Current and emerging trends in the sector

How shifting priorities and developing are shaping the today and into the future

Author Matthew Price Client Manager

July 2018 About us

SNC-Lavalin’s Atkins business is one of the world’s most respected , and project consultancies. Together, SNC-Lavalin, a global fully integrated professional services and project management company, and Atkins help our clients plan, design and enable major capital projects, and provide expert consultancy that covers the full lifecycle of projects.

With a strong, proven heritage in aerospace design and consultancy services, we have worked on some of the industry’s biggest projects. Including: ’ A380, A400M and Single Aisle aircraft, and with Marshall Aerospace and Defence Group, Bombardier, BAE Systems, Rolls-Royce and the Royal Air Force. 3 3

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Narrowbody craft, also known as ‘single-aisle ‘single-aisle as known also craft, Narrowbody

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to historic levels. In July 2018 Airbus announced announced Airbus 2018 July In levels. historic to commercial and military feets. feets. military and commercial

the aviation industry is continuing to raise output output raise to continuing is industry aviation the advanced methods to build, repair and maintain maintain and repair build, to methods advanced

to 7.8 billion annually. To match that demand, demand, that match To annually. billion 7.8 to in the aerospace industry using increasingly increasingly using industry aerospace the in

will almost double in the period to 2036, rising rising 2036, to period the in double almost will These, and more, factors have all resulted resulted all have factors more, and These,

(IATA) forecasts that global passenger numbers numbers passenger global that forecasts (IATA) predict when components require attention. attention. require components when predict

The International Air Association Association Transport Air International The

are using big data to help them understand and and understand them help to data big using are

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for commercial air transport – most notably notably most – transport air commercial for ‘Passenger numbers numbers ‘Passenger

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grows and trends shift. shift. trends and grows

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of exciting developments on the horizon that the the that horizon the on developments exciting of

record demand, Matthew Price assesses a number number a assesses Price Matthew demand, record

suppliers get into full execution mode to meet meet to mode execution full into get suppliers

As major aircraft manufacturers and tier one one tier and manufacturers aircraft major As Introduction Introduction Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

Driven by that dynamic, the two big aircraft & Whitney particularly exposed. In addition, manufacturers – Airbus and Boeing – are both pricing pressure from the airframe equipment looking at taking narrowbody production to manufacturers is driving a new wave of unprecedented levels and challenging the consolidation in the supply chain. supply chain to meet the demand. This is a Recently, Safran successfully acquired cabin signifcant issue, bearing in mind engine and and seating specialist Zodiac Aerospace, and interior have both proved to be United Technologies took on a $23 billion pursuit recent production bottlenecks – then we could of avionics and in-fight systems see a monthly output of a combined 130 aircraft provider Rockwell Collins – itself bolstered from 2020 onwards. by the 2017 acquisition of interiors frm B/E Aerospace. In addition, Boeing has recently The supply announced several initiatives to enter the supply chain, developing auxiliary power units, chain’s challenge actuators, seating and avionics, alone or with partners. Aside from , these It’s not just the big two who face this supply moves are driven by the frms’ desires to capture chain challenge, both Canada’s Bombardier and more of the maintenance and services market. Brazilian manufacturer Embraer have begun deliveries of their respective CSeries and E-Jet E2 aircraft, which are both powered by variants Looking to the of the Pratt & Whitney geared turbofan engines. Also, new types from Irkut (MC-21), Comac next generation (C919) and Mitsubishi Aircraft (MRJ) are all in Aircraft development also continues, albeit at fight test, with entries scheduled for the a slower pace. With the exception of the Boeing next fve years. 777X, and potentially their as-yet unlaunched As a result, the supply chain has made mid-market airplane , there is no other ‘clean- signifcant investment to meet the proposed sheet’ aircraft currently in development by the output hikes, with narrow-body engine big two, although a Sino-Russian collaboration manufacturers CFM International, which is to produce a next-generation widebody is a joint venture between US frm GE Aviation in the pipeline. and Safran Aero Engines of , and Pratt

www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 4 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

