DOCSLIB.ORG

Working Paper No.70 AGRICULTURAL SETIMENT ANI) By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Working Paper No.70 AGRICULTURAL SETIMENT ANI) By 717 Working Paper No.70 SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES IN AGRICULTURAL SETIMENT ANI) PRODUCTION IN BOLIVIA'S CHAPARE REGION by Michael Painter and Eduardo Bedoya Garland February 1991 on work the Institute for Development Anthropology and reports paper is produced by Income and Agreement on Systems Approach to Regional supported by the Cooperative at Clark University, Assistance (SARSA) No. DHR 5452-A-00-908300, Sustainable Resource and State Development Anthropology, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute the Institute for Bureau for Science and funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, University, Division of Rural and Regional Office of Rural and Institutional Development, Technology, authors and should not be The views and interpretations herein are those of the Development. or to any individual acting on its behalf. attributed to the Agency for International Development TABLE OF CONTENTS ..... • ..... , LIST OF TABLES ... ..... .000*0000er LISTrOFACRONYMS 0000000000*'a00000o oo ee o 0 0O0~.* 1 a.~a oooo*ooooo** la INTfRODU CTION a. *o . o . 0. .". .a.. a 11 1.1. Purpose of the Overview . oaooo* oaoo o o l 2. Discussionofatabase . ... ... ." ... ... .... ... 1 1.2.o 1 TheODIRECO o. 4 . o o. o o .2.2. , e .CERESDatabase . o..0. 6 o . 0 0 * * 0: * a* 0 . TO MIGRATION . 2o BACKGOROUND) Mobility and the Control of Different Ecological Zones ..... 2.1. storica . ..... Ict ofDte rnCochababa 2.2 . o o o. o 1010 v . 2.3. P 13 Pus Fatr nCaae irto • 15 2.4. inChapaaeMig.on. ....... o.*o* . o ... 2.5. Pul Factors **....... 16 2.6. Implicaonsfor Devlopment Policy. ........ ••........ o.. 1 7 3. 2 . .. .. .. .2 2 Composition.n oooo 22 Production ...... .... ....... o I 3.2.1. Family-based o . o o * * o *23 Age . .. o .p M on*o*o..... ...... 3.2.2. 00 0.00000 * 26 3.2.3. Gender . .........n 0......... .0a.a a.o30 . o. o of0o0f000 4. PRODUCTIONSYSTE .0 0 000 230 4..Limitations of the Existing Data on Production oo . * ** * 44 . o . .... o ... *o * 4.3. Land Distribution . 64 00 o ... 0 4o4. Coca Price and CocalPouction Lvs. 67 CONCLUSIONS ooo...... * ...... 5o Development . n...on o 068 5.1. Ligration and * * 0 0768..069 0 a 0S 60.... * . S. *. * * RE ENCChapare IO S Cropping ................... Systems . a 6• 5.2. 0000..70 5.3. SocioeconomicR a randuPani n ges.... LIST OF TABLES 1. easo for Migration Cited by Chapare Farmers ................ 15 Table 0 17 2. Department of Origin of Chapare Farmer Population .............. Table lulin.. 19 Table 3. Department of Origin of Farmers in Chapare, Yapacanf, and San Table 4. Provinces,of Origin for Farmers inthe Chapare, Yapacan, and San Julidn Originating in Cochabamba Department ..... .•0 V a ...... 20 of Origin - Farmers from Chapaxe and Carrasco Provinces Table 5. Localities . * 0 . 21, Cochabamba Dep n.ent ..................... 23 Table 6. Mean Ages of Chapare and Yapa.anf Farmers .......... ..... 24 Table 7. Mean Ages of Chapare Farmers by Microregon_ ..... ........ 25 Table 8. Land Ownership in Areas of Originby Chapare Farmer ... &....... 25 Table 9. Size of Chapare Farmers' Landholdings in Home Areas .... .. 26 Table 10. ­ Male and Female Children of Chapare Farmers, by Microregion .... 27. Tablf 11. Male and Female Children of Chapare Farmers, by Year of Arrival .......... 31 Table 12. Chapare Cropping Systems by Farnners' Period of Arrival Arrival .......... 32 Table 13. Yapacani Cropping Systeras by Farmers' Period of Touil Areas in Hectares Dedicated to Crop Production Chapare Farmers Table 14. 41 Included in DIRECO Database .............. ............. Farm Dedicated to Crop Production Chapare Table 15. Meui Areas in Hectares Per 41 Farmers Included in DI CO Database ....................... Dedicated to Different Table 16. Percentages of Farmland in Each Microregion ....... 