2007 Bolivia Coca Survey ENG.Pdf

Home , Achacachi, Aiquile, Alalay, Anzaldo, Anzaldo Municipality, Arani Municipality

ABBREVIATIONS

BOB Bolivianos (Bolivian currency) CONALTID Bolivian National Council for Fighting against Drugs DIGCOIN Bolivian National Direction of Coca Leaf Control and Industrialization DIGECO Bolivian National Direction of Coca Leaf Commercialization (up to 2005) DIGPROCOCA Bolivian National Direction of Development for Coca Growing Areas DIRECO National Direction of Agricultural Re-conversion (up to 2005) FELCN Special Force against Drug Trafficking GCP Ground Control Point GIS Geographical Information Systems GPS Global Positioning System ICMP UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following organizations and individuals contributed to the implementation of the 2007 coca cultivation survey in Bolivia and to the preparation of the present report: Government of Bolivia: Vice-Ministry for Coca and Integral Development National Direction of Development for Coca Growing Areas (DIGPROCOCA)

UNODC: Ivan Alfaro – Manager (Project) Robert Szucs - GIS Specialist (Project) Patricia Delgado - GIS Specialist (Project) Gonzalo Aruquipa - Remote Sensing Specialist (Project) Blanca Vega – Remote Sensing Specialist (Project) Helder Catari – Remote Sensing Specialist (Project) Enrique Castañón – Gis Specialist (Project) Claudia Ortega - Administrative Assistant (Project) Varinia Herbas – Intern (Project) Isabel Condori – Intern (Project) Christina Albertin - UNODC Representative (field office) José Rocabado - UNODC National Programme Officer (field office)

Coen Bussink - Remote Sensing and GIS Expert (Statistics and Survey Section, Vienna) Anja Korenblik - Programme Management Officer (Studies and Threat Analysis Section, Vienna) Angela Me – Chief (Statistics and Survey Section, Vienna) Martin Raithelhuber - Programme Officer (Statistics and Survey Section, Vienna) Javier Teran – Statistician (Statistics and Survey Section, Vienna)

Thomas Bauer (University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna) Reinfried Mansberger (University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna)

Photo credits: UNODC BOL/F57 project or otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise specified, all figures presented in this report come from the respective National Governments in the context of national monitoring systems supported by UNODC. The implementation of UNODC’s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme in the Andean countries and the Bolivia survey in 2007 was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the Governments of Austria, Colombia, France, the United States of America, and from the European Commission.

Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

PREFACE

Coca cultivation has increased by 5% in Bolivia, down from an increase of 8% in 2006. In total, 28,900 hectares of land was used to grow coca in 2007, up from 27,500 hectares a year earlier. Potential production of cocaine was 104 metric tons in 2007, which is 10 mt more than in 2006.

Bringing these numbers down will require a balance of security and development. More effective law enforcement is needed to curb the production and trafficking of coca paste, cocaine base and cocaine. The displacement of coca paste laboratories from coca producing areas to the entire country is a cause for serious concern, which the national drug control authorities need to address vigorously.

At the same time, in areas where coca cultivation takes place, there is an urgent need to identify and implement large-scale agriculture and forestry schemes that are ecologically sound and profitable. Coca cultivation has mainly increased in La Asunta, the Yungas of La Paz, a region where, to date, investment in development has been scarce. Conversely, the survey shows that regions that have benefited from support for licit livelihood schemes, like Alto Beni, have been able to limit coca cultivation.

Furthermore, it is encouraging to see that coca cultivation in national parks has not increased due to effective reduction efforts. The challenge remains to find ways to avoid replanting in these ecologically fragile areas and to keep coca cultivation within the limits prescribed for traditional use under Bolivian law.

Antonio Maria Costa Executive Director United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

1 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

TABLE OF CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 7 2 FINDINGS...... 9 1.1 COCA CULTIVATION...... 9 1.2 REGIONAL ANALYSIS...... 13 2.1.1 Coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz...... 15 2.1.2 Coca cultivation in Apolo ...... 26 2.1.3 Coca cultivation in Chapare ...... 28 2.2 COCA YIELD AND PRODUCTION...... 35 2.2.1 Results of the study on coca yield in the Yungas of La Paz...... 36 2.3 COCA PRICES AND TRADING ...... 39 2.4 COCA CULTIVATION AND RELATED ISSUES ...... 47 2.4.1 Coca cultivation and land use ...... 47 2.4.2 Coca cultivation related with other crops ...... 49 2.4.3 Coca cultivation in National Parks ...... 53 2.5 COCA ERADICATION...... 55 2.6 REPORTED SEIZURE...... 57 3 METHODOLOGY ...... 59 3.1 COCA CULTIVATION...... 59 3.2 YIELD AND PRODUCTION OF COCA LEAF...... 67 3.3 PRICES ...... 68

Index of maps

Map 1: Coca cultivation density, Bolivia, 2007 ...... 8 Map 2: Coca cultivation density in the Andean Region, 2007 ...... 11 Map 3: Coca cultivation change 2006-2007, Bolivia...... 12 Map 4: Coca cultivation density, for the Yungas of La Paz and Apolo, Bolivia 2007...... 14 Map 5: Coca cultivation density for Chapare, Bolivia 2007 ...... 27 Map 6: Coca leaf trading authorized by DIGCOIN, by department, 2007...... 41 Map 7: Land use and coca cultivation, Bolivia 2007...... 46 Map 8: Coca cultivation and alternative development projects, Bolivia 2007...... 48 Map 9: Coca cultivation and National Parks, Bolivia 2007 ...... 52 Map 10: Eradication in the Cochabamba Tropics ...... 54 Map 11: Flight plan of the aerial photographs over Chapare and Yungas, 2007 survey ...... 62 Map 12: Location geo-video flight lanes over the Chapare...... 63

3 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

FACT SHEET – Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007 Change 2006 on 2006 2007 Coca cultivation 27,500 ha +5% 28,900 ha Of which in the Yungas of La Paz 18,900 ha +5% 19,800 ha in Chapare 8,300 ha +6% 8,800 ha in Apolo 300 ha 0% 300 ha Of which permitted by Bolivian law 1008 12,000 ha 12,000 ha not permitted by Bolivian law 1008 15,500 ha +9% 16,900 ha Of which in national parks 2,298 ha -21% 1,825 ha Average annual sun-dried coca leaf yield1 in Chapare 2,764 kg/ha 2,764 kg/ha in the Yungas of La Paz 1,294 kg/ha 1,321 kg/ha in the Yungas, traditional coca growing areas 1,213 kg/ha 1,215 kg/ha Production of sun-dried coca leaf 48,000 mt +6% 51,000 mt Potential production of cocaine 94 mt +11% 104 mt as % of global cocaine production 10% 10% National weighted average farm-gate price of US$ 3.9/kg +5% US$ 4.1/kg coca leaf (outside state-authorized market) Chapare average farm-gate price of coca leaf US$ 3.2/kg +19% US$ 3.8/kg US$ 180 US$ 214 Total farm-gate value of coca leaf production +19% million million US$ 8.7 US$ 9.1 GDP2 +4.5% billion billion Farm-gate value of coca leaf production as 2.0% 2.4% per cent of GDP US$ 1.37 US$ 1.36 Value of agricultural sector GDP -0.7% billion billion Farm-gate value of coca leaf production as % 13% 16% of value of 2007 agricultural sector Reported eradication of coca bush 5,070 ha +24% 6,269 ha Reported seizure of cocaine base 12,779 kg +17% 14,912 kg Reported seizure of cocaine hydrochloride 1,309 kg +123% 2,923 kg

1 2007 yield figures are updated by the new cultivation levels across the sampling strata as defined by the 2006 yield study. 2 GDP of the respective year as reported by the Government.

4 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Executive Summary

Under its Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme, UNODC assists the Bolivian Government in the implementation of a national coca monitoring system. This joint Bolivian Government-UNODC report, the fifth since 2003, provides an estimate of coca cultivation at the national level for the year 2007. It also presents information on coca yield, prices and other issues related to coca cultivation in Bolivia.

This year’s Survey revealed that 28,900 ha were under coca bush cultivation in Bolivia in 2007, an increase by 5% compared to last year’s estimate of 27,500 ha. Coca cultivation in Bolivia accounted for 16% of global coca cultivation in 2007, far below the levels estimated in the early- to mid-nineties when Bolivia accounted for about a quarter of the global total. In 2007, coca cultivation in Bolivia remained below cultivation levels in Colombia and Peru.

The increase in coca cultivation in Bolivia between 2006 and 2007 was due to an increase in the two main areas of coca cultivation, the Yungas of La Paz and Chapare. Coca cultivation in the Yungas reached 19,800 ha, an increase of 5% and in Chapare 8,800 ha, an increase of 6%. The Yungas of La Paz accounted for 69% of the total cultivation in 2007.

The total estimate of 28,900 ha also included the 12,000 ha (42% of total cultivation) permitted by the Bolivian Law No 1008 (“Law on the Regime Applicable to Coca and Controlled Substances”, 1988) for traditional uses such as leaf chewing, medicinal preparations and coca tea. Further, the total included an additional 3,200 ha of coca cultivation temporarily authorized in October 2004 by the Government of Bolivia in the Chapare region by an agreement with coca producers.

In Chapare, a total of 1,825 ha of coca cultivation was found in two National Parks, this represented 20% of the coca cultivation of Chapare region, representing a decrease of 21% compared with 2006. Ecosystems in National Parks are particularly fragile and the deforestation for the establishment of coca fields is thought to contribute to fragmentation of habitats, loss of biodiversity, and soil erosion, among other environmental problems.

The overall area under coca cultivation produced an estimated 51,000 metric tons of sun-dried leaf, of which 36,235 metric tons were estimated to be available for cocaine production. These figures are based on the result of a new coca leaf yield study implemented by UNODC in 2006. Applying a conversion ratio for Chapare of 370 kg of coca leaf for one kg of cocaine and for Yungas of 315 kg of coca leaf for one kg of cocaine, the potential cocaine production in Bolivia amounted to 104 metric tons in 2007. This corresponded to an increase of 10% compared to the 2006 estimate of 94 metric tons.

Farm-gate prices of sun dried coca leaf increased in 2007, to US$ 4.1/kg. Prices of coca leaf and its derivatives, coca base and cocaine hydrochloride, remained stable. Between 2006 and 2007, total seizures of coca leaves increased from 1,342 mt to 1,706mt. Cocaine HCL increased significantly as well from 1,309 mt in 2006 to 2,923 mt in 2007

The farm-gate value of coca leaf production in Bolivia reached US$214 million in 2007. This estimate took into account the total value of coca leaf in the market controlled by DIGCOIN, as well as the farm-gate value of coca leaf outside this market. The total value was equivalent to 2.4% of the country’s GDP for 2007 (US$ 9.1 billion) or 16% of the value of the agricultural sector in 2007 (US$ 1.36 billion).

5 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

The Chapare River, forming flood plains at the Northern region of Cochabamba Tropics

Coripata Town in Nor Yungas Province, surrounded by coca crops and severely eroded soil

Hills of Carrasco National Park

6 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

1 INTRODUCTION

The objectives of UNODC’s Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP) are to establish methodologies for the collection and analysis of data on illicit crops and to improve Governments’ capacity to monitor these crops in the context of the strategy adopted by Member States at the General Assembly Special Session on Drugs in June 1998. ICMP is currently active in seven countries: Afghanistan, Bolivia, Colombia, Lao PDR, Morocco, Myanmar and Peru.

