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717 Working Paper No.70 SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES IN AGRICULTURAL SETIMENT ANI) PRODUCTION IN BOLIVIA'S CHAPARE REGION by Michael Painter and Eduardo Bedoya Garland February 1991 on work the Institute for Development Anthropology and reports paper is produced by Income and Agreement on Systems Approach to Regional supported by the Cooperative at Clark University, Assistance (SARSA) No. DHR 5452-A-00-908300, Sustainable Resource and State Development Anthropology, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute the Institute for Bureau for Science and funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, University, Division of Rural and Regional Office of Rural and Institutional Development, Technology, authors and should not be The views and interpretations herein are those of the Development. or to any individual acting on its behalf. attributed to the Agency for International Development TABLE OF CONTENTS ..... • ..... , LIST OF TABLES ... ..... .000*0000er LISTrOFACRONYMS 0000000000*'a00000o oo ee o 0 0O0~.* 1 a.~a oooo*ooooo** la INTfRODU CTION a. *o . o . 0. .". .a.. a 11 1.1. Purpose of the Overview . oaooo* oaoo o o l 2. Discussionofatabase . ... ... ." ... ... .... ... 1 1.2.o 1 TheODIRECO o. 4 . o o. o o .2.2. , e .CERESDatabase . o..0. 6 o . 0 0 * * 0: * a* 0 . TO MIGRATION . 2o BACKGOROUND) Mobility and the Control of Different Ecological Zones ..... 2.1. storica . ..... Ict ofDte rnCochababa 2.2 . o o o. o 1010 v . 2.3. P 13 Pus Fatr nCaae irto • 15 2.4. inChapaaeMig.on. ....... o.*o* . o ... 2.5. Pul Factors **....... 16 2.6. Implicaonsfor Devlopment Policy. ........ ••........ o.. 1 7 3. 2 . .. .. .. .2 2 Composition.n oooo 22 Production ...... .... ....... o I 3.2.1. Family-based o . o o * * o *23 Age . .. o .p M on*o*o..... ...... 3.2.2. 00 0.00000 * 26 3.2.3. Gender . .........n 0......... .0a.a a.o30 . o. o of0o0f000 4. PRODUCTIONSYSTE .0 0 000 230 4..Limitations of the Existing Data on Production oo . * ** * 44 . o . .... o ... *o * 4.3. Land Distribution . 64 00 o ... 0 4o4. Coca Price and CocalPouction Lvs. 67 CONCLUSIONS ooo...... * ...... 5o Development . n...on o 068 5.1. Ligration and * * 0 0768..069 0 a 0S 60.... * . S. *. * * RE ENCChapare IO S Cropping ................... Systems . a 6• 5.2. 0000..70 5.3. SocioeconomicR a randuPani n ges.... LIST OF TABLES 1. easo for Migration Cited by Chapare Farmers ................ 15 Table 0 17 2. Department of Origin of Chapare Farmer Population .............. Table lulin.. 19 Table 3. Department of Origin of Farmers in Chapare, Yapacanf, and San Table 4. Provinces,of Origin for Farmers inthe Chapare, Yapacan, and San Julidn Originating in Cochabamba Department ..... .•0 V a ...... 20 of Origin - Farmers from Chapaxe and Carrasco Provinces Table 5. Localities . * 0 . 21, Cochabamba Dep n.ent ..................... 23 Table 6. Mean Ages of Chapare and Yapa.anf Farmers .......... ..... 24 Table 7. Mean Ages of Chapare Farmers by Microregon_ ..... ........ 25 Table 8. Land Ownership in Areas of Originby Chapare Farmer ... &....... 25 Table 9. Size of Chapare Farmers' Landholdings in Home Areas .... .. 26 Table 10. ­ Male and Female Children of Chapare Farmers, by Microregion .... 27. Tablf 11. Male and Female Children of Chapare Farmers, by Year of Arrival .......... 31 Table 12. Chapare Cropping Systems by Farnners' Period of Arrival Arrival .......... 32 Table 13. Yapacani Cropping Systeras by Farmers' Period of Touil Areas in Hectares Dedicated to Crop Production Chapare Farmers Table 14. 41 Included in DIRECO Database .............. ............. Farm Dedicated to Crop Production Chapare Table 15. Meui Areas in Hectares Per 41 Farmers Included in DI CO Database ....................... Dedicated to Different Table 16. Percentages of Farmland in Each Microregion ....... 43 Table 17. Type of Labor Force Utilized According to Cultivated Hectares Farms by Lot Size ........ ...... 53, 45 18. Frequency Distribution of Chaparein the Chapare . ......... eeg gg5.ig62 TableTbe1. 19. Conetration of Landholdings Soil Use in Chapare ............................... 6 Table 20. 62 PrincipaI Cropping System According to Plot Size ............... Table 21. 63 Intensity of SoilUm Acordng toPlot Sz ......... ......... Table 22. Use ........ ..... 63 Table 23. Moder Inputs Use According to Intensity of Soil Hectares, According to Plot 64 Table 24. Active Agriculturalsiz Area, ............. Cleared and Fallow ......... 66 Table 25. Importance of Hired Labor by Area Under Coca Cultivation Ili11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. YapacanfFarmers by Year of Arrival ........... ..... 11 Figure 2. Chapare Farmers by Year of Arrival ............... ... 12 Figure 3. ChaparSettlers by Department of Origin .................... 18 Figure 4. Children of Chapare Settlers, %of Daughters and Sons Compared . .... 