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Evaluation of the Impact and Evaluación de la Incidencia y Mapping of “Crown Gall” Mapeo de la Agalla de Corona (agrobacterium tumefaciens) in (agrobacterium tumefaciens) en the Rubus Species Producing Comunidades Productoras de Communities in Tarija and Especies del Género Rubus en Cochabamba Tarija y Cochabamba Author / Autor: Sergio Martínez Submitted / Presentado April 2004 Abril de 2004 MAPA Market Access and Acceso a Mercados y Poverty Alleviation Alivio a la Pobreza USAID/Bolivia Economic Opportunities Office / Oficina de Oportunidades Económicas Jorge Calvo, CTO Contract No. / No. de Contrato PCE-I-08-99-00003-00 Task Order No. / Orden de Tarea No. 806 Implemented by the Chemonics RAISE Consortium, Chemonics International Incorporated with CARE, Texas A&M, and PRIME International Implementado por el Consorcio Chemonics RAISE, Chemonics International Incorporated junto con CARE, Texas A&M, y PRIME International Evaluación de la Incidencia y Mapeo de Agalla de Corona (agrobacterium tumefaciens) en Comunidades Productoras de Especies del Género Rubus en Tarija y Cochabamba Table of Contents Tabla de Contenido I. INTRODUCTION 6 I. INTRODUCCIÓN 6 1.1. Background 6 1.1. Antecedentes 6 1.2. Purpose: 7 1.2. Propósito: 7 1.3. Responsibilities. 7 1.3. Responsabilidades. 7 II. METHODOLOGY 8 II. METODOLOGÍA 8 2.1. Location. 8 2.1. Localización. 8 2.2. Determination of the Presence of 2.2. Determinación de la presencia de Agrobacterium spp. And Evaluation Agrobacterium spp. y Evaluación de of Incidence. 12 la Incidencia. 12 2.2.1. Samplings: 12 2.2.1. Muestreo: 12 2.2.2. Incidence: 13 2.2.2. Incidencia: 13 2.2.3. Sample Quantity and 2.2.3. Cantidad de Muestras y Incidence Evaluations by Evaluaciones de Incidencia Community. 14 por Comunidad. 14 2.2.4. Community and Farm 2.2.4. Registros por Comunidad y Records 14 por Finca 14 III.TECHNICAL BACKGROUND OF III.ANTECEDENTES TÉCNICOS DE Agrobacterium spp. 14 Agrobacterium spp. 14 3.1. The Crown Gall Disease 14 3.1. La Enfermedad de la Agalla de Corona – Crown Gall 14 3.1.1. Crown Gall Disease in Raspberry and Blackberry 17 3.1.1. La Enfermedad de la Agalla de Corona en Frambuesa y 3.1.2. Control Methods 18 Zarzamoras 17 3.2. Description of Agrobacterium spp. 19 3.1.2. Medios de Control 18 3.3. Infection Mechanism – Pathogenity 21 3.2. Descripción de Agrobacterium spp. 19 3.4. Investigative Background of 3.3. Mecanismo de Infección – Agrobacterium spp. for Tarija and Patogenidad 21 Cochabamba 23 3.4. Antecedentes de Investigaciones 3.4.1. Tarija. 23 sobre Agrobacterium spp. en Tarija 3.4.2. Cochabamba. 24 y Cochabamba 23 3.4.1. Tarija. 23 IV. RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION AND THEIR ANALYSIS 28 3.4.2. Cochabamba. 24 4.1. Determination of the Presence of IV. RESULTADOS Y ANÁLISIS DE LOS Agrobacterium spp. 28 RESULTADOS DE LA 4.1.1. Phytopathology Laboratory INVESTIGACIÓN 28 Analysis 31 4.1. Determinación de la Presencia de 4.1.2. Photographic Summary. 32 Agrobacterium spp. 28 4.2. Level of Incidence of Crown Gall 34 4.1.1. Análisis Fitopatológico de Laboratorio 31 4.3. Mapping of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. 40 4.1.2. Resumen Fotográfico. 32 Proyecto MAPA 3 Evaluation of the Impact and Mapping of “Crown Gall” (agrobacterium tumefaciens) in the Rubus Species Producing Communities in Tarija and Cochabamba 4.4. pH Conditions for the Presence and 4.2. Nivel de Incidencia de la Agalla de Infection of Agrobactrium spp. 43 Corona 34 V. PROPOSAL OF STRATEGIES FOR 4.3. Mapeo y Zonificación de THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW Agrobacterium tumefaciens. 40 MATERIAL INTO THE STUDY ZONE 44 4.4. Condiciones de pH para la presencia e infección de Agrobactrium spp. 43 VI. CONCLUSIONS 48 V. PROPUESTA DE ESTRATEGIAS PARA LA INTRODUCCIÓN DE MATERIAL NUEVO A LAS ZONAS DE ESTUDIO 44 VI. CONCLUSIONES 48 4 MAPA Project Evaluación de la Incidencia y Mapeo de Agalla de Corona (agrobacterium tumefaciens) en Comunidades Productoras de Especies del Género Rubus en Tarija y Cochabamba EXECUTIVE SUMMARY RESUMEN EJECUTIVO The MAPA Project, in support of the FDTA- El Proyecto MAPA, en asistencia a la FDTA – Valleys, has the objective of promoting Valles, tiene como objetivo general difundir competitive crops through the introduction of cultivos competitivos con material vegetal plant material from the United States. For this introducido de los Estados Unidos, razón por la reason, has planted evaluation plots with cuál ha implantado parcelas de evaluación en raspberry and blackberry in different areas of diferentes localidades de Tarija y Cochabamba