43 Table 17. Type of Labor Force Utilized According to Cultivated Hectares Farms by Lot Size ........ ...... 53, 45 18. Frequency Distribution of Chaparein the Chapare . ......... eeg gg5.ig62 TableTbe1. 19. Conetration of Landholdings Soil Use in Chapare ............................... 6 Table 20. 62 PrincipaI Cropping System According to Plot Size ............... Table 21. 63 Intensity of SoilUm Acordng toPlot Sz ......... ......... Table 22. Use ........ ..... 63 Table 23. Moder Inputs Use According to Intensity of Soil Hectares, According to Plot 64 Table 24. Active Agriculturalsiz Area, ............. Cleared and Fallow ......... 66 Table 25. Importance of Hired Labor by Area Under Coca Cultivation Ili11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. YapacanfFarmers by Year of Arrival ........... ..... 11 Figure 2. Chapare Farmers by Year of Arrival ............... ... 12 Figure 3. ChaparSettlers by Department of Origin .................... 18 Figure 4. Children of Chapare Settlers, %of Daughters and Sons Compared . .... 28 29 Fikure 5. Children of Yapacap. Settlers, %of Daughters and Sons Compared .... Figure 6. Coca and Other Crops, Chapare .......................... 34 Figure 7. Coca and Other Crops, Yapacanf ............. ... ..... ... .. 35 Figure 8. Mean Lot Size by Year of Settlement, Chapare and Yapacanf Compared . o ....... ............ .........* o • .37 Figure 9. Chapare Cropping Systems, Relationship of Coca to Other Crops ...... 38 Figure 10. Yapacanf Cropping Systems, Relationship of Coca to Other Crops ..... 39 Figure ll. Mean Lot Sizes of Chapare Farmers byMicroregion. .............. 40 Figure 12. Land Distribution -Chapare, MicroregionI .... .............. 0'46 Figure 13. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion 2 ..... ............. 47 Figure 14. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion 3 ................... 48 Figure 15. Land Distribution - Chapare, Microregion 4 ................... 49' Figure 16. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion 5 ... ....... ...... 50 Figure 17. Land Distribution- Chapare Microregion 6 51 o..o.o Figure 18. Land Distribution -Chape, MiCrorgio 7 . ........ 52 Figure 19. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion I ................... 54 Figure 2. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion2 ............ •.......55 3 Figure 21. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion ....... ........... 56 ..,...........058 Figure 22.23. Land Distribution - Chapare, NMicroregionMicroregion 45 .. .......... ..a.. ...... 57 Figure23. LandDistribution-Chapare, Microregion 6 ................... 58 Figure 24. Land Distribution-ChapareMiCroregion 6 .... ............ 59 Fieure 25. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion 7 ...... ............ 60 V LIST OF ACRONYMS CABCrddito Agropecuirlo de Emergencia y Social CERES Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Econ6fiica COB Central Obrera Boliviana cPRDP Chapare Regional Development Project DESFIL Development Strategies for Fragile Lands :DIRECO Direccifn de Reconversidn Agrfcola IOTA Instituto Boliviano de Tecnologfa Agropecuaria ICIs Instituciones Crediticias Intermediarias IDA Insitute for Development Anthropology INC' Instituto Nacional de Colonizacidn PDAR Programa de Desarrollo Alternativo Regional Resource Assistance SARSA Systems Approach to Regional Income and Sustainable SDTB Subsecretarfa para el Desarrollo del TOpico Boliviano UMOPAR Unidad M6vil de Patrulla Rural Development (AID) USAID United States Agency for International Vii 1.1. purpose of the OvervieW obtained from analysis of sets of data on farmers Thiis discussiOn summarizes information of the Direcc6n de in the first'set were collected by officials in the Chapare region. The data for monitoring the Bolivian