . . . The special librarian is in a peculiarly ad- vantageous position to act as a creative cata- Education for Library Design and Planning lyst in the planning and design of better There is a science and a technology of information systems. He is closer to the user information theory, information processing, of such systems and has, or can obtain, a and systems analysis; it is largely on this better understanding of system requirements foundation that the intellectual content of than can most engineers. In this sense I am special library education should rest. I hasten suggesting a new kind of catalysis. Instead of to add that there are other elements of the the special librarian working side by side as foundation (in the humanities, especially), a research assistant to the user of an informa- but those just named stand in greatest need of tion system, catalyzing and inspiring him to Dr. Swanson was a physicist with Thompson Rdmo Wooldridge, Inc., before becoming Dean of the Graduate Library School, University of Chicago, in February 1963. This is the keynote he delivered at the SSth Convention of Special Libraries Association, June 8, 1963.

OCTOBER 1964 543 ever higher achievements, he should direct for emergency reference purposes? If this his catalytic inspirations toward the system were done, might not the importance of this itself and simply exploit the user to promote particular collection justify indexing it to a his own understanding of the services the far greater depth than is customary for the system should produce. It is this opportunity rest of the biomedical literature? How much to work closely with a "captive" user, i.e., a better access would such depth of subject group of known and continual users, to control really provide? What kind of special achieve understanding of "systems require- purpose reference files, possibly mechanized, ments," in terms of the ideal end products of should be set up to permit extremely rapid the system, that distinguishes the special li- searching and location of specific informa- brarian from other librarians. tion? Would the importance of so doing (I trust chemists will forgive such cor- justify a 'round the clock telephone service ruptions as referring to one reagent as an ob- for an entire metropolitan area? If this were ject of catalysis. By catalyzing the "user" I done, would any need exist for either deliv- mean the reaction between user and recorded ery or viewing of reference materials by the information. By catalyzing the "system" I requester? What would be the cost of direct mean all reactions that must take place from closed circuit TV inspection of the materials conception to implementation of a new sys- in this collection from a remote point, and tem.) The significance of catalyzing the sys- would the need for so doing justify such tem rather than the user may be obscure un- cost? Could this purpose be as well served less I can give at least a few illustrations. by rapid physical delivery of materials? There is a story in the SLA recruiting Would automation of such a system permit item "Special Librarianship-Information at economies to be achieved ? Would it be pos- Work" of a medical librarian who responded sible to further develop the requirements for to an urgent call from surgery by delivering such a system by arranging to collect over a a vnguely specified journal article just in the six-month period all conceivable emergency nick of time; the journal later was returned inquiries that might be addressed to it? If to the library annotated and bloodstained. this could be done and if a study of these This story, it seems to me, stops where it inquiries was then made, most of the fore- should have begun. Even though the tale going questions could be readily answered, itself be true [Editor's Note: It is.], it intro- and others would arise, such as, is it clear duces an implausible air of drama into li- that a need exists for a central reference serv- brarianship and omits the intellectual excite- ice or does the nature of the questions imply ment potentially present. that a new kind of printed reference book The incident could have been used to pro- would better serve the ultimate purpose of voke a long string of interesting questions, the system? Considering a possible require- which might then be helpful in planning a ment for indexing in considerable depth, better information service. These questions, could such a reference be provided with a which might be used by the new kind of new kind of index that efficiently permitted catalytic librarian I'm talking about, could be numerous access points to each article and of the following kind. First of all, was it multiple coordination of terms? Are any not perhaps fortuitous that the request for bibliographic tools needed that do not pres- the information came just in time rather than ently exist? In what ways do existing tools just a bit late? Do these requests for emer- need to be improved ? gency reference materials occur very often The medical librarian able to both ask and and when they do, is it possible that a real answer questions of this kind might have a need exists for a system that can respond in catalytic influence in causing a new and sig- time periods as short as a minute or two? Is nificant service to come into being. It should it possible that a group of doctors, if dedi- be clear too that neither an engineer, physi- cated to the task, could identify a small, spe- cian, nor any other specialist would neces- cial purpose, collection of books, journals, sarily be better equipped than a librarian to and reports that would be potentially useful serve as the catalyst. SPECIAL LIBRARIES Examples of System Planning Concepts need to acquire his perspective on how the The example just outlined covers only a informational materials of his field can be small part of the picture, though some of the most usefully organized. Yet how many sys- questions clearly have more general implica- tematic attempts have there been to design tions. Other questions of a broader type can libraries in such a way that their biblio- also illustrate the kind of "systems catalysis" graphic tools could adapt themselves in the to which I refer. Of particular importance in course of time to better reflect the users' a special library is a whole series of basic views? How many even keep track of what questions dealing with the selective dissem- each user has used, so that he can more con- ination of newly published articles and re- veniently find something he has once seen? ports. This is a process in which reports are Some automatic systems for selective dis- brought to a potentially interested user with- semination permit a feedback of requester out his placing a specific request for them. comments on the information delivered so This is done regularly and on the basis of a that the responsiveness of the entire proce- good understanding of the recipients' needs, dure can be improved. Such a possibility is interests, and requirements. A large body of not peculiar to an automated system. evidence exists to indicate that such a service I realize that any librarian could immedi- can be performed effectively and efficiently; ately supply many good reasons why neither information systems doing just this have selective dissemination nor any kind of feed- been in operation for many years, though back and control is practical for their own they are not ordinarily regarded as part of particular case. This may be true, but it is library operations. Experiments with auto- my suspicion that the number of special li- matic dissemination have recently attracted braries thought to be not susceptible to im- attention to this process, but the automation provement in either of these areas is just is of secondary importance. Of greater im- equal to the number not systematically portance is whether the special librarian is studied with that aim in mind. The catalytic alert to the potential value of active and di- function in systems planning can be brought rect dissemination, is well informed on the about to some extent by a change in per- available evidence on efficacy and cost, and is spective and frame of mind, without the prepared to illustrate the process by a small need for specialized engineering knowledge. scale or pilot operation. A really major im- Certainly the sophisticated mathematics of provement in service of this kind may be servomechanism theory is not needed in a costly, but this is not inevitably the case. library to exploit many of the constructive Another broad class of questions can be ideas that follow from the notion of feed- built around the concept of feedback and back and control. It is unquestionably true control. This concept is as well known in the though that exposure to mathematics, engi- engineering profession as it is alien to Iibrar- neering, physics, and other sciences develops ianship. It is quite central to the planning of an intellectual discipline that is conducive any system. No industrial engineer would to productive ideas in the field of systems think of designing a factory without includ- planning and analysis. Pursued to sufficient ing an adequate mechanism for ascertaining depth, it is also the kind of education that the quality of the product produced and a leaves open the greatest number of doors to mechanism for acting on that information to future shifts in areas of specialization. It correct any defects. Yet, for the most part, sys- leads to the skills that are transferable. tematic feedback and control is absent from libraries. Even special libraries do not tend The Study of Automation to have well organized and regularly collected What I have said to this point has an im- information on the quality of information portant bearing on the issue of automation, service they produce. The importance of but in an indirect and unusual sense. A now working closely with the user of an informa- apocryphal story illustrates my point. In the tion system and acquiring good understand- 1940's a progress-minded factory manager ing of his subject arises primarily from a was persuaded by a thorough study of an OCTOBER 1964 accounting operation that he could realize It has been my experience in teaching substantial savings through improved proce- courses in library systems planning that the dures accompanied by the use of punched capable, imaginative, creative humanities stu- card equipment; a changeover was made, and dent unsullied by prior contact with mathe- the looked for improvement in operations matics can, under the influence of a three to came about. A decade later, a clever staff of six months study of systems planning, auto- computer salesmen and application engineers mation, and computer programming, channel persuaded him that even more savings could his highly developed abilities in these direc- result from doing the job somewhat differ- tions and contribute imaginatively to the ently and using a computer instead of punched planning of future libraries. It is this group cards ; again the change was made and was a that will eventually help to bridge the gap success. Shortly thereafter a team of opera- between the "two cultures," and it is this tions-research analysts was able to prove that group that will participate in the higher still further savings would result if the end rewards our society tends to bestow on scien- product were modified and if the computer tific and technical-achievement in contrast to were replaced with people. achievement in the humanities. The story dramatizes the fact that often There are also librarians who place so the benefits of automation result from a care- high a value on humanism, or so they think ful study of the system itself rather than is the reason, that they shun automation (and from the introduction of machines. In the hence even the study of it) as a threat to course of such study many questions tend to human values. These people understandably be answered that no one before thought of find comfort in some of the well-known asking. Before a job can be done by machine, technological facts of present day life, such it has to be specified accurately and in ex- as the inappropriateness of most existing haustive detail. Furthermore, in any change computers for most of the large scale and there must be economic justification. These important library operations, the enormous two factors lead to a desperate hunt for short- costs of automation for many applications, cuts and the examination with a particularly and the numerous exam~lesthat can be cited critical eye of the purposes and end products of dubious and extravagant machine applica- that are assumed to be necessary. If the sys- tions. Furthermore, their anxieties are partly tems analyst occasionally looks to others as justified by a complementary group of ex- though he were spouting irrelevant questions tremists. who-with only unbounded enthu- like popcorn, he might be forgiven if the siasm in place of competence-make ex- alternative is to question nothing and simply aggerated claims about the potential and mechanize an operation without ascertaining immediate practical value of automation. whether any of its products need changing. This latter group is what probably provoked There is little advantage to mechanized short- Ralph Shawl into challenging automaticians comings over manual shortcomings. to produce a single example of an economi- Good systems planning is so important a cally sensible computer application to infor- fringe benefit of automation that it can prof- mation retrieval. Whether the challenge is an- itably be undertaken even by those who have swerable or not is beside the point; whatever no foreseeable prospects of affording a com- salutary restraining effect it-might have, it puter. The mere study of computers and also provides unfortunate support to those computer programming leads to other valu- who find in it an authoritative excuse for able, though less tangible, fringe benefits. "ostrich-ism" toward automation. Such study forces an intellectual discipline Even if high price prevents automation on one's pattern of thinking that can be of from making large scale inroads into librar- potential benefit to creative and imaginative ies for five or ten years, its potential value planning. In a sense the art of computer pro- is unquestionably a reality, and its eventual gramming is an extension of the art of pre- application inevitable. The study of and cise communication, which in turn is an ex- planning for automation is justifiable by di- tension of the art of clear thinking. rect and short-term benefits. Nothing in SPECIAL LIBRARIES these remarks should be construed as depre- interested, but rather in mathematics. or DOS- ' I cating the vital role the humanities also play sibly physics, with a strongly supporting hu- in librarianship and library education. manities program. Mathematics is not regarded here as a specialty whose already Implications for Special Librarianship developed tools can necessarily be of use to The interpretation of creative catalysis ori- librarians. It is instead a discipline that deals ented to the design of new and improved with the description of the world about us systems would be of little interest to most in abstract terms. This ability to communicate special librarians if it had significance only and think abstractly lies at the heart of de- for the planning of curricula in library signing improved systems. A good piece of schools; but I think that the implications are evidence on the importance of mathematics broader and may be summarized as follows. lies in recent contributions by mathematicians All special librarians should develop a per- to searching of chemical substructures.'," petually inquisitive and critical attitude to- Other disciplines deserve recognition as reward the purposes, end products, and services lated to library and information science. The performed by their libraries. They should behavioral sciences have contributed particu- continually seek short cuts to their goals and larly in the area of user studies and in the not assume that either engineers or com- experimental design of such studies. In theo- puters must be available to conceive and ries of indexing and classification one can design new and significant kinds of infor- find significant relationships to structural and mation services. They should attempt to re- descriptive linguistics. The importance of duce their work to formal rules that a less mathematics, the ability to deal with and skilled person or a machine could perform, communicate abstractly, as one foundation and in this way acquire skill in formulating of librarianship, seems to me persuasive. The system requirements and in designing sys- detailed role of engineering, automation, and tems, rather than just in operating systems. other specialities in library education is not Such deliberate dehumanizing of one's own fully clear to me, and I hope that my opin- job runs deeply contrary to instinct, for who ions here will be accepted in the spirit of among us doesn't try to create an image of provoking further thought and debate. utilizing the highest form of intellect and The single most hopeful "keynote" on judgment, and of delicately weighing scores which I can conclude is to invite your atten- of subtle factors for each decision made. tion to the SLA organization chart (Special However, my suggestion had nothing to do Libvavies, March 1962, p. 160). In its with what librarians may choose to disclose splendid resemblance to an eight-level free- or not disclose to others of any discoveries way interchange, it is clear that it could have they may make of their own machine-like been conceived only by an intellect vastly behavior. That decision is a matter of prag- superior to that existing among today's engi- matism, strategy, and lifesmanship, and neers-and thus it is an effective counter- clearly requires a high level of judgment. measure against any attempts by the latter to Though an attitude alone may be some- infiltrate the ranks of special librarianship. what helpful, it cannot in general substitute for further education. Those who can in CITATIONS some way take advantage of opportunity for 1. SHAW,Ralph R. Information Retrieval, Science, contact with and additional training in mathe- May 1963, vol. 140, p. 606. matics, systems planning, and engineering, 2. SUSSENGUTH,E. H. Structure Matching in In- and in particular the study of computers and formation Processing. Ph.D. thesis, Ha~ardUni- versity, 1964 (Computation Laboratory, Harvard automation, should do so. University, Scientific Report No. ISR-6). Those who have ambitions toward special 3. SALTON,G. and SUSSENGUTH,E. H. A New librarianship who have yet to acquire a col- Efficient Structure-Matching Procedure and Its Ap- lege degree should be counselled, in my plication to Automatic Retrieval Systems. Automa- tion and Scientific Communication: Short Papers, opinion, to major not in the subject specialty Pt. 2. Washington, D. C.: American Documenta- of the library in which they think they are tion Institute, 1963, p. 143-6. OCTOBER 1964 Creative Organization: The Librarian as a Manager I: The Genesis of Two General Session Programs E. W. GONZALEZ and F. E. McKENNA

LL 15 DIVISIONSjoined in two unique joint sessions during the St. A Louis Convention. This programming was initially conceived during the breakfast meeting of the incoming Division Officers at the 1963 Denver Convention. It was an immediate result of recommendations by the Convention Program Committee. As a corollary of the Convention theme, "The Special Librarian as a Creative Catalyst," the topic for the joint session was chosen to be "Cre- ative Organization: The Librarian as a Manager."

One might begin a recipe for this experi- because of library size rather than library ment in Convention planning in this way: subject areas. Consequently, some planning for this session was dependent on the staff Take 15 wide-awake Division Chairmen at sizes of Convention registrants. Staff size has 7 a.m. frequently been a matter of conjecture re- Knead vigorously with next year's Conven- garding SLA membership as a whole, as tion planners. well as a question concerning members who Allow dough to ferment for 12 months while do attend conventions. seasoning with voluminous correspondence. The St. Louis registrants (approximately Ensnare live-wire SLA members as discus- 20 per cent of the Association's membership) sion leaders; roust them out of bed early presented the following staff sizes (profes- on a Convention morning to be briefed sionals plus non-professionals) : on techniques for leading discussions by a recognized exponent of management principles. Hold breath firmly while waiting for an audience to assemble. Stir audience with catalytic speaker; strain audience by size of library staff size into In retrospect, the 1-3 grouping and the smaller rooms, and add Discussion Leaders 4-7 grouping appear to have been fairly as co-catalysts. . . . homogeneous as far as "managerial prob- In the hope of developing ideas that lems" are concerned. The 8-24 grouping would reach across the "subject" boundaries could perhaps have been better divided into of SLA's Division structure, the program 8-15 and 16-24; while the 25-200 group was planned on the hypothesis that mutual should definitely have been divided into two interests and mutual problems could exist ranges: 25-40 and 41 plus. (These staff lev- -- This presentation is a recapitulation of the orientation lecture and u,orkshop ~ession.r,June 9. and the panel discussion and feed-back session, June 10, 1964. held at the Special Librarie.i A.i.rociation's j5th Conzgention in St. Louis under the sponsorship of the Divi.rion Relations Committee. Mr. Gonzalez, u bo i~ Director, Technical Communication.i. Grove Laboratories. St, Louis, J-ewed a.i Concention Program Chairman and cooperated u'ith Dr. McKenna, Su- pervisor, Information Center, Air Reduction Co., Znc., Murray Hill. Neuj Jersey, u,ho is Chairman of the Division Relations Committee. 548 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Leaders of the workshops held immediately after the second general session: (back row) William K. Beatty, Edward G. Strable, Robert W. Gibson, Jr., Donald A. Redmond, Gor- don E. Randall, James L. Olsen, Jr., Efren W. Gonzales; (middle row) Dr. F. E. McKenna, Mrs. Margaret H. Fuller, Charlotte Georgi, James B. Dodd, Eleanor B. Gibson, Mrs. Katherine Faber, Forrest H. Alter, Mrs. Irma Johnson, Eunice V. Salisburg; (front row) Sara Aull, Phillip Leslie, Lois W. Brock, Phillip Rappaport, Mary C. Dunnigan. els, as related to the comments synthesized questions. The major emphasis was to be from the reports of the discussion leaders, the dual responsibility of the special librar- might well be considered in future studies ian/manager in establishing: I) clear ob- of problems of the profession.) jectives toward which all staff members must The conception and evolution of this pro- be working, and 2) performance standards gram was based on the assumption that all so that both manager and subordinate may Convention registrants would participate have available the same measuring device to completely and actively, rather than passively evaluate performance in relation to estab- as can occur for a general session. To this lished objectives. end Division officers were asked to suggest Topics for discussion and development discussion leaders not only for their ability were furnished to the discussion leaders in but also to provide a representative coverage advance; for example: of libraries by staff size and by Division 1. What objectives are necessary? affiliation. 2. How are such objectives to be reached? To provide a unified approach to the 3. Who is responsible for attaining the ob- topic, the session was introduced through jectives ? an orientation lecture by an outstanding and 4. Is the special librarian a member of the experienced exponent of managerial princi- management team ? ples, Daniel M. Green, M.D., Vice Presi- 5. What organizational abilities are required dent for Research and Development, Grove in a special library? Laboratories, St. Louis. To provide for a 6. What are the requirements for creativity uniform approach to the discussion of man- in the organization of a special library ? agerial problems, the discussion leaders met 7. Can you list the objectives that you have with Dr. Green before the general session for established for your special library ? a briefing on techniques of discussion groups 8. What would happen to the parent orga- and specifically on questions relating to the nization if the objectives of the special topic of the general session. library were not met? Specifically excluded from consideration 9. How would you obtain a written job were "work techniques" or "how-to-do-it" description with its performance stand- OCTOBER 1964 ards for use both by you and by your To enhance the personal participation of superior ? all Convention registrants and to increase 10. Which of your responsibilities are differ- the cross-fertilization of ideas, a synthesis of ent from those of the other managers in the Tuesday discussion groups was presented your organization ? as a part of the Wednesday morning session. 11. How do you know that you are doing a To this end the discussion group leaders met good job? on Tuesday afternoon to compare and con- 12. How do you know that you are doing sider the conclusions of their groups; a rep- the right job ? resentative cross-section of the discussion leaders then presented the summary on Wednesday morning. Several tools were also furnished in ad- To reproduce the spontaneity and respon- vance to the prospective discussion leaders. siveness of the discussion groups is not pos- Among these were A Guide to Successfz/l sible, but it is possible to share some of the Confereme Leadership (New York : Amer- vitality of these sessions with those who were ican Management Association, 1948, 15 p.) unable to be present in St. Louis. Dr. Green's plus an outline of Dr. Green's orientation paper, is presented herewith, followed by a lecture. summarization of the group discussions. II: The Structure and Functions of Management DANIEL M. GREEN, M.D.