Tarija and Cochabamba. Since these species are con cultivos de Frambuesa y Zarzamora. Por ser susceptible to Crown Gall disease, caused by estas especies susceptibles a la enfermedad de la Agrobacterium tumefaciens, it was decided that a Agalla de Corona, causada por Agrobacterium study in “Evaluation and Mapping of the tumefaciens ha visto por conveniente realizar el Incidence of Crown Gall (Agrobacterium estudio “Evaluación de la Incidencia y Mapeo tumefaciens) in Communities Producing de la Agalla de Corona (Agrobacterium Species of the Rubus Genus In Tarija and tumefaciens) en Comunidades Productoras de Cochabamba” was important. Especies del Genero Rubus en Tarija y Cochabamba” The investigation was carried out among ten El trabajo de investigación se realizó en 10 communities, 8 in Tarija in the Méndez and comunidades, 8 de Tarija, en las provincias Cercado Provinces: Tomatas Grande, Méndez y Cercado: Tomatas Grande, Canasmoro, Tarija Cancha, Sella Méndez, Canasmoro, Tarija Cancha, Sella Méndez, Rancho Norte, Rancho Sur, Erquis Ceibal, and Rancho Norte, Rancho Sur, Erquis Ceibal y San San Luis; and 2 in Cochabamba in the Chapare Luis, y 2 comunidades de Cochabamba, en la Province: Tusca Pugio and Huayllani Chico, provincia Chapare: Tusca Pugio y Huayllani where 36 farms and 8 different crops were Chico; donde se evaluaron 36 fincas y 8 cultivos evaluated, for a total of 75 evaluations. diferentes, realizándose en total 75 evaluaciones. The first result of the study was the detection of El primer resultado obtenido fue la detección de Agrobacterium tumefaciens, causing the Crown Agrobacterium tumefaciens causando la Gall in all of the communities studied, proving enfermedad de la Agalla de Corona en todas las the generalized distribution of Agrobacterium comunidades estudiadas, comprobando la tumefaciens in the study zone and corroborating distribución generalizada de Agrobacterium previous studies in Tarija and Cochabamba that tumefaciens en la zona de estudio, corroborando had already indicated the presence of this así citas de investigaciones anteriores en Tarija y pathogen. Cochabamba, donde ya se informa la presencia de este patógeno. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, caused Crown Gall, Agrobacterium tumefaciens fue detectado and was detected in Raspberry, Blackberry, causando la Agalla de Corona en los cultivos de Peach, Apples, Grapevine, Plum, and Apricot Frambuesa, Zarzamora, Durazno, Manzano, Vid, crops. Ciruelo y Damasco. The presence of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, También se detectó la presencia de causing Root Proliferation was also detected in Agrobacterium rhizogenes causando la all of the communities studied, with the Proliferación de Raíces, en todas las exception of Tusca Pugio in Cochabamba. This comunidades estudiadas a excepción de la pathogen was detected mostly in Apple comunidad de Tusca Pugio en Cochabamba. Este cultivations, and to a lesser degree in Peach and patógeno fue detectado principalmente en el Plum crops. Manzano, y en menor grado en Duraznero y Ciruelo. Proyecto MAPA 5 Evaluation of the Impact and Mapping of “Crown Gall” (agrobacterium tumefaciens) in the Rubus Species Producing Communities in Tarija and Cochabamba This investigation did not differentiate between En este trabajo de investigación, no se diferenció Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium entre Agrobacterium tumefaciens y rubi due to the fact that both species cause the Agrobacterium rubi, debido a que ambas same symptoms in the Rubus species, Raspberry especies causan el mismo síntoma en las especies and Blackberry, and both pathogens cause Crown de Rubus, Frambuesa y Zarzamora, y ambas Gall (or Cane Gall) in both Rubus species. especies patógenas pueden causar la enfermedad de la agalla de corona (o agalla de la caña) en ambas especies de Rubus. In terms of the level of incidence of En cuanto al nivel de Incidencia de Agrobacterium tumefaciens, results show a Agrobacterium tumefaciens, los resultados higher percentage in the communities of muestran un porcentaje mayor en las Cochabamba, with 23.56% in Tusca Pugio and comunidades de Cochabamba, con 23.56% en 13.18% in Huayllani Chico. The communities of Tusca Pugio y 13.18% en Huayllani Chico. Entre Tarija presented the following decreasing levels tanto para las comunidades de Tarija, en orden of incidence: Tomatas Grande (10.49%), Sella decreciente de importancia relativa de su Méndez (6.89%), Erquis Ceibal (6.52%), Tarija Incidencia, presentaron: Tomatas Grande Cancha (5.23%), San Luis (3.31%), Rancho (10.49%), Sella Méndez (6.89%), Erquis Ceibal Norte (2.94%), Rancho