government agency responsible ReconveTsi6n Agricola (DIRECO), in voluntary coca reduction efforts production and certifying farmers' participation levels of coca and other development assistance. The qualify them to receive cash payments, credit that in a socioeconomic study of Chapare farmers discussion also draws on the data gathered Rivera la RealidadEcon6mica y Social (CERES). conducted by the Centro de Estudios de material to take however, we have conducted a reanalysis of the (1990) reports on this research; was not reported on in the obtained through farmer interviews that advantage of information available information on migration to the report. This report also summarizes other original the data presented. Cqapare to provide a context for interpreting what we know about the organization information presented here does not exhaust The relationship to upland areas from which most in.the Chapare, and the Chapare's specific of production comes. Rather, it seeks to respond to of its farmer and rural laborer population like answered in and AID/Washington have indicated they would questions that USAID/Bolivia Regional Development Project the design of the follow-on activity to the Chapare anticipation of questions will provide the basis for a more (CRDP). We hope that the answers to these coca policy and rural development issues surrounding penetrating analysis of the economic discu -sion about the than has occurred to date, and facilitzte a fruitful production in the Chapare occurs continuing analysis of a successor to the CRDP. As this discussion nature and scope of Associated High Valleys areas, with that has been collected on the Chapare :nd the information will offer important information and insights. highly focused new research on specific topics, 1.2. Discussion of Database 1.2.1. The DIRECO Database of material collected from 10,703 largest data set analyzed for this report consists The the amount of coca they are producing with farmers who discussed voluntarily reducing set of Chapare 1985 and the end of December 1989.' A second DIRECO officials between November Cruz who were obliged
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Africa «Afrique Africa • Afrique
    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, Ho. 12,20 MUCH 1W2 • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, » 12,20 MARS 1992 Influenza Grippe A ustria (23 February 1992). The first signs of influenza A utriche (23 février 1992). Les premiers signes d'activité grippale activity were scattered localized outbreaks in mid-January. ont été des flambées locales disséminées à la mi-janvier. Des cas Cases of influenza-like illness were detected all over the d'affections de type grippal ont été décelés dans tout le pays en country during February and activity reached epidemic février et l'activité a atteint des proportions épidémiques à Vienne. proportions in Vienna. Influenza A has been implicated on La grippe A a été mise en évidence par sérologie mais ria pas encore serological evidence but has not yet been confirmed by virus été confirmée par isolement du virus. isolation. Egypt (2 March 1992).* Additional cases of influenza Egypte (2 mars 1992).‘ Des cas supplémentaires de grippe A(H3N2) were diagnosed among cases of influenza-like A(H3N2) ont été diagnostiqués parmi des affections de type grippal illness investigated during December and January. étudiées en décembre et en janvier. Hong Kong (2 March 1992).2 * Influenza A(H3N2) virus Hong Kong (2 mars 1992).2 Le virus grippal A(H3N2) a été isolé was isolated from a sporadic case in January. d'un cas sporadique en janvier. Israel (28 February 1992).’ Influenza activity reached Israël (28 février 1992).’ L'activité grippale a atteint des niveaux epidemic levels in February. Cases have been seen in all age épidémiques en février. Des cas ont été observés dans tous les groups but most have been children.