OST OF MAN'S cre- M ative achievcrnents Management is getting things done are ercctcd upon a b,ise through people of brod yet detailed knowledge of the principles and pr~cticcsof his From this definition a number of corollary particular field of work. conclusions can be drawn : SIPI~P~SThe artist must be thoroughly familiar with colors and their blend- ing; the architect, with the strength and uses of building materials ; the writer, with It is goal-oriented; an attitude that con- the meaning and grammatical usage of centrates on a) accomplishme?zt of specific words. objectives and b) through the intermediation So, too, creativity in management, the em- of people. ployment of imagination and initiative in Management is not administration; it is getting the job done, must have a founda- fzot paperwork; it is not giving orders. It is tion in the principles of management struc- not any particular set of charts, plans, or ture and functions. To this end, I would procedures, since the same goals can be at- like to review the more important of these tained in many ways. principles and their application. Furthermore, management is uot accomplishment through one's own individual ef- Definition of Management fort, through machines, or through the use While the term "management" has been of consultant or service organizations, but defined and described in many ways, all of through other people who, in effect, become the essential activities of management are the extension of the manager's brain, hands, encompassed in the expression : feet, and senses. Dr. Green is Vice-president, Research and Development, Grove Laboratories Dizjirion of Bristol-Myevs Company, St. Louis, Mirsotcri. 550 SPECIAL LIBRARIES 2. MANAGEMENTIS ALL THE PEOPLEWHO in the lead paragraph of a newspaper story. SUPERVISEOTHERS They must answer the questions WHAT, It is not a board of directors; it is not a WHEN, WHY, WHO, WHERE,HOW. A plan management committee; it is not department that omits any of these elements is an in- heads as a group. All supervisory personnel, complete plan and will probably turn out to whatever their level, are an integral part of be an ineffective and a costly plan. management. Elements of Planning: 3. MANAGEMENTIS A PERSONALRELATION- 1. Objectives (WHAT is to be done, SHIP WHEN, and WHY?) Because the accomplishments of a manager 2. Responsibilities (WHO is to do must be achieved through people, success or WHAT and WHERE?) failure depends as much upon the manager, 3. Procedures (HOW it is to be done and HOW MUCH will it as a person, as it does upon each individual cost?) managed, as a person. To be successful, the manager must recognize that when he looks For planning purposes, these elements can at the person to be managed, he necessarily be grouped under three headings. The proc- looks at the mirror image of himself. Each ess by which these various elements are ini- of us must manage himself and be managed tially delineated and correlated is called or- by others. To the extent that a manager ganiziag. knows and manages himself, to that extent Organizing may be defined as dividing up will he be capable of better managing others. all the activities that are necessary to accom- Functions of Management plish a plan's various objectives and arranging them in groups that may be assigned to All management can be divided into two individuals. As a part of planning, organiz- functions : I) planning and 2) controlling. ing deals primarily with objectives and re- I Management ( sponsibilities. Steps in Organizing Controlling 1. Determine and divide responsibil- I I ities for attaining objectives Planning is the function by which we de- a. Determine termine our present position, our future b. Divide Responsibilities c. Assign goals, how to get there, when we want to I d. Delegate Commensurate arrive, and how much we are willing to pay. authority Controlling is the fundion by which the 2. Establish chain of command organizational plan is carried out, on sched- 3. Determine span of control ule. Planning and controlling are not synony- The determination, diz~isio?~,and assign- mous with thinking and doing, respectively. ment of respomibilities should reflect the Both planning and controlling require both nature of the particular objective or group thinking and doing. Of the two, planning is of objectives to be attained. by far the more critical. A poorly controlled The chain of command answers the basic organization may eventually reach a well- question, "Who is the boss?" With respect planned goal. A well-controlled organization, to the delegation of authority it determines: if poorly planned, may have no goal to I) to whom and 2) how much ? reach. The two basic principles in establishing Elements of Planning the chain of command are : The essential elements of planning are 1. The number of levels of authority should the same as the elements classically contained be kept to the minimum possible; and OCTOBER 1964 2. Final authority should be delegated as far down the chain as possible. Major Elements of Controlling 1. The span of cont~ol is the number of Organization structure (indirect) individuals who can be effectively supervised by one person. It answers the question as to how many immediate subordinates a man- Organization Structure ager should have. Organization structure is the indirect, more The basic answer varies with the organiza- remote, and static element through which tion and with the skills of the executive in- control is exercised. The graphic representa- volved. If his subordinates cannot see him tion of the organization structure is called a because he is too busy with "more important table of organization or organization chart. matters," his span of control is, for him, ex- It is an end result of the process of organiz- cessive. If his subordinates require more of ing. his time than he thinks justified, then he had better question their capabilities. If, on Table of Organization Should Show : the other hand, they cannot get as much time from him as they deserve, then he had better 1. Major responsibility of each man- question his owl2 capabilities. ager 2. Lines and levels of authority Procedures 3. Relationship of each manager to his supervisor, his subordinates, Procedures comprise that element of plan- and his associates ning dealing with HOW objectives are to be attained, including HOW MUCH it will cost. Specifically, a procedure is a written Immediate Supervision description of what seems to be the most ac- Immediate supervision is the direct, more ceptable way to do a particular type of job dynamic, and proximate element through or work. which control is exercised. It includes all the Procedures may necessarily include refer- day-to-day contacts through which the super- ences to objectives (WHAT is to be done visor endeavors to insure that the person and WHEN) and to responsibilities (WHO supervised gets the job done. As such, its is to do WHAT and WHEN). Such refer- end result should be that the subordinate ences are always subordinate to the primary meet a certain standard of performance. function of procedures, which is to describe HOW. Objectives, Responsibilities, and Performance Few of us become members of an organi- Basic Principles in the Development zation at the time of its birth. Most of us and Writing of Procedures Are: join at some more mature stage in which the 1. Every important objective deserves objectives of the organization, its structure, a procedure and the procedures followed have become 2. Procedures should be written by participants well-defined, even if subject to further evolu- 3. Procedures should represent a con- tion. sensus of the best judgments To logically and effectively manage, under 4. Procedures should be service- such circumstances, it is necessary to define tested and understand clearly the interrelationships 5. Procedures are means, not ends among objectives and responsibilities on the one hand, and the performance to be ex- Procedures are among- the best known and pected when these responsibilities are met, most commonly used of management tools. on the other. Most companies use them in the form of In the determination, division, and assign- standard practices or standard procedure ment of responsibilities, it is essential to manuals. recognize that the organization as whole SPECIAL LIBRARIES 1s the ru~z of its oqmizatioml unltr, no PERFORMANCE STANDARDS more and no iess. consequently, the over-all objectives, responsibilities, and performance Performance standards necessarily equal the sum of the objectives, are responsibilities, and performance of its vari- equal ous organizational units. to Conversely, the objectives, responsibilities, Conditions that will exist when job and performance of each organizational unit is done are must necessarily represent a portion of those equal of the entire organization. It cannot have to objectives or responsibilities different from Attainment of objectives or not contained within the organization of which it is a unit. In essence, the objectives, responsibilities, The performance expected of the manager and performance of each organizational unit is that he will meet his responsibilities and can be construed as identical with the pro- thereby attain his objectives. Expected per- fessional (as distinguished from the performance must also be expressed in writing, sonal) objectives, responsibilities, and per- as in a performance standard, which dc- formance of the manager responsible for that scribes the conditions that will exist when the unit. The manager must identify himself job is done and the objectives have been at- u~iththe mzit he nzmagrs. tained. To be most meaningful and useful, job OBJECTIVES descriptions and performance standards should be restricted to those responsibilities Objectives of the organizational unit that are unique to the job in question. Cer- are tain responsibilities are common to all super- equal visory functions, regardless of the nature of to the job, such as operating within a budget, Professional objectives of its manager submitting reports, and so on. Inclusion of such common responsibilities in job descrip- The objectives of the unit and its manager tions and performance standards not only necessarily determine the responsibilities-to makes them wordy and complicated but ob- be met in attaining these objectives. Even scures and dilutes the important responsibili- where these objectives appear reasonably ob- ties, which are those that make one job dif- vious, they should be reduced to writing for ferent from another. It is the discharge of clarity and permanency. these responsibilities that determine managerial failure or success. RESPONSIBILITIES While these definitions of job description Responsibilities to be met in attain- and performance standard may appear to be ing objective an oversimplification of what is quite com- are plex in practice, we have found not only that equal they are highly workable definitions but that to they orient responsibilities and performance Job description directly toward the accomplishment of specific objectives. The responsibilities of the manager in attaining his objectives can be construed as Summary synonymous with his job description. (The We have determined that "management job description, combined with position qual- is getting things done through people." We ifications and an organization chart, consti- have seen that the two essential functions of tute what is termed the position specifica- management are planning and controlling. tion.) Planning involves the establishment of ob- OCTOBER 1964 jectives, the division and assignment of re- These few basic principles, once under- sponsibilities, and the development of pro- stood, are applicable to any type of organi- cedures. Controlling, based primarily upon zation and activity. Their creative application organization structure, requires immediate su- not only will help achieve the goals of the pervision on a day-to-day basis to ensure that organizational unit but will go a long way a job is being done according to a pre-estab- toward providing the supervisor with the lished standard of performance. satisfaction that comes from a job well done.

II I: Summarization of Reports from the Discussion Groups F. E. McKENNA

Is the special librarian a manager? If so, Facets of Managerial Awareness is the special librarian a cveative manager? Five important facets of managerial aware- These questions represented the first line ness were recognized by three of the four of attack in all the discussion groups, regard- groups (those with large, medium-large, and less of staff size. An interesting and cohesive medium-small staffs) : Spectrum replies to the first question de- 1. Special library objectives must be general veloped during the discussions. Those who yet they must be specific enough to be dif- had the largest staffs were not primarily con- ferentiated from the objectives of other de- cerned with the first question-they consid- partments of the parent organization. The ered themselves as manugevs (although some objectives should be brief and not rigid. did question ~hetherthey were a Part of 2. If management is to be creative, it cannot management). The medium-large staff groups be static. All the tools that management uses felt that they were managers; the medium- to define the job and the ways of doing it small staff groups thought that they were must be subject to continual evaluation and managers, but they had Some doubts whether re-evaluation. These tools are the statement they were recognized as such by manage- of objectives, job descriptions, performance ment as a whole. The small staff groups standards. wished that the)' were managers, in their 3. A major problem of the special librarian own minds hoped that they were managers, is the ability to use a language that his su- but were quite Juf'e that no part of manage- perior can understand. That is, he must take ment accepted them as managers. the vocabulary or jargon of his own job (for The tools of management are Sterile in instance the language used at SLA Con- themselves; the manager as an individual is vent;ons) and translate it into words his the creator. Without the personal ingenuity superior uses-words used at American &fan- and intellectual integrity of the special li- agement Association meetings or in the pub- brary manager, without the librarian's current lications of such organizations. A specific awareness of his parent organization as a example is: whole, without his evaluation of the special ..Management.2 to special librarian: What are the library's contributions to management as a of our special library? whole, the constant flux of change and de- Special l~brarian to "management": Our special velopment can be lost and the most effective library is he primary information source for our organization. creative managerial approaches can be nulli- ..Managements. to special librarian: What do you fied. mean by special library service? Specific credit for furnishing material for this summarization is due the discussion leaders and the members of the panel for the General Session on Wednesday, June 10, 1964; for names see accompanying photograph on page 549. 554 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Special Librarian to "management": Our special Staff Size: 25-200 library acquires materials and information for the current and future needs of our organiza- The groups representing the largest li- tion ; we organize the materials and information braries were the most articulate regarding for efficient use; and we bring pertinent ma- their managerial activities. As a manager the terials and information to the attention of our special librarian's sphere of influence ex- clients as soon as available--and before they tends to levels both above and below his know of its existence. own level. The jargon of information systems may be Three management functions-in relation more understandable than the jargon of li- to the levels below the special library man- braries when library functions are explained ager-were defined as stirnnlation, cornrnu- to upper management (particularly if any of nication, and recognition. To encourage pro- the groups are not strongly motivated in the fessional development of those at a lower use of the special library). level, the special library manager must exer- 4. In addition, the special librarian must also cise a normal management function to intro- be able to communicate in the language of duce higher management to the techniques his clients, who may not be members of man- and training methods that are specific for agement. information work. Thus an atmosphere can 5. Special library management and its evalua- be created that encourages professional de- tion are difficult because many intangibles are velopment at the lower levels. The manager involved. Upper management wants to know is responsible for continued training efforts the cost of a given operation or project and and for the most effective utilization of the what value will be received. One reason that talent available to him. Yet it was empha- machine storage and retrieval methods have sized that professional responsibility, and become so prevalent is that the cost of the the ability for self-development, should be machine (expensive though it may be) and part of the performance standards expected the cost of a given output can be determined of an individual. It was felt that many jun- with relative ease. It is not so easy to deter- ior professionals lacked this sense of need mine the cost of the human and intellectual for self-development. factors provided by the special librarian. If There must be an interest by the manager the value of a project (or idea) can be de- in the individual staff member to instill in termined in dollars and cents, it becomes him a sense of pride of performance-not a easier to establish justification because man- sense of frustration. The individual must be agement normally must evaluate all proposed informed of his duties, of the results ex- projects in terms of the cost expended and pected, and the limits of his freedom to act the value received. The problem, then, is or his authority; he must be encouraged to reduced to stating as much as possible of expand his capabilities, and he must be the special library work in dollars and cents. given a sense of achievement. It is important to differentiate between cost Communications to levels both above and and value. The ability to make this differen- below the special library manager must stress tiation is one characteristic that differentiates that long term rewards for the parent or- a good manager from a mediocre manager. ganization-not only the immediately visible For example, we know, on the average, results-are the true measure of effectiveness how much it costs to file a catalog card. Do of the special library. we know what is the value of the informa- Performance standards and their relation tion on the card? We don't know the value to the rating system must be determined by in the same hard dollars and cents manner the special library manager. Job descriptions that we know the cost of card preparation. must describe the jobnot the present in- Similarly, do we know the value of the com- cumbent. Performance standards for profes- puter to information programs---or do we sional employees should be defined without know the value of the special librarian to numerical rigidity (for example, the num- these same programs ? ber of items processed per hour is not a OCTOBER 1964 sufficient definition of productivity). Out- Staff indoctrination was pin-pointed as a side consultants (notably "efficiency" ex- necessary part of managerial functions. They perts) may set impossibly high performance felt, however, that even when job descrip- standards (and thus define an inadequate tions and procedures existed, the next higher number of staff members) because they are level of management did not follow through unaware of the intellectual concepts of pro- properly or adequately. A particular com- fessional special librarianship. Here the ment of this group was a criticism of the special library manager must express his hazard "too many bosses" and its accom- managerial function as an educator so that panying uncertainties even when all the consultants do not presuppose that special proper managerial tools were in existence. library work is solely clerical or mechanical. Library communications, including a pub- Perhaps only the special library manager lic relations function within one's own or- knows the true value of his information ganization, were emphasized as an example services ; the other segments of management of cveatiue management. often judge only the capability of the librar- One method suggested for the evaluation ian as a manager of people without consider- of library services was an evaluation by the ing his ability to manage that valuable and library's clients. It is interesting to note that unique intangible-intellectual information such an "exterior" approach, without subse- (as distinguished from production control quent modifications by the special library information, sales information, etc.) . (It manager, was specifically criticized in the was noted parenthetically that, by tempera- medium-small staff groups. ment, many good librarians were not necessarily good managers of people.) Staff Size: 4-7 Two specific criticisms were voiced The need for "fair access" to higher levels (which also appeared in the discussion of of management was unanimously felt in the some other staff sizes). One, aimed at the medium-small staff groups. All but a few special librarian, was that he did not use felt that such access did exist, in some degree, terms that were familiar to other managerial and that they did have some part in policy levels. The other criticism, aimed at higher determination, in planning, and in budget levels of management, was that the special recommendations for their library as well as librarian was frequently not informed of receiving some indication of new directions management's over-all objectives and that he or objectives of their parent organization. could engage only in "defensive planning." This group recognized particularly the Several comments pointed toward the in- problem that professional staff members be- adequacies of the "library administration" come mired in details because of the size of courses of 20-30 years ago in view of present staff. (This hazard was apparently not rec- day concepts of "management." Further dis- ognized in the smallest staff groups.) The cussion criticized the apparent deficiencies of medium-small staff groups agreed that the management courses presented in library need for every clerical job must be evaluated, schools today, which may not consider the short-cuts tested, and ways found to coop- managerial problems of a special library exist- erate with other groups within the organlza- ing as a unit of a larger organization rather tion but outside the special library. than as a library as a creature unto itself. The analysis of complete daily records (statistics) was recommended, including ob- Staff Size: 8-24 servation of trends and the creative prepara- The medium-large staff groups felt that tion of forecasts. management procedures and functions pre- The majorlty had written objectives, job sented no problem to them. They discussed descriptions, and procedure manuals. Al- hypothetical organization charts and devel- though many of these were written by the oped step-wise objectives and responsibilities special library manager, it was recommended (while avoiding the discussion of "physical that procedures should be written by the things"). staff members themselves with subsequent 556 SPECIAL LIBRARIES amendments and approval by the manager. raising his own professional standards tends The need for bringing out the best capabil- also to elevate those of the entire profession." ities of the staff was emphasized; the professional spirit of a dedicated special library Staff Size: 1-3 manager can, and should, imbue all staff In the small-staff groups, the common de- members, both professional and nonprofes- nominator appears to be the difficulty in sional. learning of decisions of "management." Too Staff development-as a creative contribu- often, "supervision" does not pass on in- tion of the special library manager---can be formation concerning the plans of the or- stimulated by enlarging the areas of com- ganization. Suggested remedies were: de- petence of the individual staff members. It pendsence on scuttlebutt, conversations with was observed-perhaps wryly-that one evi- secretaries, conversations with "supervisors" dence of creativity was the ability to accom- other than one's own, maintaining friendly modate the common daily disruptions of relations with "everyone." (In the notes of schedules. these groups the words "supervision" and It was only at this level that the pros and "supcsrvisors" appeared many times with lit- cons of library committees were discussed, tle reference to "management" or "man- but with apparently no conclusive results. agers." It would be interesting to determine The importance of the ability to differ- whether this nomenclature is a result of the entiate between library "service" and "work" organizational level at which the smallest li- per se appeared at this level, with a con- braries exist.) science-searching question: "Are the con- Only at this staff level did the spectre of ventional library services now provided sex rear its head. It was agreed that they really the types of services that should be were not invited to participate in confer- provided by a special library ?" ences (even with "supervisors" on their own Librarians from this staff size were very level) and that they were not always told articulate concerning the question: "How of current developments "because we are do you know that you are doing a good females and not males." job?" The special library manager cannot Initially in the discussions these groups rely completely on what their clients think felt that they were not part of management about the job the librarian is doing. (Both and that they ~houldnot be, because man- groups from the largest libraries also recog- agement makes the decisions as to the or- nized this important point.) A special li- ganization's policies while they do not. After brarian is useful in his professional com- some discussion, it was admitted that they petence only if he can use his professional might be managers, but not "Management" training, experience, and capabilities both to with a capital "M." determine the program and to carry it out. The group with smallest staffs apparently In a situation where the special librarian asks looks primarily to larger libraries for exam- the users what they want, and then provides ples of management but does not look within only those services (without deletion or addi- their own parent organizations. (Is this an tion), the special librarian functions neither example of the dichotomy: librarian vs. non- as a librarian nor as a manager because he is librarian ?) relying on someone else to do his planning Only at this staff level was the question and decision making. of "politicking" raised as a necessity for ob- The opinions and advice of the users are taining organizational information because important in determining and evaluating one's immediate"supervisor" (sic) was either special library services, but opinions can not disinterested or unsympathetic to the library. circumscribe the entire problem in either case. While procedure manuals, job discrip- It is also interesting to note that only at tions, and library charters (objectives) were this staff level was emphasis given to the recognized as necessary ingredients of their professional ideal that "each special librarian functions, these tools were apparently not should recognize that any success he has in generally recognized as management tools in OCTOBER 1964 the smallest special libraries-but well-de- sentially "negative." Such a negative trauma fined procedures were recognized as paths may be generated because the small staffs leading to better "jobs" (sic). feel themselves so far down the ladder that The question of "doing a good job" in- it seems that they are left out of things. Per- cluded merit reviews, but these are usually haps a second level of this trauma is that processed by "nonlibrarian supervisors" (sic). they think "small" because there is no time The participants discussed the use of sta- to think "big." Is it feasible for Chapters to tistics: Which? How? To what use? But at sponsor sessions designed around this prob- this staff level, their time is apparently con- lem? Can A-B-C guidance be provided for sumed with daily duties so that statistics can- questions such as: "How to think in the not be collected; or if collected, the statistics management frame of reference?" or "How cannot be creatively assimilated. to look at one's parent organizations, one's The need for creative communications was clientele and oneself with a magnified per- recognized in the form of a constant selling spective?" Can "management" representa- job to both one's "boss" and to the special tives from the parent organizations of the library's clients. Interestingly, in the small smallest libraries be incorporated into a man- staff group there were the most frequent agement training effort for the small staff changes in "management," that is changes personnel? Can the goal for these efforts be in the "supervisor" (sic) of the special li- accepted as the placement of the small spe- brarian. It was observed that these were cial library manager in the managerial hier- often associated with job description changes. arch~at a level commensurate with the li- A need-not recognized at this staff level brary's value to the parent organization ? -was that each special librarian (even in a The language barrier is omnipresent. one-man operation) was a part-time man- Communication on a person-to-person basis ager. That is, one-quarter of one's time might is one of the most critical experiences of each be required to manage the other three-quar- day's activities with the clients of the library. ters of his own time. Is "librarianese" always translated astutely into plain English? When addressing upper Recapitulation management, do the obligations for clear The differing managerial problems at the communication become even more critical different levels of staff-size can well suggest than when addressing one's peers ? future approaches of the Association to ques- When facing a problem and seeking a tions of professional standards, consultation, solution is it possible, at times, that one can education, and public relations. The spec- present his situation to a forum of other li- trum of managerial recognition (which was brarians, a circle of professional friends, or indicated at the beginning of this report) even another individual librarian ? How often may provide a partial key to the complex do most of us go about solving problems on question of the special library's status vis-a- a do-it-yourself basis? Can Special Libraries vi~its place in the organizational hierarchy. and/or local regional and national meetings An interesting observation of the mental provide "clinics" at which those with prob- approaches to such a unique joint session of lems can expose their problems (anony- the 15 Divisions is the manner of identifica- tion used by the participants during the dis- mously if need be) ? Can the concept of cussions. Almost uniformly one heard: "I "This Works for Us" be broadened to per- am a government librarian"; "I am a commit the question "What Will Work for Me?" pany librarian"; "I am a university librar- Whatever management tools are now ian." Much rarer than usual was the identi- used. or will be used. the ultimate value of fication in terms of subject specialties: "I am the general sessions reported here will be an engineering librarian"; "I am a biology best judged by the productive harvests to be librarian." reaped by each of us as we interpret and The reports from the smallest staffs (1-3) apply these summaries to our own problems have been described by one reviewer as es- -managerial, mechanical, and intellectual. SPECIAL LIBRARIES The Creative Person DR. WILLIAM STEPHENSON

