1 SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES 2 Fig. S1. Relative Abundance Of

2 SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES

3 Fig. S1. Relative abundance of nonnative species in the oak savanna understory permanent plots

4 at Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve, Minnesota, USA. Colors depict the fire treatment

5 and circle sizes are proportional to the relative abundance (log transformed) averaged by fire

6 treatment. Species names are colored according the major groups of vascular plants; monocots =

7 orange and dicots = green.

9 Fig. S2. Correlation matrices for the metrics of phylogenetic and functional dimensions

10 evaluated in this study.

12 Fig. S3. Maximum clade credibility tree obtained from 1000 trees and the distribution of the four

13 functional traits (log transformed for graphical representation) used in this study. Species names

14 in red correspond to nonnative species.

16 Fig. S4. Comparison of functional traits between native and nonnative species. A) SLA, B) plant

17 height, C) rooting depth, and d) seed mass.

19 Fig. S5. Patterns of co-occurrence for the taxonomic dimension over time and across the fire

20 frequency gradient.

22 Fig. S6. Patterns of phylogenetic structure of focal nonnative species over time and across the

23 experimental fire gradient. 24

25 Fig. S7. Patterns of functional structure of focal nonnative species over time and across the

26 experimental fire gradient .

27 28

29 Fig. S1

● ● Digitaria sanguinalis <−3.0 ● −2.5 ● ● ● Setaria viridis ● −2.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Setaria glauca ● −1.5 ● −1.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Bromus inermis ● 0.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Agropyron repens 1.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Phalaris arundinacea 1.5 2.0 ● Phleum pratense 2.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Poa pratensis >3.0 ● ● ● Melilotus alba

● ● Trifolium repens

● ● ● Pyrus malus

● ● ● ● Rhamnus cathartica

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Rhamnus frangula

● ● ● ● Mollugo verticillata

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Chenopodium album

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Rumex acetosella

● ● Polygonum persicaria

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Polygonum convolvulus

<−3.0 ● Solanum dulcamara <−3.0 ● −2.5 ● −2.5 ● ● ● Glechoma hederacea ● −2.0 ● −2.0 ● −1.5 ● Linaria vulgaris ● −1.5

● ● −1.0 ● Plantago major −1.0 ● 0.0 ● 0.0 ● ● ● ● ● Tragopogon dubius Threatments 1.0 1.0 ● ● Control 1.5 Hieracium aurantiacum 1.5 Fire 1 ● 2.0 ● Sonchus arvensis 2.0 ● Fire 2 2.5 2.5 ● Fire 3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Crepis tectorum ● Fire 4 >3.0 >3.0 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 30

31 32

33 Fig. S2

A) B) Correlogram for metrics Correlogram for metrics Phylogenetic dimension Functional dimension

nawMNTD 0.27 0 −0.01 0.38 0.42 nawMNFD 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.83 0.18

sample size: sample size: n = 24500 n = 245 awMNTD awMNFD 0.69 0.44 0.43 0.28 correlation: 0.76 0.74 0.74 0.12 correlation: robust (% bend) robust (% bend) 1.0 1.0 nawMPD 0.51 0.44 0.44 nawMFD 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 awMPD 0.78 1 −0.5 awMFD 0.99 1 −0.5 −1.0 −1.0 intraMPD 0.78 intraMFD 0.99

awMPD awMFD interMPD intraMPD nawMPD awMNTD interMFD intraMFD nawMFD awMNFD X = correlation non−significant at p < 0.05 X = correlation non−significant at p < 0.05 Adjustment (p−value): Holm Adjustment (p−value): Holm 34

35 36

37 Fig. S3

A) B)

t(241) = −0.78, loge(BF10) = −1.3, rCauchy = 0.707, d = −0.16, n = 243 t(241) = 0.75, loge(BF10) = −1.3, rCauchy = 0.707, d = 0.16, n = 243 7.5 4

6.5 2

● ● 5.5

SLA 1.05, 95% CI [0.91, 1.19] ● ● 0.88, 95% CI [0.47, 1.29]

5.32, 95% CI [5.26, 5.38] 5.38, 95% CI [5.30, 5.46] Plant height 0

4.5

−2

3.5 Native Nonnative Native Nonnative (n = 217) (n = 26) (n = 217) (n = 26)

C) D)

t(241) = 1.50, loge(BF10) = −0.5, rCauchy = 0.707, d = 0.31, n = 243 t(236) = 0.33, loge(BF10) = −1.5, rCauchy = 0.707, d = 0.07, n = 238