    [Show full text]
  • WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE 15 SEPTEMBER 1995 ● 70Th YEAR 70E ANNÉE ● 15 SEPTEMBRE 1995
    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, No. 37, 15 SEPTEMBER 1995 • RELEVÉ ÉPIDÉMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 37, 15 SEPTEMBRE 1995 1995, 70, 261-268 No. 37 World Health Organization, Geneva Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE 15 SEPTEMBER 1995 c 70th YEAR 70e ANNÉE c 15 SEPTEMBRE 1995 CONTENTS SOMMAIRE Expanded Programme on Immunization – Programme élargi de vaccination – Lot Quality Assurance Evaluation de la couverture vaccinale par la méthode dite de Lot survey to assess immunization coverage, Quality Assurance (échantillonnage par lots pour l'assurance de la qualité), Burkina Faso 261 Burkina Faso 261 Human rabies in the Americas 264 La rage humaine dans les Amériques 264 Influenza 266 Grippe 266 List of infected areas 266 Liste des zones infectées 266 Diseases subject to the Regulations 268 Maladies soumises au Règlement 268 Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Programme élargi de vaccination (PEV) Lot Quality Assurance survey to assess immunization coverage Evaluation de la couverture vaccinale par la méthode dite de Lot Quality Assurance (échantillonnage par lots pour l'assurance de la qualité) Burkina Faso. In January 1994, national and provincial Burkina Faso. En janvier 1994, les autorités nationales et provin- public health authorities, in collaboration with WHO, con- ciales de santé publique, en collaboration avec l’OMS, ont mené ducted a field survey to evaluate immunization coverage une étude sur le terrain pour évaluer la couverture vaccinale des for children 12-23 months of age in the city of Bobo enfants de 12 à 23 mois dans la ville de Bobo Dioulasso. L’étude a Dioulasso. The survey was carried out using the method of utilisé la méthode dite de Lot Quality Assurance (LQA) plutôt que Lot Quality Assurance (LQA) rather than the 30-cluster la méthode des 30 grappes plus couramment utilisée par les pro- survey method which has traditionally been used by immu- grammes de vaccination.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Productivity of Small Peri-Urban Farmers by Bio-Rational Soil Management
    Improving Productivity of Traditional Andean Small Farmers by Bio-Rational Soil Management: I. The Potato Case J. Franco; G. Main; O. Navia, N. Ortuño and J. Herbas1 Summary The use of chemical pesticides in agriculture demands high investments; its in discriminated and inadequate application to obtain immediate crop response has caused considerable damage to the environment and human health, either due to a direct effect or indirect contamination of farmer fields and water sources by highly toxic products. On the other hand, as a result of soil fertility losses, farmers move to new areas for farming, causing a complex migration phenomena and devastation of natural forests. In an effort to find new alternatives for the management of crop pests compatible with the environment and agro- ecologically friendly, some technologies recently developed have been offered to small Andean potato farmers. Among these, the recycling of organic residues and the management of natural soil microorganisms which are important alternatives to reduce the importation and use of toxic agro-chemicals as well as to preserve and recuperate soil fertility and thus reach a sustainable potato production by Andean farmers. This will not only guarantee food security, but will also have favorable impact on the yield and quality of potato and other crops. Additional index words: Compost, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth promoting rizhobacterias (PGPR), Glomus fasciculatum, Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens Accepted for publication: December 28, 2011 1 Researches ; Fundación para la Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos (PROINPA), Cochabamba, Bolivia, E-Mail: [email protected] 2011 Franco, Main, Navia, Ortuño, Herbas 271 Mejorando la productividad de pequeños agricultores Andinos, mediante el uso racional de productos biológicos en el manejo del suelo.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration to the Chapare by Department
    UPLAND-LOWLAND PRODUCTION LINKAGES AND LAND DEGRADATION IN BOLIVIA* by Michael Painter Institute for Development Anthropology IDA Working Paper No. 81 November 1991 The research described in this paper has been supported by the Cooperative Agreement on Systems Approaches to Regional Income and Sustainable Resource Assistance No. DHR 5452-A­ 00-9083-00 at Clark University., the Institute for Development Anthropology, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute, funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau for Science and Technology, Office of Rural and Institutional Development, Division of Rural and Regional Development. The views and interpretations are those of the author and should not be attributed to the Agenc,;, for International Development or any individual acting on its behalf. The author thanks Eduardo Bedoya, Deboiah Caro, James Jones, and Carlos Perez for their participation in the collection and analysis of the material discussed and for many helpful comments on portions of this paper. However, the author is solely responsible for any errors of fact or interpretation. 