What is also certain, is that engine co-operate on a , manufacturers are all investing in research and adding to other next-generation development for the next generation of aircraft, efforts from Japan, South Korea and Turkey, and in the mid-term all of them appear to be for example. banking on the current turbofan architecture to improve fuel-effciency. But any fuel- burn savings from propulsion systems will Maintenance, repair undoubtedly be driven by the employment of increasingly exotic materials – matrix and operational issues composites, for example – to allow better What sets the new generation of aircraft apart thermal effciency in the hot section of the from its predecessors are in both engine, or the use of a gearing system – as seen materials and systems – innovations that on Pratt & Whitney PW1000-series engines – to pose both opportunities and challenges for separate the fan and turbomachinery, allowing the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) each to operate at its optimum speed. sector, too. While most of the current crop of narrowbodies feature conventional On that note, Rolls-Royce is working on its wings and fuselages, the newest widebodies, the geared UltraFan programme, coupled with and the Boeing 787, both feature development of a more effcient core as part majority composite . of its advance research. Assuming there is no dramatic change of course over the coming Although previous-generation aircraft have years, thee most recent forecasts from successfully utilised composite material Airbus, Boeing and independent consultancy – around 17% of the 777 is carbon fbre, FlightGlobal Ascend predict deliveries of around for example – this proportion is set only to 35,000 to 39,000 passenger and freighter increase. While the properties of metallic and aircraft over the next 20 years. Although composite structures are well understood, and forecasts have some variance, they are broadly many and MROs will have expertise in agreement in terms of overall numbers. in the repair techniques required for both, it is the increasing prevalence and scale of use of composite that poses the challenge for Defence implications maintenance and repair.

If commercial aerospace is in execution mode, Metallic structures tend to bend under the the same can be said of the defence industry. force of an impact – in collision with a ground The most signifcant current programme on the handling , for example – but that’s not global stage is the Lockheed Martin F-35 Joint the case with composite material. While a Strike Fighter, which is ramping-up to deliver simple visual check would reveal a dent on an orders from its nine partner nations and three aluminium fuselage, the sub-surface damage overseas customers. on a composite airframe can only be detected In Europe, meanwhile, Airbus Defence & Space through ultrasonic scanning. And this requires is working to deliver the A400M military specialist equipment. Repairs require investment transporter to its clients. And further out, there not just in equipment, but also in people, will be the Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider training, skills and process improvements bomber for the US Air Force, while France and to be performed properly. Germany have indicated a willingness to

www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 5 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

Changing spaces Increasing digitisation A further opportunity for the maintenance The increasing digitisation of the maintenance sector, capitalising on a headache for airlines, is sector will be another factor demanding in supporting the need for airlines to regularly different skills to previous generations’ skills. reft a variety of updated commercial aircraft As Boeing notes in its 2017 technician forecast: interiors. Changing passenger demands – driven “As airlines continue to take delivery of new by the fast pace of development in consumer airplanes, advances in airplane technology will technology and a new generation of digitally- drive an increased need for technicians savvy customers – has resulted in airlines skilled in avionics, composites, operating feets with increasingly different and digital troubleshooting.” cabin layouts. Emirates, for example, has three different confgurations on its feet of Airbus A380s, while Singapore Airlines is currently performing a large-scale retroft programme on 14 of its super-jumbos, to bring them up-to- speed with customer demands.

Based on the predicted growth of the global commercial feet, Airbus estimates that over the next 20 years, the maintenance, repair and operations sector will be worth $120 billion annually, by 2036. The knock-on effect of this means the aviation industry will require an additional 548,000 technicians over that time if it’s to meet that forecasted demand. Boeing predicts an even more pronounced requirement, believing that the sector will need an additional 648,000 technicians by 2037.

“Airbus estimates that over the Clearly digitisation will have to play a signifcant part in helping to address this challenge, for next 20 years, the maintenance, example, technicians using virtual reality will repair and operations sector will be able to better visualise how components ft together – enabling them to ‘step inside’ be worth $120 billion annually. an assembly or view it from multiple angles. The knock-on effect means the And, of course, there are simple cost and time aviation industry will need an saving improvements, such as paper manuals becoming a thing of the past, and repair staff extra 548,000 technicians – being able instantly to call-up relevant data and Boeing predicts more on a handheld device. than 640,000.”

www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 6 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

