DOCSLIB.ORG

Forging Pathways to Sustainable Food Systems and Rural Poverty Reduction: Insights from a Social and Economic Value Chain Analy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forging Pathways to Sustainable Food Systems and Rural Poverty Reduction: Insights from a Social and Economic Value Chain Analy Forging pathways to sustainable food systems and rural poverty reduction: Insights from a social and economic value chain analysis of aquaculture in the Bolivian Amazon by Sean Michael Irwin M.R.D., Brandon University, 2012 M.I.T., University of Saskatchewan, 2011 B.A., University of Manitoba, 2005 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Geography University of Victoria © Sean Michael Irwin, 2018 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Forging pathways to sustainable food systems and rural poverty reduction: Insights from a social and economic value chain analysis of aquaculture in the Bolivian Amazon by Sean Michael Irwin M.R.D., Brandon University, 2012 M.I.T., University of Saskatchewan, 2011 B.A., University of Manitoba, 2005 Supervisory Committee Dr. Mark Flaherty, Supervisor Department of Geography Dr. Aleck Ostry, Departmental Member Department of Geography Dr. Joachim Carolsfeld, Outside Member World Fisheries Trust ii Abstract Increasing the social, economic, and environmental sustainability of food systems while making them productive enough to feed a future global population of 9 billion is one of the most significant challenges facing humanity. Aquaculture is touted as a food system that can make a profound contribution to this challenge, but much more research is needed to understand how it can develop sustainably. In central Bolivia, an aquaculture system is emerging that is generating opportunities for empowerment, food security, and poverty reduction. However, pathways that lead to the capture of these opportunities while avoiding challenges are not well defined. It is also unclear how the trajectory of growth can be supported so that aquaculture in the region can sustainably contribute to rural development. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine how rural small-scale aquaculture systems can contribute to food production while also being environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable. To do so, a new holistic value chain analysis that incorporates horizontal linkages (gender, food security, poverty analysis, and socio-political context) was developed and utilized. It included semi-structured interviews with 40 central Bolivian aquaculture producers, 40 farmers who did not produce aquaculture fish, 26 people employed in the aquaculture value chain, and 18 aquaculture system key informants. The study found that aquaculture in central Bolivia tends to have a positive effect on system participants and has a low environmental impact. It also identified improvements that the system could make to improve its productivity and sustainability. Beyond the central Bolivian aquaculture system specifically, the research makes an important and valuable contribution to knowledge by identifying and explaining the linkages between local and regional food systems in the global South, and sustainable development outcomes. This research provides insight for development researchers and practitioners looking to improve the productivity and sustainability of aquaculture systems. This research also improves our understanding of how food system development can generate empowerment, food security, and poverty reduction more broadly. iii Table of Contents Supervisory Committee .................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. viii List of Photos ..................................................................................................................................... ix Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Nature of the Problem .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Background ........................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Food Systems ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.1.1 Local Food Systems .......................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Food Sovereignty ............................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.3 Navigating the “Modification” and “Alternative” Approaches ....................................... 29 2.2 Aquaculture Systems ............................................................................................................. 31 2.2.1 Aquaculture and the Environment ............................................................................................ 35 2.2.2 Aquaculture and Rural Development ....................................................................................... 37 2.2.3 Forging Pathways to Sustainable Aquaculture .................................................................... 47 2.3 Value Chains ............................................................................................................................. 48 2.3.1 Horizontal Linkages ......................................................................................................................... 