1. INTRODUCTION As anthropologists have become more explicitly concerned with the "political ecology" of production (e.g., Hjort 1982; Schmink and Wood 1987; Wolf 1972), it has become apparent that the social and economic relations that define the conditions of production play a central role in how people use natural resources. Indeed, they define which citical natural resources to control in a particular time and place, as well as who will have access to those resources and under what conditions. When access to critical natural resources is restricted so that people become relatively or absolutely poorer, for example, people tend to become more extensive in their use of land, and to use land more destructively, deforesting larger areas in tropical lowlands and doing less (o maintain soil fc.rtility generally (Collins 1986, 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Deforestation Rates in a Cocaine Source Region in Bolivia: a Study to Verify Rates of Land-Use Change Under Pro-Coca Policies
    Quantifying deforestation rates in a cocaine source region in Bolivia: A study to verify rates of land-use change under pro-coca policies Thesis submitted by Edmond NAGOMBI (BSc, PNG UNITECH, BEng, PNG UNITECH) June 2017 For the degree of Masters of Science in GIS In the School of Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia i Abstract This thesis focuses on humid tropical deforestation in one of the most important coca growing regions in central Bolivia, Chapare. On the one hand, the cultivation of coca leaves which is the source of cocaine paste, their processing and narcotrafficking are global, social and legal issues that lead to violence, corruption, and instability in foreign policy frameworks. On the other hand, their cultivation has local environmental and economic repercussions that are not always negative. The project is grounded in geospatial science and the methodology comprises of three main sections: image pre-processing, land-use and land-cover classification aimed at forest/non-forest mapping, and the generation of forest and non-forest statistics for individual farms in four communities in Chapare. Landsat 4 & 5 (TM) (2011) and Landsat 8 (OLI) satellite (2015 and 2016) image data were used. Pre- processing steps covered verification of geometric and radiometric parameters, image mosaicking and, for the 2015 data, pan sharpening. Thus, the images were classified using unsupervised classification to map major land-use and land-cover types from 2015 imagery. These were verified with reference to field data collected in 2015 that was made available to this research project. Forest and non-forest classification was carried out for the 2011, 2015 and 2016 image data.
    [Show full text]
  • Floods Update N° 1 26 March 2010
    DREF operation n° MDRBO005 GLIDE n° FL-2010-000008-BOL Bolivia: Floods Update n° 1 26 March 2010 The International Federation’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) is a source of un-earmarked money created by the Federation in 1985 to ensure that immediate financial support is available for Red Cross and Red Crescent emergency response. The DREF is a vital part of the International Federation’s disaster response system and increases the ability of National Societies to respond to disasters. Period covered by this update: 13 February 2010 to 13 March 2010. Summary: 146,723 Swiss francs (137,604 US dollars or 99,995 euros) have been allocated from the Federation’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) to support the Bolivian Red Cross (BRC) in delivering immediate assistance to some 1,500 families (approximately 7,500 people). Un-earmarked funds to repay DREF are encouraged. Severe rainfall since September 2009 has caused floods and mudslides in Bolivia. The The Bolivian Red Cross worked together with local authorities to distribute Bolivian Civil Defence’s emergency relief. Source: Bolivian Red Cross assessments have reported the departments of Beni, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, La Paz and Santa Cruz have been severely affected. To date, the Bolivian Red Cross has distributed food and non-food items to 1,200 families in the department of Cochabamba. This operation is expected to be implemented over three months, and will therefore be completed by 11 May 2010 a Final Report will be made available three months after the end of the operation (by 11 August 2010). The Canadian government through the Canadian Red Cross contributed 30,000 Canadian dollars (29,990 Swiss francs) and the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) contributed 79,996 euros (116,733 Swiss francs) to the DREF in replenishment of the allocation made for this operation.