Drones as Maintenance maintenance tools version 2.0 Unmanned air – better known as drones There are many other very positive – allied to improved imaging technology, are developments in this area. Since 2016, Airbus also fnding a home in the maintenance sector. has been developing the next generation of UK low-cost carrier EasyJet, among others, has maintenance technology under its Hangar of the trialled them to detect surface damage, such Future initiative, located in Singapore. Developed as from lightning strikes, on its feet. Results from the outset as a response to lower-cost showed that using drones reduced the time maintenance providers, this project aims to taken to inspect each aircraft, and freed-up increase operational effciency through the technicians for other tasks. As such, in 2018 application of lean methodology, plus state-of- EasyJet began out the system across its the-art technologies – with the latter embracing network. The company has also been testing automated non-destructive scanning, the 3D-scanning technology and hopes to be able to introduction of augmented and virtual reality, add this capability to its drone feet. and the use of big data to drive predictive maintenance. As a further sign of change in the sector, and a willingness to embrace disruptive technologies Predictive maintenance is a key advance here. and digitisation, German maintenance giant By capturing data and performing complex data Lufthansa Technik announced in April 2018 analytics, it will enable the aviation industry to that its Malta facility was testing a number of manage demand. As aircraft systems become technological innovations including mobile 3D more sophisticated, and satellite datalink scanners and drone inspections. coverage becomes more robust, aircraft are becoming able to communicate 400,000 separate touchpoints, or parameters, in real time. That data is invaluable – because time and cost are of the essence. It’s being captured faster than ever before, and the next step is to successfully generate value from it.

www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 7 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

If correctly analysed and harnessed, such data will allow airlines and maintenance companies New players to identify precisely what needs to be repaired and replaced, and pinpoint the optimal time for in the field intervention, too. None of this technological change comes cheaply, of course. Established maintenance providers need to invest in order to differentiate Risk and reward of themselves from new entrants to the market, increased connectivity particularly those in lower-cost locations. Also, a further strand of competition is emerging as As with most advances, there is risk and reward. the original equipment manufacturers attempt And this is where increased connectivity also to capture an increasingly large share of the poses questions of data : as increased services and support sector. While original connectivity enables faster and more effcient equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have always delivery of and services, is also putting been present in this sector, for instance in the nation’s vital infrastructure at risk of cyber- relation to engines or landing gears, airframe attack. Similarly, a new generation of systems is manufacturers are also now seeking to provide based on openness and interoperability providing end-to-end maintenance solutions for agility and business value. However, in turn, this their customers. exposes organisations and society to a host of Boeing, in particular, is growing its Global cyber security risks, from a number of sources Services division, with an ambitious target such as terrorism, potentially hostile nation of generating $50 billion in revenue by 2025. states in a global shift of the balance of power, And, both Airbus and Boeing are developing and domestic sources . interfaces that will permit the retrieval of Expertise is needed to get the balance right, and complete aircraft sensor data. From 2018, specialisms such as cyber resilience knowledge Airbus will equip all its A320s with a secure is already helping organisations understand server router that collects aircraft maintenance the threats they face, implement proportionate and performance data and automatically protection, and when necessary, recover quickly transmits it to ground-based operations via 4G from a security breach. All of which keeps on the ground, and satcom broadband in the air. mission critical operations running smoothly, The new system captures 100% of the available safely, and securely. data, or 24,000 touchpoints, or ‘health parameters’.

www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 8 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

Recent research by satellite provider Inmarsat Big data, and the School of Economics estimates that unscheduled maintenance events could bigger efficiencies cost the industry a total of $40.9 billion annually The big data revolution, and information derived by 2035. However, even a 5% reduction in from it, will soon allow maintenance companies unplanned events could save up to $656 million to amass the correct parts and technicians to per year for widebodies alone, make any repairs as soon as an aircraft lands. the study suggests. This certainly holds promise for increased safety and enhanced operational effciency, by cutting “A recent study by Inmarsat aircraft-on-ground time, which is estimated to and the London School of cost the industry $62 billion annually. Economics suggests that even In addition, big data should allow maintenance providers to plan their schedules better, by a 5% reduction in unplanned cutting down on the amount of unplanned shop maintenance events could save visits and helping to optimise throughput at their facilities. In trials last year, airline Cathay Pacifc the industry up to $656 million and technology provider Honeywell found that per year.” the latter’s Go Direct Connected Maintenance application – which combines the connectivity of modern aircraft with data analytics – reduced inoperative systems on an aircraft by 35%. The two subsequently teamed up to roll the out across the carrier’s feet of A330 widebodies. www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 9 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