OST STUDIES in the gent but to excel in every self-effacing virtue M United States have -except the creative. The special informa- assumed that intelligence tionist exists merely to serve others-and and creativity are highly not merely to file information, but to be related ; only recently, expert with reference material, manuals, data with Getzels and Jack- books, gazetteers, yearbooks, and the rest. son (S), Guilford (lo), Even in a narrow field the amount of infor- and others have doubts mation is prodigious and much more than arisen about this strange assumption. any one person can ever hope to peruse. In England, in my student days, a distinc- The special librarian has to have an uncanny tion was always drawn in systematic work eye for the important and a deaf ear to the (Spearman (15) and Maxwell Garnett (7) ) unimportant. between intelligence on the one hand and Wright requires this person, besides, to cleverness on the other. Colleges and univer- be tactful, polite, willing, patient, dogged, sities reinforce and reward the former, with with a passion for order, and a flair for its conforming responses of right answers to looking in the right places; he has to have logical questions, and stamp out cleverness, organizing ability and a gift for inspiring with its humorous, smart, wrong-headed an- keenness in assistants. He has, also, to have swers to all questions. To be creative is to a good logical mind and to be accurate and laugh at conformity and correctness. It is scholarly; he has to be widely read and must not merely coincidental that Einstein played write well. He has to be a natural psycholo- the violin atrociously, with laughter, or that gist, Wright concludes, exuding self-confi- Lord Rutherford, arch-empiricist of the dence, and be able to keep up with all pro- atomic age, was boisterous, warm, good- fessional developments! When we add to this humored. Creative people, indeed, are likely his functions with regard to report writing, to be sunny, happy people, if not also tradi- public relations work, committee work, sta- tionally temperamental. And such research tistics compilation, correspondence, and the as is available suggests that tradition wasn't rest-surely he is a paragon of all unre- far wrong-creative people tolerate ambi- quited virtues ! guities; emotion colors their intelligence; the To all of these virtues, it is now asked worldly for them is tinged with the other- what must the special librarian do to become worldly; the idealistic and the practical are creative ? always a source of confusion for them (Drews (2) and others have had something The More Difficult Problem of the kind to say). There is a more pressing problem first, Thus, it would seem that one's advice however. One is puzzled by the assumption on how to be creative is advice that only of unselfishness and everything else expected the happy-go-lucky can heed with profit! of librarians. What, indeed, motivates a person to be so helpful, so self-abnegatory, The Special Librarian as a Paragon so other-worldly? No doubt there is gratifi- If we are to believe Wright's Manual for cation in being needed by others, even to special librarians (19), these men and answer remote and sometimes trivial ques- women are not merely meant to be intelli- tions. The psychoanalyst, no doubt, can find Dr. Stephenson, who is Distinguished Research Professor of Advertiring at the School of Journalirm of the University of Missouri, gave this talk at the third general session of the fijth Convention of Special Libraries Association, St. Loais, June 10, 1964. OCTOBER 1964 559 a ready-enough explanation for those of us about classification than about anything else with a penchant for picking up unconsidered of consequence in library science. Classifica- trifles. The greatest of librarians, however, so tion is indeed a profound problem in many it seems to me, have been synopticians (or fields of knowledge and wherever people synoptists ?), seeking to encompass all the ti.) to be scientific (the physicist scarcely knowledge of the universe, god-like, into has to try nowadays). The use of arbitrary, one comprehensive system, entirely within categorical classification is rampant still in their grasp. However, it is hard to think much of present-day psychology, sociology, that delusions of grandeur are at issue and social science generally. The probability amongst the general body of special librar- is that the special librarian, therefore, might ians! make discoveries In this field of concern that For my own part, I like to think of the would be widely applicable, not merely as special informationist as a scientist, in the information theory but as principles for ap- true sense of the word, in that he begins plication in the sciences in general. with the self-same discussion of method-of- In the field of classification, therefore, science that engages all of us in scientific one should find examples of creative work fields. It is quite erroneous to suppose, as -so I told myself. I therefore searched the most people probably do, that methods of literature for what, in my view, is a good science are thoroughly understood. The truth example of a creative piece of work done is that philosophy and logic-of-science have in library science within the past 20 years. much still to do to explain scientific method I found it in the classification theory of in all its protopostulatory respects (Roze- Farradane (3), whose paper in volume six boom, 14). (1950) of the Jownal of Documentation The basic training for a special librarian seems to me to augur well for information (as distinct from that for a public librarian), science. it seems to me, should be in the history and Farradane observed that the established methods of science. (In the case of public systems of classification-Universal Decimal librarians, the basic training should be in Classification, the Bliss system and similar mass conmmunications instead, that is in art schemes-are purely deductive; all depend and entertainment, a very different matter.) on initial groups of arbitrarily selected head- What could be wiser for a special librarian ings. The Kaiser system, on the contrary, has than to be able to understand Lewis S. some inductive features; the Holmstrom and Feuer's The Scientific Intellectual: The Psy- Ranganathan classification systems, though chological and Sociological Origim of Mod- interesting in other respects, are basically ern Science (5) ? If such could become the deductive systems. As for Farradane, he basic background of special librarians, then would have a classification built up induc- we need not worry one whit about what tively in the "proper" manner of science, motivated them to become information ex- starting with "elements or items of knowledge" called isolater. Classification is a mat- perts. It would be enough to know that be- ter of defining the possible relations behind all science, government administration, tween these by verbs called operatovs: the colleges, and business there are servants with classes become analets. deep understandings of the ways of science Farradane's isolates are not any "natural over the centuries. order of nature." He is. indeed. critical of beginning with genera and their subdivision The Creative Specialist into species, particulars, and the rest: "classi- We can now return to the question of fication from the general to the particular what specialists can do about being creative is essentially unscientific in its method . . . -ocher than to be born funny! Where there scientists do not proceed this way . . . is controversy, there is always an opportunity rather, they begin with specific topics . . . to be creative, and it will be admitted, with the object in classification should be to Foskett (6), that there is more controversy follow the same path, to isolate 'isolates', SPECIAL LIBRARIES and then to describe relations between approach to their literature should be to them." isolate the isolates, of which the scientist There are, Farradane said, relatively few himself may or may not be cognisant, and operators-he originally listed only four then to describe the relations between them. (appurtenance, equivalence, reaction, and The information specialist, therefore, has to causation). be as creative as the scientist himself, to find isolates and to say what relates to them. What Do We Learn from This? Mr. Farradane, who was a B.Sc., A.R.C.S., Creativity in 1950 and librarian at Tate & Lisle, the To return to the theme of the creative sugar concern in England, had at his com- person-psychologists have had much to say mand a general knowledge of logic-of-sci- recently about him. Drews (5) gives the re- ence and of symbolic logic (though his minder that creative people live comfortably methods don't use it) ; and to support his with the idea that not everything. - is known views he had to delve into the psychology and that truth is rarely seen other than of perception, etc. He was clearly no expert through a dark glass. Rokeach (13) sug- in any of these disciplines, but he used them gests that creative people are more open- for his own creative work. minded than the uncreative. Deethrick (I), His initial paper in the Joarnal of Doca- in line with my own early experience, indi- mentation apparently raised much interest as cates that current testing programs tend to well as problems; he attempted to answer overlook the creative individual ; the highly the latter in a subsequent paper (4). The intelligent student, who is likely to be more difficulty csncerned how to distinguish conforming, is more acceptable to teachers between empirical isolates and arbitrary cate- than the highly creative, who is perhaps a gories-his isolates were "items of knowl- screwball and probably nonconforming. edge," depending intimately upon knowl- MacKinnon (1 I), who studied persons who edge of the subject; they were not arbitrary had already proven themselves to be recog- headings. They were inductions, not deduc- nizably creative in writing, architecture, tions. To grasp these inductions is the very mathematics, physics, and engineering, essence of being creative. Thus, one can found no correlation between intelligence recommend Farradane's proposals as a place and creativity. one might go to be truly creative! Rogers (12) and almost all American I have wondered what Mr. Farradane psychologists are bent upon defining creativ- would do inductively with a field in which ity in personality terms. The weakness of I am specially interested myself, that of this, it seems to me, is that it examines factor analysis, a branch of statistical creativitv in a vacuum. as a false abstraction method. The special librarian would be of the psychologist's own making; it largely faced with the decision either to use a overlooks the part played by skill, talent, standard scheme that purports to cover the hard work, and technical developments in entire field of knowledge, or to construct a all important creative work. The definitions private scheme for this particular field of of Givens (9), Drews (2), Stein (17), factor analysis. Mr. Farradane would recom- Rokeach (13), and others already mentioned mend the latter. all point out that creative people are curious, He does not assume that the "universe is independent, original, enthusiastic, have an indivisible whole," or that "knowledge great drive, are more impulsive, more emo- has to be integrated into a single pattern" tional, are more flexible,-more self-assertive as most librarians are wont to do, including than the non-creative. Foskett (6). Classification from the general One learns more about creativity by look- to the particular is essentially unscientific, ing up the word "clever" in a dictionary; Farradane asserts, except as a final stage of it has-two distinct meanings. One has refer- knowledge. Scientists study specific fields, ence to being ingenious, which is what the working on specific problems; therefore the psychologists should be talking about. The OCTOBER 1964 other has reference to skills and talents, things, like a man who stumbles upon a which the psychologists overlook. The cre- cache of precious stones in a cave, than be- ative person may well be emotional, good- cause of deployment of a creative mind. He humored, have enthusiasms, and all else; is now merely another of society's interest but he also knows more about more, has groups, going to church on Sunday and lob- more skills of mathematics, logic, statistics, bying, as Feure (5) suggests, for a greater illogic, writing, symbolic logic, languages, share in the national income, interested in philosophy, manipulative talents, and the power and prestige. Scientists are now hos- like, all requiring hard and often arduous tile to the old libertarian ideals. So there work for their acquisition. It is to these may be good reason for those who, like skills that he adds his ingenuity, seeing Torrence (18), are drawing attention to the things uniquely, doing things creatively. The widespread repression of creativity, which skills are as essential as the ingenuity; the is epitomized by the worship of intelligence one without the other is like a forest without and the down-grading of nonconformity in trees. schools and universities. All of this applies to art, history, and This will seem a long way from my literature as well as to science. theme of the opportunities for creativity amongst information experts. Yet it is, I The Suppression of Creativity believe, really at the heart of the problem, We are apparently in the middle of the which is why I have recommended the study most creative period of history, and there- of the history of science as basic to the train- fore it may seem odd that some theorists ing of any special librarian. argue that creativity is being suppressed in much of what passes for Western culture. An Ideal Creative Individual Surely we are involved in a vast technologi- If you ask me whom, amongst creative cal revolution, whose hallmark is creation people, I would recommend as a model, I and invention. And how can any one doubt would be inclined to turn to a poet, Robert that we are in the middle of astonishing dis- Burns. You will observe at once that he was coveries, wrestled out of nature by man's of the hedonistic-libertarian breed of men creative abilities ? Psychologically and so- of the 17th and 18th centuries. He was edu- cially, however, the story is different; inter- cated on a farm, but he read with skill the national communication is everywhere a ter- same books as English scholars of the time, rible agonism of one country at the throat of spoke the same English, and imitated in his another at the most elementary levels of non-dialect writings the same English liter- human destructiveness. There is little that is ary models. But he was no Englishman. The creative in social, and indeed in psychologi- educated Englishman of his time was char- cal, science, as the current racial troubles in acterized as reserved, cold, and reluctant to the United States so clearly indicate; it is show his feelings, like Mr. Allworthy of about this, perhaps, that the theorists are Tom Jones. Robert Burns showed his feel- concerned. ings openly. He could enjoy, play, and have Indeed, there is a deep change, historically fun, without any rigidity of morals, philoso- amongst scientists. The creative scientists of phy, religion, or other man-made barriers to the 17th century were libertarian and he- existence, yet with harm to none and com- donistic in philosophy, imbued with a deep passion for all. wish to liberate mankind from the dark His Scottish songs were created out of mythologies of original sin and to open to intimate and laborious labor and knowledge all men the wonders of existing without of song-making down centuries of Scottish fear. There is an element of such existence, folklore, as carefully indexed and cataloged I believe, in creativity. Today's nuclear sci- as any information in a modern special li- entist has little of this in his makeup; he is brary, by methods that Farradane would ac- purely a technician who makes technological cept as genuinely scientific, but then worked advances more because of the nature of over ingeniously, cleverly, creatively, to be- SPECIAL LIBRARIES come immortal songs. The hard work and iosophy of Science, vol. 28, no. 4, Oct. 1961, p. skills of Robert Burns are all forgotten. His 337-77. 15. SPEARMAN,C. The Abilities of Man. London: happy-go-lucky, boisterous, wench-bouncing Macmillan, 1927. temperament is only too well-remembered 16. -. The Nature of Intelligence and (and distorted in the remembrance of it). Principles of Cognition. London: Macmillan, 1923. But the two sides of creativity, of Burns 17. STEIN, M. I. Creativity and Culture, Journal of Psychology, vol. 36, 1953, p. 311-22. the bibliophile and collector of folklore, the 18. TORRENCE,E. P. Guiding Creative Talent. skillful writer of English no less than of his New York: Prentice-Hall, 1962. own Scottish brogue, of Burns the libertarian 19. WRIGHT,J. E. Manual of Special Library -all of this on the one side has to be con- Technique. London: Aslib, 1945. sidered as indicative of hard work and solid skills: and on the other side there are his Recent CLR Grants enthusiasms and good humor. Out of the joining came lyrics of beauty unsurpassed. The Library Technology Project of the My formula therefore applies to the arts as American Library Association received a well as to the sciences. Creativity is nine- $230,000 grant from the Council on Li- tenths hard work and one-tenth a soft per- brary ~esoirces,Inc., to support its projects sonality. for the year. $44,232 will underwrite a bimonthly information service, Library Tech- REFERENCES nology Reports, which will make its first ap- 1. DERTHRICK,L. G. Both Creativity and Intelli- gence Are Important. Michigan Education Jouvnal, pearance January 1965. This subscription vol. 38, Nov. 1960, p. 276-7. looseleaf service, reporting on library sup- 2. DREWS,E. M. Profile of Creativity, NEA plies, equipment, and operation, will cost Journal, Jan. 1963, p. 26-8. $100 a year. Individual issues will include 3. FARRADANE,J. E. L. A Scientific Theory of Classification and Indexing and Its Practical Appli- results of LTP studies, supplementary reports cations. Journal of Documentation, vol. 6, no. 2, on new developments, abstracts of pertinent 1950, p. 83-99. literature, answers to questions submitted to 4. -- . A Scientific Theory of Classification LTP's information service, specification ta- and Indexing: Further Considerations. Journal of bles, and news items. A looseleaf binder for Documentation, vol. 6, no. 8, 1952, p. 73-92. 5. FEURE,L. S. The Scjentific Intellectual: the the 8% x 11 sheets and printed guide sep- Psychological and Sociological Origins of Modervz arators will be included with a subscription. Science. New York: Basic Books, 1963. A separate $21,600 grant was awarded LTP 6. FOSKETT,D. J. Classification. In Ashworth, W., for continuation of its bookbinding study. ed. Handbook of Special Librarianship, 2nd ed., London: Aslib, 1962. A $3,500 contract was granted Photo De- 7. GARNETT,M. Britj~hJournal of Pspchology. vices, Inc., Rochester, New York. for the 1919, ix; also Spearman, op, cit., p. 354. construction of a prototype of a portable 8. GETZELS,T. W. and JACKSON,P. W. Creativity microfilm reader designed primarily for flat and Intelligence: Explorations with Gifted Chil- dren. New York: Wiley, 1962. film but adaptable for roll film. 9. GIVENS,P. R. Identifying and Encouraging The International Federation for Docu- Creative Processes, Journal of Higher Education, mentation (FID) received $10,000 toward vol. 33, no. 6, June 1962, 295-301. support of its 31st Meeting and Congress at 10. GUILFORD,J. P. Potentiality for Creativity and Its Measurement. Proceedings of the 1962 Washington, D. C., October 7-16, 1965. Invitational Conference on Testing Problems. Tape-controlled typewriters will prepare Princeton, N. J.: Educational Testing Service, the printer's copy for a projected list of sub- 1963, p. 31-9. ject headings for the use of Latin American 11. MACKINNON,D. W. Nature and Nurture of Creative Talent. American Psychology, vol. 17, librarians in cataloging and cross-cataloging no. 7, July 1962, 484-95. books. This Spanish-language list, which is 12. ROGERS,C. On Becoming a Person. Boston: being prepared by a continuing CLR grant Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1961. of $25.000 to the Pan American Union. will 13. ROKEACH,M. The Open and Closed Mind. be based on the Library of Congress compila- New York: Basic Books, 1960. 14. ROZEBOOM,W. W. Ontological Induction and tion, individual lists compiled by several the Logical Typology of Scientific Variables, Phi- Latin American libraries, and others. OCTOBER 1964 The Word Is Think