52 2.3.2 Holistic Value Chains Analysis ..................................................................................................... 56 2.4 Summary .................................................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 3: Bolivia .................................................................................................................. 60 3.1 The Evolution of a Rich and Poor Country ...................................................................... 60 3.1.1 Cultural Diversity and Conflict .................................................................................................... 61 3.1.2 Neoliberalism and Resistance in Bolivia ................................................................................. 65 3.1.3 Coca, Indigeneity, and National Sovereignty ......................................................................... 71 3.1.4 The Rise of Indigenous and Socialist Politics ........................................................................ 76 3.2 The Socio-Political Continuity and Change .................................................................... 78 3.2.1 The Morales Government’s Policies and Priorities for Development ........................ 79 3.2.2 Social Development .......................................................................................................................... 83 3.2.3 Economic Development .................................................................................................................. 87 3.2.4 Shifting from Governance from Above to Governance from Below ............................ 92 3.2.5 Rural Livelihoods and Development ........................................................................................ 98 3.2.6 Creating a Food Sovereign Nation .......................................................................................... 104 3.3 Aquaculture in Bolivia ......................................................................................................... 109 3.3.1 The Bolivian Fish Production System ................................................................................... 110 3.3.2 The Re-emergence of Aquaculture in Bolivia .................................................................... 114 3.3.3 Cultured Species ............................................................................................................................. 117 3.3.4 The Market for Aquaculture ...................................................................................................... 120 3.3.5 Research Context ............................................................................................................................ 126 3.4 Summary .................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Africa «Afrique Africa • Afrique
    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, Ho. 12,20 MUCH 1W2 • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, » 12,20 MARS 1992 Influenza Grippe A ustria (23 February 1992). The first signs of influenza A utriche (23 février 1992). Les premiers signes d'activité grippale activity were scattered localized outbreaks in mid-January. ont été des flambées locales disséminées à la mi-janvier. Des cas Cases of influenza-like illness were detected all over the d'affections de type grippal ont été décelés dans tout le pays en country during February and activity reached epidemic février et l'activité a atteint des proportions épidémiques à Vienne. proportions in Vienna. Influenza A has been implicated on La grippe A a été mise en évidence par sérologie mais ria pas encore serological evidence but has not yet been confirmed by virus été confirmée par isolement du virus. isolation. Egypt (2 March 1992).* Additional cases of influenza Egypte (2 mars 1992).‘ Des cas supplémentaires de grippe A(H3N2) were diagnosed among cases of influenza-like A(H3N2) ont été diagnostiqués parmi des affections de type grippal illness investigated during December and January. étudiées en décembre et en janvier. Hong Kong (2 March 1992).2 * Influenza A(H3N2) virus Hong Kong (2 mars 1992).2 Le virus grippal A(H3N2) a été isolé was isolated from a sporadic case in January. d'un cas sporadique en janvier. Israel (28 February 1992).’ Influenza activity reached Israël (28 février 1992).’ L'activité grippale a atteint des niveaux epidemic levels in February. Cases have been seen in all age épidémiques en février. Des cas ont été observés dans tous les groups but most have been children.
    [Show full text]
  • WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE 15 SEPTEMBER 1995 ● 70Th YEAR 70E ANNÉE ● 15 SEPTEMBRE 1995