28 29 Fikure 5. Children of Yapacap. Settlers, %of Daughters and Sons Compared .... Figure 6. Coca and Other Crops, Chapare .......................... 34 Figure 7. Coca and Other Crops, Yapacanf ............. ... ..... ... .. 35 Figure 8. Mean Lot Size by Year of Settlement, Chapare and Yapacanf Compared . o ....... ............ .........* o • .37 Figure 9. Chapare Cropping Systems, Relationship of Coca to Other Crops ...... 38 Figure 10. Yapacanf Cropping Systems, Relationship of Coca to Other Crops ..... 39 Figure ll. Mean Lot Sizes of Chapare Farmers byMicroregion. .............. 40 Figure 12. Land Distribution -Chapare, MicroregionI .... .............. 0'46 Figure 13. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion 2 ..... ............. 47 Figure 14. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion 3 ................... 48 Figure 15. Land Distribution - Chapare, Microregion 4 ................... 49' Figure 16. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion 5 ... ....... ...... 50 Figure 17. Land Distribution- Chapare Microregion 6 51 o..o.o Figure 18. Land Distribution -Chape, MiCrorgio 7 . ........ 52 Figure 19. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion I ................... 54 Figure 2. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion2 ............ •.......55 3 Figure 21. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion ....... ........... 56 ..,...........058 Figure 22.23. Land Distribution - Chapare, NMicroregionMicroregion 45 .. .......... ..a.. ...... 57 Figure23. LandDistribution-Chapare, Microregion 6 ................... 58 Figure 24. Land Distribution-ChapareMiCroregion 6 .... ............ 59 Fieure 25. Land Distribution -Chapare, Microregion 7 ...... ............ 60 V LIST OF ACRONYMS CABCrddito Agropecuirlo de Emergencia y Social CERES Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Econ6fiica COB Central Obrera Boliviana cPRDP Chapare Regional Development Project DESFIL Development Strategies for Fragile Lands :DIRECO Direccifn de Reconversidn Agrfcola IOTA Instituto Boliviano de Tecnologfa Agropecuaria ICIs Instituciones Crediticias Intermediarias IDA Insitute for Development Anthropology INC' Instituto Nacional de Colonizacidn PDAR Programa de Desarrollo Alternativo Regional Resource Assistance SARSA Systems Approach to Regional Income and Sustainable SDTB Subsecretarfa para el Desarrollo del TOpico Boliviano UMOPAR Unidad M6vil de Patrulla Rural Development (AID) USAID United States Agency for International Vii 1.1. purpose of the OvervieW obtained from analysis of sets of data on farmers Thiis discussiOn summarizes information of the Direcc6n de in the first'set were collected by officials in the Chapare region. The data for monitoring the Bolivian government agency responsible ReconveTsi6n Agricola (DIRECO), in voluntary coca reduction efforts production and certifying farmers' participation levels of coca and other development assistance. The qualify them to receive cash payments, credit that in a socioeconomic study of Chapare farmers discussion also draws on the data gathered Rivera la RealidadEcon6mica y Social (CERES). conducted by the Centro de Estudios de material to take however, we have conducted a reanalysis of the (1990) reports on this research; was not reported on in the obtained through farmer interviews that advantage of information available information on migration to the report. This report also summarizes other original the data presented. Cqapare to provide a context for interpreting what we know about the organization information presented here does not exhaust The relationship to upland areas from which most in.the Chapare, and the Chapare's specific of production comes. Rather, it seeks to respond to of its farmer and rural laborer population like answered in and AID/Washington have indicated they would questions that USAID/Bolivia Regional Development Project the design of the follow-on activity to the Chapare anticipation of questions will provide the basis for a more (CRDP). We hope that the answers to these coca policy and rural development issues surrounding penetrating analysis of the economic discu -sion about the than has occurred to date, and facilitzte a fruitful production in the Chapare occurs continuing analysis of a successor to the CRDP. As this discussion nature and scope of Associated High Valleys areas, with that has been collected on the Chapare :nd the information will offer important information and insights. highly focused new research on specific topics, 1.2. Discussion of Database 1.2.1. The DIRECO Database of material collected from 10,703 largest data set analyzed for this report consists The the amount of coca they are producing with farmers who discussed voluntarily reducing set of Chapare 1985 and the end of December 1989.' A second DIRECO officials between November Cruz who were obliged
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