That trend, the research says, is driven by a Fuelling change variety of factors including the need for product differentiation, such as improved premium Since 2014, when, according to IATA data, jet cabins, the introduction of new cabin classes fuel prices hit $140 per barrel, the cost of fuel to improve yield, i.e. premium economy, for has tumbled, at one point dropping as low as example, or the desire to increase seat count. $30 per barrel. It’s logical perhaps to think that In addition, the increased expectations of the low-fuel price situation has resulted in older consumers – notably around the provision of aircraft being kept in service longer, as fuel connectivity – is also driving that trend. MRO economy became a lesser consideration providers with suffcient interior completion for operators. and upgrade capability should be able to take But, while there is some anecdotal evidence advantage of this trend, although with certain to suggest that’s the case – British Airways classes of aircraft, the original equipment has consistently pushed back the removal manufacturer may be diffcult to dislodge. from service of its 747s, which are currently scheduled for 2024; and half the feet of 36 aircraft will be gone by 2021 – studies by lessor Looking towards Avolon suggest the retirement age of aircraft between 2012 and 2015 remained broadly the electrification same, shifting from 25.7 to 25.9 years. It’s worth While current propulsion technologies are still pointing out, however, that the age of an aircraft wedded to the consumption of fossil fuels, is less of a determinant of its retirement age, over coming years we will see the increasing than the degree of utilisation. electrifcation of aircraft. And this poses another Nonetheless, as Boeing’s 2017 Services Market set of challenges and opportunities for the Outlook notes, the introduction of new aircraft sector – which can be divided into two strands: into a feet can frequently be a catalyst for more-electric aircraft, for example, the 787 the operator to also upgrade the interior of or A350 compared with previous-generation older models in its inventory. Airbus says that wide-bodies, and electrically-powered aircraft. of the 37,400 new aircraft required, 26,540 Hydraulic and pneumatic systems – such as are for growth and 10,850 will replace older- those for actuation or air conditioning – are generation, less fuel-effcient aircraft – with already being replaced by electrical systems to the company estimating that the market for save weight and improve reliability. aircraft upgrades over the next 20 years will be Although we’ve seen incremental steps in this worth some $180 billion. In addition, research feld since the frst Boeing 737 took-off in the conducted by the Hamburg of Applied late 1960s, the biggest advance most recently Sciences in 2010 concluded that the upgrade was the arrival of the Boeing 787 in 2011. This cycle for passenger aircraft is getting shorter, was the frst large passenger aircraft to use resulting in a need for 38,000 upgrades projects electricity, rather than engine-bleed air, to over the period to 2030. power the cabin air conditioning system. It also featured electrically actuated brakes and an electric de-icing system.

www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 10 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

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So, with this increased demand for power, the traditional hydraulic and pneumatic systems, generation capacity of the aircraft has also another revolution in propulsion technology is markedly needed to grow. Each 787 can produce currently brewing: driven by both incumbents around 1,000kVA for its on-board systems, and start-ups, a large number of programmes according to Boeing’s fgures, markedly more with some form of electric propulsion at their than previous-generation models. On-board heart are currently in development. These vary power storage has also grown signifcantly. In from small general aviation aircraft and urban the military sphere, that step-change has been mobility all the way up to proposed matched, with the F-35 capable of generating commercial airliners. around 400kVA, and a further step-up required If an electrically-powered aircraft in the latter in the future, as increasingly power-hungry category is to be realised, Airbus believes that sensors and systems are added to the platform. it would require 40MW of power for the take While greater use of electricity to power onboard off phase, dropping to 20MW during cruise. systems removes the weight and complexity of As a step towards that eventual goal, www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 11 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