    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, No. 37, 15 SEPTEMBER 1995 • RELEVÉ ÉPIDÉMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 37, 15 SEPTEMBRE 1995 1995, 70, 261-268 No. 37 World Health Organization, Geneva Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE 15 SEPTEMBER 1995 c 70th YEAR 70e ANNÉE c 15 SEPTEMBRE 1995 CONTENTS SOMMAIRE Expanded Programme on Immunization – Programme élargi de vaccination – Lot Quality Assurance Evaluation de la couverture vaccinale par la méthode dite de Lot survey to assess immunization coverage, Quality Assurance (échantillonnage par lots pour l'assurance de la qualité), Burkina Faso 261 Burkina Faso 261 Human rabies in the Americas 264 La rage humaine dans les Amériques 264 Influenza 266 Grippe 266 List of infected areas 266 Liste des zones infectées 266 Diseases subject to the Regulations 268 Maladies soumises au Règlement 268 Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Programme élargi de vaccination (PEV) Lot Quality Assurance survey to assess immunization coverage Evaluation de la couverture vaccinale par la méthode dite de Lot Quality Assurance (échantillonnage par lots pour l'assurance de la qualité) Burkina Faso. In January 1994, national and provincial Burkina Faso. En janvier 1994, les autorités nationales et provin- public health authorities, in collaboration with WHO, con- ciales de santé publique, en collaboration avec l’OMS, ont mené ducted a field survey to evaluate immunization coverage une étude sur le terrain pour évaluer la couverture vaccinale des for children 12-23 months of age in the city of Bobo enfants de 12 à 23 mois dans la ville de Bobo Dioulasso. L’étude a Dioulasso. The survey was carried out using the method of utilisé la méthode dite de Lot Quality Assurance (LQA) plutôt que Lot Quality Assurance (LQA) rather than the 30-cluster la méthode des 30 grappes plus couramment utilisée par les pro- survey method which has traditionally been used by immu- grammes de vaccination.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Productivity of Small Peri-Urban Farmers by Bio-Rational Soil Management
    Improving Productivity of Traditional Andean Small Farmers by Bio-Rational Soil Management: I. The Potato Case J. Franco; G. Main; O. Navia, N. Ortuño and J. Herbas1 Summary The use of chemical pesticides in agriculture demands high investments; its in discriminated and inadequate application to obtain immediate crop response has caused considerable damage to the environment and human health, either due to a direct effect or indirect contamination of farmer fields and water sources by highly toxic products. On the other hand, as a result of soil fertility losses, farmers move to new areas for farming, causing a complex migration phenomena and devastation of natural forests. In an effort to find new alternatives for the management of crop pests compatible with the environment and agro- ecologically friendly, some technologies recently developed have been offered to small Andean potato farmers. Among these, the recycling of organic residues and the management of natural soil microorganisms which are important alternatives to reduce the importation and use of toxic agro-chemicals as well as to preserve and recuperate soil fertility and thus reach a sustainable potato production by Andean farmers. This will not only guarantee food security, but will also have favorable impact on the yield and quality of potato and other crops. Additional index words: Compost, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth promoting rizhobacterias (PGPR), Glomus fasciculatum, Bacillus subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens Accepted for publication: December 28, 2011 1 Researches ; Fundación para la Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos (PROINPA), Cochabamba, Bolivia, E-Mail: [email protected] 2011 Franco, Main, Navia, Ortuño, Herbas 271 Mejorando la productividad de pequeños agricultores Andinos, mediante el uso racional de productos biológicos en el manejo del suelo.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Deforestation Rates in a Cocaine Source Region in Bolivia: a Study to Verify Rates of Land-Use Change Under Pro-Coca Policies
    Quantifying deforestation rates in a cocaine source region in Bolivia: A study to verify rates of land-use change under pro-coca policies Thesis submitted by Edmond NAGOMBI (BSc, PNG UNITECH, BEng, PNG UNITECH) June 2017 For the degree of Masters of Science in GIS In the School of Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia i Abstract This thesis focuses on humid tropical deforestation in one of the most important coca growing regions in central Bolivia, Chapare. On the one hand, the cultivation of coca leaves which is the source of cocaine paste, their processing and narcotrafficking are global, social and legal issues that lead to violence, corruption, and instability in foreign policy frameworks. On the other hand, their cultivation has local environmental and economic repercussions that are not always negative. The project is grounded in geospatial science and the methodology comprises of three main sections: image pre-processing, land-use and land-cover classification aimed at forest/non-forest mapping, and the generation of forest and non-forest statistics for individual farms in four communities in Chapare. Landsat 4 & 5 (TM) (2011) and Landsat 8 (OLI) satellite (2015 and 2016) image data were used. Pre- processing steps covered verification of geometric and radiometric parameters, image mosaicking and, for the 2015 data, pan sharpening. Thus, the images were classified using unsupervised classification to map major land-use and land-cover types from 2015 imagery. These were verified with reference to field data collected in 2015 that was made available to this research project. Forest and non-forest classification was carried out for the 2011, 2015 and 2016 image data.