0.0

−0.5 5

● −1.0 ● −0.97, 95% CI [−1.02, −0.92] −1.09, 95% CI [−1.22, −0.96] ● Seed mass Root depth ● 0 −1.5 0.69, 95% CI [0.37, 1.01] 0.53, 95% CI [−0.27, 1.33]

−2.0

−5 Native Nonnative Native Nonnative (n = 217) (n = 26) (n = 212) (n = 26) 38

39 40

41 Fig. S4

Pinus_strobus Juniperus_communis Uvularia_sessifolia Smilax_herbacea Streptopus_roseus Smilacina_stellata Smilacina_racemosa Sisyrinchium_campestre Maianthemum_canadense Polygonatum_biflorum Tradescantia_occidentalis Scleria_triglomerata Cyperus_sp. Carex_sp. Leptoloma_cognatum Calamovilfa_longifolia Stipa_spartea Schizachne_purpurascens Bromus_kalmii Bromus_inermis Agropyron_repens Elymus_canadensis Elymus_trachycaulus Poa_pratensis Phleum_pratense Koeleria_cristata Phalaris_arundinacea Calamagrostis_canadensis Agrostis_alba Agrostis_scabra Aristida_basiramea Aristida_tuberculosa Danthonia_spicata Eragrostis_spectabilis Sporobolus_cryptandrus Sporobolus_heterolepis Muhlenbergia_racemosa Bouteloua_gracilis Bouteloua_hirsuta Bouteloua_curtipendula Panicum_lanuginosum Panicum_perlongum Sorghastrum_nutans Schizachyrium_scoparium Andropogon_gerardi Panicum_praecocious Digitaria_sanguinalis Panicum_oligosanthes Setaria_glauca Setaria_viridis Panicum_capillare Panicum_virgatum Aquilegia_canadensis Delphinium_virescens Ranunculus_rhomboideus Anemone_patens Anemone_quinquefolia Anemone_cylindrica Anemone_virginiana Heuchera_richardsonii Parthenocissus_quinquefolia Vitis_riparia Geranium_maculatum Circaea_quadrisulcata Oenothera_biennis Lechea_stricta Helianthemum_bicknellii Rhus_radicans Rhus_vernix Rhus_glabra Zanthoxylem_americanum Acer_rubrum Acer_saccharum Acer_negundo Celastrus_scandens Oxalis_stricta Euphorbia_corollata Euphorbia_glyptosperma Salix_humilis Populus_balsamifera Populus_tremuloides Populus_grandidentata Viola_sp. Viola_selkirkii Viola_sagittata Viola_palustris Viola_pedatifida Polygala_polygama Amphicarpa_bracteata Petalostemum_villosum Petalostemum_purpureum Petalostemum_candida Amorpha_canescens Lespedeza_capitata Desmodium_glutinosum Desmodium_canadense Robinia_pseudoacacia Lathyrus_ochroleucus Lathyrus_venosus Melilotus_alba Trifolium_repens Betula_papyrifera Corylus_americana Quercus_ellipsoidalis Quercus_macrocarpa Quercus_alba Parietaria_pensylvanica Urtica_dioica Ceanothus_americanus Rhamnus_frangula Rhamnus_cathartica Prunus_sp. Prunus_serotina Prunus_virginiana Prunus_pensylvanica Prunus_americana Spiraea_alba Spiraea_tomentosa Pyrus_malus Amelanchier_humilis Amelanchier_sp. Amelanchier_laevis Amelanchier_arborea Amelanchier_alnifolia Amelanchier_sanguinea Rubus_sp. Rubus_strigosus Rubus_pubescens Rubus_idaeus Rubus_occidentalis Rubus_flagellaris Rubus_allegheniensis Rosa_blanda Rosa_arkansana Potentilla_simplex Potentilla_palustris Potentilla_arguta Fragaria_virginiana Fragaria_vesca Comandra_richardsiana Rumex_acetosella Polygonum_persicaria Polygonella_articulata Polygonum_scandens Polygonum_tenue Polygonum_convolvulus Mollugo_verticillata Oxybaphus_hirsutus Mirabilis_hirsuta Chenopodium_hybridum Chenopodium_album Chenopodium_leptophyllum Lychnis_alba Arenaria_lateriflora Stellaria_longifolia Cornus_stolonifera Cornus_racemosa Phlox_pilosa Trientalis_borealis Lysimachia_ciliata Pyrola_rotundifolia Vaccinium_angustifolium Vaccinium_myrtilloides Physalis_virginiana Physalis_heterophylla Solanum_dulcamara Solanum_nigrum Solanum_caroliniense Galium_boreale Galium_triflorum Galium_aparine Apocynum_cannabinum Apocynum_sibiricum Apocynum_androsaemifolium Asclepias_ovalifolia Asclepias_verticillata Asclepias_syriaca Asclepias_tuberosa Hackelia_americana Lithospermum_canescens Lithospermum_caroliniense Fraxinus_pennsylvanica Penstemon_grandiflorus Linaria_vulgaris Plantago_major Phryma_leptostachya Pedicularis_canadensis Scutellaria_parvula Stachys_palustris Lycopus_uniflorus Monarda_fistulosa Glechoma_hederacea Agastache_foeniculum Ilex_verticillata Viburnum_lentago Lonicera_dioica Aralia_nudicaulis Osmorhiza_claytonii Lobelia_spicata Campanula_aparinoides Campanula_rotundifolia Rudbeckia_hirta Rudbeckia_serotina Tragopogon_dubius Hieracium_aurantiacum Lactuca_biennis Lactuca_canadensis Sonchus_arvensis Prenanthes_alba Taraxacum_officinalis Crepis_tectorum Gnaphalium_obtusifolium Gnaphalium_uliginosum Antennaria_neglecta Coreopsis_palmata Eupatorium_rugosum Liatris_aspera Helianthus_laetiflorus Helianthus_giganteus Ambrosia_sp. Ambrosia_coronopifolia Ambrosia_artemisiifolia Senecio_pauperculus Erechtites_hieracifolia Achillea_millefolium Artemisia_ludoviciana Artemisia_campestris Aster_lanceolatus Aster_macrophyllus Aster_azureus Aster_ericoides Conyza_canadensis Erigeron_canadensis Erigeron_strigosus Chrysopsis_villosa Euthamia_graminifolia Solidago_graminifolia Solidago_missouriensis Solidago_gigantea Solidago_canadensis Solidago_rigida Solidago_speciosa Solidago_nemoralis