The Bolivian Government and UNODC launched the project “Land use management and monitoring system in the Yungas of La Paz” in October 2001. Initially, the project focused only on the Yungas of La Paz, but since 2003 it has extended its scope to provide estimates on coca cultivation at the national level. Until 2006, the coca cultivation areas were monitored by satellite imagery, but in 2007 the methodology was enhanced by the use of very high resolution photos taken from an airplane. This report presents the project’s findings for 2007.

During 2007, the project was implemented in cooperation with the National Direction of Development for the Coca Growing Regions (DIGPROCOCA, former DIRECO), Vice-Ministry of Coca and Integral Development. DIGPROCOCA provided logistical support during the implementation of ground activities, including the collection of a large number of ground control points, mainly in the Chapare area. The Bolivian National Government, through the National Council of Fight against Illicit Trafficking of Drugs (CONALTID) uses the information provided by this project for planning and implementing its strategy for the fight against illicit drug trafficking. Coca cultivation decreased significantly in Bolivia at the end of the 1990s, following a significant reduction in the area under coca cultivation in the Chapare region. Bolivia is now the third largest coca producer worldwide, far behind Colombia and Peru. Coca cultivation is concentrated in the departments of La Paz (in the areas of the Yungas of La Paz and Apolo) and in the Chapare area (department of Cochabamba).

Bolivian Law 1008 (“Law on the Regime Applicable to Coca and Controlled Substances”, 1988) permits up to 12,000 ha of traditional coca cultivation for traditional consumption and other legal uses. Most of this area is located in the Yungas of La Paz. In addition, in October 2004, the Bolivian Government temporarily authorized the cultivation of 3,200 ha of coca in the Chapare region. Law No 1008 does not provide a precise definition of the geographic limits of the traditional coca growing areas, however, the Bolivian Government is preparing a study which is intended to lead to a legal delineation of the area where coca for traditional use may be cultivated. The National Government is planning to develop a study to determine the national coca leaf demand for traditional purposes. This study is scheduled to begin in 2008, and to provide results by the end of 2009.

7 Coca cultivation density, Bolivia 2007

65°W 60°W

Bolivia

Madera 10°S 10°S

SOUTH AMERICA

! Pando ios Cobija D BRAZIL Madre de

Rio Itenez

Rio Beni

PERU R io Beni M amore Apolo

! Trinidad 15°S La Paz Yungas 15°S Titicaca

la ke Chapare ^ La Paz

Cochabamba! Santa Cruz Cochabamba ! ! Santa Cruz Oruro

Oruro Poopo lake ! Sucre ! Potosi

20°S Chuquisaca 20°S Potosi

Ri o ! Pilcoma Ta rij aTarija y o PARAGUAY CHILE

Cultivation density (ha/km² ) 0.1 - 1 ARGENTINA 1.1 - 4.0

25°S > 4 25°S

International boundaries

0300150 km Department boundaries Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 Yun... : Coca growing areas 65°W 1:8.000.000 60°W

Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2 FINDINGS

1.1 COCA CULTIVATION

In 2007, the total area under coca cultivation in Bolivia was estimated at 28,900 ha, an increase of 5% over last year’s estimate of 27,500 ha. Coca cultivation in areas outside the 12,000 ha authorized by law increased by 9%. The increase at the national level was due to an increase in the main cultivation regions the Yungas of La Paz and Chapare. In the Yungas of La Paz, the increase occurred mainly in the Municipality of La Asunta while other municipalities remained stable. In the Chapare region, the increase occurred mainly in the Southwest part. Once again, the project detected that the increase had occurred in areas where eradications were not undertaken. On the other hand, where eradication efforts are implemented, coca levels were observed to have remained stable or to have decreased. In the Yungas of La Paz, low levels of eradication combined with migration processes from the impoverished areas of Bolivia to the Yungas are the reasons for an increasing trend since 2002.

Figure 1. Coca cultivation in Bolivia, 1997 – 2007 (ha)

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

- 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Cultivation 45,800 38,000 21,800 14,600 19,900 24,400 23,600 27,700 25,400 27,500 28,900

Sources United States Department of State National Monitoring System Supported by UNODC

Table 1. Coca cultivation in Bolivia, 1997– 2007 (ha) Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Rounded total 45,800 38,000 21,800 14,600 19,900 24,400 23,600 27,700 25,400 27,500 28,900

Sources USA Department of State National Monitoring System Supported by UNODC

9 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Coca cultivation increased globally by 16%. Whilst this increase was as a result of increases in all three coca-producing countries, it was mainly caused by the significant increase in Colombia (27%). Coca cultivation in Bolivia represented 16% of global coca cultivation in 2007, compared to 18% in 2006. Bolivia remained the third largest coca cultivator, behind Colombia and Peru.

Figure 2. Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1990 – 2007 (ha)

250,000

200,000

150,000

Hectares 100,000

50,000

0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 200520062007 Bolivia Colombia Per u

Table 2. Coca cultivation in the Andean region, 1997- 2007 (ha)

% Country 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 change Bolivia 38,000 21,800 14,600 19,900 21,600 23,600 27,700 25,400 27,500 28,900 5% Colombia 101,800 160,100 163,300 144,800 102,000 86,000 80,000 86,000 78,000 99,000 27% Peru 51,000 38,700 43,400 46,200 46,700 44,200 50,300 48,200 51,400 53,700 4% Total 190,800 220,600 221,300 210,900 170,300 153,800 158,000 159,600 156,900 181,600 16%

Sources United States Department of State National Monitoring Systems Supported by UNODC

10 Coca cultivation density in the Andean Region, 2007

80°W 70°W Colombia60°W

Caribbean Sea Peru

Bolivia 10°N 10°N Catatumbo NAMA PA South America Norte de VENEZUELA

Antioquia o

Atrat GUYANA COLOMBIA ^ Meta Vichada Bogota are Magdalena Guavi

Meta - Guaviare Nariño Putumayo -

0° Caqueta 0° Caqueta

ECUADOR Putumay

Amazonas

BRAZIL

Maraño

n Alto Ucayali Huallaga Huallaga 10°S 10°S PERU Purus

Ene Uruba s io La Convencion e D ^ mba Lima Mamore Apurimac and Lares Madre d Gua Ene pare Pacific ni Ap Be urimac Ocean Yungas Tit icaca Lake ^ Chapare La Paz BOLIVIA Cultivation density (ha/km 2 )

20°S 0.1 - 1.0 20°S 1.1 - 4.0 > 4.0 Pilcoma yo PARAGUAY International 0250500 boundaries km Department Geographic coordinates WGS 84 CHILE boundaries 80°W 70°W ARGENTINA 60°W

Sources: National monitoring systems supported by UNODC - Governments of Bolivia, Colombia and Perú The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations Coca cultivation changes 2006 - 2007, Bolivia 2007

65°W 60°W

Bolivia

ade

ra 10°S SOUTH AMERICA 10°S

! BRAZIL Cobija Pando Dios de Madre

Rio I tenez

Beni o Ri

PERU Rio

Beni Mamo

re Apolo

! Trinidad 15°S La Paz 15°S Titicaca lake Yungas

Chapare ^ La Paz

Cochabamba! Santa Cruz Cochabamba ! ! Santa Cruz Oruro

Oruro Poopo lake ! Sucre ! Potosi

20°S Chuquisaca 20°S Potosi

Rio Pilcoma ! Ta ri ja Tarija y o PARAGUAY CHILE

Cultivation changes 2006 - 2007 Significant decrease

Decrease ARGENTINA Insignificant changes Increase

25°S Significant increase 25°S

0300150 km International boundaries Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 Department boundaries 65°W 1:8.000.000 60°W

1.2 REGIONAL ANALYSIS

An increase in coca cultivation at the national level of 5%, from 27,500 ha to 28,900 ha, is the result of a combined increase in the Chapare and Yungas areas. Although these areas showed similar increases, respectively 6% and 5%, the non-traditional coca-growing area in the Yungas expanded by a much larger proportion (13%). The most relevant increase took place in certain isolated areas of Yungas of La Paz, where new settlements were observed. Eradication is not undertaken in these areas.

In most of the Chapare region, farmers are cultivating an average of 0.16 ha of coca, locally called “cato”. This is the maximum amount allowed according to an agreement reached between the Government and social organizations of coca farmers in October 2004. Aerial photographs and geo-videos taken over Chapare during the survey clearly show the trend of coca cultivation on fields with the size of one cato in most parts of the region.

Table 3. Coca cultivation estimates by region, 2002 – 2007 (ha) % change % of 2007 Region 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2006-2007 total

Yungas of La Paz 13,800 16,200 17,300 18,100 18,900 19,800 5% 69%

Chapare n.a. 7,300 10,100 7,000 8,300 8,800 6% 30% Apolo n.a. 50 300 300 300 300 0% 1%

Country total 23,550 27,700 25,400 27,500 28,900 5% 100%

Figure 3. Coca cultivation estimates by region, 2002 – 2007 (ha)

25000

20000

15000 e hectar 10000

5000

0 Yungas of La Paz Chapare Apolo

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Figure 4. Distribution of coca cultivation in Bolivia by region, 2007

Apolo 1% Chapare 30%

Yungas of La Paz 69%

13 Coca cultivation density for the Yungas of La Paz and Apolo, Bolivia 2007

68°30'W 68°0'W 67°30'W 67°0'W Santa Rosa BRAZIL

Reyes Río Yacuma San Buenaventura RU E P

Río La Paz Bolivia Machariapu Río Tuic

Ecia.14°30'S Pata hi & 14°30'S Apolo Río Beni PARAGUAY CHILE ARGENTINA

Apolo & Apolo Río Qu Rurrenabaque

endeque Beni 15°0'S San Borja 15°0'S

Charazani (Gral.Perez) Río Quiqui

Río Camata bey

Río R Ayata Río Inicua Río Aten Río Consata Río Kak apu

a Tacacoma Guanay Palos Blancos Guanay & Pto. Linares & Río Co 15°30'S

Palos Blancos 15°30'S & roico Tipuani Río Tipuani La Paz Sorata

Caranavi Caranavi &

Río Boopi

Río Challana o Zongo Rí 16°0'S Achacachi 16°0'S La Asunta Morochata & Yungas La Asunta Murillo Coroico Coroico Batallas & Coripata Arapata & uavi Coripata Río Und Rí & R ío La Paz o C

Pucarani ot

Chulumani acajes Yanacachi & Chulumani & Cultivation density El Alto Yanacachi (ha/km² ) Irupana ^ & La Paz 16°30'S

0.1 - 1.0 Irupana 16°30'S Laja Lambate 1.1 - 2.0 & 2.1 - 4.0 Achocalla Cajuata Inquisivi Cajuata Palca & 4.1 - 8.0 Cohoni Mecapaca & Viacha > 8.0 Tirata &

Department boundaries Río Sapaq Cairoma Quime Municipality boundaries ui Main Road Calamarca RiverComanche Sapahaqui Caquiaviri 05025 km Independencia ^ Department capitalColquencha Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 Malla

17°0'S Ayo Ayo 1 :1.200.000 & Luribay 17°0'S 68°30'WVillage center 68°0'W 67°30'W 67°0'W Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2.1.1 Coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz

The Yungas of La Paz, situated at about 150 km from the city of La Paz, at the eastern side of the Andes Range, is a region of uneven relief with steep slopes, turbulent rivers and elevations ranging from 300 to 4,000 meters above sea level. Significant climatic variations are observed even over short distances. Coca bush is predominantly cultivated on narrow terraces built on high gradient hills.