    [Show full text]
  • Floods Update N° 1 26 March 2010
    DREF operation n° MDRBO005 GLIDE n° FL-2010-000008-BOL Bolivia: Floods Update n° 1 26 March 2010 The International Federation’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) is a source of un-earmarked money created by the Federation in 1985 to ensure that immediate financial support is available for Red Cross and Red Crescent emergency response. The DREF is a vital part of the International Federation’s disaster response system and increases the ability of National Societies to respond to disasters. Period covered by this update: 13 February 2010 to 13 March 2010. Summary: 146,723 Swiss francs (137,604 US dollars or 99,995 euros) have been allocated from the Federation’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) to support the Bolivian Red Cross (BRC) in delivering immediate assistance to some 1,500 families (approximately 7,500 people). Un-earmarked funds to repay DREF are encouraged. Severe rainfall since September 2009 has caused floods and mudslides in Bolivia. The The Bolivian Red Cross worked together with local authorities to distribute Bolivian Civil Defence’s emergency relief. Source: Bolivian Red Cross assessments have reported the departments of Beni, Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, La Paz and Santa Cruz have been severely affected. To date, the Bolivian Red Cross has distributed food and non-food items to 1,200 families in the department of Cochabamba. This operation is expected to be implemented over three months, and will therefore be completed by 11 May 2010 a Final Report will be made available three months after the end of the operation (by 11 August 2010). The Canadian government through the Canadian Red Cross contributed 30,000 Canadian dollars (29,990 Swiss francs) and the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) contributed 79,996 euros (116,733 Swiss francs) to the DREF in replenishment of the allocation made for this operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Coca Cultivation in the Andean Region
    Government Government Government of Bolivia of Colombia of Peru COCA CULTIVATION IN THE ANDEAN REGION A survey of Bolivia, Colombia and Peru June 2008 UNODC's Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP) promotes the development and maintenance of a global network of illicit crop monitoring systems in the context of the illicit crop elimination objective set by the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Drugs. It provides overall coordination and direct technical support and supervision to UNODC supported annual illicit crop surveys at the country level. This reports presents the results of the annual coca cultivation surveys in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru, which were conducted jointly by UNODC (ICMP) and the respective Governments. The Regional Overview chapter was compiled by ICMP experts in Vienna. The analysis provided takes into account additional data sources and does not necessarily reflect the views of the three Governments. Unless otherwise specified, all figures presented in this report come from the respective national Governments in the context of national monitoring systems supported by UNODC. The implementation of UNODC's Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme in the Andean region was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the Governments of Austria, Colombia, France, the United States of America, and from the European Commission. This report and other ICMP survey reports can be downloaded from: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-monitoring/index.html The boundaries, names and designations used in all maps in this document do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. This document has not been formally edited. CONTENTS PART 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Limits Within the Widespread Amazonian Treefrog Dendropsophus Parviceps with Descriptions of Two New Species (Anura, Hylidae)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 726:Species 25–77 limits (2018) within the widespread Amazonian treefrog Dendropsophus parviceps... 