WILLIAM S. BUDINGTON

FAVORITE ploy among science fiction developed response to expressed need, sup- A writers is quotation from historical re- plying essential informational backstopping search as it might be written in the 25th to another, more primary activity. That ac- century. They are thereby enabled to make tivity must succeed, and the special library impersonal, arch observations about the life is among many elements doing its best to of today. Thus, we read of prolific scientists ensure that success. buried "in their own intellectual excreta," This single-endedness is one of the di- and of librarians suffocated in an inexorable mensions that largely distinguishes special cascade of 3 x 5 catalog cards. These fos- from other types of libraries. A second meas- silized remains are categorized as those of ure is the degree to which service is custom primitive peoples who never attained the tailored to an organization and most partic- freedom and sophistication of later worlds. ularly to the individual. Not only the in- Can we reverse the process of observation, genious devising of techniques and files is estimate our present situation objectively, at work. The good special librarian gets un- and project our path as it may or may not der the skin of his clientele with an under- wind into our future? What, exactly, is to- standing empathy, which senses and foresees day's special librarian, for example? Is he and satisfies the unexpressed need. A third buried or suffocated or otherwise perishing? trait of special librarianship is the compul- What is the nature of the world he lives in sive drive required of those who serve. Poor and serves ? What of the demands upon him or non-existent service, or any apology for -now and likely in the very non-fictional it, is impermissible. "I don't know" or "We future? And how will librarianship, assum- don't have such information on hand" are ing this title also survives, cope with itself expressions that cannot stand ; the gaps must and with its world? Is the special librarian be quickly filled, and there had better not the last, best hope of the profession, and be too many. what must he do to accomplish any degree This is not to say that such purity of con- of freedom or sophistication ? science and endeavor is unknown to librarians elsewhere. Rather it is to say that this is Characteristics of Special Librarianship the essential spirit of special librarianship At one time or other, all of us have been we are happy to share in the fullest degree. confronted with definitions of special Iibrar- One of the characteristics of our branch of ianship, and some of us have perhaps been the profession today is its virility and pro- guilty of such mental and philosophical ex- liferation. Not only are there more of us ercise. We think of special materials and and demands for even greater numbers, but special clientele, of special education, and we see this spirit catching hold in other pro- special skills. But to most of us the thing fessional areas, whether it be in cataloging that glows brightest and most meaningfully or general public library reference work or is the concept of special service. Libraries in in the departmentalization of special re- times past have been established as ware- sources and services for academic research houses and passive resources or as willing and teaching. There is a sense of dedication adjuncts to the educational process. The spe- to goals that intensifies and extends the ac- cial library, as we envision it, has come into tivity far beyond the minimum or average being as a service necessity. It is a consciously range that may have existed. This is adapted from a talk pre.rented to teveral SLA Ct5apter.r during the full of 1963 u,hen the author was President-Elect of Special Libraries A~soriation.A70u, Pre.rident, Mr. Bzlding- ton i.r also Associate Librarian of The John Crevar Library in Chicago. 5 64 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Such responsive philosophy stems in part In our own small world, the real tremors from the changing nature of today's living. are coming from outside, we are on the The environment changes, and we must de- brink of our own industrial revolution, and velop with it. Our principal concern is man's we are not too confident in those who would knowledge and how it grows, how it is push us over the brink nor in the Icarian handled and transferred, and how it is used. wings with which they would have us fly. We think of science and fall silent, awed by In addition to the mechanists, there are also the events of recent years and the enormous those who leapfrog into the future of cen- complication of their meanings and their tralization and organization of information records. Industrial research is matched by services, at which we stare in suspicion and basic research, with government and stock- unbelief. holders providing mounds of dollars which Librarianship considers itself a profession ; may reach the moon sooner than the rockets within it the special librarian thinks himself they build. The world of education exhibits particularly well armed spiritually, if not changes in the amount and direction of always physically, to deal with information scholarship and the means of achieving it. and its transformation into knowledge. And Student bodies multiply, and machines take yet we stand uneasy, knowing that our in- over some of the teaching. In economics and formation alters as our world turns, that its banking, merchandising and publishing, mass is indeed critical, and that the need for government and transportation there arrive it is more urgent than ever before. We whistle daily reports of developments and alterations as we carry our daily basket to grandma's in ways and means of living and dealing house, watching warily the wolves in elec- with others. All of these ferments create de- tronic clothing. What does this age demand mands for past knowledge and the integra- of us to do our job properly, in confidence tion of new knowledge. Our world of infor- and esteem? In a single word, it demands mation changes literally while we watch, that we Think. and watching is--or should be-our business. Pretty trite, you say. Whose punched cards are you selling, anyway? No punched Problems Facing the Profession cards. Just plain, common, concentrated, all- Among our principal worries are these out, imaginative, inquisitive, open-minded three: the proliferation of subject specialties, Think. What is demanded of us today is the deluge of publications partially resulting the certain knowledge, on the part of each of from this, and-darkest threat of all-the us, that we are doing the best possible job, advent of new devices and professionalisms in the context of all present theory and capa- that loom above our tested and familiar ways bility, within the conditions imposed upon and our very jobs. In the face of advances in us. This requires the recognition and under- knowledge, specialists occur almost spon- standing of new ideas, regardless of their ac- taneously to meet new requirements. As has ceptance, the correct appraisal and meeting of been pointed out, specialization is the schol- responsibilities, the aggressive approach to ar's defense against the flood of knowledge, problem areas, and above all, growth in a with the totality of which he cannot possibly profession that must grow, or we will see it cope. We are dumfounded to learn that of perish as such. There have been rumblings all the scientists who ever existed, some 90 and thunderings for a number of years about percent are still alive today. But it is also librarianship, mutterings about stereotypes pointed out that this has always been true, and provincialisms and heads in the sand. that this is in accord with the laws of We have seen the mushrooming of new cur- growth, and the world and science have ricula and the access of non-librarians to coped with this situation. The deluge of key posts in our field. We have reacted in publications hits closer to home, but they various ways to the Weinberg Report, which are recognizable in form; we cull and we was the result of some very careful and con- select and hopefully acquire the best, in sidered study by top minds in the United general and special areas. States. Some have accused its authors of OCTOBER 1964 ignorance of our sterling worths and skills. answers which, after all, was not so very The real point is that such ignorance reflects mystical. And here we have come to a grind- directly on us for having allowed it to exist. ing halt. When some businessman or faculty While the Report deals with science infor- research director wants to know about the mation, its general analysis and conclusions finding of information-retrieval, the word have the most serious, long-run, and sweep- is now-does he turn to the librarian? All ing implications. Study of such documents too often, a management consultant or a data and of all possible avenues of alleviation is processor is called in. When a likely student an example of the previously mentioned expresses interest in librarianship or infor- need to Think. mation handling, what do we tell him? Do we describe our own daily delights and then The Librarian as Information Expert say, haltingly, that there are lots of new de- The special librarian, by and large, is said velopments on the horizon but we're sorry to cope and indeed does cope very well with we really don't know anything about them? the problems and demands thrust upon him. And then wonder why our recruitment fails? He can accomplish things the changing If we are not the resource people in our own world of events and research and scholarship area, it is because we have not made our- demand of him. But to some extent this is, selves so. That it is a useful resource knowl- and will be, true because the demands are edge is evidenced by the numbers of per- only for what he offers in the first place. sons who have now made it their business. How much more could be offered-and de- Education and reeducation are obviously manded-is the question that should gnaw needed to fill gaps in our own arsenal. We at us constantly. seem unable to reach common conclusions The implementation of Think can take on the desirable education for librarians. many forms in addition to reading Weinberg But of continuing education and self-educa- reports. An initial step, for example, might tion we certainly have some control and can be the true determination of our real func- take initiative, either singly or in concert. tion. What does our library really do? What By this I do not mean just cram courses in do other kinds of libraries do? What does computer programming. We need to know an information center do? We talk and hear about regional reference networks, coopera- about the full cycle of documentation or in- tive processing, book catalogs, and a multi- formation handling, from the revelation of tude of things, not just about computers. A new information to its reuse by some person general review of progress on many fronts is other than the discoverer. All stages in the required to gain insight on some current cycle are available to us, but we do not know original thinking. Probably usable gimmicks which we want and which we don't. The will seldom turn up in our study, but the principles are not restricted to scientific sub- principal benefit is stimulation of one's own ject fields. The basic information constitut- ing marketing or politics must also be thinking and a freshened outlook on old handled and retrieved. The concept of infor- scenes. It may be argued that a small library mation service or science or whatever we or a general library cannot benefit from ex- name it, is changing, and we must be prepared otic equipment and systems or card produc- to grasp the fundamentals of such change, tion methods or facsimile transmission-that whether they involve machines or subject such study is wasted time. Most special li- experts or centralization or any other varia- brarians are in such types of libraries, and tion. here lies the danger. It is precisely this These factors require that we become true group that may achieve great savings in effi- specialists in the library profession-infor- ciency. Neither can the general nature of mation specialists in the broadest sense. In one's service be posed in defense. Smallness the past we have prided ourselves on knowl- and generality are poor excuses for ignor- edge of sources of information, of the bibli- ance, and if this is the way we operate, we ographic tools, of a mystique in obtaining are really in trouble. SPECIAL LIBRARIES Evaluate New Methods radical suggestions is that we may well find It should be of concern that many librar- better alternatives that are still short of ians consider new methods as too scientific computerization. Indeed, information re- or technical and therefore alien or impossible trieval is not necessarily the best initial area to fathom. Many mechanical and electronic for modernization. Our daily ordering, cir- devices do require very special knowledge to culation, and other clerical routines offer adjust and operate, but the basic principles wide opportunities. of mechanized filing and finding of informa- The area of mechanization looms darkly tion are the same principles we have used on many library horizons, but it need not for years. At least we should look at their new and should not. By dwelling on it, I do not dress. Not only should we be available as imply that it is even a principal problem, resource people for our own field of infor- Our future depends on whether we look at mation work, but we may need to defend the clouds at all, dark or light, or keep our ourselves from overzealous pressures to auto- noses on the ground pushing peanuts. If we mate just for the sake of automation. are resigned to this, then peanut pushers It is interesting to note the shifts of we will be. But this is hardly believable of views concerning mechanized methods dur- special librarians. The fact that some are ing past years. For a time, we saw considera- uneasy or feel a stab of conscience is proof ble theorizing on the application of business of our potential. The fact that we are un- machines as thinking devices. Then came certain shows that we recognize the need to confident promises of success, with reports do something. Whether it be new educa- of this or that triumph. Now we watch an- tional processes or expanded research pro- other swing of the pendulum, with Ralph grams or diversification or brand new sci- Shaw, William H. Carlson, and John R. ences or social catastrophes or political Pierce calling a reassuring tune. They point changes-the special librarian has his weap- out that our manual methods do work; while ons still, to deal with frantic calls for whole computers can do many wonderful things, new disciplines of information. they cannot take over completely. Dr. Pierce, of the Bell Laboratories, points out that the Meeting Present and Future Challenges telephone company, with the most highly He has recognition of objectives. He is mechanized communications and switching not where he is because it is a nice place and network in existence, still uses girls and he likes to read books. He has a job to do, books to provide the essential information for and determination of the total picture and its operation. The most critical element, he the librarian's part in it is his primary respon- says, is the insertion of human judgment sibility. It may require a whole new set of into the retrieval process. This one factor lenses to see the objectives clearly, but see will make or break any mechanized system. them he must. He has the capacity to exer- Such reassuring statements are comforting in cise his skills within the context of these a sense, yet all of us must recognize the prob- objectives, to analyze requirements of groups able wave of the future. and of individuals, and to shape and pack- As Dr. Shaw and others have emphasized, age information for them effectively. And he part of the benefit of studying modern has the sure knowledge that there is no turn- methods in relation to any operation is the ing back but only a going ahead with the usual discovery that present systems can be job until he is certain that it is being ac- improved in the process. If you flow-chart complished in as perfect a fashion possible. your own procedures according to prescribed This is the real challenge facing all of us. methods, you may find some startling illogic Each day we meet and solve a multitude of in steps that had previously seemed superior. problems in providing answers and services The review of present practice does not have and in administration. But no library in the to end with the catalog in an ash can and an country can really say it is truly successful, IBM 7090 in its place; the advantage of truly abreast of things, truly on top. Far too OCTOBER 1964 many of us rely solely on what we were taught statements of all critics as crackpot. If we and have had drummed in by experience. Far are called ignorant, we can complain on too few of us want to know everything there some scores but not all. If we are called re- is to know about modern librarianship, sus- actionary, we can claim we are cautious but piciously looking at our daily tasks, sure must admit to being" scared. And so we should there must be a better way. If ever there was take some very careful looks about us-at a fallow field, librarianship is it. the joining of present and future librarian- Maybe we do know the plows to use, but ship, at the channels of communication, at our management won't hear of them. By a the transfer of information to a patron, peculiar twist of reasoning, this is why every- whether it comes from handbook, magnetic one else can now call themselves experts in tape, or projected image, at ourselves and the information field. The new, the startling, our profession. For special librarians as well and the glamorous are what receive the pub- as for corporations progress is a most im- licity. It is fashionable to deprecate the old portant product. Otherwise the senwe ' con- as useless and credit the new with merit. I cept, which is our prideful joy, will indeed am reminded of the barber who decided to be left far behind. become an expert dentist. It seemed a sim- We do have changing worlds and chang- ple task-after all, he already knew how to ing responsibilities, new emergencies and operate the chair. It is obvious that many new solutions. Knowledge will not be put to such critics have little understanding of the work unless we put it there. New learning, broad spectrum of librarianship. Their con- continually replenished, we must have, for cept is a cross between the much belabored we are in position to use the best of the old stereotype and the beaten down company li- and the best of the new, if we will but do so. brarian. By holding up this monstrosity as a The 25th century should look back and find whipping boy, they strive for recognition as us not buried or fossilized but moving vig- messiah. It is unfortunate that their reason- orously ahead. We will have drunk at our ing is sometimes accepted because of their pieria; spring and other springs as well, and status in other occupations. we will have Thought and Learned, and be- But we must also beware. Because of some come something special in the way of Ii- faulty reasoning, we cannot consider all brarians.

INFORMATION RETRIEVAL RESEARCH AT PITTSBURGH AND LEHIGH The University of Pittsburgh's recently estab- a position for each document and is lished Knowledge Availability Systems Cen- punched for each document containing that ter has just received a grant of $73,184 characteristic. The Beekley machine can from the National Institutes of Health for search at the rate of 10,000 documents a the operation of the Center's Information minute, and research results indicate that the Retrieval Game. The purpose of the Game is machine may perform comparatively simple to test and improve the efficiency of systems searches more quickly than computers. by asking users a series of questions designed As part of its research program, Study of to discover what information provided by Theories and Models of Information Stor- the systems was really useful. The NIH age and Retrieval, Lehigh University's Cen- grant will test the Game's efficiency and apter for Information Sciences is testing, un- ply the questions to substantial numbers of der controlled conditions at the University's health scientists, students, and other research- computer laboratory, a new series of mathe- ers. Another project of the Center is the de- matical theories of information retrieval. velopment of applications for the Beekley These theories are designed to permit a com- InSite searching machine, which uses the puter to provide all answers relevant to a peek-a-boo principle whereby reflective My- topical inquiry in a matter of seconds, in- lar tape is assigned a characteristic by which cluding titles, authors, citations, and com- a search might be made. Each tape contains plete descriptions of the documents. SPECIAL LIBRARIES G. 6. GHOSH Honorary General Secretary