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 42 SLA Plant height Root depth Seed mass 43 Fig. S5

A) : Dicots B) : Monocots

t(17) = −5.12, loge(BF10) = 5.78, rCauchy = 0.71, d = −1.21, n = 18 t(7) = −0.12, loge(BF10) = −1.08, rCauchy = 0.71, d = −0.04, n = 8

6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 7 8 9 10

Rhamnus frangula ● 100 Poa pratensis ● 100 Sonchus arvensis ● Melilotus alba ● Phalaris arundinacea ● Polygonum convolvulus ●

Glechoma hederacea ● 75 75 Chenopodium album ● Digitaria sanguinalis ● median = 7.70 Rumex acetosella median = 6.54 ●

Plantago major percentile percentile ● Bromus inermis ● Polygonum persicaria ● 50 50 Solanum dulcamara ● Agropyron repens Mollugo verticillata ● ● Tragopogon dubius ● Pyrus malus ● Phleum pratense ● Crepis tectorum ● 25 25 Rhamnus cathartica ● Setaria glauca ● Linaria vulgaris ● Hieracium aurantiacum ● Trifolium repens ● 0 Setaria viridis ● 0

6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 7 8 9 10 Focal co−occurrence (abundance [Log]) Focal co−occurrence (abundance [Log]) Taxonomic dimension Taxonomic dimension

C) : Dicots D) : Monocots

t(17) = −6.45, loge(BF10) = 8.16, rCauchy = 0.71, d = −1.52, n = 18 t(7) = −0.95, loge(BF10) = −0.73, rCauchy = 0.71, d = −0.34, n = 8

50 75 100 125 50 100 150 200

Chenopodium album ● 100 Poa pratensis ● 100 Rhamnus frangula ● Polygonum convolvulus ● Agropyron repens ● Rumex acetosella ●

Melilotus alba ● 75 75 Crepis tectorum ● Bromus inermis ● median = 76.17 Polygonum persicaria median = 63.50●