Tamanpaya river, at the left side of the photograph serves as political boundary between Nor and South Yungas provinces, most of the areas with bare soil are planted with coca. The Illimani and Mururata peaks are in the background

The survey revealed 19,800 hectares of coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz in 2007; this represents an increase of 5% compared to the 18,900 found in 2006 and follows the trend since 2002. Most of the cultivation continued to be taken place in the provinces of South Yungas and North Yungas, accounting respectively for 53% and 33% of the regional total. The largest annual increase (9%) was observed in South Yungas. The increase in this province is mainly due to the increase occurred in the region of La Asunta, where the project observed once again new settlements of people migrating from Bolivian High Lands. Eradication is not undertaken in this area. For the first time in the monitoring history, Caranavi province showed a decrease (-4%) caused by the eradication efforts; however this province only accounted for 8% of the regional total in 2007.

Table 4. Distribution of coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz, 2002-2007(ha) % change % of 2007 Province 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2006-2007 total South Yungas 7,182 8,356 8,867 9,395 9,753 10,588 9% 53% North Yungas 5,187 5,914 6,166 6,257 6,432 6,532 2% 33% Caranavi 491 889 1,248 1,381 1,714 1,653 -4% 8% Inquisivi 741 801 805 807 809 813 0% 4% Murillo 151 210 217 223 225 229 2% 1% Rounded total 13,800 16,200 17,300 18,100 18,900 19,800 5% 100%

Figure 5. Distribution of coca cultivation in the Yungas of La Paz, 2007ha)

Inquisivi Murillo Caranavi 4% 1% 8%

South Yungas 54% North Yungas 33%

15 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

In this year’s survey, the municipality of Coripata in North Yungas province remained the most important centre of coca cultivation in the region of the Yungas of La Paz, with 4,925 ha in 2007 (or 25 of the regional total). Compared with 2006, coca cultivation increased in all municipalities, except in Caranavi (-4%) and in Palos Blancos.

Table 5. Distribution of coca cultivation by municipality in the Yungas of La Paz, 2002-2007(ha) % change % of 2007 Province Municipality 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2006-2007 total North Yungas Coripata 4,032 4,456 4,651 4,708 4,872 4,925 1% 25% South Yungas La Asunta 2,678 3,020 3,157 3,252 3,266 4,028 23% 20% South Yungas Chulumani 1,771 2,314 2,666 3,055 3,386 3,423 1% 17% South Yungas Irupana 2,253 2,481 2,502 2,544 2,553 2,583 1% 13% Caranavi Caranavi 491 889 1248 1381 1,714 1,653 -4% 8% North Yungas Coroico 1,155 1,458 1,515 1,549 1560 1607 3% 8% Inquisivi Cajuata 741 801 805 807 807 813 1% 4% South Yungas Yanacachi 421 483 488 494 499 507 2% 3% Murillo La Paz 151 210 217 223 225 229 2% 1% South Yungas Palos Blancos 59 58 53 50 49 47 -4% 0% Rounded Total 13,800 16,200 17,300 18,100 18,900 19,800 5% 100%

Figure 6. Distribution of coca cultivation by municipality in the Yungas of La Paz, 2002-2007(ha)

6000

5000

4000

3000 hectare

2000

1000

0 Coripata La Asunta Chulumani Irupana Caranavi Coroico Cajuata Yanacachi La Paz Palos Blancos

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Only a small amount of coca fields were eradicated in Yungas in 2006. In this region, once again, it was observed that there were settlements emerging, mainly populated with people coming from the Altiplano (La Paz, Potosi, Oruro, etc). These new settlements were established in previously uninhabited areas of La Asunta and Caranavi, and their primary agricultural activity was coca cultivation.

A study on coca leaf yield conducted by UNODC and the Government in the Yungas in 2006 confirms that farmers were using more sophisticated agricultural techniques in their coca fields, employing more fertilizers, pesticide and mechanical irrigation to improve the yield of their coca fields.

16 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Figure 10. Coca cultivation techniques in the Yungas of La Paz

1. Burning of land and soil preparation: The burning of land often takes place during the dry season (May to August), but it can also happen until the month of December if the weather conditions are suitable.

2. Terraces construction: Most of the coca fields are established on wuachus (terraces) to avoid erosion and soil nutrients loss. This practice prolongs the life of the crop. The width of the terraces varies from forty-five centimeters to one meter, depending on the slope. The lines of furrows for coca cultivation are established transversally to the slope direction. This practice is widely used in traditional areas, while in the rest of the Yungas, terraces are not built.

The width and shape of the wuachus varies according to the slope and structure of the terrain.

21 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

3. Seedling and transplant: The coca seeds are obtained from plants of 5 years old or older. The seeds are settled in a seedling nursery of rich soil and abundant irrigation. They are protected from the sun for about 4-6 weeks before their transplantation to the field.

Coca seeds in a coca plant

Seedlings are carefully raised in rich soil undercover and abundantly irrigated

4. Young crop and first harvest: The small plants are carefully planted in the field, at a distance of 5-20 cm between each other. During the first few days, they are continuously irrigated. A new crop produces its first harvest usually 12 months after the transplantation, but there have been reports of fields harvested as soon as 8 months after transplantation thanks to the use of fertilizer.

22 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

In the Yungas of La Paz, harvest of coca fields is mainly done by women and children.

5. Maintenance: In the Yungas of La Paz, a phytosanitary treatment is applied to coca bushes using fertilizers, and pesticides. Irrigation is also widely used. Typically, the pesticides are applied to the bushes right after the harvest, in order to protect the crop from a variety of plagues, including larvae, fungus and ants. At 4-5 years old, the plant is totally pruned, leaving only the base of the trunk. This practice known as pillu greatly increases the yield of the crop starting from the next harvest, which is produced after 6-8 months. The life of a coca field is about 30 years old.

The intensive use of chemical pesticides, and foliar fertilizers may produce coca leafs which are not suitable for traditional consumption like Akulliku (mastication) and tea preparation.

The bottom picture show organic fertilizer being applied to coca plants 3 months after pruning.

23 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Mechanical irrigation is widespread in coca fields. As it can be appreciated in this aerial orthophoto

Example of pillu (pruning) in a more than 20 year old coca field. The large trunks at the base reveal that several pillus have been practiced to this plants

24 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

6. Drying and transport of the leaves: Drying is done carefully to protect the leaves and maintain their quality. After the harvest, the fresh coca leaves are stored for at least one night in the dark and after that spread for sun drying. In the traditional area, the leaves are spread over a special floor built of dark stones called cachi. The cachi accelerates considerably the time of drying. In other areas, the leaves are spread over agricultural nets. If the coca leaves are spread right after the harvest, they become damaged and their value reduces drastically. If rain comes over the drying coca leaves, or the farmer picks them up before complete drying, the leaves are also damaged. The above aerial photograph shows coca leaves drying in a cachi, while the left picture shows coca drying over a net

Drying coca leaves in Siguani, La Asunta

25 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2.1.2 Coca cultivation in Apolo

Apolo is located at the northern part of the department of La Paz, on the eastern edge of the Andean mountain range. With relatively dry weather conditions and poor soils, coca fields in Apolo often have a low yield and are cultivated for only for about three to five years.

In 2004, DIRECO conducted a cadastral survey of coca cultivation in the Apolo region, measuring in situ all the coca fields located in the region. The DIRECO survey revealed that coca cultivation reached 289 ha in 2004. The UNODC/Government project monitored Apolo completely for the first time in 2004, finding 273 ha of coca cultivation.

In 2007, no imagery was acquired in the Apolo region. A field verification was undertaken in September. Some increase in coca cultivation was observed, mainly in the southern part of the Province Franz Tamayo, in areas with fragile ecosystems, while in other parts of Apolo, the team found some abandoned coca fields. New coca fields were located in areas where there used to be primary forest, on both sides of the Camata River, along the border of the provinces Franz Tamayo and Bautista Saavedra. These new coca fields do not represent a significant cultivated surface yet; however, due to the risk of a potential expansion, the project will continue monitoring this area in the coming years.

Table 6. Coca cultivation in Apolo region, 2003 and 2007 (ha)

% change Province Municipality 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2006 - 2007 Franz Tamayo Apolo 50 300 300 300 300 0%

Coca cultivation in Apolo region is traditionally associated with cassava to take advantage of the same furrow for two different crops. The coca fields in central Apolo are scattered and relatively small (about 200 m2) compared to the new coca fields found in the southern part or elsewhere in the country. Terraces are not used. The coca cultivation techniques and coca leaf sun drying are similar to techniques used in the Yungas area of La Paz.

The northern part of Apolo is part of the Madidi National Park, the largest biosphere reserve in Bolivia. Only a few dispersed and small coca fields were found on the western side of the Madidi Park. In Apolo, coca cultivation is considered traditional according to law 1008. No eradication is undertaken in this area.

Expansion of coca cultivation at the southern part of Franz Tamayo Province, bordering the Camata River

26 Coca cultivation density for Chapare, Bolivia 2007

Río 66°0'W 65°30'W 65°0'W 64°30'W

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Bolivia 15°30'S SanCochabamba Andrés 15°30'S

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Alalay To t o ra Comarapa Capinota Mairana Anzaldo Cultivation density Río San Juán Arampampa Río Mizqu (ha/km² ) R ío Pajta Vila Vila e 0.1 - 1.0 Río Caine Saipina 18°0'S Pampa Grande 18°0'S Acasio Mizque Omereque 1.1 - 2.0

2.1 - 4.0 Río Cienaga

Río

4.1 - 8.0 T To ro To ro em

bladeras > 8.0 Trigal Potosi Aiquile Moro Moro Department boundaries Río San Ped San Pedro de Buena Vista ro Pasorapa Municipality boundaries Main Road 05025 River Poroma km Vallegrande Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 &Pocoata 18°30'S Village center 1 : 1.400.000 18°30'S 66°0'W Ravelo65°30'W 65°0'W Presto 64°30'W Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2.1.3 Coca cultivation in Chapare

The Chapare region is situated in Cochabamba department, and the region is also referred to as the Cochabamba tropics, extending over the provinces of Chapare, Carrasco and Tiraque. In contrast to the Yungas of La Paz, Chapare region has moderate slopes and huge rivers. Elevations vary from 300 to 2500 meters, with coca cultivated between 300 and 1000 meters. The highest mountains are located in the south and the country’s large tropical savannas begin in the northern part of Chapare. Temperatures are tropical and the area records the highest precipitation levels in Bolivia.

In the nineties, the Chapare region held the largest amount of coca cultivation, but following sustained eradication efforts and alternative development programmes, cultivation decreased dramatically.