ASLIC, the Indian Association of Special adequate, competent, and full-time staff to I Libraries and Information Centres came serve Iaslic's interests, and the whole work into being on the 3rd September, 1955, at occupies the spare time of its very few en- Calcutta, with late Dr. S. L. Hora, the then thusiastic local members. Director of the Zoological Survey of India, and Mr. J. Saha, Chief Librarian of the In- Organization and Programs dian Statistical Institute, as its first President In spite of the state of affairs described and General Secretary respectively. In order briefly above, during the first eight years of to play an important role in scientific com- its existence this organization has come munication amongst Indian scientists and into vigorous life with five all-India confer- research scholars in the fields of scientific and ences and two seminars all over India, in technological information through proper co- which 15 very important and vital topics ordination and co-operation and to estab- were discussed. The third seminar is going to lish a common forum for librarians, docu- be held in October 1964. mentalists, scientists, researchers, and other That this Association has been rendering technicians working in different academic, valuable services to research in the fields of scientific, technological, commercial, and in- humanities, including social science, pure and dustrial organizations all ovcr India, three applied science, and technology is borne out librarians of Calcutta ciz. Messrs. J. Saha, by the fact that its membership, especially the A. K. Mukherjee and G. B. Ghosh, dis- institutional membership, has been increas- cussed informally with the late Dr. Hora the ing from year to year. he figures towards feasibility of forming such an association at the end of 1963 stood at 125 institutional Calcutta towards the middle of May same members and 200 personal members as year. In brief the objectives of Iaslic are to against 18 and 100 in 1956. In keeping encourage the formation of special libraries with the avowed objective of working on a and special information services and by all national level. the association has been able appropriate methods, as may be deemed to enlist the co-operation of various indi- necessary, to promote and co-ordinate their viduals and institutions throughout India. effective operation. All the work of this national special li- The new association thus came into ex- braries association is performed through the istence at the right moment after the Second following six Divisions, each having an World War, when India was in the throes honorary secretary with four individual of educational, economic, and cultural revo- members to perform their respective pre- lution and unprecedented industrial and sci- planned and well-defined duties: 1) Educa- entific development with its chain of nation Division, 2) Publication and Publicity tional scientific laboratories and with the Division, 3) Documentary Reproduction and springing up of a number of industries, Translation Division, 4) Documentation Di- which had already been demanding special vision, J) Library and Information Service service from librarians very much outside the Division, and 6) Library Co-operation and scope of general librarianship and requiring Co-ordination Division. special attention and techniques. This asso- The Education Division has been conduct- ciation is still in the formative stage as ing regularly annual language classes in Ger- Aslib in London was during the first 20 man and Russian at Calcutta, for interested years of its existence. Even now there is no local members and non-members both. The OCTOBER 1964 Benoy Chatterjee Memorial Language Medal No. 3. Development of Medical Societies atzd is awarded each vear to the best student in Medical Periodicals in India, 1780-1920, the language class, donated by one of its by Mr. A. Neelameghan (1962). Price: founder members. The Division occasionally Rs.12.00; 24sh. ; $4.00 arranges short courses and discussions by specialists of special topics on library science. This association has also been seriously No. 1. Scientific Communication in India by considering starting a short annual course Mr. K. Bhattacharyya (1963). Price: on special librarianship for which a de- Rs.6.00; 12sh. ; $2.00 tailed syllabus and prospectus have already The following priced publications now in been drawn up. It is hoped to run such a the press are to be published shortly. workshop training course with emphasis on practical work in the near future. No. 4. All the working papers and pro- Publications ceedings and recommendations of the Fourth Iaslic Conference held at the Cen- In addition to the publications listed be- tral Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad low. the auarterlv laslic Bulletin, which is (1963) on I) methods of scientific com- the official organ of this association, has munication ; 2) national central science Ii- been making a regular appearance. It is now brary for India, and 3) centralization and running in its ninth volume. Copies are dis- decentralization of library and information tributed free to all members of the associa- services will be incorporated. tion, but the annual subscription rates for No. 5. This will include all the working pa- non-members have recently been increased, pers and proceedings of discussions held effective 1964, from Rs.20.00 (Indian cur- on the occasion of the second Iaslic semi- rency), $4.00, and sh.30, to Rs.30.00, $6.50, nar at Chandigarh (1963) on 1) edu- and sh.45 respectively. The journal con- cation for librarianship in India and 2) tains papers contributed by specialists and users and library and information services. librarians and of interest to special librarians No. 6. This publication will incorporate all and information officers, an index of recent the working papers contributed to the articles on library science published all over Fifth Iaslic Conference held at Poona the world, letters, book reviews, and current (1963) on I) document and data process- notes and news. ing in Indian libraries and 2) problems DIRECTORIES and prospects of our library associations. Directory of Special and Re~edrchLibraries TECHNICALPAMPHLETS in India (1962). Price: Rs.15.00 ; 30sh. ; No. 1. Glossary of Cataloging Tevn~in $4.50 Indian Regional Languages. SPECIALPUBLICATIONS Although it has not been possible to in- No. 1. Incorporating all the working pa- clude all the special libraries and informa- pers contributed to the Third Iaslic Con- tion centres in India in the first edition of ference held at Calcutta (1960) on I) the Directory mentioned above, it is hoped the development of libraries under the to bring out a more comprehensive second re- third five-year plan with particular ref- vised edition as early as possible. erence to special libraries and information It has been decided recently that a spe- centres in India; 2) Indic names and 3) cial discount of 20 per cent be allowed to all bibliographic control in special libraries. current members of the association for all Price: Rs.6.00; 10sh; $1.75 priced publications of Iaslic other than its No. 2. Contains all the working papers, full quarterly organ. The Iaslic Medal is awarded proceedings, and recommendations of the annuallv to the contributor of the best ar- first Iaslic seminar on "Indic Names" ticle in Iaslic Bulletin, on the recommenda- held at Calcutta (1961). Price: Rs.8.50; tion of a board of examiners elected bien- 13sh.6d. ; $1.70 nially. SPECIAL LIBRARIES That the quarterly Bulletin has attained a for bibliographical checking and locating of recognized stature in the field of library sci- different published and unpublished mate- ence-is evident from the fact that it is being rials. Such services were found to be useful subscribed to by individuals and institutions for small institutions and firms which do not of countries like Great Britain, France, possess fully organized library services. United States, Russia, China, Japan, Switzer- The division of Library Co-operation Bi land, Austria, Hungary, New Zealand, and Co-ordination is in charge of co-ordinating Canada, in addition to home subscribers, the activities of special libraries and infor- numbering 40 towards the end of 1963, as mation services in India and other problems against 5 and 26 in 1959 and 1961 respec- relating to library co-operation, including tively. This Bulletin is now being offered on training of rules for inter-library loan. It is exchange to 45 different foreign institutions expected that a model code for such inter- in Netherlands, Germany, Australia, United library loans is going to be formulated soon. States, Hungary, New Zealand, Great Bri- Though primarily an Indian national or- tain, France, South Africa, Sweden, Russia, ganization, Iaslic is affiliated as an associate Indonesia, and others, as against 22 in 1959. corporate member of both IFLA and FID and maintains a close liaison with them and Services other national and international organiza- Iaslic's documentary reproduction and tions including documentation bodies. Iaslic translation services are extended both to is represented on the executive council of members and non-members all over the Insdoc and the Indian Standards Institution world on payment of usual charges, cover- (EC: 2 Documentation Sectional Commit- ing checking of bibliographical details, trac- tee) both at New Delhi. ing and locating original document in any The association has recently acquired a library and supplying of 35mm negative small plot of land at Calcutta through the microfilm or photocopy. The demand for generosity of the Calcutta Improvement such services is increasing from year to year. Trust for building its permanent secretariat, A special advisory service on organiza- including a small auditorium, library, repro- tional matters or on specific documentation duction laboratory, lecture room, etc. Finan- problems is provided by this association on cial aid will be most gratefully accepted from payment of nominal fees. After a thorough all voluntary and philanthropic bodies both survey we have been able to compile in in and outside India to help fulfil our aim. mimeographed form, as an experimental fas- The following categories of membership cicule, the Union List of Publications on Li- are available at these subscription rates: brzny Science, which is available in the im- Institutional (Profit making) Rs. 50.00 portant local libraries. It is intended to in- Institutional crease its coverage in a later edition, prelim- (Nonprofit making) Rs. 25.00 inary work for which has been undertaken. Donor: Rs.300.00 The Iaslic library has a fair collection of Life: Rs.150.00 books and journals on library science with Ordinary : Rs. 12.00 special emphasis on special librarianship and Associate : Rs. 6.00 technical documentation: it is meant for the Further enquiries may be addressed to the use of members and others also. During Honorary General Secretary, Iaslic, c/o Ge- 1963 the collections were used by 509 per- ological Survey of India, 29, Chowringhee sons, and a total number of 2.754 volumes Road, Calcutta-16 (India). were either issued or consulted. For the It is felt that India may be proud to have proper maintenance of this library a very a national association like Iaslic, which en- small annual grant is being received from the deavours to meet the immense challenge State Government. This Division of Library thrown out by the national plans for indus- and Information Service is functioning as a trialisation and educational development. clearing house for different types of enquir- There is yet a long way to cover but the ies from members for literature searches, and move is undoubtedly in the right direction. OCTOBER 1964 H. W. Wilson Company Chapter Award 1964 Minnesota Chapter Entry

TIMULATED BY THE theme of the 1964 H. W. Wilson Company Chapter Award, "The S SLA Chapter as a Member of the Business and Professional Business Community," the Minnesota Chapter held joint meetings with 11 business and professional organizations and cooperated with four library organizations in the promotion of National Library Week. A total of 15 organizations felt the impact of special libraries in one of the Chap- ter's most successful years. At our executive board meeting in August we decided to enter the competition and devoted our entire program for the year to joint meetings. Members were asked to suggest groups with whom they would like to meet. A list of more than 20 organizations was compiled for the use of the program chairman in arranging meetings. All groups con- tacted were willing to cooperate. A letter was sent to members urging them to make every effort to attend all meetings- circulate and meet members of the other groups-"talk-up" special libraries-bring members of the other groups to the meetings. A portable display was created by our publicity chairman for use at each meeting. It showed the location of special libraries, the various types, companies having libraries and pictures of special librarians in action. A banner topped the display and was changed periodically to fit the group. For example, for the American Marketing Association it proclaimed, "Your Market Is as Near as Your Li- brary." Give-away pieces were available on the table with the display. For the Vocational Guidance Association give-aways were SLA's new recruitment booklet, Special Libraria~z- dip-Inf ormation at Work. October 2-4: Tri-State Regional Library Conference Groups: Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin Library Associations, Wisconsin Chapter of SLA Program: Panel: "Interlibrary Loan Principles, Practices and Problems" (see Special Lib~aries, April 1964, for papers presented) Thomas E. Ratcliffe, University of Illinois; William S. Budington, John Crerar Library; George A. Schwegmann, Library of Congress Toint Luncheon with Wisconsin Chapter. Speaker: SLA President William S. Bud- ington Tour of Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company libraries Members staffed display daily in general conference exhibit areas November 19 : Dinner Meeting Group: Society of Technical Writers and Publishers Program: Professor Frank Greenagel, Department of Rhetoric. Universitv of Minnesota, "Barriers to communication withthe Technical Man" December 17 : Tour of Tyrone Guthrie Theatre, Christmas Eggnog Party, Dinner Meeting Group: American Marketing Association Program : Skit showing the relationship between the market researcher and the special librarian Doorprizes donated by SLA member firms January 21: Joint Workshop and Dinner Meeting Group: American Records Management Association Program: Workshop demonstrations by members of both organizations: methods and equipment, uniterm, photocopy, records management, open shelf filing, forms February 17: Wine Tasting Party, Dinner Meeting Group: Twin Cities Vocational Guidance Association Program: Grieg Aspnes. "What's Special About a Special Librarian" Tour of three special libraries March 24: 20th Anniversary, Management Night, Social Hour sponsored by Hanson-Bennett Groups: Computer Association of Minnesota, American Statistical Association Program: Dr. Harold Wooster, Director. Information Sciences Directorate, U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, "The Computer and the Library, or Beauty and the Bit" SPECIAL LIBRARIES April 14: Natlonal Library Week, Dinner Meeting Group: Minnesota Industrial Chemists' Forum Program : Professor Clifford Haga, Department of Engineering English, University of Minnesota, "Getting the Word Across" May 9: Tour of Green Giant Company Research Center, Chapter Business Meeting Groups: Institute of Food Technologists, Industrial Chemists' Forum Program : Dr. John M. Jackson, Past President, Institute of Food Technologists, "The Research Center Library" Tours: Agricultural Research Laboratories, Dr. J. F. Bartz, soil scientist; Process and Chemical Research Laboratories, R. D. Blanchett, Bacteriologist; Quality Re- search Laboratories, J. A. McWhorter, Director of Quality Standards Besides the anticipated gains in mutual understanding and awareness and the valuable personal contacts made, numerous "side" results were achieved. Among these were: 1. Four of the groups asked us to meet with them again. 2. The Technical Writers now send us all of their meeting notices, and the American Records Management Association used our directory for mailing notices of their Con- ference on Records Administration. A number of SLA members attended. 3. Two of the groups gained new members through our efforts. 4. Major publicity on the Tri-State Conference and a feature article. Our publicity chairman arranged to have Bill Budington interviewed by the local paper. The reporter expressed interest in writing a feature article on special libraries. The publicity chairman followed up on this and was eventually successful in having a story published in the business section of the Sunday paper coinciding with our 20th anniversary. In addition, we received publicity on five of the joint meetings. 5. Speaker at the Tri-State Conference banquet was Bradley G. Morison, public relations director for the Tyrone Guthrie Theatre, which recently opened to nation-wide acclaim. Following up on his talk in which he urged cooperation- between the library and the theater, we arranged an exclusive tour of the Theatre for our December meeting. 6. Recruitment was our object in meeting with the group of high school and college vocational counselors in February. The counselor from The College of St. Catherine arranged to have the Special Ljbrdrianship booklet mailed to more than 600 other high school counselors in Minnesota. The librarian from the Minnesota Mining and Manu- facturing Co. was asked to speak at a science fair held at a local junior high school, and the librarian at Campbell-Mithun took part in a panel discussion on the "Information Explosion" at The College of St. Catherine in May. 7. he wine tasting session, which was used as a gimmick to get more people to attend the February meeting, was very successful. We served a variety of imported wines and used colorful travel posters for background. We highly recommend this to other Chapters as an ice-breaker and an economical way to entertain a group. 8. Possibility of two new special libraries through contact kith the record manager of the Northwestern Bell Telephone Company and the market researcher from the Gray Com- pany. Our Chapter Consultant is working on this. 9. increased participation in meetings by our own members. The tour of Green Giant and the attraction of seeing first-hand the work of the industrial chemist combined to make our May business meeting one of the best attended in years. Costs were: wine: $22.50; 600 copies of Sperial Librarianship: $40; dinners for re- prters: $7.50.

SLA Sustaining- Members The following organizations are supporting the activities and objectives of Special Libraries Association by becoming Sustaining Members for 1964. This list includes all applications processed through September 23, 1964.

RICHARDABEL AND COMPANY PITTSBURGHPLATE GLASS COMPANY, Research Library C. vr.POST COLLEGE OCTOBER 1964 573 CURRENT CONCENTRATES Of The Library World

Science Publishing Needs to suggest abandonment of the reviewing E ARE reminded that the number of procedure and indeed a few publications W publications is increasing and that have initiated such a policy. I feel that wide- something must be done to cope with the spread adoption of this practice would be flood of literature. Dr. Ileen E. Stewart of very damaging to a science. We do not need the National Science Foundation has said: more act& ret~actds. Partly as a result of "An increasing number of thoughtful per- sloppy reviewing, there has been a prolifera- sons, who are looking towards a system that tion in the number of pages of scientific ma- will really meet the information needs of terial printed. The amount of material ap- science, believe that the journal as we know pearing could be cut to one quarter with no it today, is doomed. It's too unwieldy, it's essential loss if tougher editorial policies too slow, it costs too much. I think these were pursued. prophets are right. In 25 years we will prob- 0fEen we note exampIes of verbosity. A ably wonder why we were wringing our scientist may obtain one new result, the hands." essence of which can be stated in a para- Dr. S. A. Goudsmit, Managing Editor of graph. Instead he buries the key idea in ten the American Physical Society, has stated: pages of review of the literatuie, discussion "A drastic modification in the publishing and summary, most of which only obscure the new facts. All of us should ~onderthe habits of physicists is needed if we do not I want our science to disintegrate into a num- lesson of one of the most important docu- ber of minor disciplines. . . . A less cum- ments of history-the Gettysburg address bersome and less expensive printing method (266 words). This had an impact which and a wider circulation should be the aim." surely was sharpened by its brevity. The discussion of publishing problems Another practice which is clogging the and information transfer has largely concen- literature is repeated publication of basically trated on storage and retrieval of informa- the same paper. I have noted instances where tion. Almost nothing has been said about the with only minor alterations articles have ap- source of the information and the interaction peared more than five times. Another undesirable tendencv is Drema- between the scientist and the publication of I I his research results. ture publication of fragmentary results. An Writing a scientific paper can be a dis- incomplete experiment requires more ex- ciplining experience. As one assembles his plaining and weasel words than a good one data and analyzes them, he discovers the and often has to be retracted. Most of the gaps in his information. . . . He realizes present publication crisis would vanish if that if he publishes shoddy material his pro- Ehe scieitific community adopted a tougher fessional reputation is likely to suffer. He is attitude with respect to what is publishable.

driven to grueling self-examination. From We should exhaust the I~otentialities of such this often emerges a determination to fill a reform before embarking on great ventures the gaps and to recheck the dubious points. involving new machinery. When his paper passes the scrutiny of a tough editorial board he gets particular satis- Extracted from "An Editor's View of Publication faction. Nevertheless, the long interval re- Problems" by Philip H. Abelson in Federation quired for publication has stimulated some Pvoreedings, vol. 22, no. 5, July-August 1963.

574 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Planning the New Library: The Charles A. Dana Biomedical Library

CHARLES C. WADDINGTON, Science Coordinator Baker Library, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire

HE Dana Biomedical Library, a branch 80 x 80 foot building is divided into three T of the Dartmouth College library sys- floors, providing an approximate total of tem, is located about half a mile from the 19,250 square feet of floor space. One floor main library building in a new biomedical is located below ground level but utilizes the complex comprising a department of biolog- fall in the existing grade toward the west to ical sciences, a two-year medical school, and provide outside light on that side. The re- a modern 300-bed hospital. maining floors are completely above ground. Made financially possible for the College The continuous slender windows extending by a gift from Mr. and Mrs. Dana through from one floor through to the next provide the Charles A. Dana Foundation, the library the whole building with vertical lines that was planned and designed to provide maxi- form an aesthetic "leitmotif," registered mum convenience for its prospective users- throughout the interior of the building as about 800 faculty members, post-doctoral well. The central or main floor is accessible fellows, graduate and undergraduate stu- from the adjacent entrance to the Medical Sci- dents, research technicians, and hospital staff ence Building and may also be reached by a members. covered passageway from the new Biological All technical services (acquisitions, cata- Sciences Building now under construction. loging, and binding) are handled at Baker Both entrances are conveniently controlled (the main library) for maximum efficiency. from a central circulation desk, which over- The Dana Library has its own card catalog looks the lobby and a rare book room (see and periodical check-in file and handles all floor plan). circulation, interlibrary loan, reference, and Each floor is divided into 16 modules. book selection. Daily contact with the Baker Those on the periphery are 19' 7" x 19' 6" Library is provided by an intra-campus mail while the four center ones are 19' 6" x 19' 6". service, a direct messenger service, and the The work areas, studies, entrance way, hall- telephone. Administrative control is pro- ways, and the rare book room are arranged ~idedfrom the main library through the on the west side of the building. The two position of Science Coordinator, who is in stairwells and the elevator are located west charge of all the campus science collections. of the center with the stack area spread in a Contemporary in design but faced in red U-shaped pattern along the north, east, and brick to harmonize with the wall textures of south of the building.u The stack sections al- the many Georgian buildings on campus, the ways run at right angles to the outside walls

Periodical shelves, the librarian's office, and the circulation desk are all located on the main level of th,e building. OCTOBER 1964 575 Floor plan of the main level stack layout at The Charles A. Dana Biomedical Library, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. allowing a maximum amount of light to dis- individual studies (4' 6" x 7' 6"), two large perse through the building. The library has group studies or seminar rooms, a typing no separate reading room but seats are scat- room, and washrooms. The stack area hous- tered throughout the stack areas. Of the 180 ing all bound journals, which are arranged seats, 72 are individual carrels. There are in alphabetical order by title, is located here. three group studies, nine individual studies, The lower floor houses the stack area for all and two typing rooms. the monographs, a fully equipped staff room, The circulation desk. staff workroom. li- one large group study, four individual studies, brarian's office, reference and biographical a typing room, washrooms, and the machine area, card catalog, and sloping shelves for room. the display of current journals are located on Several special features of the new build- the main floor. The upper floor contains five ing, some new equipment, and arrangement SPECIAL LIBRARIES of books and journals have proven themselves, in the four months since the move to the new building was completed, to be very useful and well received by library patrons and staff alike. A muted buzzer system is now in use to page patrons (primarily doctors, but the service is also used to locate medical students wanted to perform autop- sies) who receive incoming telephone calls. These calls can be received by patrons at telephone extensions located in the typing rooms in the basement and on the third floor or at the circulation desk on the main floor. The unsupervised extension phones can be Librarian is accessible to staff and to patrons used to receive incoming calls only. Patrons using the stacks, and she has a pleasant and expecting urgent calls request a buzzer sig- airy work area bounded by glass windows nal code on entering the library and are and door. paged with the code signal when receiving a call. So far the system has been found to face as in stack end panels, and open fret work well and is felt to be an essential serv- work on some wall passages and carrel backs ice for doctors and medical students. One further serve to modify what is basically small difficulty is the tendency of the patrons sim~leI and economical construction. In the to forget to cancel their respective signal air-conditioned rare book room, located im- codes upon leaving the library, resulting in mediately to the left of the main entrance some futile attempts to get in touch with and visible through a glass wall, are mahogany them long after they have departed. bookcases rebuilt from cabinets used in the Equipment for the forced-air heating and Nathan Smith Medical School building ventilating system is located in a penthouse- (1811). type structure on the roof of the library and Though attractive, the building stresses in the first floor machine room. This system service from its readily visible glassed-in li- can be adapted to include an air-conditioning brarian's office to the conveniently arranged unit for the entire library, but so far the stack areas. Four staff members are in charge climatic conditions in New Hampshire have of over 60,000 bound volumes and over 600 made it unnecessary to do so. The lighting current journal subscriptions. The total ca- throughout the library is fluorescent with one pacity of the library is about 120,000 vol- special feature-a "Golden Cloud" screen umes, and the sloping shelves on the main or grill that disperses the light over the cir- floor can display 900 journal titles. culation desk and in the main lobby area. All The three-floor arianpementu of the new floors are covered with vinyl asbestos tile, library building was designed and planned and the interior walls are grey pumice blocks. to facilitate the location and arrangement of The shelving and stacks are free-standing the librarv materials to ~rovidemaximum and were supplied and installed by Estey. ease of use by its scientific clientele, that is, The circulation desk was constructed and monographs on the first floor arranged by designed as a contract item. The card cata- call number, current journals arranged alpha- logs are standard 3 x 5 Remington Rand cases. betically by title and reference books on the Special decorative features of the library, second floor, and bound journals arranged in addition to the vertical lines of the win- alphabetically by title on the third floor. dow arrangements, are color accent areas or The Dana Biomedical Library will collect highlights relieving the austerity of other- materials in the biological sciences, medicine, wise unpainted pumice block interior walls. biochemistry, and veterinary medicine. The Colors featured in stack shelf and upright placement of the books and journals in these treatment, occasional use of rich wood sur- subject areas within the biomedical building OCTOBER 1964 complex has in part solved the controversy phasis on an interdisciplinary approach in between the advocates of a central science the area of the sciences and especially in the library and those holding out for separate field of medicine and biology would seem departmental libraries. The increasing em- to justify this approach.