Sur (2.51%), and (6.52%), Tarija Cancha (5.23%), San Luis Canasmoro (1.93%). (3.31%), Rancho Norte (2.94%), Rancho Sur (2.51%) y Canasmoro (1.93%). The levels of incidence among cultivations Para el nivel de Incidencia por cultivo, los presented in the following order of decreasing resultados en orden decreciente de importancia significance: Apricot (50.00%), Plum (19.88%), indicaron: Damasco (50.00%), Ciruelo (19.88%), Apple (13.40%), Peach (4.00%), Blackberry Manzano (13.40%), Durazno (4.00%), (2.85%), Grapevine (2.52%), and Raspberry Zarzamora (2.85%), Vid (2.52%) y Frambuesa (0.41%). (0.41%). A mapping of Crown Gall substantiated the De esta manera se comprobó la distribución widespread distribution of Agrobacterium generalizada de Agrobacterium tumefaciens en la tumefaciens in the communities studied in the zonificación de la Agalla de Corona en todas las Central Valley of Tarija and the Cochabamba comunidades en estudio del Valle Central de Valley, affecting at least seven crops.
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    Grisaffi, T. (2010) ' ‘We are Originarios… We just aren’t from here’: Coca leaf and Identity Politics in the Chapare, Bolivia'. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 29:4, 425-439. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2010.00385.x/abstract RESEARCH ARTICLE We Are Originarios… ‘We Just Aren’t From Here’: Coca Leaf and Identity Politics in the Chapare, Bolivia THOMAS GRISAFFI London School of Economics Abstract: This article examines the ways in which coca-leaf acquired an important symbolic value in forging a counter-hegemonic discourse that wove together various strands of class and cultural identity struggles in the Chapare province, Bolivia. The second line of enquiry that runs throughout this article deals with the conflicts that arose when the coca union mutated into a governing political party. Now that the coca grower’s leader, Evo Morales, is President of the Republic he is obliged by the international community to reduce the amount of land under coca cultivation. To do this President Morales has had to rhetorically pull coca leaf apart from Andean tradition. This presents a challenge to the integrity of indigenous-peasant based movements in the Chapare because it brings attention to their constructed nature and thus questions the authenticity of the ‘originario’ identity. Keywords: Coca, Chapare, Bolivia, identity, indigenous, Originario 1 Grisaffi, T. (2010) ' ‘We are Originarios… We just aren’t from here’: Coca leaf and Identity Politics in the Chapare, Bolivia'. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 29:4, 425-439. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1470-9856.2010.00385.x/abstract In early August 2006 I attended the anniversary of San Antonio, a village located in a tropical colonisation zone called the Chapare in the department of Cochabamba, Bolivia.

  • Diptera: Psychodidae)

    *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 Title: Intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary captures of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) 2 in the leishmaniasis endemic area of Chapare province, Tropic of Cochabamba, Bolivia. 3 4 Ballart Ca*, Vidal Gb*, Picado Aa, Cortez MRb, Torrico Fb,c, Torrico MCb,c, Godoy REd, 5 Lozano Db,c*, Gállego Ma,e* 6 7 a ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de 8 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 9 b CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente 10 c Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Simón (U.M.S.S.), Cochabamba, 11 Bolivia 12 d Laboratório de Transmissores de Leishmanioses, Laboratório de Referência em 13 Vigilância Entomológica: Taxonomia e Ecologia de Vetores das Leishmanioses, 14 Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 15 e Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, 16 Barcelona, Spain 17 *Authors contributed equally 18 Corresponding author: Cristina Ballart at Fundación Instituto de Salut Global 19 (ISGlobal), Calle Rosselló 132, 4º, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. Phone number: +34 93 227 20 54 00 (ext. 29 82). E-mail: [email protected] 21 22 Abstract 23 In South America, cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most frequent clinical form of 24 leishmaniasis. Bolivia is one of the countries with higher incidence, with 33 cases per 25 100,000 individuals, and the disease is endemic in 70% of the territory. In the last 1 26 decade, the number of cases has increased, the age range has expanded, affecting 27 children under 5 years old, and a similar frequency between men and women is found.