The 2007 survey found 8,800 ha of coca cultivation in Chapare, representing an increase of 6% compared to the 8,300 ha found in 2006. In contrast to last years, the increase occurred mainly in the south western part of the Cochabamba Tropics, corresponding to the Carrasco province. Like in former years, the increase took place in areas where no eradication was performed. On the other hand, in the some decrease was observed in regions where eradication was carried out.

Between 2006 and 2007, coca cultivation increased in the provinces of Carrasco and Tiraque, but decreased in the Chapare province.

Table 7. Distribution of coca cultivation by province in Chapare region, 2003-2007 (ha) % change % of 2007 Province 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2006-2007 total

Chapare 4,250 5,844 4,094 4,857 4,536 -7% 52% Carrasco 2,864 3,520 2,312 2,791 3,492 25% 40% Tiraque 214 723 605 691 777 12% 9% Rounded Total 7,300 10,100 7,000 8,300 8,800 6% 100%

Table 8. Distribution of coca cultivation by municipality in Chapare region, 2003-2007(ha) % change % of 2007 Province Municipality 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2006-2007 total Chapare Villa Tunari 4,250 5,841 4,094 4,857 4,536 -8% 52% Carrasco Entre Ríos 1,106 1,921 817 870 1,103 29% 13% Carrasco Puerto Villarroel 1,394 821 818 1,110 1,531 51% 17% Tiraque Tiraque 214 724 605 691 777 14% 9% Carrasco Chimoré 250 525 432 542 587 10% 7% Carrasco Totora 114 253 245 270 274 2% 3% Rounded Total 7,300 10,100 7,000 8,300 8,800 6% 100%

In spite of the decrease of 8%, the municipality of Villa Tunari continued to be the most important area of coca cultivation in the region representing 52% of the coca cultivation in Chapare in 2007. The municipality includes part of the Isiboro Secure National Park, where coca cultivation also decreased during the reported period.

It should be noted that political boundaries are not properly defined between the departments of Cochabamba and Beni. For this reason, although some coca cultivation might actually be located in Beni Department, all the coca fields identified during the survey along the undefined departmental border were counted as part of the municipality of Villa Tunari, in the Department of Cochabamba.

28 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Figure 11. Distribution of coca cultivation by municipality in Chapare region, 2003 – 2007 (ha)

7000

6000

5000

4000

hectare 3000

2000

1000

0 Villa Tunari Entre Ríos Puerto Tiraque Chimore Totora Villarroel

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Figure 12. Distribution of coca cultivation by municipality in Chapare region, 2007 (ha)

Chimore Totora 7% 3% Tiraque 9%

Villa Tunari 51% Puerto Villarroel 17%

Entre Ríos 13%

29 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Figure 13. Coca fields of 1 cato size in Chapare

Field picture of a cato example with a seedling at the right side

Aerial orthophoto with interpreted coca fields of cato size

In past years, farmers of the Cochabamba Tropics used to intersperse or hide coca bushes in order to avoid detection and eradication. These practices are not very common nowadays because of the “cato” policy, and most coca fields were found were free of association with other crops.

It is generally accepted that coca cultivation is done with much more care in Yungas than in Chapare, and due to the differences in climate and soil, the techniques of cultivation differ from the ones used in Yungas. A typical way to implement a coca crops starts with the burning of the tress and vegetation in the selected place, after a cleaning and soil preparation, young plants are transplanted from the seedling to the field.

30 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2.2 COCA YIELD AND PRODUCTION

In December 2005, UNODC started a new coca yield study in the Yungas of La Paz. The survey was implemented jointly by the UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme through its experts in Bolivia and in Vienna. The field work was implemented by researchers from the Unidad Academica Campesina (UAC) of Carmen Pampa, Yungas de La Paz.

During the survey, samples of sun-dried coca leaf were weighted from 98 coca parcels selected randomly across the region. To determine the sun-dried coca yield in the Yungas de La Paz, the Bolivian survey is based on a “Multistage Stratified Area Frame Sample Design”,

Sample frame As in any survey, the quality of the data collected from the sample surveys depends to a large extent on the quality of the sampling frame from which the sample is to be selected. The sampling frame was constructed according to the principles of the Area Sampling Frame methodology. The basis for the construction of the frame was the coca fields interpreted during the 2004 Coca Cultivation Survey in the Yungas in Bolivia. Within the limits of coca cultivation interpreted in this survey, the frame was divided in a collection of one km2 grids.

Stratification Most surveys estimating crop production are based on stratified multistage cluster designs. Stratification divides the units in the population into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subgroups or strata. Separate samples are then independently selected from each stratum. The main purpose of stratification is to improve the precision of the survey estimates. Therefore, the construction of the strata should be such that units in the same stratum are as homogeneous as possible and units in different strata area as heterogeneous as possible with respect to one or more characteristics of interest to the survey.

Based on previous experience acquired on site by the project team and by the researchers of Carmen Pampa University, the variables that have been considered for stratification were terrain slope and the altitude. These two variables were combined and used as the basis for the stratification of the sampling frame.

Sample Size and sampling allocation

The sample size was decided taking into account the desired precision of the estimates, the constraint of verification of all steps of the survey, the necessity to obtain estimates at the regional level, and the availability of the field researchers to reach the fields.

The precision of an estimate is measured by its standard error. The degree of precision required for the coca yield was set at about +/- 10% of the true value with a 95 per cent probability that it contains the true value.

The sample size has been defined in a way that a thorough verification process can be performed at any time and at every step of the implementation. This assures the high quality of the data collected and the confidence of the estimates generated.

35 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

The table below summarizes the sample frame along the different strata.

Table 9. Coca yield stratification in the Yungas of La Paz Coca Number of Hectares coca Number of Strata Strata definition Grids (2004) Polygons Samples Elevation (m) Slope (Degrees) 1 300-1000 0-15 490 1,455 3,890 10 2 300-1000 15-38 11 47 109 10 3 1000-2000 0-15 1,563 10,418 28,124 45 4 1000-2000 15-38 496 3,580 8,246 15 5 > 2000 0-15 170 780 2,368 10 6 > 2000 15-38 163 599 2,080 10 Total 2,893 16,880 44,817 100

Weighting a sample of recently harvested fresh leaves Measuring a sample coca field

2.2.1 Results of the study on coca yield in the Yungas of La Paz

The averages presented in this section are derived from the field survey, and corresponded to the simple averages found in the survey sample and extrapolated to the full extent of the sampling frame.

From the analysis of the collected data, the annual sun dried coca leaf yield was estimated at 1,312 kg/hectare. The highest annual sun dried coca leaf yield was found in stratum 1 (elevation between 300 and 1,000 meters, and slope less than 15 degrees), and the lowest annual sun dried coca leaf yield was found in stratum 5 (elevation greater than 2,000 meters and slope less than 15 degrees). The complete averages are described below.

Table 10. Yield results in the Yungas of La Paz for 2006 and 2007 Estimated potential % Number of Weighted Average amount of sun dried Strata Strata definition Coca surface Ha Increase Samples Yield TM/Ha/Year coca leaf (mt) Elevation Slope (m) (Degrees) 2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007 1 300-1000 0-15 1,900 2,200 16% 6 2.17 2.17 4,123 4,774 2 300-1000 15-38 50 50 0% 0 1.23 1.23 62 62 3 1000-2000 0-15 10,700 11,150 4% 71 1.24 1.24 13,268 13,826 4 1000-2000 15-38 4,200 4,300 2% 12 1.21 1.21 5,082 5,203 5 > 2000 0-15 1,200 1,250 4% 6 0.82 0.82 984 1,025 6 > 2000 15-38 850 850 0% 3 1.49 1.49 1,267 1,267 Total 18,900 19,800 5% 98 1.311 1.321 24,785 26,156

36 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

The analysis of the yield survey data concluded that the estimated production of sun dried coca leaf in the Yungas is approximately 26,156 metric tons in 2007. This would represent an increase of 6% in comparison to 2006,

Law 1.008 authorizes 12,000 ha of coca cultivation in the traditional region. This area is dispersed among the strata 3, 4, 5 and 6. Therefore the weighted sun dried coca leaf yield for this region in 2007 is estimated at 1.22 metric tons/ha/year. The total estimated production of sun dried coca leaf under this law is estimated at 14,660 metric tons in 2007.

Based on the yield study and other data used in the ONUDD World Drug Report, the coca growing areas approximately generate 51,000 metric tons of dried coca leaf. Minus the production of the 12,000 ha authorized by law 1.008, it is estimated that 36,200 metric tons might be conveyed for cocaine production. Other earlier studies undertaken with international cooperation concluded that for produce 1Kg of cocaine, 270kg of dried coca leaves from Chapare are needed, and 315kg of dried coca leaf from Yungas. Therefore, the total potential production of cocaine in the country is estimated at about 104 metric tons of cocaine in 2007, which represents an increase of 11% respect on 2006.

It should be noted that this estimate represents the potential coca leaf and cocaine production. Due to lack of data, it does not take into account the so far unknown amount of coca leaf from Chapare region destined for local consumption (chewing and medicinal preparation).

Figure 16. Potential cocaine production in Bolivia 1997-2007 in (metric tons)

200

150

100 Metric Tons

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Production 200 150 70 43 60 60 79 98 80 94 104

Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2007

Despite the increase of potential cocaine production in Bolivia, its global share stayed the same, with 10% of the global potential cocaine production of 994 metric tons. Production continues to be much lower than in the mid nineties, when Bolivia accounted for about a quarter of global cocaine production.

37 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Table 11. Potential cocaine production in the Andean Region 1996-2007 (in mt)

%change % of 2007 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2006-2007 Total 200 150 70 43 60 60 79 98 80 94 104 11% 10% 350 435 680 695 617 580 550 640 640 610 600 -2% 60% 325 240 175 141 150 160 230 270 260 280 290 4% 29% 875 825 925 879 827 800 859 1,008 980 984 994 1% 100%

Source: UNODC World Drug Report

Figure 17. Potential cocaine production in the Andean region 1997 - 2007 (in %)

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Bolivia Colombia Peru

38 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2.3 COCA PRICES AND TRADING

In Bolivia, sun-dried coca leaf trade is regulated by the National Directorate of Coca Leaf Commercialization and Industrialization DIGCOIN, (formerly DIGECO). DIGCOIN controls the quantity and prices of coca leaf traded in the two market facilities authorized by the Government: the market of Villa Fatima in La Paz city and the market of Sacaba in Cochabamba department, close to Cochabamba city.

During 2007, a total of 17,120 metric tons of coca leaves fell under the control of DIGCOIN, representing an increase of 30% compared to 2006. This increase is partly due to new ways of coca trading introduced by DIGCOIN. Until recently the only mode of transaction for coca was its sale through retailers at market places. In 2007, other transaction venues were introduced, including i) authorized sales by coca farmers to consumers; ii) transactions under agreements; iii) sales by coca farmers to consumers at fixed selling points, and iv) selling in restricted quantities by farmers to the coca-processing industry.