VITAL STATISTICS FOR THE CHARLES A. DANA BIOMEDICAL LIBRARY Total square foot area 19,250 Staff 4 Professional 1 Nonprofessional 3 Books and bound periodicals 60,000 Current periodical subscriptions 600 Date completed July 15, 1963 Planned by libarian in coop.eration with architect

LTP Reports to SLA

Gladys T. Piez

Information Service LTP's major numbered publications auto- LTP's new information service for library matically as they are issued. Subscribers to administrators, many months in the plan- this category will have the privilege of re- ning, gets under way in January 1965. turning any books they do not wish to keep. Called Libruvy Techvology Reports, the serv- Complete details and order forms are avail- ice will be published bimonthly and sold at able from the Sales Manager, ALA Publish- a yearly subscription price of $100. The ing Department. format will be loose-leaf for easy updating Electric Erasers and fit into a binder to be furnished by LTP. The new service will report on library Consumers' Research, Inc., has tested four equipment, supplies, products, and systems. electric erasers for LTP-Erasomatic Model These current reports should help librarians M, Motoraser Model 58 0570, Ramsey Fully save money and time and avoid costly mis- Electric Eraser, and Deletor Model E2. takes. Copies of the evaluation may be had by A sample issue and a brochure describing writing to the Library Technology Project. the service in detail can be obtained on re- Record Players for Sale quest from the Library Technology Project, 50 East Huron Street, Chicago. LTP is selling eight monophonic and four stereophonic earphone record players used Standing Order Plan in a recent evaluation project conducted for it by United States Testing Company. A list On October 1 the ALA Publishing De- of the models available, with price for each partment added a new category to its stand- player, may be obtained from LTP. These ing order plan. The new category will carry machines are being offered at one-third of the names of those who want to receive their cost to LTP, plus transportation from Hoboken, New Jersey, to destination. Or- Mrs. Piez is the General Editor of the Library Terhnolugy Project, American Library As~ociation, ders will be filled on a first-come, first- Chicago. served basis. Results of the evaluation proj- SPECIAL LIBRARIES ect will be published this fall in a report and insurance for libraries conducted for called Evaluation of Record Players for Li- LTP-is now being written by Hartford braries-Sevies ZI, to be sold by the ALA Fire Insurance Company. The company ex- Publishing Department. Price and date of pected to have the policy ready to market in publication should be available shortly. at least 30 states and Canada by October 1.

DPE in Libraries New Report on Photocopiers The Library Technology Project is main- By October 15 the price of another new taining a clearinghouse of information on publication should also be known, Supple- the use of data processing equipment in li- ment No. 3 to Photocopying from Bound braries. In this connection, LTP would like Volumes by William R. Hawken. This report to receive news items on the use or proposed evaluates 3M's Models 209 Dry Photo- use of computers and other data processing Copier (automatic), 76 Dry Photo-Copier, equipment in special libraries. and Deluxe Transparency Maker 70; Pacer International Corporation's Sightscope (an Model Insurance Policy exposing unit) and Star photocopier; and The ALA model insurance policy-dwel- Victoreen Instrument Company's Vico-Matic oped during a study of physical protection copier.