25 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.726.13864 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Species limits within the widespread Amazonian treefrog Dendropsophus parviceps with descriptions of two new species (Anura, Hylidae) C. Daniel Rivadeneira1,2, Pablo J. Venegas1,3, Santiago R. Ron1 1 Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17–01–2184, Quito, Ecuador 2 Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Casilla 17-01-2759, Telefax: 2236690, Quito, Ecuador 3 División de Herpetología-Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad (CORBIDI), Santa Rita N˚105 Of. 202, Urb. Huertos de San Antonio, Surco, Lima, Perú Corresponding author: Santiago R. Ron ([email protected]) Academic editor: A. Crottini | Received 27 May 2017 | Accepted 4 October 2017 | Published 8 January 2018 http://zoobank.org/34CFE889-FD19-4ED6-B9FE-D961AEA5D108 Citation: Rivadeneira CD, Venegas PJ, Ron SR (2018) Species limits within the widespread Amazonian treefrog Dendropsophus parviceps with descriptions of two new species (Anura, Hylidae). ZooKeys 726: 25–77. https://doi. org/10.3897/zookeys.726.13864 Abstract The genus Dendropsophus is one of the most speciose among Neotropical anurans and its number of de- scribed species is increasing. Herein, molecular, morphological, and bioacoustic evidence are combined to assess species limits within D. parviceps, a widely distributed species in the Amazon Basin. Phylogenetic relationships were assessed using 3040 bp sequences of mitochondrial DNA, genes 12S, ND1, and CO1.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLEV2 Label Updated October 2020
    Updated October 2020 GEOLEV2 Label 32002001 City of Buenos Aires [Department: Argentina] 32006001 La Plata [Department: Argentina] 32006002 General Pueyrredón [Department: Argentina] 32006003 Pilar [Department: Argentina] 32006004 Bahía Blanca [Department: Argentina] 32006005 Escobar [Department: Argentina] 32006006 San Nicolás [Department: Argentina] 32006007 Tandil [Department: Argentina] 32006008 Zárate [Department: Argentina] 32006009 Olavarría [Department: Argentina] 32006010 Pergamino [Department: Argentina] 32006011 Luján [Department: Argentina] 32006012 Campana [Department: Argentina] 32006013 Necochea [Department: Argentina] 32006014 Junín [Department: Argentina] 32006015 Berisso [Department: Argentina] 32006016 General Rodríguez [Department: Argentina] 32006017 Presidente Perón, San Vicente [Department: Argentina] 32006018 General Lavalle, La Costa [Department: Argentina] 32006019 Azul [Department: Argentina] 32006020 Chivilcoy [Department: Argentina] 32006021 Mercedes [Department: Argentina] 32006022 Balcarce, Lobería [Department: Argentina] 32006023 Coronel de Marine L. Rosales [Department: Argentina] 32006024 General Viamonte, Lincoln [Department: Argentina] 32006025 Chascomus, Magdalena, Punta Indio [Department: Argentina] 32006026 Alberti, Roque Pérez, 25 de Mayo [Department: Argentina] 32006027 San Pedro [Department: Argentina] 32006028 Tres Arroyos [Department: Argentina] 32006029 Ensenada [Department: Argentina] 32006030 Bolívar, General Alvear, Tapalqué [Department: Argentina] 32006031 Cañuelas [Department: Argentina]
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Distribution, Phenotypic Variation, and Conservation Status of (Squamata: Liolaemidae), a Lizard Endemic to the Andes of Central Bolivia
    Phyllomedusa 15(1):7–20, 2016 © 2016 Universidade de São Paulo - ESALQ ISSN 1519-1397 (print) / ISSN 2316-9079 (online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v15i1p7-20 Revised distribution, phenotypic variation, and conservation status of (Squamata: Liolaemidae), a lizard endemic to the Andes of Central Bolivia Octavio Jiménez-Robles1,2,3, Pablo Butron-Galvez4, René Carpio4, and Ignacio De la Riva1 1 Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de 2 3 4 Abstract Revised distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation status of Liolaemus (Squamata: Liolaemidae), a lizard endemic to the Andes of Central Bolivia. was considered extinct at the locality and a species in the The persistence of Keywords: Received 6 October 2015. Accepted 2 February 2016. Distributed June 2016. Phyllomedusa - 15(1), June 2016 7 Jiménez-Robles Resumen Revisión de la distribución, variación fenotípica y estado de conservación de (Squamata: Liolaemidae), una lagartija endémica de los Andes de Bolivia Central. La rara lagartija endémica de Bolivia, fue considerada extinta en la localidad de los es adecuada para el estado de conservación de corresponden a y una especie de la serie de andinas parece depender de la preservación de los pajonales de la puna, un ecosistema usualmente Palabras clave: Liolaemus Resumo Liolaemus (Squamata: Liolaemidae),