the manufacturer, along with partners Rolls- mass by around 20%; a huge challenge given the Royce and Siemens, is developing its E-Fan X mature state of aircraft design, where signifcant hybrid-electric demonstrator, which should fy in investment is required for minimal gain. 2020. It will replace one of the four engines on a However, it is an area of research and BAe 146 regional jet with a 2MW electric motor, development that is maturing quickly and could which will be powered by electricity generated accelerate further. Assuming the uptake of by a modifed Rolls-Royce turboshaft engine electric propulsion is a case of when not if, then mounted in the aft fuselage. everyone involved in supporting aircraft – be that at airports or in a maintenance capacity – should Powering future flight start preparing now. For its part, Boeing is pursuing its interests in the space via an investment in start-up Zunum Urban air mobility Aero, which will initially develop an electrically- Where electric power could fnd an early powered 10-seater, with plans for two larger application, however, is the advent of urban air regional jets to follow. In addition, new market mobility (UAM) services. While this new form entrants such as Wright Electric – which has the of transport is still very much in its infancy – ambition of bringing to market an electrically- Daimler-backed Volocopter and Chinese start- powered 180-seat short-haul aircraft by 2027 up Ehang have already demonstrated their – are also emerging. aircraft in Dubai where the government plans to Although there is considerable research and have a proof-of-concept up and fying within the development activity in this area, making real next two years. progress, there remain signifcant barriers to Indeed, UAM represents one of the most obvious overcome. These include technological hurdles areas of Silicon Valley-driven disruption to the such as battery performance, notably in terms aerospace status quo. Barriers to entry – relative of weight and energy storage density: research to those required for a large commercial aircraft from consultancy suggests at least – are low and even a brief glance at the that battery development will see an energy Vertical Flight Society’s dedicated page for the storage density of 400-450Wh/kg reached by electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) the mid-2020s, with further battery chemistry industry reveals dozens of programmes development required to improve that level. Jet in the works. fuel, it notes, has an energy storage density of around 12kWh/kg. The list includes names from the world of technology, including Uber, as well Google, The industry will also need improvements to the founder Larry Page, electric ground vehicles weight and effciency of generators and motors such as Workhorse, and more traditional rotary- to achieve required performance levels in the wing aircraft manufacturers such as Bell and future for large commercial aircraft. Even if a . Although there is a marked hybrid-electric system can be achieved as a frst difference between the various technological step, the required generation and conversion confgurations being planned, all are consistent equipment would almost certainly be heavier in proposing designs which use Distributed than the -based propulsion system. Electric Power, with multiple rotary wing Some estimates suggest that to compensate confgurations and cutting- edge for this, we would need to reduce the airframe battery technologies.

www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 12 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

Not all the projects will be successful, however. Industry giant Airbus, which has a signifcant But, the potential for substantial unit presence in the UK in Filton, Bristol and presents a huge opportunity: eVTOL systems Broughton, North Wales, has recently issued cannot operate in isolation and will require a warnings about the implications of a so-called network of landing zones, charging stations, and ‘no-deal Brexit’ – asserting that increased red extensive maintenance provision. Not to mention tape and delays to parts within its production the booking technology and changes to airspace system could have a signifcant negative impact management that will be needed to ensure on the delivery of fnished aircraft. Even with a successful introduction and growth of drones; trade deal in place, it says, there will still be an and most participants in the fedgling sector increased cost associated with its UK operation. are agreed that drone operations need to exist That analysis follows previous comments as part of a larger ecosystem in order for the from UK trade body ADS, which, in its evidence segment to fourish. to the House of Commons Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy select committee’s investigation on the effects of the UK leaving the European Union, said that the imposition of additional customs’ checks and bureaucracy could cost the sector an additional $1.5 billion annually. This would pose a “signifcant cost-burden” and hamper its “long-term ? competitiveness”. Similarly, the industry has been unanimous in its calls for an end to uncertainty, which would allow it to at least Implications of begin to plan with greater clarity for a post- the UK leaving Brexit future. the European Union Additive One issue that’s keenly felt by the aerospace industry is the looming spectre of the UK’s Manufacturing pending departure from the European Union, reaches new areas and the uncertainty surrounding this signifcant decision. For UK-located suppliers, and the Although not a new process, additive EU-based companies dependent on them, April manufacturing (AM) – sometimes known as 2019 is still a step into the unknown. Although 3D – is another area which promises the UK government has expressed a desire to drive signifcant change into the aviation to retain some form of membership of the industry. offers signifcant European Aviation Safety Agency, there is, as advantages over traditional subtractive yet, no clarity as to what this will look like or the manufacturing: it can help to produce more potential regulatory impact. Similarly, no detail complex, potentially lighter, shapes; it can is yet available on the future trading relationship deliver prototype parts or tooling in a matter of with the bloc, nor the customs arrangements hours to be quickly adapted, and it means supply likely to be required. chains can be slimmed down, and less waste material produced.