The Proposed New Copyright Law

HE LIBRARIANof Congress, L. Quincy A brief summary of some of the important T Mumford, sent to Congress on July 20 a provisions of the bill follows. comprehensive bill to revise the U. S. Copy- Single national system. Instead of the right Law, which has not been greatly present dual system of protecting works un- changed since it was enacted in 1909. The der the common law before they are pub- bill was introduced in the House as H. R. lished and under the federal statute after 11947 by Representative Emanuel Celler, publication, the bill would establish a single and in the Senate as S. 3008 by Senator John system of statutory protection for all works, L. McClellan. whether published or unpublished. The bill is the result of nine years' work Duration of term. The present term of by the Copyright Office. Under Congres- copyright is 28 years from first publication sional authorization, the Office, beginning in or registration, renewable by certain persons 1955, sponsored 35 extensive studies analyz- for a second period of 28 years. The Regis- ing practically all the major problem areas ter's 1961 Report recommended that the of the present statute. In 1961 the Librarian maximum term be increased from 56 to 76 submitted to Congress the Report of the Reg- years. The bill provides for a term of the ister of Copyrights on the General Revision author's life plus 50 years, to bring it into line of the Copyright Law. The Report was dis- with the copyright term in most countries. cussed at a series of meetings in 1961-62 For corporate and anonymous works, the with a Panel of Consultants composed of term would be 75 years from publication, copyright experts. In the light of extensive with a maximum limit of 100 years from comments on the Report, the Copyright Of- creation of the work. The life-plus-50 or the fice substantially revised its recommendations 100-year term would apply to unpublished and prepared a preliminary draft revision works, which are now protected under the bill. For the past year, in another series of common law without time limit. meetings, the Panel has discussed the specific Limitdtion on author's assignments. Under language of a draft bill, section by section. the present law, the renewal copyright after OCTOBER 1964 the first term of 28 years reverts in certain the statutory royalty ceiling and a broader situations to the author or other specified recovery against infringers. beneficiaries. The bill drops this reversion Exempt performnuces. Instead of the pres- but permits the author or his heirs to ter- ent exemption of public performances that minate the orginal transfer of his rights after are not "for profit," the bill would specify 35 years by serving written notice on the the situations in which performances are ex- transferee. Transferees who have made de- empt. rivative works during the 35 years could con- Jukebox exenzptio~z.The bill includes the tinue to use them. text of H. R. 7194, now pending in the Soufzd ~ecor.di,zgs.Sound recordings would House of Representatives and favorably re- be added to the list of protected works. They ported by the Judiciary Committee, which would be protected only against actual dupli- would repeal the present exemption of juke- cation or "dubbing." box operators from payment of performance Goveuzmeut publications. The bill con- royalties. tinues the prohibition in the present law Notice of copj~ight.The statute now re- against copyright in "Government publica- quires, as a condition of copyright protec- tions" but clarifies the meaning of the term tion, that the published copies of a work and permits exceptions in special cases where bear a copyright notice. The bill calls for a it is determined that copyright would be in notice on published copies but omission or the public interest. errors would not forfeit the copyright. Inno- Fair use. The bill would add a provision cent infringers misled by the omission or er- to the statute specifically recognizing the ror would be shielded from liability. doctrine of fair use and indicating the factors Registration. As under the present law, to be considered in determining whether a registration would not be a condition of particular use falls within the doctrine. The copyright protection but would be a prereq- section on fair use written into the proposed uisite to an infringement-, suit. The extraor- bill is as follows: dinary remedies of statutory damages and attorney's fees would not be available for "Section 6. Limitations on Exclusive Rights: infringements occuring before registration. Fair use iManufacturing clause. Certain works must Notwithstanding the provisions of section now be manufactured in the United States to 5, the fair use of a copyrighted work to have copyright protection here. The bill the extent reasonably necessary or incidental proposes several modifications that would to a legitimate purpose such as criticism, narrow the scope of this clause and permit comment, news reporting, teaching, scholar- the importation of 3,500 copies manufac- ship, or research is not an infringement of tured abroad instead of the present limit of copyright. In determining whether the use 1,500 copies. made of a work in any particular case is a Innumerable hearings have been held and fair use, the factors to be considered shall studies made before the bill reached its pres- include : ent form. Dr. Mumford noted that the bill attempts to synthesize or reconcile sharply 1. the purpose and character of the use; conflicting interests and viewpoints. This be- 2. the nature of the copyrighted work; comes apparent when one compares the pres- 3. the amount and substantiality of the por- ent bill to proposals that were made during tion used in relation to the copyrighted work earlier hearings. However, when subsequent as a whole; and hearings are held, there may be amendments 4. the effect of the use upon the potential or modifications added to the proposed bill. market for or value of the copyrighted work." CHESTERM. LEWIS,Chairman Compulsoty license. The bill would modify SLA Copyright Law Revision Committee the present compulsory license for the re- General Services Manager cording of music, including an increase in The New York Times SPECIAL LIBRARIES Xerography for University Periodicals Lisi The University of New Hampshire Library had the problem of making available, at low cost to the branch libraries on campus, a list of holdings and locations of periodicals currently received. The main library displays a list of all periodical titles in the library system, indicating back runs and locations for both current and non-current volumes. Each title with the pertinent data is typed on a five-inch tab, which is enclosed in a protec- tive plastic envelope and inserted into panels mounted on an old Remington Rand visible file. A duplicate entry is typed only for titles housed in the branch libraries. In view of the interdisciplinary nature of the modern university curriculum, this system is obviously of inadequate reference value to the branches, but a shortage of clerical assistance precluded an attempt to reproduce the entire periodicals list in its original form. Our break came with the acquisition of a Xerox 914 Copier. We found that the machine is able to make legible copies of printed matter that does not present an ab- solutely flat surface to the copier. We had only to remove a panel from the stand of the Facsimile of the library's periodicals list. file, lay it on the exposure surface of the Titles and holdings appear on the left, and machine, and push the button. current locations are followed by permanent One limitation of the Xerox Copier pre- locations on the right. vented us from producing unedited panels: the length of the exposure surface is 14 inches, but the length of the entries in the panels extends beyond this maximum on over copies requested. These were collated and half of the 94 panels, on some up to their put into spring binders, which will easily limit of 19 inches. However, we felt that accommodate later revisions. the utility of the list would scarcely be im- The cost of materials came to $39.58 paired by the removal of some tabs from ($.06 per exposure). It was not necessary panels holding more than 14 inches of en- to demand extra clerical assistance to carry tries for titles no longer received. The editor, out the o~eration.The demonstrated econ.- a staff professional, had little difficulty de- omy of the operation, plus testimony to the termining which entries were expendable. usefulness of facsimile lists in the branch The mechanics of removing the tabs and re- libraries, has encouraged us to plan issuing inserting them after copying averaged five revisions at least twice a year. to ten minutes per panel. With the assistance EDMUNDG. HAMANN of the Xerox operator, it took one staff mem- Serials Librarian ber, during intervals between other duties, University of New Hampshire about a week and a half to make the seven Durham, New Hampshire OCTOBER 1964 NSF Grant for SLA-Sponsored Soviet 50,000-75,000 non-circulating books. Tele- Exchange vision and telephone communication systems A $27,100 grant by the National Science will be installed between various parts of Foundation has been made available to Spe- the library, and information retrieval meth- cial Libraries Association for its sponsorship ods will be adapted as they are developed. of an exchange of visits between Soviet and United States special librarians in the sci- Document Retrieval Systems Tested ence-technology field. The request for the Herner and Company, Washington, D. C., grant was the result of the work of the has formed an evaluation section to test the Association's Foundation Grants Committee, effectiveness of document retrieval systems Robert W. Gibson, Jr., Chairman. This ex- and will utilize techniques of the type devel- change is one of the 19 scientific and tech- oped in England by Cyril Cleverdon, head of nical exchange programs provided for under Aslib's Cranfield project. F. W. Lancaster, a an agreement signed by the United States former investigator for the Cranfield project, and the Soviet Union in Moscow, February will supervise the test programs, which are 22, 1964. Participants in the exchange and designed to permit analysis that can identify the objectives of the trip are given in detail defects and sources of failure as well as in- on page 514 in the September issue of Spe- dicate system efficiency. The test results will cial Libraries. include a summary of system behavior and will draw comparisons with other systems and make recommendations for the im'prove- Library to be Focal Point of New University Campus ment of the system or its operation. To supplement this program, Herner and Com- Northwestern University has announced that pany will conduct a series of one-week a $10 million library will be constructed as a courses on systems evaluation beginning in key structure in its master plan to develop the spring of 1965. Lecturers include Cyril the 74-acre campus now being created on Cleverdon, consultant to the company, and Lake Michigan in Evanston, Illinois. The staff members Robert Fairthorne, Saul Her- new library, scheduled for completion in ner, and F. W. Lancaster. 1967, will more than triple the capacity of the present Deering Library, which will continue to be used and will be joined to the Televised Information Retri.eval new structure by a common entrance way. Ampex Corporation has recently produced Plans have been developed by an eight-mem- Videofile, a completely automated microfil- ber Library Planning Committee, which has ing system, the first of which will be put in worked closely with the faculty and architect operation for NASA at the George C. Mar- Walter Netsch, Jr. of Skidmore, Owings shall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala- and Merrill, during the past three years. The bama. NASA's Videofile will be divided into building will consist of three separate but a master and a reference section. The master interconnecting research pavilions, each four section will have two Videotape recorders, stories high and featuring a radial rather one to receive and store new entries and than linear arrangement for books and re- the other to make copies for the reference sources, spreading out from central informa- section. As each document is recorded by the tion-reference centers. The library will serve master recorder, a Videofile address is re- both graduate and undergraduate students as corded on an auxiliary track of the video well as faculty in the fields of social sciences tape. For retrieval, a specific address is fed and human behavior, humanities, and his- into Videofile, and the document's position tory and will contain a "core" collection of is automatically found on the tape. The SPECIAL LIBRARIES image of each page, which can be seen on versity. In addition to having charge of the the screen by the document user, is sent to Engineering Library, he will have divisional a storage recorder, permitting an electro- responsibility for the University's other sci- static printer to produce a printed copy of ence libraries. each page if desired. To update a file, a IRWINPEER, Assistant Professor of Medical document page may be deleted, added, re- History and Librarian at the State Univer- placed, or relocated without recopying the sity Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, New reel of magnetic tape. York, was awarded the Medical Library As- sociation's 1964 Murray Gottlieb Prize for Members in the News the best essay about the history of medicine. DR. ROBERTL. GITLER,former Director of His paper is entitled "Medical Aspects of the Library Education Division, State Uni- the Westward Migrations, 1830-1860." versity, Geneseo, New York, has been appointed Director of the Peabody Library EDITH SCOTT, Assistant Director for Tech- School, Nashville, Tennessee. He replaces nical Services, University of Oklahoma, and DR. WILLIAMFITZGERALD, who is now Di- Associate Professor in the University's rector of Marquette University Libraries, School of Library Science, has recently been Milwaukee, Wisconsin. appointed to a new position in the Library of Congress' Descriptive Cataloging Divi- CHESTERR. GOUGH, former Reference Li- sion to provide advanced in-service training brarian at Columbia University Medical Li- in descriptive cataloging theory and prac- brary, has been made Deputy Librarian at tice. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. He succeeds ROBERTB. AUSTIN, ROBERTW. SEVERANCE,Director of Air who retired. University Library, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, recently received a Sustained Su- MRS. MYRAT. GRENIER,Librarian at Aero- perior Performance Award. jet-General's Von Karman Center, Azusa, California, has been appointed to the newly DR. LOUIS SHORES,Dean of the Library created position of Corporate Librarian and School of Florida State University, Tallahas- will continue to be responsible for the li- see, has recently begun a trip around the brary as well as the Corporate Technical In- world for Collier's Eqdopedia. As its Ed- formation Center. itor-in-Chief, Dr. Shores will recruit librarians to make up an International Advisory Jo ANN JOHNSON,formerly Librarian at the Board of Librarians for the Encyclopedia. American Meat Institute Foundation, is now Reference Librarian and Instructor in Med- ROSE VAINSTEIN,Director of the newly es- ical Bibliography at Northwestern University tablished public library for Bloomfield Medical Library, Chicago. Township (Birmingham, Michigan), is the author of a chapter entitled "Emerging ELEANORMAGEE, McGill University Li- Trends of Library Organization" for a re- brary, Montreal, was recently elected Presi- cently published manual of the International dent of the Quebec Library Association, tak- City Managers' Association, Local Public Li- ing over this office from LOUISELEFEBVRE, brary Administration. Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada. Elected Treasurer was MIRIAMTEES, Royal Bank of Canada Library. Letters to the Editor ANTHONYA. MARTINhas been promoted to Assistant Director of the Carnegie Library Through thoughtful readings of the Weinberg of Pittsburgh. He replaces Keith Doms who Report and its many critiques and justifications I have tried to remain objective. In fact, during this succeeds Ralph Munn as Director. period of concentrated castigation of librarians and ELLISMOUNT, formerly Chief Librarian of the profession I have felt that most librarians the I.T.&T. Federal Laboratories, Nutley, rather than dissipating their energies in righteous writhing could, more constructively, brush up on New Jersey, was recently appointed Science mechanical retrieval and business administration. and Engineering Librarian at Columbia Uni- The need for software notwithstanding, the vic- OCTOBER 1964 tories to be won probably will be accomplished in Paper pushers we are not, but let there be no these fields. shirking our continuous responsibility as special Now. in one of those expensive little commer- librarians to communicate and draw at least some cial news services originating in Washington, response from the targets of our efforts. D. C.. several pages are devoted to DOD's ac- ELIZABETHM. WALKEY celerated information center program. Granted, Manager, Library Services there is much to be desired in government infor- Bell & Howell Research Center mation programs. but this same news item implies Pasadena, Calif. that librarians are mere paper pushers in the over- all information network. ("These Centers . . . are distinguished from existing documentation Sherrod ("Selective Publication of Information." centers and libraries, whose functions are primar- Special Libmries. July-August, 1964, vol. 55, no. ily concerned with the handling of documents 6) was quite right to deplore Cuadra's use of rather than the technical information concerned citation counting as a method of evaluating in- in the documents.") dividual contributions to the information sciences. Among industrial and research librarians, could The following letter to Carlos A. Cuadra (Head, there be even one responsible professional who Development Staff, Special Development Depart- does not consider a mere "document" subordinate ment, Systems Development Corporation), with an to the "information" contained therein? True, a excerpt from his answer. indicates my agreement certain amount of information is unique, but in- with Sherrod on this count. creasingly, with the redundancy deplored by the "Thank you for sending me your paper which Weinberg Report, and my colleagues and the I, attempts to rank contributors to the field of in- same information is available in a variety of formation sciences using various quantitative sources. Among my colleagues it is agreed that a measures. No amount of quantitative manipulation major problem is encouraging our own clients to will enable you to avoid the responsibility of ask for specific information rather than the ve- evaluating individual contributions. I can, for hicle in which they expect to find it. Accustomed example, say that Beethoven's nine symphonies as we are to legitimate deadlines, and versed as represent a greater contribution than Franck's we are in subject fields, manners and morals of single symphony, but that is because 1 am prepared publication, and the storage and retrieval of in- to make a value judgment about the worth of each formation. most of us can supply data in one form individual symphony. On the other hand, the or another. whether or not we can produce the reams and reams of poetry written by an Edgar exact publication, although the latter, in certain Guest do not make Guest a greater poet than instances, is indispensable. Shakespeare who wrote only a single sonnet se- Perhaps the difficulty, both with the President's quence. Science Advisory Committee and our clients, arises "I suppose I could feel flattered that I came from a genuine lack of understanding of our pro- out so high on your lists, but when I face the fact fession. Any special library operation entails a that Kent came out first, my own self-satisfaction wealth of both professional and routine work. disappears. Although I recognize the contributions Neither scientists nor administrators will get proof Perry as a pioneer in the field. I know of no fessional service frcm the non-professional (but important idea which Kent has contributed. If I invaluable) members of a library staff, or vice am wrong on this point, perhaps you can under- versa. Therefore, effective communication between take the task of putting me straight." library-scientist-administrator is a prerequisite to a library that actually functions, and is supported as. "While I would not wish to try to 'put you an information center rather than a platoon of pa- straight' on Kent's contributions, I should point per pushers. As many librarians have observed, out that your asking me to identify a single im- communication is a two-way street. Communica- portant idea from Professor Kent seems to assume tion from the library that falls on deaf ears of sci- that ideas are the only measure of contribution. While I would personally place them at the top entists and administrators who do not inform the of the list, I believe that other forms of contribu- library of research programs, projections, and in- tion to the field can be and have been recognized, dividual needs, thus failing to make it a de furto including teaching, propagandizing and even be- member of the research team. will be only a waste nevolent support from administrators. Perhaps of the library's hard-to-come-by budget. some of the more prolific writers have been 'con- It has been suggested that the many surveys tributing' primarily in these non-technical ways." presently under way to determine how scientists On the other hand, it is just as wrong to imply obtain and use information may indicate heavy that frequent publication is a bad thing, and it is reliance on the "grapevine" operating between even worse to encourage people who have nothing scientists and other members of the technical com- to say to seek publication. The danger of quantita- munity rather than on the libraries existing to tive estimates, good or bad, is further indicated by serve them. If so, might this not be due to poor Sherrod's casual grouping of Kent, Taube, Perry, or nonexistent communication from scientists and and Luhn as people who lack responsibility "for administrators to the library? major government programs like Fry, Day, Steg- SPECIAL LIBRARIES maier, and Rogers." I was designing and operating articles from the journals studied was a fraction major government information programs before of one per cent of their circulation was one con- Sherrod ever heard the word Information. clusion. Let us, if we can, avoid both honor and guilt by Maybe publishers think they can get a larger association, and I would tell Sherrod, as I have income by charging libraries say $5 a year for already told Cuadra, that as a responsible person, permission to copy a title. Won't their manpower and in this case a responsible government official, costs for handling each $5 cost more than S5? hc cannot avoid the task of evaluation. So then suppose they decide to charge $10 a year. MORTIMERTAUBE will we get approval for 500 times $10-$5.000 Documentation Incorporated, Bethesda, Md. added annual expense-for such costs? Few if any scholarly journals come for $10 so we won't subscribe instead. I note that the Library of Congress Photodupli- The last paragraph of an abstract (Dissertation cation Service has become very exact in the cur- Abstracts v.24(4) : 1622-3, Oct. 1963 ; Lihar~ rent controversary over Copyright and turns down Journal v.88 (13): 2625-9, July 1963 abstracted all our requests for copies of articles in copyright- in Dissertation Abstracts v.15 (3): 239, July marked journals, even articles of older years such 1964) of the thesis mentioned above gives cost as 1947 when issues are probably no longer availa- criteria for library subscription decisions. As I ble from the publisher. Just what are we expected understand it, it is generally cheaper to own and to do when research and development and patent store a 20 year run of a seldom-used scholarly departments need a copy immediately? journal of one volume per year than to order Are librarians expected to canvass the publishers photocopies, if one or two articles are needed each of 500-1,000 journals for blanket permission to year every year from only one of the 20 volumes. order photocopies of any article in their complete Is not the whole problem perhaps verging on series, then duplicate the answer, and enclose a the ridiculous? copy with every order? If that is what publishers. I!I.NE L. NICHOI.SON including publishing societies, think they want, Pennsalt Chemicals Corp. how about SLA's Copyright Committee getting a King of Prussia, Pennsylvania form letter printed up, issued in 100,000 copies, and each SLA member ordering hundreds all at once and sending our hundreds all at once to all In reference to the article in Special Libraries, the publishers of journals we might need to order March 1964, entitled "Gift Wrapped?" by Layne copies from? Maybe the deluge would make pub- H. Kroger, it might interest the readers to know lishers reconsider their stand. that the Hoover catalogue has been void since If they don't, they will only hamper scientific early November 1963. and technological advance, because I am sure we From a letter I received from a Mr. T. C. Chan, are not all going to subscribe to all journals for it seems that American publishers requested the the one article we might only need once in ten government of Formosa to stop Hoover Hong from years, or even once every year. Either special li- exporting reprinted books into the U.S.A. and brarians spend endless manpower hours canvassing any place outside Taiwan. All persons holding the publishers or on interlibrary loan and scientists 1963 catalogue should either destroy it or stamp wait, or our research men and literature scientists it void. go to where the journal is and take notes by hand ". . . . By following the advice of our govern- (they won't be able even to pay for copy service ment, we closed our book department, therefore while there) and delay scientific advance by days we cannot serve you in this respect any more and days at high manpower and travel costs. Just Please kindly note our change of P.O. what are patent attorneys going to do when they . . . . Box number from 4123 to 4111. have to pass out to judges and examiners copies "We are now dealing in Chinese handicrafts & of journal articles? And what are those resource storage centers going to do, mail volumes around souvenirs. . . . Our associates, T. M. Chan & the country holding others up until the volumes Company (P.O. Box 302, Macau, Asia) special- return? ises in tailoring & jewelery. They also can buy We have no space to store everything we might and do anything for you in Hong Kong & need to use and we would have no manpower to Macau. . . ." process and circulate and file generally useless It is interesting to note the quick turn to other paper, if we had spent the added thousands of fields of export this exporter has made and the dollars ordering extra journals. Are the publishers different locations the company has. It seems to planning to keep a perpetual stock of all their be a family affair. I would be very interested in journal issues so we can buy miscellaneous issues? hearing from other librarians who know anything Do they really think they want that manpower about the history and business operations of the and inventory problem? All publishers should read Hoover Hong and the T. M. Chan Bi Company. Robert F. Clarke's 1963 Rutgers Ph.D. thesis, BOB M. STOWE,Technical Librarian "The Impact of Photocopying on Scholarly Pub- ACF Technical Center, ACF Industries, Inc. lishing." That the maximum copying of single St. Charles, Missouri OCTOBER 1964 Book Reviews , brarian at the Westinghouse Electric Corpora- tion's Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory since 1950, HOW TO LOCATETECHNICAL INFORMATION. Vir- she has worked with the literature and the sci- ginia A. Sternberg. (CompleteManagement Library, entists who use it. In addition to an MS. degree Volume XXVIII) Waterford, Connecticut: Na- in Library Science from Drexel Institute of Tech- tional Foremen's Institute, 1964. vii, 111 p. $1 nology, Mrs. Sternberg received a B.A. degree in (L.C. 64-17925) chemistry from the University of Delaware. This manual is designed for the student or An examination of the contents and index re- inexperienced librarian who may be suddenly faced veals a fairly broad coverage with emphasis on the with the problem of establishing a book collec- more practical tools currently useful in technical tion. It is a simplified literature guide that enters libraries. These titles were well selected for most the middle ground between the brief outlines subjects but personal preferences, of course, would often prepared for class use and comprehensive produce some argument. With the emphasis on works such as those produced by Constance Win- American publications, very little foreign language chell, A. J. Walford, E. J. Crane, and R. R. Haw- material appears. It is apparent, also, that the kins. Venturing into this area, Mrs. Sternberg has more practical rather than the theoretical or mathe- presented a bibliographic guide in capsule form. matical works were selected. This selection prob- It suggests some of the tools with which a librar- ably reflects material available in the author's spe- ian must be concerned and those which engineers, cial library at the Bettis Laboratory. Some of the businessmen, technical writers, and other special- books go far beyond the reference works found ists should use to locate information. in certain special libraries and for others-with Librarians or researchers who have not been different subject interests-they may be completely exposed to these specialized reference sources foreign and out of scope. None of the titles should should realize that the titles are merely selections be omitted for they are important, but others could and suggestions. Since How to Locate Technical have been added. Infornzation indicates types of publications, it In some areas, I feel that a more complete cov- should not be construed as a comprehensive bibli- erage should have been given. However, had this ography of reference books. If those suggested been done, there might have been no limit in sight are not pertinent to the problem at hand, a little and the resulting product would have been another searching will likely produce the specific tool that massive work of the Winchell caliber. This is to is needed. In this respect the manual serves as a the author's credit since it is practically impossible point of departure when one is seeking informa- to list everything and certainly it was not her in- tion. For example, Mrs. Sternberg not only lists tent to do so. Nevertheless the author must have about 35 abstracts and indexes but also gives the been severely restricted by the space and size of sources for locating several hundred additional the publication. As much of the material is quite ones that cover many subject fields. In other in- condensed, one suspects that a great deal has been stances, lists of publishers or dealers who supply cut from the text. publications are provided. On page 49 appears a It is particularly unfortunate that more annota- list of agencies that will handle subscriptions for tions and descriptions of the various tools, such technical journals. as those found in the sections on business services, To achieve her purpose, the author has used a abstracts and indexes, were not provided. If the rather unique arrangement of the material. The author had told what would be found in each spe- first chapter begins with a short account of the cific book, she could have explained its purpose, classification systems in common use today, li- when and how to use it. This helpful advice, com- brary catalogs, and the different types of libraries bined with actual instructions for making searches and their function. The following chapters list and locating factual data, would have added sub- various sources of information. Included are gen- stantially to the value of How to Locate Technical eral reference books, serials, compendia, atlases, Information. gazetteers, reviews, business services, abstracts and Any executive in a company or organization in- indexes, trade publications, patents, standards, spec- terested in establishing a special library for his ifications, translations, films, photographs, and firm or laboratory could quickly scan Mrs. Stern- scientific and technical reports. The final chapter berg's book and receive a picture of a special li- mentions union lists and covers, quite briefly, brary as the intelligence center for an organization. literature searching services and the mechanical Such an impression should carry with it some very retrieval of information. An index and bibliogra- concrete ideas as to a special library's content, phy are appended. size, space requirements, and usefulness plus the Virginia A. Sternberg has the experience and function of the special librarian who must select background required of anyone attempting a com- and organize this material, make it available, and pilation such as this manual. As the Technical Li- search for and retrieve information. This function SPECIAL LIBRARIES is most important and should encourage the estab- Every library serving students of international lishment of libraries and their use as adjuncts to relations should have this book on its shelves; ev- business, research, and development departments. ery serious scholar will want it available. After using How to Locate Technical Informa- G. W. THUMM tion, it would be profitable for anyone who wishes Bates College, Lewiston, Maine to seriously pursue the subject to read Lucille J. Strauss' Scientific and Technical Libraries (New SLA Official Directory Issued York: Interscience Publishers, 1964), for more Special Libraries Association's annual Official Di- detailed practices and further suggestions. The two rectory of Personnel 1964-1965, compiled and books supplement each other. published at Association Headquarters, is now Copies of How to Locate Technical Information available for distribution. The 79-page mimeo- should be in every special library so the librarian graphed, gray thesis-cover bound is can hand it to those users who need to know more Directory about the library and its content. Special librarians at $1.50 a copy. Various colored pages are will welcome this book that attempts to bring the used to denote the listing of the Board of Di- research man closer to the library and the mate- rectors, Association Headquarters staff, all Asso- rials he needs. ciation committees, special representatives, Chap- DANIELR. PFOUTZ,Head ter and Division officers, and an index. Science and Technology Department Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh New Serials Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania AMERICA:HISTORY AND LIFE-A Guide to Pe- riodical Literature, published by the American FOREIGNAFFAIRS BIBLIOGRAPHY: A SELECTED Bibliographical Center, 800 East Micheltorena AND ANNOTATEDLIST OF BOOKS ON INTERNA- Street, Santa Barbara, California 93103, offers TIONAL RELATIONS,1952-1962. Dr. Henry L. short summaries and annotated bibliographical ci- Roberts. New York: R. R. Bowker Co. for the tations of articles dealing with United States and Council on Foreign Relations, 1964. xxi, 752 p. Canadian history and life from pre-Columbian days index. $20.00. to the present. The Guide will appear three times In the fourth Foreign Affairs Bibliography, Dr. a year: the July and December 1964 issues cover Roberts has listed most of the books in the inter- articles published in 1963, and the third issue, national field published in the English language scheduled for February 1965, will include an au- from the beginning of 1953 to the end of 1962, thor, subject, and key word index. Subscription and many of the more significant in other lan- rates are based on the service rate principle, and guages; he has added the more important studies forms may be obtained from the publishers. of internal government and politics of countries DATA PROCESSINGWEEKLY NEWS is a weekly throughout the world. Following each entry he news service on data processing activities published has appended a brief comment regarding its nature by American Data Processing, Inc., Book Tower, and (sometimes) its value. He has included not Detroit, Michigan 48226. The News has a 8?/2 x textbooks, unless of "marked synthesis or origi- 11 format, three-hole punched for looseleaf inser- nality," theoretical studies "only tangentially re- tion. Contents include equipment news, services, lated to foreign affairs," revised editions, unless applications, calendar of events, corporate news, "extensively modified or expanded," technical and new literature, and a computer census. Yearly sub- scientific works, and government publications. Dif- scription rate is $36. ferences in applying these highly subjective criteria probably account for the major omissions. Proposed Guide to African Sources The compiler has provided a detailed table of contents well arranged for easy reference. He has The African Studies Association, with the finan- divided the Bibliography on the basis of approach cial support of the Ford Foundation, will com- into three major sections: Analytical (General In- pile a guide to the broad range of Africa-related ternational Relations), Chronological (The World archival and manuscript sources in the United Since 1914), and National or Regional (The States. When completed, the guide will be pub- World by Regions). However, while his general lished by the National Historical Publications organization is clear, the rationale of the order Commission and will also serve as the U.S. na- of subsections within it is not, particularly in tional volume of the projected "Guide to the Part 111. It is neither alphabetical nor geographi- Sources of African History" outside of Africa, cal; Switzerland, for example, is found between sponsored by the Unesco-affiliated International Belgium and France, Nigeria between Ghana and Council on Archives. To maximize the coverage Liberia. The arrangement probably has its own of the guide, the nature and location of sources logic, but since it is unknown to this reviewer, he not likely to have been described in the standard will refer back to the table of contents rather than literature nor identified in terms of their African search in the body of the bibliography. relationship should be reported to Morris Rieger, Finally, Dr. Roberts has supplied indexes of Director, National African Guide Proiect. NHPC. both author and title listings that the individual National Archives and Records service, washing: researcher may find useful. ton, D. C. 20408. OCTOBER 1964 SLA Authors vides Means for Full Utilization of Technical In- formation. Nnq Management Review, vol. 9, no. ANDERSON,Frank J. The View from the River: 6, June 1964, p. 29-30. Richard Bissell's Satirical Humor, The Midwest Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 4, Summer 1964, p. 311-22. . The Automated Approach To Technical Itzfovmatzon Retriew-Library Applicationr (Nav- AKNAN, Gertrude L., et al. Regional Plans for ships 250-210-2). Washington, D. C.: Depart- Medical Library Service. New York State and the ment of the Navy, Bureau of Ships, March 1964. New York Metropolitan Area. Bulletin of the 44p. (Available from Govt. Printing Office). 30d. Medical Libwry Association, vol. 52, no. 3, July 1964, p. 503-8. O'CONNOR.J. Thesaurus. American Documenta- tion, vol. 15, no. 3, July 1964, p. 226-7. AKTAXDI,Susan. Measuring of Indexing. Library Resouvces and Technical Service.r, vol. 8, no. 3, PFLUEGER,Margaret L. Dissemination of AEC Summer 1964, p. 229-35. Technical Information Outside the United States. UNESCO Bulletin jor Libraries., vol. 18, no. 4, BRAHM,Walter. Logic or Lip Service? Library July-August 1964, p. 195-7. Jouvt~al,vol. 89, no. 15, September 1, 1964, p. 3093-8. SCHICK,Frank L. The Coordinated Collection and Individual Use of Library Statistics. Library DANIELS,Marietta. The Evolution of Science In- Tvends, vol. 13, no. 1, July 1964, p. 117-25. formation Services in the United States of Amer- ica. l~dianLibrarian, vol. 18, no. 4, March 1964, SHERA,J. H. Darwin, Bacon, and Research in Li- p. 207-19. brarianship. Library Trends, vol. 13, no. 1, July 1964, p. 141-9. DOWNS,Robert B. Resources for Research in Li- brarianship. Library Trends, vol. 13, no. 1, July TITLEY,Joan. Medical Events In Kentucky One 1964, p. 6-14. Hundred Years Ago, A Review Of The Year 1863. The Journal of the Kentucky State Medical DUNKIN,Paul S. Cataloging and Classification. Association, November 1963. Journal of Education for Librarianship, vol. 4, no. 4, Spring 1964, p. 231-42. . Printed Catalogues of American Medical Libraries Before 1850: A Check List. Journal of ELLSWORTH,Ralph E. Another Chance for Cen- the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. tralized Cataloging. Library Journal, vol. 89, no. 19, no. 1, 1964, p. 61-5. 15, September 1, 1964, p. 3104-7. . The Library of the Louisville Medical In- FERGUSON,Elizabeth. Income Resources and stitute, 1837-46 (Murray Gottlieb Prize Essay, Needs of Older People, Selected References, 1964. 1963). Bulletin of The Medical Library Associa- New York: National Council on the Aging, 1964. tion, vol. 52, no. 2, April 1964, p. 353-69. GOLDSTEIN,Harold. How Articulate Is Our Ar- TRITSCHLER,R. J. Effective Information-Searching ticulation. Journal of Education for Librarianship, Strategies without "Perfect" Indexing. American vol. 4, no. 4, Spring 1964, p. 218-25. Documentation, vol. 15, no. 3, July 1964, p. 179- HINES, Theodore C. Science Citation Index. Li- 84. brary Journal, vol. 89, no. 13, July 1964, p. YENAWINE,Wayne S. and BOAZ, Martha. The 2735-7. Conferences that Were. Journal of Education for KENNEY,L. A. Public Relations in the College Librarianship, vol. 4, no. 4, Spring 1964, p. 191-2. Library. College 6 Research Libraries, vol. 25, no. 4, July 1964, p. 263-6. "National Geographic" To Be Reprinted KILGOUR,Frederick G., and SMITH,Ruth F. Re- gional Plans for Medical Library Service: Re- The National Geographic Society has announced a gional Library Services of the Yale Medical Li- program of reprinting the early, now very rare, brary. Bulletin af the Medical Library Association, issues of its famous journal National Geographic, vol. 52, no. 3, July 1964, p. 501-2. beginning with volume 1, no. 1, of October 1888. The first reprints are expected to be available in KLEMPNER,I. M. Methodology for the Compara- October 1964 at modest cost. tive Analysis of Information Storage and Retrieval Systems: A Critical Review. American Documen- tation, vol. 15, no. 3, July 1964, p. 210-15. Union Lists for Six States KRUPP,Robert G., et al. Special Libraries and the Literature Service Associates of Bound Brook, Paris Report. Library Resources and Technical New Jersey, has recently issued in serial format A Services, vol. 8, no. 3, Summer 1964, p. 227-8. Union List of Serials in Maine/New Hampshire/ Vermont, A Union List of Serials in Massachu- MARTON,Tibor W., co-author. Soviet Research in setts, and Union List of Serials in Delaware/ Field Emission, 1960-63; An Annotated Bibliog- Maryland. The state libraries, state library associ- raphy (Technical Note 234). Washington, D. C.: ations, and other groups are cooperating in the National Bureau of Standards, 1964. iii, 39 p. projects. Inquiries regarding contribution of infor- NICOLAUS,John J. Automated Approach to Tech- mation and subscription prices should be directed nical Information Retrieval-New Technique Pro- to the publisher. SPECIAL LIBRARIES RECENT REFERENCES supports about 60 separate contracts and grants. These are described under appropriate headings Prepared by JOHN R. SHEPLEY (lnformation Systems Research, Biophysical In- Cataloging and Classification formation Systems, Concepts of Machine Organ- ization, etc.), and listed in the appendix. The 112 DKAZNIOWSKY,Roman. Cutuluguing and Filing publications produced by these projects in 1963 Rules jor Mdps and Atlases in the Society's Col- are cited after the appropriate section of the re- lectio~ (Mimeographed and Offset Publication port. No. 4, revised). New York: American Geograph- ALTMANN,Berthold. ical Society, 1964. 41 p. pap. $3.50. The Medium-Sized Informu- The rules and methods developed for cataloging tion Seruire; Its Automation /or Retried (TR- and filing the maps (over 300,000), atlases (over 1192). Washington, D. C.: Harry Diamond Lab- 4,000), and reference materials in the American oratories, Army Materiel Command, 1963. 26 p. Geographical Society's collection. Covers area clas- pap. mimeo. Apply. (Available from Defense sification, subject classification, chronological fil- Documentation Center) ing. call number, cataloging by type of material. A theoretical discussion of the basic elements catalog card description, catalog arrangement, and influencing the organization and operation of a map filing. Also included are abridged versions of documentation center is followed by a case study. the Society's area classification and subject entry The operations of a medium-size reference service lists. were automated first by using EAM equipment and later a computer. In the process, the coordi- RAXZ,Jim. The Printed BOOR Catalogue in Amer- nate indexing system was replaced by the ABC ica?~Libruries: 1723-1900 ( ACRL Monograph (Approach-By-Concept) system, permitting man- No. 26). Chicago: American Library Association, ual as well as automatic retrieval. Possible appli- 1964. viii, 144 p. pap. $3. (L.C. 64-17055) cation of this system to large documentation cen- Traces the development of the book-form li- ters is explained. brary catalog in America from colonial times to its replacement in 1900 by Library of Congress IBM CORPORATION.The IBM DSD Technicdl In- printed catalog cards. Bibliography and index. formation Center: Selected Papers on an Integrated Unjustified margins. System for Disseminating, Storing, and Retrieving I~zformation (Technical Report 00.1103). Pough- Some Problems of a General Classification Scheme: keepsie, N. Y.: IBM DSD Technical Information Report of a Conference held in London, June Center, P. 0.Box 390, 1964. 103 p. pap. Gratis. 1963. London: The Library Association, 1964. 48 Six papers describing an operating information p. pap. $1.40; $1.05 to Library Association mem- system which combines automatic dissemination, bers. bulletin announcement, manual retrieval, and ma- The conference was financed by a grant from chine retrieval. Gives details for document index- the Scientific Research Fund of NATO, made to ing and abstracting, recording in machine-readable the Library Association in support of its project format. customer profiling, microfilm preparation, for the study of a new general scheme of biblio- and machine production of customer-oriented out- graphic classification. Five papers discuss the ori- puts including bulletins and indexes. Based on ob- gins of the conference, "browsing" and "special- servations after one and one half years of opera- ist" schemes, the Kyle Classification, inadequacies tion. of existing schemes, and Classification Research Group proposals for a new general classification. JONKER, Frederick. Indexing Theory, Indexing Methods and Search Devices. New York and Lon- STROUT, Ruth French, ed. Library Catalogs: don: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1964. 124 p. $4. Changing Dimensions. The Twenty-eighth Annual (L. C. 64-11785) Conference of the Graduate Library School, Au- Examines basic principles, terminology, and gust 5-7, 1963. Chicago: University of Chicago methods in an effort to arrive at a general theory Press, 1964. 127 p. $3.75. of information retrieval. Charts and diagrams; Nine papers presented at the Conference, all references to the literature. Unjustified margins. concerned with a re-evaluation of the format and function of catalogs. Current needs, past experi- LITTLE (ARTHURD.), INC. Automatic Message ence, European methods, and future automation Retrieval: Studies for the Design of an English are among the areas covered. Command and Control Language System (Tech- nical Documentary Report ESD-TDR-63-673). L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass.: Decision lnformation Handling Techniques Sciences Laboratory, Electronic Systems Division, AIR FORCE OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, Air Force Systems Command, U. S. Air Force, DIRECTORATEOF INFORMATIONSCIENCES. Infor- 1963. xiii, 187 p. pap. spiral binding. Apply. mation Sciences 1963: Annual Report (AFOSR (Available from OTS, Department of Commerce, 64-0101). Washington, D. C.: 1964. Various Washington, D. C.) paging. pap. Apply. Discusses the problems of developing a machine First annual report of the Directorate of Infor- capability to retrieve natural language message in- mation Sciences, whose research program now formation, the goal being a capability to index OCTOBER 1964 and store information from messages given in colored maps and gazetteer. The first section of English, and to answer detailed questions about volume 5 (170 p.) updates the previous volumes the stored data by producing a new message from to Fall 1963; the second section (785 p.) is a the entire body of information previously com- 60,000 title bibliography of books, reports, and municated to the machine. Utilizes associative articles which have been published on some 11,- searching technique. 000 alphabetically listed topics in the fields of MARTYN, John. Report of an Investigation on science, art, philosophy, history, etc. Literature Searching by Research Scientists. Lon- GARDNER,Ann, ed. Canadian Almanac 6 Di- don: Aslib, 1964. 20 p. pap. mimeo. $1.05. rectory for 1964. Toronto: Copp Clark Publishing The sample in this survey included over 600 Co., 517 Wellington St. West, 1964. viii, 760 p. scientists employed in industrial, academic, and $12.50. government research; the purpose was to discover A standard reference work, now in its 117th the extent to which scientists search the literature year. Over 50,000 entries covering government, and how often published information is found banking, educational institutions, customs tariffs, too late to be of value. The report is factual and taxes, trade commissioners, radio and TV, news- quantitative; discussion and interpretation of the papers, and much more. Index. results have been reserved for later publication. Europa Year Book, 1964, 2 vols. London: Europa NATIONALACADEMY OF SCIENCES-NATIONAL Publications Ltd., 18 Bedford Square, 1964. RESEARCHCOUNCIL. The Metallurgical Searching 1000; 1200 p. $44; separately $25. Service of the American Society for Metals, West- World survey and directory of countries and in- ern Reserve Unit~ersity:An Ez~aluation (Publica- ternational organizations. Volume I, in two parts, tion 1148). Washington. D. C.: 1964. viii, 96 p. covers the international organizations and Europe, pap. $2. (L. C. 63-65397) including the U.S.S.R. and Turkey; Volume I1 The report of an ad hoc committee appointed covers the countries of Africa, the Americas, Asia, to evaluate the effectiveness of the information and Australasia. retrieval system employed by the American Society KusrjowC, Volodymyr, ed. Ukraine: A Conci~e for Metals at the Western Reserve University Encyclopaedia, vol. 1. Toronto: University of Center for Documentation and Communication Toronto Press, 1963. xxxviii, 1185 p. illus. Research. Bibliography. $37.50. NATIONALACADEMY OF SCIENCES-NATIONAL The first volume of the English translation of RESEARCHCOUNCIL. Stlr~ey of Chemical Notation an original three-volume encyclopedia published Systems: A Report of the Committee on Modern in Ukrainian in 1949. Material is arranged under Methods of Handling Chemical Information the following subject headings: general informa- (Publication 1150). Washington, D. C.: 1964. tion, physical geography and natural history, pop- xii, 467 p, pap. $7. (L. C. 63-65443) ulation, ethnography, language, history, culture, An analysis of the characteristics of various and literature. Prepared by Shevchenko Scientific chemical codes, chemical notations, and other non- Society and published for the Ukrainian National conventional methods of handling information de- Association. riving from chemical structures. Based on inter- WALSH, S. Padraig. General Encyclopedias in views with some 50 companies, organizations, and Print: A Comparative Analysis, 1964. Newark, individuals. Fold-out charts. Del.: Reference Books Research Service, 124 South Dillwyn Road, Wingate Park, 1964. 68 p. Encyclopedias and Yearbooks pap. $1.50. (L. C. 63-24124) Published annually. Evaluates encyclopedias in AB Bookman's Yearbook. Newark, N. J.: Anti- print in terms of cost, age suitability, size, presen- quarian Bookman, 1964. In two parts: 352, 128 tation of material, accuracy, illustrations, etc. In- p. pap. $3, $2. (L. C. 54-1676) dex. Part I contains AB features and references; Part 11, the out-of-print market and trade services Directories directory for 1964. Emphasis in this issue is on the relationship between library, dealer, and col- ALEXANDER,Raphael, ed. Sources of Infovmation lector in the growing book field. and Unusual Services, 7th ed. New York: Infor- mational Directory Co., 200 West 57th St., 1964. Duden Lexikofz, 5 vols. Mannheim: Bibliograph- 100 p. pap. $3.50. (L. C. 53-4208) isches Institut, 1961, 1962, 1963. Vols. 1-3, A-F, A directory of organizations, agencies, and ex- G-0, P-2, $5.50 each; vol. 4, Atlas, $5.50; vol. perts. 1,400 entries on 600 subjects, an increase 5, supplement and bibliography, $6.50. (Distr. by over the previous edition (1961). Includes a list- Chilton Books, Philadelphia) ing of about 250 useful books for the layman. The first three volumes of this encyclopedic All material arranged in a single alphabetical reference work in German contain over 80,000 order by subject. word entries, 6,000 illustrations of which 2,400 are in color, maps in color, numerous charts and AMERICANASSOCIATION OF LAW LIBRARIES.Bio- tables. Volume 4 is a complete world atlas with graphical Directory of Law Librarians in the SPECIAL LIBRARIES L'nbed States and Canada. St. Paul, Minn.: West technology and library training or experience Publishing Co., 1964. 57 p. pap. Apply. preferred. Varied work in reference and materials First biographical directory of its kind. Living ordering involved. Write Box C 3. American and Canadian professional law librarians who are actively engaged in, or retired from, ASSISTANT SCIENCE LIBRARIAN-(junior posi- professional law library work. tion) ; varied duties depend on versatility and background; branch libraries in science and tech- AMERICANLIBRARY ASSOCIATION. ALA Member- nology; part cataloging considered. Experience and ship Directory, 1963. Chicago: 1964. xii, 398 p. science degrees considered; salary open. Faculty pap. $10. status; million volume library system, remodeled Lists all members as of October 1, 1963, and and enlarged building and branches, library-con- includes lists of national, state, provincial, and scious faculty, enthusiastic library staff. Apply to John L. Glinka, Acting Associate Director, Uni- local library associations, agencies, supervisors, versity of Kansas Libraries, Lawrence, Kansas and periodicals. Distributed free of charge to life, 66045. An equal opportunity employer. special, and certain institutional classes of membership in accordance with Article I of ALA by- BRANCH(SCIENCE) LIBRARIAN-O~~II~~~ October laws. Produced from punched card membership 12 for graduate librarian with biological sciences records. training or experience. Over-all responsibility for CATTELL ( JAQUES) PRESS, eds. Directory of five branch libraries: Plant and Animal Sciences, American Scholars, Vol. 111: Foreign Languages, Chemistry, Math, Physics and Engineering. Be- ginning salary to $8,400 depending on qualifica- Linguistics and Philology, 4th ed. New York: tions. Faculty status, TIAA, major medical and R. R. Bowker Co., 1964. xii, 279 p. $15. (L. C. one month vacation. Apply: Donald E. Vincent, 57-9125) Librarian, University of New Hampshire Library, Third volume in the series published with the Durham, New Hampshire. cooperation of the American Council of Learned Societies. Approximately 5,100 biographies of CATALOGER-Science background preferred. Le- scholars in both the modern and classical fields. high University. Department well organized with Also available at $15 per volume: Volume I adequate clerical assistance. Library has newly es- (History), Volume I1 (English, Speech and tablished Center for the Information Sciences. Beth- Drama). Volume IV (Philosophy, Religion and lehem, Pa., 90 miles from New York City, 50 miles from Philadelphia. James D. Mack, Librar- Law) due later in the year. Ian.