Table 12. Ways and volumes (mt) of coca leaf trading authorized by DIGCOIN, 2007 DIGCOIN Market/Office Way of trade La Paz Cochabamba Total Retailers at markets 13,024 619 13,643 Authorized exchange 1,219 234 1,453 Direct sale (agreements) 51 46 97 Direct sale (fixed points of sale) 1,791 128 1,919 Provision for industrialization 7 1 8 Total 16,092 1,028 17,120 Percentage 94% 6% 100% Source: DIGCOIN

As it can be observed in the table above, in 2007, the greatest amount of coca leaf, some 16,092 metric tons or 94%, was traded in Villa Fatima and in DIGCOIN La Paz offices. The remaining 1,028 metric tons was traded in Sacaba or DIGCOIN Cochabamba Offices. Once again, the prices of coca leaves at the Villa Fatima market were higher than at the Sacaba market, with respective annual averages of 36 Bolivianos/kg (US$ 4.6/kg) and 32 Bolivianos/kg (US$ 4.1/kg). The annual average weighted price of coca leaves on these two markets was 35 Bolivianos/kg (US$ 4.6/kg) in 2007.

Table 13. Monthly prices and quantities of coca leaf marketed through DIGCOIN, 2007 Chapare: Sacaba market La Paz: Villa Fatima market Weighted average Price Quantity Quantity sold Price BOB/kg Month BOB/kg sold (mt) (mt) BOB/kg US$/kg January 26 9 27 1,132 27 3.4 February 28 7 30 1,099 30 3.8 March 27 10 30 1,106 30 3.8 April 30 11 33 1,124 33 4.2 May 29 16 32 1,116 32 4.1 June 30 57 33 1,095 33 4.2 July 31 85 37 1,088 36 4.7 August 31 72 37 1,002 37 4.8 September 33 36 41 1,014 41 5.3 October 38 117 43 1,049 43 5.6 November 40 123 41 1,077 41 5.4 December 40 76 42 1,124 42 5.5 Annual 32 619 36 13,024 35 4.6 average Source: DIGCOIN

39 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

According to DIGCOIN information, a total of 16,092 metric tons of traded coca came from the Yungas. Based on the data of the yield study, the equivalent area would be 12,218 ha of coca grown in the Yungas of La Paz. 1,028 metric tons from the Chapare were traded, with an equivalent area of 381 ha. Each trader is authorized by DIGCOIN to trade up to 500 pounds (227 kg) of dry coca leaf per month. DIGCOIN’s authorization specifies where the coca leafs are bought (Villa Fatima or Sacaba) and the point of final destination for its retail. Coca is retailed in packages of a maximum weight of 15 pounds (6.8 kg). The following map shows the distribution of traded coca leaves throughout the country according to the DIGCOIN registry. As in 2006, in 2007, most of the coca leaves ended up in Santa Cruz department, followed by the departments of Tarija, La Paz and Potosi. There was a significant increase in La Paz department, where the new transaction venues were used to trade to the rural communities of the Altiplano. In Santa Cruz, coca leaves are supplied mostly for the workers of large scale industrial farms of soy beans and sugar canes who habitually chew it. Coca chewing is also widespread among miners of the departments of La Paz, Potosi and Oruro. An increasing quantity of coca leaves traded in the southern part of the country is smuggled to neighboring Argentina. During 2007, the Argentinean police seized the significant amount of 44 metric tons of coca leaves and 3.3 metric tons of cocaine at the Bolivian border. Table 14. Reported monthly coca leaves and cocaine seizures in Argentina (kg), 2007

Month Seizure of coca leaves (kg) Seizure of cocaine (kg)

January 2,382 105 February 3,621 85 March 5,320 564 April 4,814 380 May 3,795 197 June 2,240 284 July 2,425 394 August 2,701 238 September 3,664 281 October 4,301 436 November 4,433 277 December 4,710 87 Total 44,406 3,328 Source: Argentinean National Police Force

Figure 18. Reported monthly coca leaves and cocaine seizures in Argentina (kg), 2007

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Coca leaves Coc aine

Source: Argentinean National Police Force

40 Coca leaf trading authorized by DIGCOIN, Bolivia 2007

65°W 60°W

Bolivia

adera 10°S 10°S SOUTH AMERICA 35 ! s Cobija Pando BRAZIL dre de Dio Ma

Ri o Ite nez

Rio Beni

i 277 Beni o Ma

r e

4,435 Trinidad 15°S La Paz 15°S

Titicaca lake

^ 4,773 La Paz 2,266 Cochabamba! Santa Cruz Cochabamba ! ! Santa Cruz Oruro

Oruro 781 ! Sucre ! Potosi 680 20°S 20°S Chuquisaca Potosi 1,623

Tarija! 2,230 Rio P Ta ri ja ilcoma

yo PARAGUAY CHILE

Laguna Verde

Quantity of traded coca leaves (metric tons) ARGENTINA Coca growing areas 2004 International boundaries 25°S 25°S 2005 Department boundaries

2006 0300150 km Main rivers 2007 Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 Water bodies 65°W 1:8.000.000 60°W

Source: Government of Bolivia - DIGCOIN - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Farm-gate prices of sun-dried coca leaf have been collected in Chapare on a monthly basis by DIGPROCOCA (former DIRECO) since 1990 and by the UNODC monitoring project in the Yungas of La Paz since 2004. Average annual prices for coca leaf were higher in the Yungas of La Paz, at BOB 38/kg (US$ 4.8/kg) than in the Chapare, at BOB 29.3/kg (US$ 3.8/kg).

Table 15. Monthly sun-dried coca leaf price in the Yungas of La Paz, 2007 Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Averag Averag of of La Month of Coripata of Caranavi e e Chulumani Asunta BOB/kg BOB/kg BOB/kg US$/kg BOB/kg BOB/kg Jan 35 34 38 38 36 4.6 Feb 33 34 38 38 36 4.6 Mar 33 35 37 37 36 4.5 Apr 34 34 37 37 36 4.5 May 37 33 37 38 36 4.6 Jun 37 35 39 39 37 4.8 Jul 38 36 39 39 38 4.9 Aug 37 36 40 40 38 4.9 Sep 39 36 40 40 39 5.0 Oct 40 37 41 40 40 5.2 Nov 40 39 41 40 40 5.2 Dec 40 39 41 41 40 5.3 Annual 37 36 39 39 38 4.8 average

Compared to 2006, sun-dried coca leaf prices increased slightly in 2007 to BOB 38/kg in the Yungas.

Table 16. Reported monthly sun-dried coca leaf prices in the Chapare, 2007 Month BOB/kg US$/kg January 24 3.0 February 24 3.0 March 25 3.2 April 28 3.6 May 28 3.5 June 28 3.6 July 32 4.1 August 32 4.1 September 33 4.3 October 33 4.4 November 31 4.1 December 33 4.4 Anual average 29.3 3.8 Source: DIGPROCOCA

In contrast to the last two years, prices in Chapare increased significantly from BOB 26/kg in 2006 to BOB 29.3/kg (+13%). The increase in prices paralleled an increase in the cultivated surface, and can be attributed to an increase in the demand of dried coca leaves.

42 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Figure 19. Monthly sun-dried coca leaf price in the Yungas of La Paz, Chapare and markets controlled by DIGCOIN, 2007

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0 $US/Kg

2.0

1.0

0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Yungas Chapare Digcoin

Sources: UNODC monitoring project/DIGPROCOCA/ DIGCOIN

Weighted by production, the annual average price for coca leaf outside the market controlled by DIGCOIN was US$ 4.1/kg. This was a lower price than that of US$ 4.5/kg on the market controlled by DIGCOIN. However, at the end of the year, prices from the markets controlled by DIGCOIN were similar, and even higher, than prices outside the authorized markets. Prices of coca leaves have not been systematically recorded for Apolo. Anecdotal information suggests much lower prices in Apolo than elsewhere in the country, ranging from US$ 2.5 to US$ 2.8/kg in 2006. The reason for lower prices in Apolo could be attributed to the remoteness of the region, being far from the main trading centers. Coca leaf production in Apolo (281 mt) was negligible compared to the national total, and was therefore not taken into account in the establishment of the national annual price estimate. The existence of coca leaf price data from Chapare collected by DIRECO since 1990 provides a picture of long term price trends. Following a strong price rise in 1999 – in line with a strong increase in eradication – sun-dried coca leaf prices reached a peak of US$ 5.7 /kg in 2000. Prices subsequently fell to the lowest level since 1998 (US$ 3.2/kg in 2006) and rose again to U$ 3.8/kg in 2007. However, coca leaf prices in Bolivia continue to be substantially higher than in neighboring Peru (US$ 2.5/kg).

43 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Table 17. Reported monthly prices of sun-dried coca leaf in Chapare (US$/kg), 1995 to 2007 Month 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 January 0.9 1.1 1.3 2.0 5.9 5.4 5.7 6.1 5.4 5.3 4.9 4.0 3.0 February 1.3 1.2 1.5 2.4 6.0 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.3 5.1 5.1 3.3 3.0 March 0.8 1.4 1.5 2.4 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.2 5.2 2.8 3.2 April 1.1 1.9 1.4 3.7 6.0 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.2 5.3 4.4 2.7 3.6 May 1.7 2.2 1.5 4.8 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.2 3.5 2.7 3.5 June 1.4 2.2 1.4 4.9 4.8 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.1 3.5 3.1 3.6 July 1.3 2.3 1.4 4.9 5.3 5.6 5.4 5.7 5.5 5.1 3.6 3.5 4.1 August 1.2 2.1 1.4 5.0 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.5 5.1 3.7 3.1 4.1 September 1.3 2.1 1.5 6.0 5.4 6.1 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3 4.0 3.4 4.3 October 1.2 2.0 1.5 5.1 5.3 6.1 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.0 3.7 3.7 4.4 November 1.1 1.3 1.7 5.4 5.3 5.8 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.0 3.8 3.3 4.1 December 1.0 1.4 2.0 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.5 5.5 5.1 3.7 3.3 4.4

Annual Average 1.2 1.8 1.5 4.4 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.2 4.1 3.2 3.8 US$/kg

Figure 20. Farm-gate prices of sun-dried coca leaf in Chapare and coca production, 1990 to 2007

100,000 7 90,000 6 80,000 70,000 5

60,000 4 50,000 40,000 3 30,000 2 Coca price ($US/Kg) 20,000

Coca production (metric tons) 1 10,000 - 0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Coca production Coca leaf price in Chapare

The estimation of the total farm-gate value of coca leaf production in Bolivia included the total value of the market controlled by DIGCOIN. The farm-gate value of coca leaves outside this market in 2007, amounted to a rounded value of US$ 214 million.

Table 18. Estimation of the total farm-gate value of coca leaf production, 2007 Coca weighted average Region Coca production (metric tons) Coca value US$ price US$/kg Outside Outside Outside Authorized Total Authorized Authorized authorize authorized authorized Total value market production market market d market market market Yungas 4.6 4.8 26,156 16,092 10,064 73,432,365 48,306,240 121,738,605 Chapare 4.1 3.8 24,323 1,028 23,295 4,232,388 88,521,760 92,754,148 Rounded total 51,000 17,000 34,000 78,000,000 137,000,000 214,000,000

The increase of the coca value in 2007 is attributable to the increase in prices and production in both Yungas and Chapare regions.

44 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

The total farm-gate value of coca leaf production in 2007 is equivalent to 2.4% of the projected Bolivian GDP3 of US$ 9.1 billions for 2007. It represents 16% of the projected value of the licit agricultural sector of US$ 1.36 billions in 2007. These figures suggest that, for the country as a whole, coca production still has an impact on the Bolivian economy, and continues to play an important role within the coca producing regions. Street prices of cocaine paste and cocaine of unknown purity from the major cities and coca growing regions in Bolivia were also reported by FELCN and are provided in the table below.