    [Show full text]
  • From Criminals to Citizens
    World Development 146 (2021) 105610 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect World Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/worlddev From criminals to citizens: The applicability of Bolivia’s community- based coca control policy to Peru ⇑ Thomas Grisaffi a, , Linda Farthing b, Kathryn Ledebur b, Maritza Paredes c, Alvaro Pastor c a The University of Reading, United Kingdom b The Andean Information Network, Bolivia c Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru article info abstract Article history: Between 2006 and 2019, Bolivia emerged as a world leader in formulating a participatory, non-violent Accepted 14 June 2021 model to gradually limit coca production in a safe and sustainable manner while simultaneously offering farmers realistic economic alternatives to coca. Our study finds that not only has this model reduced vio- lence, but it has effectively expanded social and civil rights in hitherto marginal regions. In contrast, Peru Keywords: has continued to conceptualize ‘drugs’ as a crime and security issue. This has led to U.S.-financed forced Andes crop eradication, putting the burden onto impoverished farmers, generating violence and instability. At Coca the request of farmers, the Peruvian government has made a tentative move towards implementing Cocaine one aspect of Bolivia’s community control in Peru. Could it work? We address this question by focusing Peru Bolivia on participatory development with a special emphasis on the role of local organizations and the relation- Drug Control ship between growers and the state. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, focus Participatory development group discussions and secondary research, we find that for community control to have any chance of suc- Agricultural unions cess in Peru, grassroots organizations must be strengthened and grower trust in the state created.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Dorian Lee Jackson 2015
    Copyright by Dorian Lee Jackson 2015 The Dissertation Committee for Dorian Lee Jackson Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The Other Side: An Alternate Approach to the Narconarratives of Bolivia, Colombia, and Brazil Committee: Lorraine Moore, Supervisor Gabriela Polit Dueñas, Co-Supervisor Ominiyi Afolabi Héctor Domínguez-Ruvalcaba Maria Helena Rueda The Other Side: An Alternate Approach to the Narconarratives of Bolivia, Colombia, and Brazil by Dorian Lee Jackson, BBA, MA Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2015 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my family. Thank you Heidi, Theresa, Elise, Mom, Daddy, Bhavi, Kim, and Rick for always believing in me. I love you all. Acknowledgements I’ve always believed in the notion that going to graduate school and writing a dissertation goes beyond a singular project and is more about building a lifetime community of friends and colleagues. Completing this project has reaffirmed that assertion for me. First and foremost, I recognize the tireless work of my supervisors in this project: Dr. Gabriela Polit Dueñas and Dr. Lorraine Moore. Without their guidance, knowledge, and patience, this project would not have been possible. I offer my sincerest thanks to the both of you. I would also like to recognize my other committee members for their support and contributions. Thank you to Ominiyi Afolabi, Héctor Domínguez-Ruvalcaba, and Maria Helena Rueda. Additionally, I would like to thank my professors at The University of Georgia for their continued support throughout the years and for introducing me to the world of Brazilian literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Diversity and Conservation Status of Bolivian Amphibians
    Distribution, diversity and conservation status of Bolivian Amphibians Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrichs-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Steffen Reichle aus Stuttgart Bonn, 2006 Diese Arbeit wurde angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn. 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. W. Böhme 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. G. Kneitz Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27. Februar 2007 "Diese Dissertation ist auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der ULB Bonn http://hss.ulb.uni- bonn.de/diss_online elektronisch publiziert" Erscheinungsjahr: 2007 CONTENTS Acknowledgements I Introduction 1. Bolivian Amphibians 1 2. Conservation problems of Neotropical Amphibians 2 3. Study area 3 3.1 Bolivia – general data 3 3.2 Ecoregions 4 3.3 Political and legal framework 6 3.3.1 Protected Areas 6 II Methodology 1. Collection data and collection localities 11 2. Fieldwork 12 2.1 Preparation of voucher specimens 13 3. Bioacustics 13 3.1 Recording in the field 13 3.2 Digitalization of calls, analysis and visual presentation 13 3.3 Call descriptions 13 4. Species distribution modeling – BIOM software 14 4.1 Potential species distribution 14 4.2 Diversity pattern and endemism richness 14 5. Assessment of the conservation status 14 5.1 Distribution 15 5.2 Taxonomic stability 15 5.3 Presence in Protected Area (PA) 15 5.4 Habitat condition and habitat conversion 16 5.5 Human use of the species 16 5.6 Altitudinal distribution and taxonomic group 16 5.7 Breeding in captivity 17 5.8 Conservation status index and IUCN classification 17 III Results 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Give a Person a Loan and Will She Be Fed a Lifetime? Microcredit, Aquaculture and Capabilities in the Bolivian Amazon by Ahmed G