Sonchus arvensis percentile percentile ● Phalaris arundinacea ● Mollugo verticillata ● 50 50 Linaria vulgaris ● Setaria viridis Glechoma hederacea ● ● Tragopogon dubius ● Pyrus malus ● Setaria glauca ● Hieracium aurantiacum ● 25 25 Plantago major ● Phleum pratense ● Rhamnus cathartica ● Trifolium repens ● Solanum dulcamara ● 0 Digitaria sanguinalis ● 0

50 75 100 125 50 100 150 200 Focal co−occurrence (richness) Focal co−occurrence (richness) Taxonomic dimension Taxonomic dimension

E) : Dicots F) : Monocots

t(17) = −0.06, loge(BF10) = −1.41, rCauchy = 0.71, d = −0.01, n = 18 t(7) = 0.23, loge(BF10) = −1.07, rCauchy = 0.71, d = 0.08, n = 8

−0.50 −0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 −0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2

Solanum dulcamara ● 100 Phleum pratense ● 100 Rhamnus cathartica ● Hieracium aurantiacum ● Setaria glauca ● Pyrus malus ●

Tragopogon dubius ● 75 75 Rhamnus frangula ● Agropyron repens ● median = −0.03 Mollugo verticillata median =●−0.03

Chenopodium album percentile percentile ● Phalaris arundinacea ● Polygonum convolvulus ● 50 50 Crepis tectorum ● Bromus inermis Rumex acetosella ● ● Polygonum persicaria ● Melilotus alba ● Digitaria sanguinalis ● Linaria vulgaris ● 25 25 Trifolium repens ● Poa pratensis ● Glechoma hederacea ● Sonchus arvensis ● Plantago major ● 0 Setaria viridis ● 0

−0.50 −0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 −0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 SES−CScore SES−CScore 44 Taxonomic dimension Taxonomic dimension 45 Fig. S6

Digitaria sanguinalis <−3.0 ● −2.5 ● ● ● Setaria viridis ● −2.0

● ● ● ● ● ● ● Setaria glauca ● −1.5

●

● ● −1.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Bromus inermis ● 0.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Agropyron repens 1.0

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Phalaris arundinacea 1.5 Phleum pratense 2.0 2.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Poa pratensis >3.0

● ● ● Melilotus alba Trifolium repens Pyrus malus ● Rhamnus cathartica

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Rhamnus frangula

● ● Mollugo verticillata

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Chenopodium album

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Rumex acetosella Polygonum persicaria

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Polygonum convolvulus <−3.0 Solanum dulcamara <−3.0 ● −2.5 ● −2.5 ● ● ● ● Glechoma hederacea ● −2.0 ● −2.0 ● −1.5 Linaria vulgaris ● −1.5 ● −1.0 ● Plantago major ● −1.0 ● 0.0 ● 0.0 ● Tragopogon dubius Threatments 1.0 1.0 ● ● Control 1.5 Hieracium aurantiacum 1.5 ● Fire 1 2.0 Sonchus arvensis 2.0 ● Fire 2 2.5 2.5 ● Fire 3 ● ● ● ● ● Crepis tectorum ● Fire 4 >3.0 >3.0 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 46

48 Fig. S7

● Digitaria sanguinalis <−3.0 ● −2.5 ● Setaria viridis ● −2.0 ● ● ● ● Setaria glauca ● −1.5

●

● ● ● ● −1.0 ● ● Bromus inermis ● 0.0 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Agropyron repens 1.0

● ● Phalaris arundinacea 1.5 Phleum pratense 2.0 2.5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Poa pratensis >3.0 ● Melilotus alba Trifolium repens

● Pyrus malus

● ● ● Rhamnus cathartica

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Rhamnus frangula

● Mollugo verticillata

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Chenopodium album

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Rumex acetosella

● ● Polygonum persicaria

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Polygonum convolvulus <−3.0 Solanum dulcamara <−3.0 ● −2.5 ● −2.5 Glechoma hederacea ● −2.0 ● −2.0 ● −1.5 Linaria vulgaris ● −1.5 ● −1.0 ● Plantago major ● −1.0 ● 0.0 ● 0.0 ● Tragopogon dubius Threatments 1.0 1.0

● ● Control 1.5 Hieracium aurantiacum 1.5 ● Fire 1 2.0 Sonchus arvensis 2.0 ● Fire 2 2.5 2.5 ● Fire 3 ● ● Crepis tectorum ● Fire 4 >3.0 >3.0 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1984 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 49