www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 13 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

Although, so far, the use of ALM-produced issues of capital costs to set up such a capability components has generally been restricted to and the time taken to print parts. The change non-structural components such as brackets in process also promises to allow an effective and fairings, and non-rotating parts in engines deconsolidation of inventory: parts will no longer such as fuel nozzles and vanes, the uptake of have to be held in a central , but 3D printed parts will be rapid: by 2020 engine could be produced at, or much closer to, the manufacturer GE Aviation estimates it will be repair centre. producing 100,000 individual components Production of interior components is clearly an via 3D printing. area where ALM techniques will grow. A cabin “By 2020 engine manufacturer GE update can create gaps between new and old Aviation estimates it will be producing components. Previously plastic spacer panels 100,000 individual components via would be produced via – a relatively complex and costly process for the 3D printing.” small number required. However, thanks to MRO organisations will also beneft from the 3D printing, Airbus has enabled small-batch additive manufacturing revolution. Rather than manufacturing that is quicker and produces maintaining costly inventories of spare parts, components that are around 15% lighter than maintenance providers will, in theory, be able to earlier versions. Similarly, manufacturer ATR is 3D print components as required. And, as older using 3D printing to produce low quantities of aircraft types become rarer, there will no longer cabin parts for out-of-production variants of its be a need to maintain legacy tooling in case turboprop airliner family. new parts are required. However, there remain

www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace 14 Current and emerging trends in the aerospace sector

All of these new developments will require an Conclusions ecosystem of specialist supply and support networks and services, state-of-the art The immediate challenge for the aerospace equipment and skills, advanced training and industry is to deliver on the record backlogs specialist knowledge for repair and overhaul. that have now accumulated. That will require So, there’s little doubt that huge opportunities the supply chain – from the tier ones down – to lie ahead, as technological developments overcome short-term production challenges in ramp-up to help the aviation industry meet order to meet ambitious timescales. The huge vast, and still growing, demand. numbers of aircraft coming onto the market now, and the growth of air transport globally, Forward-looking companies seizing to explore will also require a signifcant expansion of the new areas of activity and revenue streams will, sector’s maintenance capacity and capabilities indisputably, need professional guidance and – crucially including the recruitment and training support to realign their strategies, and put their of a large number of new technicians over the resources in the right place. next 20 years. Atkins is in a strong position to help, New technologies will bring change, challenge backed by traditional aviation engineering and opportunity, too. This will comprise knowledge, with an eye to what’s on the harnessing the benefts of connectivity and big horizon in terms of technological change, data to drive predictive maintenance, changes and forecasting upcoming trends. Our own to technology embedded onto aircraft, the integration capability, a strong understanding coming revolution in full-electric or hybrid- of the aviation and MRO industry, and electric power and other disruptors like additive support from business consulting and manufacturing and the infuence of Silicon change management experts, also place Valley-style entrepreneurs bringing a new us high-up on the go-to list of ambitious dynamic attitude to the industry through the companies as developments continue possibilities of urban air mobility vehicles. to unfold.

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15 About the author

Matthew Price Client Manager

Matthew Price has 20 years’ experience within the aerospace industry working for OEMs, Tier1 suppliers and global engineering consultancies throughout Europe, USA and Australia. With a background in aircraft structural design, programme delivery and client management Matthew is responsible for the aerospace aftermarket sector and the aerospace digital transformation initiatives for the European civil and military aerospace division.

Transforming aerospace engineering, for faster design, reduced downtime and lower costs. www.atkinsglobal.com/aerospace

Further Reading: The challenges and benefts of the electrifcation of aircraft James Domone Digital twin for life predictions in civil aerospace James Domone Protecting our critical national infrastructure Dr Richard Piggin

Image sources

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Pg 15: https://www.deviantart.com/emigepa/art/A350-1000-648979667

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