    Give a Person a Loan and Will She Be Fed a Lifetime? Microcredit, Aquaculture and Capabilities in the Bolivian Amazon by Ahmed G. Eid Valdiviezo Bachelor of Arts, Universidad Privada Boliviana, 2009 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Geography c Ahmed G. Eid Valdiviezo, 2018 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopying or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Give a Person a Loan and Will She Be Fed a Lifetime? Microcredit, Aquaculture and Capabilities in the Bolivian Amazon by Ahmed G. Eid Valdiviezo Bachelor of Arts, Universidad Privada Boliviana, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Mark Flaherty, Supervisor (Department of Geography) Dr. Denise S. Cloutier, Departmental Member (Department of Geography) Stewart Anderson, Additional Member (VanCity) iii ABSTRACT Supervisory Committee Dr. Mark Flaherty (Department of Geography) Supervisor Dr. Denise Cloutier (Department of Geography) Departmental Member Stewart Anderson (Department of Geography) Additional Member The development interventions of the past thirty years have relied on microcredit and other microfinancial services as a way to include the poor in the dynamics of the free market, so they may have a better chance of benefiting from economic development. Nowadays, the microfinance industry in Bolivia is highly developed, and the country is usually mentioned next to Bangladesh and India as a success case of microcredit, as a myriad of microfinancial institutions operate combining credit, savings and insurance with education, women empowerment or production efforts. In this setting, the Peces Para la Vida II project, was started in Bolivia in early 2015, with the objective of improving food security in Bolivia thorough the promotion of small scale aquaculture and fisheries in the Bolivian Amazon.
    [Show full text]
  • Habeas Coca: Bolivia's Community Coca Control
    LESSONS FOR DRUG POLICY SERIES Habeas Coca Bolivia’s Community Coca Control Habeas Coca Bolivia’s Community Coca Control Linda C. Farthing and Kathryn Ledebur July 2015 Global Drug Policy Program © 2015 Open Society Foundations This publication is available as a PDF on the Open Society Foundations website under a Creative Commons license that allows copying and distributing the publication, only in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the Open Society Foundations and used for noncommercial educational or public policy purposes. Photographs may not be used separately from the publication. ISBN: 978-1-940983-47-9 Published by Open Society Foundations 224 West 57th Street New York, NY 10019 USA www.opensocietyfoundations.org For more information contact: Global Drug Policy Program, Open Society Foundations www.opensocietyfoundations.org/about/programs/global-drug-policy-program Cover photograph: © Noah Friedman-Rudovsky l A farmer in the Chapare drying coca leaves in the sun l Bolivia l 2014 Cover and layout by Judit Kovács l Createch Ltd. Printing by Createch Ltd. l Hungary Foreword We know the war on drugs has failed, but we know far less about what to do about it, least of all how to responsibly craft drug policy in a way that reduces violence, shrinks the black market, and promotes security. Ceasing to arrest, prosecute, and jail small-time offenders, for example, has been enormously successful in many contexts. It has saved money and allowed law enforcement to direct their resources toward more serious crimes. When it comes to Latin America, the world’s cocaine source, drug policy has expe- rienced little innovation.
    [Show full text]
  • Coca Cultivation in the Andean Region
    Government Government Government of Bolivia of Colombia of Peru COCA CULTIVATION IN THE ANDEAN REGION A survey of Bolivia, Colombia and Peru June 2008 UNODC's Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP) promotes the development and maintenance of a global network of illicit crop monitoring systems in the context of the illicit crop elimination objective set by the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Drugs. It provides overall coordination and direct technical support and supervision to UNODC supported annual illicit crop surveys at the country level. This reports presents the results of the annual coca cultivation surveys in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru, which were conducted jointly by UNODC (ICMP) and the respective Governments. The Regional Overview chapter was compiled by ICMP experts in Vienna. The analysis provided takes into account additional data sources and does not necessarily reflect the views of the three Governments. Unless otherwise specified, all figures presented in this report come from the respective national Governments in the context of national monitoring systems supported by UNODC. The implementation of UNODC's Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme in the Andean region was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the Governments of Austria, Colombia, France, the United States of America, and from the European Commission. This report and other ICMP survey reports can be downloaded from: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-monitoring/index.html The boundaries, names and designations used in all maps in this document do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. This document has not been formally edited. CONTENTS PART 1.
    [Show full text]