Table 19. Reported prices of cocaine base and cocaine HCl (US$/kg), 2007 City Cocaine base Cocaine HCL La Paz 975 2,050 Cochabamba 1,150 2,000 Santa Cruz 1,250 1,900 Region Yungas of La Paz 800 1,100 Chapare 1,000 1,500 Source: FELCN

It should be noted that prices for coca leaves and their derivatives were consistently higher in Bolivia than in neighboring Peru.

Table 20. Prices for coca leaf and its derivatives in Peru and Bolivia (US$/kg), 2007

Products Peru Bolivia

Coca leaf 2.5 4.1 Cocaine base (in coca producing regions) 600 900 Cocaine HCl* 851 1,800 Source: As reported by the respective Government.

3 Source: INE, 2007

45 69°W 68°W 67°W 66°W Land Use 65°W 64°W

Intensive Agriculturagriculture with with livelive stockstock Extensive live stock Agroforestry with cattle and goats 3 21 llamas, ovinos, vicuñas 40 BRAZIL

agriculture with live stock Extensive live stock, ovines 7 Extensive agricultur with live stock 22 41 Forestry with cattle and goats Apolo anual crops Extensive agriculturagriculture with with live live stock stock 23 Scattered extensive live stock, ovines Forestry with cattle and wood 34 9 llamas 42 46 anual crops, ovines Extensive live stock ovines and PERU agriculture with live stock 24 Bolivia 10 Extensive agricultur with live stock llamas Very scattered Forestry with cattle 32 permanent crops 45 PERU Scattered live stock Extensive agriculturagriculture with with livelive stock,stock, anual 25 11 with alpacas,llamas, vicuñas 46 Forestry and permanent crops, ovines, goats Bolivia Extensive live stock ovines, ! Extensive agriculturagriculture with with livelive stock,stock, anual 26 llamas Forestal and secondary forest 12 47 Trinidad PARAGUAY crops, ovines, goats CHILE 27 Scattered extensive live stock Scattered extensive agricultur with live llamas, ovinos, vicuñas 48 Forestal maderable disperso 13 stock ARGENTINA 15°S 15°S SANTA CRUZ 45 25 14 Extensive agricultureagricultur with live stock, anual 28 ExtensiveBENI live stock 54 Hunting, fishing other crops, ovines, goats llamas, alpacas, vicuñas

No agricultural, live stock, nor Bolivia 2007 cultivation, coca and Land use Extensive agricultureagricultur with live stock, anual Extensive live stock, wood recolection34 55 15 crops, ovines, llamas, vicuñas 30 57 Body waters 16 Scattered extensive agricultureagricultur with live 32 Scattered extensive live stock 15 stock, permanent crops ovines 58 Snow 19 Extensive agricultureagricultur with live stock, ovines 34 Very Scattered extensive live stock 16 35 Scattered extensive live stock 20 Extensive raising ovines 35

34 35 Titicaca lake 10 LA PAZ Yungas 9 16°S 16°S 54 46 Chapare 34 22 25 ^ La Paz 46

42 54

SANTA CRUZ 17°S 17°S 10

26 25 COCHABAMBA46 3! 41 Cochabamba 14 13 Ap... : Growing areas 55 27 Coca cultivation (2007) 19 Water bodies 20 23 7 12 International boundaries 28 11 Department boundaries ! 41 30 3 010050 km Oruro 18°S Main roads ORURO POTOSI Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 18°S 69°W 68°W 67°W 66°W 65°W 1:2.500.000 64°W Source: Government of Bolivia - Land Manangement 2001 - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2.4 COCA CULTIVATION AND RELATED ISSUES

2.4.1 COCA CULTIVATION AND LAND USE The Bolivian National Authorities of Land Management (‘Ordenamiento Territorial’) released in 2002 a country wide map of major land use (scale 1:500,000), based on the classification of Landsat images. ´The map of coca cultivation was laid on top of this land use map since 2003. This analysis revealed that coca cultivation is found over four main types of land use: Extensive livestock and agriculture with permanent crop; timber forest; timber forest and cattle; non-timber forest and cattle; hunting, fishing and non-timber forest products.

In 2007, 77% of coca cultivation took place on land dedicated to extensive livestock and agriculture with permanent crop, and 19% over land where the major land use is classified as timber forest. This last category corresponded mainly to the border of the Isiboro Secure National Park that is now protected, meaning that activities like extensive agricultural or logging are no longer permitted.

Table 21. Distribution of 2003 - 2007 coca cultivation by major land use and by region (ha) % change % of 2007 Region Major land use 2004 2005 2006 2007 2006 - 2007 total Extensive livestock and Yungas agriculture with permanent crop 15,878 16,381 17,160 17,635 3% 61% timber forest 1,270 1,498 1,534 1,958 28% 7% timber forest and cattle 189 204 208 215 3% 1% Extensive livestock and Chapare agriculture with permanent crop 3,659 3,366 4,401 5,185 18% 18% timber forest 5,433 3,069 3,285 2,988 -9% 10% non-timber forest and cattle 495 298 302 331 10% 1% hunting, fishing and non-timber forest products 507 277 287 301 5% 1% Apolo Extensive livestock, sheep 178 178 178 178 0% 1% Timber forest 11 11 11 11 0% 0% Very scattered forest with cattle 51 51 51 51 0% 0% non-timber forest and cattle 61 61 61 61 0% 0% Rounded total 27,700 25,400 27,500 28,900 5% 100% The analysis of the location of the new coca cultivation that appears between 2006 and 2007 in the Chapare, showed that the new coca cultivation (500 ha) took place partially over the land dedicated to extensive livestock and permanent crop and timber forest.

Figure 21. Coca cultivation and major land uses in Bolivia

4% 19%

77%

Extensive livestock and agriculture with permanent crop timber forest other classes

47 69°W 68°W 67°W a 66°W 65°W 64°W acum Baures o Y Rí

Iturralde BRAZIL

R í o R í U T o u R i B c e í h PER o i n i M no o ach Itenez a M ri a o Bolivia pu í R R R í 2007 Bolivia projects, development integral and cultivation Coca ío Coc o ha Franz Tamayo rca N eg Yacuma r Apolo o PERU Trinidad PARAGUAY Rí o Qu Jose Ballivian ! en CHILE deque e er p i ARGENTINA A ch e ío u R ren m u be R a ío Río C j i 15°S 15°S Q T u i ío Saavedra qu BeniR R Río ib ío Aten e M y R a ío m C amata o ré Río Consata R R í o ío Inicua S a a n ak P YungasK a Río b Muñecas Marban lo o Camacho it R b Río Coroico í a o C Tipuani ío R o R a í Moxos p u R re Larecaja lo Río Iba

a n Caranavi a l l R a ío h G r C ío Secure an ío go R de La PazR on ó G Titicaca lake Z ua ío Sud Yungas pay R R Río Y ío ap Guarayos S ac an o an 16°S 16°S ta i E u m o Pa l pl Rí il en u as a Ir Omasuyos ío R i Nor Yungas op R a o ío o Icho Río B A Rí U nduavi ío lta Santiestevan R ma chi a t

Los Andes u i Murillo r

U a . t La Paz r u r e R ^ ri A s ío i P r U ir i o a p í y i Chapare Rí R o h o r Mal o C b si o I í ío pa R Ingavi Ayopaya so R

R e ío La z Chapare r P a a Sara p a h es ota j C a n o c í R a si í t I o R osas Santa Cruz i S o ip apaq u o R Inquisivi C í o Rí . Mar o í rr

A E R Ichilo sp um a 17°S 17°S Loayza a R l í a o b A a R y Z ío o o Ch p Río R í ore Level of intervention of a Iv í R y iri o zu J.M.Pando a C R h Carrasco ío Ic

i h il integral development projects m o i r Aroma Cochabamba o R u Tiraque r é í R a o O ío Moi M Cochabamba s R Low o ío ío s Sa le R ! jt a R Medium Pacajes ío Molle R ío

S a Río Desaguadero n High M

a Ta pa c ari R t Arani ío e Coca cultivation (2007) A o Villarroel liz ar Water bodies Cercado R ío P International boundaries Arce ajt Arque R a Oruro Río ío Río C Department boundaries M 0100S50 km Oruro Mizque i an arra zq Sajama o B s a ue J Rí in Geographic coordinates,uá WGS 1984 Province boundaries ! Bilbao e 69°W 68°W Saucari 67°W Bolivar 66°W 65°W 1:2.500.000n 64°W 18°S 18°S Source: Government of Bolivia - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2.4.2 COCA CULTIVATION RELATED WITH OTHER CROPS

Since 2005, the Bolivian Government pursues integral and sustainable livelihoods strategies for the farmers in the coca growing areas. In 2005, the monitoring project started to quantify and monitor all main crops in Chapare and Yungas of La Paz besides the coca plantations. In this way, a complete land use map was generated for both regions. These data were used to analyze the dynamics of the coca cultivation in relation to the cultivation of other crops.

Chapare Chapare is the region where most efforts were made to increase alternative crop cultivation. Therefore the availability of alternative crops for export and supply to the local market is relatively high.

In the Chapare, alternative development actions were concentrated in the region Known as Multiple Use Forest or MUF, which covers the central area of the region, not considering the National Parks. The project performed the quantification of land use inside this area using satellite imagery since 2003.

The following table compares the area with coca cultivation and the main export crops.

Table 22. Alternative development cultivation and coca cultivation in the BUM area (in ha) % of change Crop 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 - 2007 Coca 4370 43174107 5200 6015 19% Banana 14555 16548 20358 23,005 n.a. 58% Citrus 6,679 8,120 10,052 12,686 n.a. 90% Heart of palm 2607 3428 4448 5,329 n.a. 104% Pineapple 1359 1582 1967 2,526 n.a. 45%

x Since there is not yet data available for 2007 The % of change for alternative crops is calculated for the period 2003-2006

Figure 22. Coca cultivation and exporting alternative cultivation in the BUM area since 2003

25000

20000

15000 s hectare 10000

5000

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

coca banana citrus heart of palm píneapple In spite of the increase in coca cultivation inside the BUM area, there is no evidence of replacement of other crops by coca cultivation. On the other hand, the most relevant crops experienced a significant increase during the period 2003-2006, and this trend is expected to continue during 2007.

49 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Yungas of La Paz

In the Yungas of La Paz, the area of major intervention of alternative development was the Northern part of the municipality of Caranavi and the Alto Beni, representing less that 1% of the national total of coca cultivation in 2007. However, the region of South-western Yungas and La Asunta representing the largest proportion of coca cultivation in 2007 received fewer support for the integral development initiatives. The land use survey revealed that export crops are not being cultivated in this region, except for some scattered coffee plantations. Other crops are only for subsistence and negligible compared to coca cultivation. These areas can be considered as mono- cropping areas for coca cultivation.