CATALOGER-In a processing center in the ex- CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING panding Tulsa City-County Library System. Book Positions open and wanted-50 cents per line; catalog in process. New $2,500,000 building under minimum charge $I.>O. Other classifieds-75 cents construction. Library degree. Salary range: $65,280- a line; $2.21 minimum. Copy must be received by $7,320 depending on experience. (Additional 10 tenth of month preceding month of publication. per cent anticipated in 1965.) HEAD-Business and Economics Division. To ad- POSITIONS OPEN minister and expand a specialized service division of the Central Library having particular reference to the business community of the Tulsa area. AGRICULTURALREFERENCE LIBRARIAN--U~~V~~- Background knowledge in economics and in the sity of California Library, Davis, California. Li- literature of business and economics along with brarian 111. salary range $7,428-$9,480. Several related library experience important. Staff of 4-5. years appropriate experience plus some academic Salary range: $5,808-$7,320. (Additional 10 per training in science required. Develops book col- cent anticipated in 1965.) lection and provides reference service for agricultural sciences and related fields. Rapidly expanding HEAhScience and Technology Division. To ad- general university library. Good opportunities for minister and expand a specialized service division professional advancement. Apply J. R. Blanchard, of the Central Library having particular reference University Library, University of California, Davis, to petroleum, aeronautics, and related scientific California. and technological research needs in the Tulsa area. Background knowledge in science and the literature of science and related library experience ASSISTANTCATALOGER-Position open at the Uni- important. Special knowledge of petroleum sci- versity of Wyoming. Two years experience and a ences desirable. Staff of 4-5. Salary range: $6,984- knowledge of two foreign languages preferred. $8,832. (Additional 10 per cent anticipated in Salary range: $6,564-$6,828, depending on qualifi- 1965.) Write Mrs. A. B. Martin, Director, Tulsa cations. A new library provides excellent working City-County Library System, Tulsa, Oklahoma. conditions. The appointment carries faculty rank and privileges. Apply: Director, University of Wyoming Libraries, Laramie, Wyoming 82070. POSITIONS WANTED ASSISTANTLIBRARIAN-For technical library devoted to serving the interests of laboratory per- LIBRARIAN-M.A., M.S.L.S. Experience in special sonnel. Training in some branch of science or and research libraries. Good knowledge of French, OCTOBER 1964 591 Polish, Russian. Desires position in Washington, in library science. B.S. in biology, chemistry. De- D. C. area. Write Box C 1. sires responsible technical library position in New York metropolitan area. Write Box C 2. LIBRARIAN-MS. in L.S., Columbia University, U. S. Government GS-9, ten years experience, seeking position in medical, hospital. technical, WANTED TO BUY general library work in Denver, Colorado area. Call Area Code 303, 534-7977. LADIESHOME JouR~~~-December 1919. in excellent condition. and at a reasonable price. Con- hb~~-Withexperience, looking for Library As- tact Mrs. Katherine S. Chase. 1305 North Broom sistant pwition. Call New York, Yukon 8.2287. Street. Apartment 202, W'ilmington, Delaware 19806. TECHNICALLIBRARIAN-I~~US~I~~~ and college library experience: literature and patent searching, PERIODICALS,duplicates, surplus for cash or ex- ~nforrnation retr~eval, reference, cataloging. M.S change. Write for free Library Buying List. Can- - ner's SL, Boston 20, Massachusetts.

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%,g& INDLIS More of etferythingfor 11 Depl. 1021V, 56 Earl St. Newark, N.J., 07114; IiIIiamsport, Pa., Los Augelrs, C~I/I~,Toronlo, Onfarto Library szdpph,furniture andrhargin~sysfem~mAlnnar Book Prortvsing Center. Bro-Dnrt Books. Unidoc Eruice GALE BOOKS IN PRINT Order on 30-Day Approval or Write for Descriptive Brochure Acronyms Dictionary, A Guide t(t Alphahctic Iksigt~ations.C'ontracti~,ns, antl 111itial 0.~srnsof Numerous Types : Associations. Aerospace, I3usiness. Electronic, Governmental, Labar, llilitary, Public Affairs, Scientific, Technical. Etc. 12,000 r~~tries;211 pages. $10.00 Bookman's Price Index, '4 Consolidated 1,ist (,I Sought-After Expensivr ant1 Rare Books and Periodicals As Offercd in the 1963 Catalogs oi hfajor Dealeri. Edited h> Ihnicl F, McGrath. 111 press. Approximately 60,000 entries, 1,500 pages. $32.50 Code Names Dictionary, A Guide to Code Names, Slang, Kicknames. Jnurnalcae, at~ti Terms in Various Fields. Including ,\viation, Rockets and hfissiles. Alilitary. Aerospace, lleteorology, j\tornic Energy, Cotnnrunications, and Others. Edited by Frederick G. Kuffner, Jr., and Rohert C. Thomas. Prefacc by Eric Partridge. 8,500 entries; 555 pages. $15.00 C] Contemporary Authors, A Bio-Hibliographical Guide to Current Authors and Their Works. Edited b~-James hf. Ethritlge. Published semiannually. Approxiniately 2,000 biographical slietchcs in each volume. 4,000 sketches per year, with no duplication between volunies but with cunnulative indexes. Rfore than 8,000 listings now in print; all back volume5 (from Fall, 1962). are available. Atunual subseriptiotr (two large clothhound volutnes, more thau 1,(lm pages) $25.00 ; two years (four volunles). $45.00 ; thrre years (six volurnrs) , $62.50 Directory of Special Libraries and Information Centers, An -Annotated Guide 111 Specialized Reference and Information IJnits. Edited by Anthony T, Kruzah. Foretvortl by Rill M. Woods. Subject index. 10,000 entries; 767 pages. $25.00 Directory of University Research Bureaus and Institutes, Including College- ant1 Uaiversity-Spotisored Research Units Carrying on Continuing Research in Agriculture. Business, Conservation, Education, Engineering, Government and Public Affairs, Labor. Law, Life Sciences, Mathematics, Science and Technology, and the Social Sciences. Keyword and other indexes. 1,300 entries ; 232 pages. $20.00 Encyclopedia of Associations-llth Edition. Identifies and Describes National Trade, Professional. Scientific, Governmental, Educational, Medical. Religious, Fraternal. Avocational and Other Voluntary Membership Organizations. Edited by Frederick C;. Ruffner, Jr. Voltr~rlcI: Descriptive listings classified by fields of interest, with alphabetical and keyword index. 12,910 entries; 1,232 pages. $25.00. Vol~iwc11: Geographic Index to organizations listed in Volume I, separate alphabetical index to officials. 361 pages. $15.00 0 Statistics Sources, A Subject-Classified Bibliographical Guide to More Than 9,000 Places to Find Information About More Than 6,000 Subjects. Edited by Paul Wasser- man, Eleanor Allen, Anthony T. Kruzas, Charlotte Georgi. 288 pages. $15.00 National Directory of Employment Services, A Guide to Specialized Employment Agel~cirs,Placement Bureaus, and Related Services. 5,070 entries; 240 pages. $25.00 Management Information Guide Series Each Volume: $8.75 Atithoritntiw, Air~~otatedUildiographics Compiled by O~~tsfa~ldingLibrarians bl Each Ficld, atld Corttait&,q Rcfcrcr~ccsto Ala>rwals,Encyclupcdias. Prriodicals, Abstracti~lq SrrnG-cs, Trni~~ir~gFiltils, Rrports, Libraries. n11d Otlier Rrsotircc.~ Paul Wassernian, Cornell University, General Editor Ke%l Estate Inforn~atioti Sources, Edited I,?. Public I'inancr Information Sources. k:dlted by Jan~ccBabb and Beverly Dordick, Natioti:il Asso \'era H. Knox. Tax 1:nnndation. Frircworrl 11) ciation of Real Estate Boards. (2. 1,oarIl Harr~ss. Building Construction Infortnation Sources. :, Itrllnstry l,,fornlation Sources, Edite(i Edited h? Howard B. Bentley, Architectnral ,,sepll V, liol,ycir,~k,. porrword by ~~~~~~~l~ Forum and TInuir and Ilome. Farewnul'1,y hlilts I.. C"nlcnt1. (,,, I,l.ess) 3 :\id to L)cvelol,t~lc Sations: A Rihliograpi~). Edited I,y Eloise ti. ReQua and Jaiir Statham Foreword hy Gcorge I. Hlnnksten. (111 press)

GALE RESEARCH COMPANY THE ROOK TOWER IIETKOIT 26, MICHIGAN Grt~f1ci11'11:Please set~cl me as soon as pos- above amounts, plus a sniall charge for postage sit)le the Gale reference publications I have antl handling. If they do not help me solve my clieckcd ahoy(:. I map examine and use thew daily reiercnce probletns. I nnv return t11v 1)ook.i for thirty days. If they are useful it1 my Imoks and nmprnothing. lilxrry. I will pay your memo invoice for the Name Title Company or Instit Street Address City