    [Show full text]
  • Working Paper No.70 AGRICULTURAL SETIMENT ANI) By
    717 Working Paper No.70 SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES IN AGRICULTURAL SETIMENT ANI) PRODUCTION IN BOLIVIA'S CHAPARE REGION by Michael Painter and Eduardo Bedoya Garland February 1991 on work the Institute for Development Anthropology and reports paper is produced by Income and Agreement on Systems Approach to Regional supported by the Cooperative at Clark University, Assistance (SARSA) No. DHR 5452-A-00-908300, Sustainable Resource and State Development Anthropology, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute the Institute for Bureau for Science and funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, University, Division of Rural and Regional Office of Rural and Institutional Development, Technology, authors and should not be The views and interpretations herein are those of the Development. or to any individual acting on its behalf. attributed to the Agency for International Development TABLE OF CONTENTS ..... • ..... , LIST OF TABLES ... ..... .000*0000er LISTrOFACRONYMS 0000000000*'a00000o oo ee o 0 0O0~.* 1 a.~a oooo*ooooo** la INTfRODU CTION a. *o . o . 0. .". .a.. a 11 1.1. Purpose of the Overview . oaooo* oaoo o o l 2. Discussionofatabase . ... ... ." ... ... .... ... 1 1.2.o 1 TheODIRECO o. 4 . o o. o o .2.2. , e .CERESDatabase . o..0. 6 o . 0 0 * * 0: * a* 0 . TO MIGRATION . 2o BACKGOROUND) Mobility and the Control of Different Ecological Zones ..... 2.1. storica . ..... Ict ofDte rnCochababa 2.2 . o o o. o 1010 v . 2.3. P 13 Pus Fatr nCaae irto • 15 2.4. inChapaaeMig.on. ....... o.*o* . o ... 2.5. Pul Factors **....... 16 2.6. Implicaonsfor Devlopment Policy. ........ ••........ o.. 1 7 3. 2 . .. .. .. .2 2 Composition.n oooo 22 Production .....
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Law and Rural Development
    Issue 2 Journal of Law and Rural Development Renewable Energy and Rural Development The Journal is intended to be a forum where the link between law and rural development can be explored and ideas can be discussed freely and openly. IFAD encourages the sharing of new ideas and viewpoints in order to advance discussion of key issues in development. Articles do not represent IFAD positions, but rather contributions to the international dialogue on development. Production and Design Charles Forrest (Editor-in-chief) Bruce Murphy Birgit Plockinger Janet Sharpe Michelle Tang © 2018 by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of IFAD. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations “developed” and “developing” countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-92-9072-815-3 Printed May 2018 Issue 2 Journal of Law and Rural Development Renewable Energy and Rural Development Contents List of abbreviations iii Introduction 1 The United Nations’ commitment to the promotion of renewable energy and
    [Show full text]
  • 2007 Bolivia Coca Survey ENG.Pdf
    ABBREVIATIONS BOB Bolivianos (Bolivian currency) CONALTID Bolivian National Council for Fighting against Drugs DIGCOIN Bolivian National Direction of Coca Leaf Control and Industrialization DIGECO Bolivian National Direction of Coca Leaf Commercialization (up to 2005) DIGPROCOCA Bolivian National Direction of Development for Coca Growing Areas DIRECO National Direction of Agricultural Re-conversion (up to 2005) FELCN Special Force against Drug Trafficking GCP Ground Control Point GIS Geographical Information Systems GPS Global Positioning System ICMP UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2007 coca cultivation survey in Bolivia and to the preparation of the present report: Government of Bolivia: Vice-Ministry for Coca and Integral Development National Direction of Development for Coca Growing Areas (DIGPROCOCA) UNODC: Ivan Alfaro – Manager (Project) Robert Szucs - GIS Specialist (Project) Patricia Delgado - GIS Specialist (Project) Gonzalo Aruquipa - Remote Sensing Specialist (Project) Blanca Vega – Remote Sensing Specialist (Project) Helder Catari – Remote Sensing Specialist (Project) Enrique Castañón – Gis Specialist (Project) Claudia Ortega - Administrative Assistant (Project) Varinia Herbas – Intern (Project) Isabel Condori – Intern (Project) Christina Albertin - UNODC Representative (field office) José Rocabado - UNODC National Programme Officer (field office) Coen Bussink - Remote Sensing
    [Show full text]