Table 23. Coca cultivation and other significant crops in Yungas of La Paz in 2007 (ha) Main land Cultivated surface % of change Zone use class (ha) 2006 - 2007 2006 2007 Alto Beni* Coca 50 49 -2% Banana 4,247 4647 9% Citrus 1077 1121 4% Cacao 5,017 5506 10% Caranavi Coca 1,714 1,653 -4% Coffee 9,074 9,187 1% Banana 2948 3120 6% Citrus 145 150 3% La Asunta Coca 3,266 4,028 23% Banana 291 298 2% Coffee 395 431 9% South-western Yungas** Coca 13095 13274 1% Coffee 110 107 -3% Mango 70 70 0% Inquisivi*** Coca 807 807 0% Source: Land use survey, UNODC 2005-2006 *Alto Beni comprises the municipality of Palos Blancos. ** Southwestern Yungas comprises the municipalities of Coroico, Coripata, Chulumani, Yanacachi and Irupana. ***Comprises the municipality of Cajuata

Coca cultivation compared with other crops by region in the Yungas of La Paz 2006-2007 (ha)

14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0 Coca Coca Coca Coca Coca Citrus Citrus Coffee Coffee Cacao Coffee Mango Banana Banana Banana Alto Beni* Caranavi La Asunta South-western Inquisivi*** Yungas**

2006 2007

50 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Caranavi Coffee is a significant success in the international market thanks of its organic properties

The picture shows a coffee field of the typical sun-protected variety grown in Caranavi

In the Alto Beni region of the Yungas of La Paz, coca cultivation is negligible compared with other crops like organic cacao and banana, which have an outstanding potential for exportation

Heart of palm is the crop with the most accelerated increase in Chapare

51 Coca cultivation and national parks, Bolivia 2007

65°W 60°W

Bolivia

dera

10°S SOUTH AMERICA 10°S

! s BRAZIL Cobija Pando Dio de dre Ma Manuripi Heat

Rio Iten ez

Rio Beni

PERU Rio MamBeni

ore Noel Kempff Madidi Est. Biológica Mercado Apolo del Beni ! Pilon Lajas Trinidad

15°S Apolobamba 15°S La Paz Titic aca lake Yungas

Isiboro Secure Cotapata ^ La Paz Chapare

TunariCochabamba ! Santa Cruz CochabambaCarrasco San Matias Amboro ! ! Santa Cruz Sajama Oruro Toro Toro Oruro Poopo lake El Palmar ! Kaa Iya del Sucre Gran Chaco Otuquis ! Potosi

20°S Chuquisaca 20°S Potosi

Cordillera de Rio Pilc Sama ! Ta ri ja om Tar ija ayo Tariquia PARAGUAY CHILE Eduardo Avaroa Cultivation density (ha/km² ) 0.1 - 1

1.1 - 4.0

> 4

ARGENTINA National parks National parks affected 25°S by coca cultivation 25°S International boundaries 0300150 km Department boundaries Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 Yun... : Coca growing areas 65°W 1:8.000.000 60°W

2.4.3 COCA CULTIVATION IN NATIONAL PARKS

There are 21 protected areas and National Parks in Bolivia, totaling an area of 165,000 sq km, representing 15% of the national territory. Coca cultivation decreased in the National Parks of Chapare due to eradication efforts in these areas. The main decrease (-32%) was found in Isiboro Secure National Park. Ecosystems of the National Parks are particularly fragile and deforestation for establishment of coca cultivation causes irreversible damage to their environment. Although eradication has been efficient during 2007, it should be noted that the damage to the forest due to coca cultivation is irreversible.

Table 24. Coca cultivation estimates by National Parks in Chapare (ha), 2003 – 2007 % change % of 2007 Area 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2006 - 2007 total Isiboro Secure National 1,605 2,807 1,161 1,451 985 -32% 11% Park Carrasco National Park 778 1,257 781 837 830 -1% 9% Madidi National Park n.a. 10 10 10 10 0% 0.1% Total within National 2,383 4,074 1,952 2,298 1,825 -21% 21% Parks Outside National Parks 4,917 6,026 5,053 6,002 6,975 -16% 79% Rounded Total 7,300 10,100 7,005 8,300 8,800 -31% 100%

Figure 23. Distribution of coca cultivation in Chapare region inside and outside national parks (ha), 2003 – 2007

8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 Total within National Parks Outside National Parks

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

53 Eradication reported by DIGPROCOCA, Bolivia 2007

Río Cabito 66°0'W 65°30'W 65°0'W 64°30'W 64°0'W

Río Mamoré BRAZIL

E P

15°30'S Bolivia 15°30'S San AndrésCochabamba

Río Ibare Loreto Río Apere PARAGUAY CHILE ARGENTINA

San Ignacio Río Secure

El Puente Rí

o Grande ó oro

16°0'S 16°0'S Río Isib Río Guap

Río Chapa

Mineros ri

r Arr. e

ío Chipiri R Uriuta Useuta Río Pir Río ay Río Ich

o 16°30'S 16°30'S Chimore Río Ichil Río Yapacan

Villa Tunari Río Ma i

l ma re pa so Isinuta ! Chapa o Yapacaní Rí Río Eterasa Eterazama ! Villa 14 de Septiembre Puerto Villarroel ! ! San Carlos Senda F ! ota Chipiriri Arr. Mariposas sin ! Senda B Río I Villa Tunari ! ! ShinahotaChimore ! ! Ivirgarzama Río Chore Río Chimoré 17°0'S Puerto Villarroel ! 17°0'S

Río E Valle Ivirza Valle Sacta ! ! sp uma Río Iviri Entre Rios zu ! Río Zabala Bulo Bulo Colomi ! Tiraque Rí Entre Rios (Bulo Bulo) Sacaba Yungas de Vandiola o Saj ! ta Río Moile Río Os

os Río Mo

San Benito lle To l at a 17°30'S Rí 17°30'S Pojo o Arbieto Rí San M Arani Vacas o Alizar a teo Ta ra t a Pocona Buena Vista

Alalay To t o ra Comarapa Anzaldo

Río S Río Mi an Río Pajta Ju Vila Vila zque án Mairana Rí o Saipina 18°0'S Eradication areas Caine Pampa Grande 18°0'S Acasio Mizque Omereque Cultivation changes 2006 - 2007 Significant decrease Río Cienaga

R Decrease ío Tembl Insignificant changes To ro To ro

Increase ad

Trigal e Significant increase Aiquile ras Moro Moro !. Village center Río San Pedro San Pedro de Buena Vista Pasorapa Quirusillas Main road River

Department boundaries 05025 Poroma km Vallegrande PocoataMunicipality boundaries Geographic coordinates, WGS 1984 18°30'S 66°0'W Ravelo65°30'W 1 : 1.400.00065°0'W Presto 64°30'W 64°0'W Source: Government of Bolivia - DIGPROCOCA - National monitoring system supported by UNODC. The boundaries and names shown and the designation used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2.5 COCA ERADICATION

Bolivian Government stopped using the term eradication for the new voluntary rationalizing of coca crops. This is more consistent with the actual national policies of not force the farmers to eliminate its coca fields, but reduce them on voluntary basis. This new policy does not apply to National Parks, where the elimination of coca crops is mandatory. With this new policy, the Bolivian Government reported a rationalizing of 6,269 ha of coca, 24% more than in the previous year. Only 300 ha of coca were eliminated in the Yungas of La Paz, (5%) and 5,969 ha in the Cochabamba Tropics (95%). In Bolivia, no chemical or aerosol agents are used and the reduction coca cultivation is exclusively manual.

Figure 24. Reported rationalizing and coca cultivation in Bolivia (ha), 1995 – 2007

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000 hectare

20,000

10,000

0 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

Eradication 5,498 7,512 7,026 11,62116,999 7,953 9,435 11,85310,087 8,437 6,073 5,070 6,269 Coca cultivation 48,60048,10045,800 38,00021,80019,60019,900 24,40022,80027,60025,400 27,50029,000

Sources: For coca cultivation: UNODC; for eradication: DIGPROCOCA

Figure 25. Reported monthly eradication in Bolivia (ha), 2007

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Eradication (ha) 157 363 419 403 616 668 551 575 631 710 752 423

Source: DIGPROCOCA

The Bolivian government also reported the eradication of 7.5 ha of coca seedlings in the Chapare region, an increase of 30% compared to 2006. The eradication of coca seedlings helps to avoid the replanting of eradicated coca fields.

55 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Table 25. Reported monthly eradication of coca seedlings (m2), 2003-2007 Month 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 January 1,460 1,795 2,748 444 1,077 February 1,415 2,830 4,516 1,907 4,196 March 4,520 3,296 4,320 2,904 4,052 April 4,013 2,936 4,825 3,764 4,014 May 2,352 2,989 3,639 2,691 8,856 June 2,972 5,411 4,737 5,683 8,245 July 5,962 6,963 4,372 7,328 7,595 August 10,140 4,344 5,294 10,035 7,879 September 6,438 3,156 4,010 7,667 7,568 October 9,978 4,470 4,812 7,083 8,299 November 7,280 5,869 4,222 6,166 7,387 December 3,294 5,488 4,862 1,814 5,436 Total 59,823 49,547 52,357 57,486 74,604 Source: DIGPROCOCA

Manual voluntary reduction of a coca field in Caranavi

56 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

2.6 REPORTED SEIZURE

DIGCOIN, through FELCN, controls the trade of coca leaves within the country, including control over the transport of coca leaves. Coca leaves are seized if transported without a license or outside of the authorized route specified in the license. In 2007, DIGCOIN seized 1,706 metric tons of coca leaves, representing a significant increase of 27% compared to the reported seizure of 1,343 metric tons in 2006. The increase in seizure of coca leaf can be attributed to a strengthening of FELCN’s special force for the control of coca leaves (Grupo Especial de Control de la Hoja de Coca, GECC), which included introducing control of additional roads, and improvement in equipment and infrastructure.

Table 26. Reported seizure of coca leaves (kg), 2002 – 2007 Department 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 La Paz 31,291 22,375 66,396 172,331 197,854 315,463 Cochabamba 214 11,105 37,748 591,803 1,030,834 1,203,767 Santa Cruz 7,343 20,828 30,441 68,508 52,018 130,703 Tarija 1,407 4,451 10,183 16,499 19,604 11,843 Oruro 1,205 4,682 6,120 24,814 21,913 24,393 Potosi 357 1,321 1,942 1,509 4,010 4,999 Sucre 0 1,450 1,448 3,229 11,780 7,013 Beni 728 600 904 7,525 4,778 6,768 Pando 0 0 0 50 271 686 Total 42,544 66,811 155,182 886,268 1,343,062 1,705,636 Source: FELCN

Figure 26. Reported seizure of coca leaves, 2002-2007

1,400,000

1,200,000

1,000,000

800,000 kg 600,000

400,000

200,000

0 Beni Tarija Oruro Potosi La Paz Santa Cruz Chuquisaca Cochabamba

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: FELCN

The Special Force for the Fight against Drugs (FELCN) reports annually on drugs seizures. Between 2006 and 2007, there was a significant increase of 16% in reported seizures of cocaine base and more than a doubling of seizures of cocaine HCl4.

Table 27. Reported seizure of drugs in Bolivia, 1998 – 2007 (kg) Product 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Cocaine base 8,906 6,905 5,044 4,280 4,741 6,934 8,189 10,152 12,779 14,912 Cocaine HCl 2,440 802 555 334 362 5,969 531 1,300 1,309 2,923 Heroin 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cannabis 320 2,160 3,745 7,055 8,754 8,510 28,200 31,390 125,356 423,777 Source: FELCN

4 The peak in seizure of cocaine HCL in 2003 was due to an exceptional operation conducted by FELCN. 57 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Figure 27. Reported seizures of cocaine base and cocaine HCl in Bolivia (kg), 1997 to 2007

16000

14000

12000

10000

kg 8000

6000

4000

2000

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Cocaine base Cocaine HCL Source: FELCN

The increasing trend of cocaine base seizures has continued in 2007; the destruction of coca/cocaine laboratories and maceration pits was very similar to the year before and remained at a high level.

Figure 28. Reported destruction of clandestine laboratories/macerations pits, 1997 - 2007

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Coca paste and/or cacaine laboratories 1,066 1,245 925 628 1,006 1,420 1,769 2,254 2,619 4,070 4,087 Maceration pit 1,481 1,659 1,179 790 1,292 1,950 2,544 3,293 4,064 6,268 6,526

Source: FELCN

58 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 COCA CULTIVATION

In 2006, the project started using digital aerial photographs in combination with satellite images. Aerial photos have several advantages, like the increased spatial resolution of the images, which facilitates the determination of the coca fields; moreover the timing of the image taking is more flexible to avoid cloud coverage. Aerial photogrammetry provided more accuracy and objectivity to this year’s survey. This cutting edge technology meant increased processing time but also improvement in spatial resolution facilitating the visual interpretation.

The photo processing and interpretation was supported by intensive field verification undertaken with the help of advanced technology like aerial geo-referenced videos in addition to field pictures and on site captured GPS control points.

In the Apolo region, the land use changes have been verified through a field control mission covering the most relevant areas in the region. The team observed minimal changes in the land use, therefore no imagery was required.

1) Identification and acquisition of the aerial photographs

The project employed an Aerial Industry Camera (AIC) with a format of 7228x5428 pixels, and a minimum pixel size of 0.0068mm, a focal distance lens of 50mm and an RGB lenses. The camera was properly mounted in an aircraft that was equipped for photogrammetry purposes. In Bolivia, only the National Air Force (FAB) counts with this type of plane, (see picture). The camera was connected to a L2 Global Position System in order to acquire high accuracy coordinates of the center of each photo. A special inertial mapping unit (IMU) and stabilizer were employed to measure the deviation angles Omega, Kappa and Phi.

Table 28. Digital aerial photos used for the 2007 survey in Bolivia Ground Total area in Region Sensor Type Resolution square km Yungas AIC digital camera 0.60 meter Digital Color photos 5,900 Chapare AIC digital camera 0.50 meter Digital Color photos 7,500 Total 13,400

A total of 1,500 digital aerial photos were taken over the Yungas, covering an area of 5,900 square kilometers, while 1933 aerial photos were taken over the Cochabamba Tropics area, covering an area of 7,500 square kilometers.

The photographs were taken by the project personnel at different altitudes according to the variation in terrain topography. A total of 54 flying hours were needed to obtain the required photographs.

This was the first time that the monitoring project relied completely on aerial photos; therefore, training on photogrammetry was organized with the support of the ICMP in cooperation with the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna. The course was designed satisfy the specific requirements of the project. Two technicians from Bolivian Government participated as well.

The flying missions were undertaken during the dry season, from mid June to the beginning of September. The cloud cover obtained was minimal in both regions: 3% in the Yungas of La Paz and 4% in Chapare.

59 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

The plane that carried out the aerial The Camera and L2 GPS installed inside the plane Photogrammetric missions

When satellite images are used, the cloud coverage can be up to 20% of the image area On the other hand, using digital photogrammetry, the project gained flexibility for the image acquisition, because the project’s technicians were able to decide when to fly and get the images at the most convenient conditions, or basically wait until the sky is free of clouds over the regions of interest.

2) Photogrammetry processing

Radiometric correction Once the photos were take and properly stored, the project started post-processing the products. Firstly, the aerial photographs were radiometrically corrected through standard procedures and converted from RAW format to IMG or TIFF format in order to start the photogrammetric workflow. The radiometric conversion allowed correcting the color balance, focusing and sharpening, contrast compensation of the aerial photography generating in this way high quality images.

Ortho-photo generation The ortho-rectification process involves the use of specialized software in order to transform the perspective projection of the images into an orthogonal projection where it is possible to perform accurate measurements. To accomplish this objective, the internal and external orientation procedures are executed. The internal orientation parameters have been obtained from the calibration report delivered by the camera factory and the external orientation parameters were collected at the moment of taking the aerial photographs. Then, the photogrammetric models are corrected with an automatic tie point generation process. The first result needs a rigorous assessment to check the adequate distribution and location of each tie point. In places where no tie points were generated, manual collection is performed to improve its distribution and to get satisfactory values of accuracy. Finally, when the distribution of tie points is correct, a Digital Elevation Model is generated and orthophotos are automatically produced.

3) Visual photo-interpretation of coca fields The classification of coca fields parcel by parcel relies on the visual interpretation of aerial ortho- photographs. The project continued systematizing the interpretation process with the support of the so called decision tree interpretation keys. In 2006, the project team attended a workshop on interpretation key development led by ICMP in cooperation with the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna. Since then, the project has been developing several interpretation keys for satellite imagery interpretation. The same methodology will be extended for the interpretation of aerial photographs.

Interpretation keys reflect the decision taking process of the interpreter, using typical characteristics like the shape, the texture, the context and the surroundings of the fields. No distinction is made between the different phenological stages of coca bushes. The methodological process is summarized in the following chart flow.

60 Photogrammetry Methodological workflow

Orthorectification process Original aerial photographs Enhancement of aerial format 8 Bits Photographs format 16 Bits Planning and taking aerial photographs Radiometric process to enhance the Aerial photographs

Field work, on site Geovideo y Pix Point Internal orientation External orientation Automatic and manual tie parameters parameters point generation

Digital elevation model (DEM) Aerotriangulation

Interpretation key

Orthorectified aerial photographs Quantification and mapping of coca fields

Visual interpretation process

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The high resolution of the photos allowed detecting greater amount of details, not seen before in the satellite imagery, as it can be appreciated in the following examples of interpretation

Figure 29. Interpretation of the aerial ortho-photographs

Ortho-photo ready for interpretation Ortho-photo with coca polygons (red) interpreted

Zoom of the Green rectangle with visible details

Ortho-photo ready for interpretation Ortho-photo with coca polygons (red) interpreted

Zoom of the Green rectangle with visible details

64 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

An example of interpretation keys for coca crops in National Parks is explained below Category Element for interpretation Description

Coca renewing shape Regular – Rectangular after harvest Size < 2500 m2 or cato size (1,600m2), with certain exceptions

Tone/Color Light green, with darker green spots

Pattern Vertical furrows and plant lines, slightly noted

Texture Fine

Association With small dwellings and coca-dryers

Site Interpretation key for coca crops in National Parks, isolated areas, far away from roads or settlements.

Observation In this site, the area of the crop trend to be larger than in the most populated areas.

In addition, the interpretation process is substantially supported by the geo-video and geo- referenced field pictures obtained by helicopter. When the videos are played back on the computers embedded in the GIS software, the interpreter is able to compare the video with the aerial photos. Since the videos are geo-referenced, the link with the aerial photos is easily performed.

For a second year in a row, in 2007, geo-referenced videos were acquired over the whole area of the Cochabamba Tropics. The flight paths, with direction north-south or east –west, are shown on the map 12. A total of 40 hours were flown, covering a distance of 9,700 km and covering a total area of 9,800 sq km. More detailed videos have been taken over the Isiboro Secure National Park, where the most significant coca cultivation increase took place in 2007

65 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

Example of geovideo identifying a coca field of cato size in red over the aerial photo. The small plane Symbol is the flight lane, the camera is located at right of the aircraft, and the interpreter is able to accurately compare the video with the image. 5) On-site field verification The use of high-resolution satellite images or aerial photos requires field verification. The data collected during the field verification enabled to delineate the survey area, to build the interpretation keys and to correct the confusion between different land cover classes.

Taking a Ground Control Point in a Yungas coca field

66 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

In the Yungas of La Paz, the ground control points were obtained directly from the field, taking advantage of the complex topography, which allows obtaining visual information from the high points of hills and interpreting the images in the field. In Chapare, the collection of ground reference data is difficult due to the security situation and difficult access to the coca field areas. Therefore, to a large extend, the project obtained the reference data from helicopter flights using videography.

During five years of monitoring, the project obtained a large number of ground reference data, starting in 2002 in the Yungas of La Paz and, as of 2003, extending to Chapare and Apolo. Since 2002, more than 8,000 ground reference data were collected, of which 1,200 in 2007. All these points were obtained directly from the ground, using regular GPS techniques.

The visual interpretation was also facilitated by the ground control points of coca fields obtained from DIGPROCOCA eradication campaign and from ground verification. Jointly with the project experts, DIGPROCOCA personnel also participated actively in the visual interpretation of coca fields in the satellite images.

3.2 YIELD AND PRODUCTION OF COCA LEAF

In December 2005, UNODC started a new coca yield study in the Yungas of La Paz. The field work was implemented by selected students of Carmen Pampa University, located in the Municipality of Coroico. The knowledge of the terrain and the accessibility to the coca fields for the students was an appreciated advantage for the implementation of the field work.

The survey obtained a sample of 100 coca fields randomly selected among six strata. The strata were defined based on altitude and slope ranges, which are two physical factors that have influence in coca yield. The sample was designed by the statistician of the UNODC Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme.

The sampling approach used to estimate the average sun-dried coca leaf yield in Bolivia was a multistage stratified area probability sampling design. Sample selection was carried out within strata. The units selected at the first stage with PPS, know in the survey literature as Primary Sampling Units or PSU’s (grids), were constructed on the basis of complete enumeration of areas identified in the coca bush census. The units selected at the second stage with PPS within each selected PSU are referred to as Secondary Sampling Units or SSU’s (fields).

In the case of multistage designs, the base weights reflect the probability of selection at each stage. In general, the base weight of a sampled unit is the reciprocal of its probability of selection for inclusion in the sample.

Under this scheme of sampling with PPS of sampling units, the coca leaf yield estimation at the h- th stratum is calculated as the simple arithmetic mean of all the actual harvested parcels within the stratum. Therefore, in order to calculate the leaf yield for a region, the simple arithmetic means in the strata should be weighted by their area under coca cultivation.

The field methodology complies with UNODC standards for coca yield measurement, relying on weighing fresh and sun-dried coca leaves from a sample of harvest. The sample fields were at least of 1,000 square meters size, and are distributed in all the Yungas area.

The study successfully concluded establishing an average annual yield, after weighing all the harvests that took place during the year.

In the Cochabamba Tropics, for the 2006 annual estimate of coca leaf and cocaine production, UNODC continues to rely on information available from other sources.

67 Bolivia Coca Survey for 2007

3.3 PRICES

The project collected coca leaf prices from farmers in the Yungas of La Paz on an ad hoc basis while performing the field verification missions. In the Chapare region, prices of coca leaf were collected by DIGPROCOCA on a monthly basis throughout 2005 in three points of the department of Cochabamba.