G51CSA Lecture Notes #2

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SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY G51CSA Lecture Notes #2 Reading: Main text, Chapter 2 + relevant Chapters in reference B and C 1. A brief History of Computers The first Generation - Vacuum Tubes (1945 -1955) A. ENIAC (1943 - 1946) • Intended for calculating range tables of aiming artillery • Consisted of 18000 tubes, 1500 relays, weight 30 tons, consumed 140 KW • Decimal machine • Each digit represented by a ring of 10 vacuum tubes. • Designed for artillery range table, but used to perform complex calculations to help determine the feasibility of H bomb - general purpose computer • Programmed with multiposition switches and jumper cables. B. John von Neumann (1945 -1952) • Originally a member of the ENIAC development team. • First to use binary arithmetic • Architecture consists of : Memory, ALU, Program control, Input, Output • Stored-program concept - main memory store both data and instructions The Second Generation - Transistors (1955 -1965) C. Transistors • Transistor was invented in 1948 at Bell Labs by John Barden, Walter Brattain amd William Shockley • TX-0 (Transistorised eXperimental computer 0), first transistor computer, build at MIT Lincoln Labs • DEC PDP-1, first affordable microcomputer ($120,000), performance half that of IBM 7090 (the fastest computer in the world at that time, which cost millions) • PDP-8, cheap ($16,000), the first to use single bus D. CDC 6600 (1964) • an order of magnitide faster than the mighty IBM 7094 • First highly parallelized machine (up to 10 instructions in parallel) • Separate computational and control units E. Burroughs B5000 • First to emphasise software and high level programming languages (Algol 60) The Third Generation - Integrated Circuits (1965 -1980) F. IBM System/360 • Family of machines with same assembly language • Designed for both scientific and commercial computing • First to allowed microprogramming G. DEC PDP-11 • Was to System/360 what PDP-8 was to 7090 • Very popular with universities, maintained DEC's lead in microcomputer market The Fourth Generation - VLSI (1980 - ?) • Lead to PC revolution • High performance, low cost 1.

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Technical Details of the Elliott 152 and 153
Appendix 1 Technical Details of the Elliott 152 and 153 Introduction The Elliott 152 computer was part of the Admiralty’s MRS5 (medium range system 5) naval gunnery project, described in Chap. 2. The Elliott 153 computer, also known as the D/F (direction-finding) computer, was built for GCHQ and the Admiralty as described in Chap. 3. The information in this appendix is intended to supplement the overall descriptions of the machines as given in Chaps. 2 and 3. A1.1 The Elliott 152 Work on the MRS5 contract at Borehamwood began in October 1946 and was essen- tially finished in 1950. Novel target-tracking radar was at the heart of the project, the radar being synchronized to the computer’s clock. In his enthusiasm for perfecting the radar technology, John Coales seems to have spent little time on what we would now call an overall systems design. When Harry Carpenter joined the staff of the Computing Division at Borehamwood on 1 January 1949, he recalls that nobody had yet defined the way in which the control program, running on the 152 computer, would interface with guns and radar. Furthermore, nobody yet appeared to be working on the computational algorithms necessary for three-dimensional trajectory predic- tion. As for the guns that the MRS5 system was intended to control, not even the basic ballistics parameters seemed to be known with any accuracy at Borehamwood [1, 2]. A1.1.1 Communication and Data-Rate The physical separation, between radar in the Borehamwood car park and digital computer in the laboratory, necessitated an interconnecting cable of about 150 m in length.
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Chapter 1 Computer Basics 1.1 History of the Computer A computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention. abacus Ⅰ. Prehistory /ˈæbəkəs/ n. 算盘 The abacus, which is a simple counting aid, might have been invented in Babylonia(now Iraq) in the fourth century BC. It should be the ancestor of the modern digital calculator. Figure 1.1 Abacus Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator in 1623. It can loom work with six digits and carry digits across columns. It works, but never /lu:m/ makes it beyond the prototype stage. n. 织布机 Blaise Pascal built a mechanical calculator, with the capacity for eight digits. However, it had trouble carrying and its gears tend to jam. punch cards Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents an automatic loom controlled by punch 穿孔卡片 cards. Difference Engine Charles Babbage conceived of a Difference Engine in 1820. It was a 差分机 massive steam-powered mechanical calculator designed to print astronomical tables. He attempted to build it over the course of the next 20 years, only to have the project cancelled by the British government in 1842. 1 新编计算机专业英语 Analytical Engine Babbage’s next idea was the Analytical Engine-a mechanical computer which 解析机（早期的机 could solve any mathematical problem. It used punch-cards similar to those used 械通用计算机） by the Jacquard loom and could perform simple conditional operations. countess Augusta Ada Byron, the countess of Lovelace, met Babbage in 1833. She /ˈkaʊntɪs/ described the Analytical Engine as weaving “algebraic patterns just as the n.
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tX If ,@8s~~~I 17A .:~- I-:· aTg Dc''n'_ !-41 2 . LK - ! v M IT6u i ~~6:illn -jW-~ 4 1 2 The RESEARCH LABORATORY of ELECTRONICS at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139 TX-O Computer History John A. McKenzie RLE Technical Report No. 627 June 1999 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH LABORATORY OF ELECTRONICS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139 TX-O COMPUTER HISTORY John A. McKenzie October 1, 1974 TX-O COMPUTER HISTORY OUTLINE ABSTRA CT PART I (at LINCOLN ABORATORY) INTRODUCTION 1 DESCRIPTION 2 LOGIC 4 CIRCUITRY 5 MARGINAL CHECKING 6 TRANSISTORS MEMORY (S Memory) SOFTWARE (Initial) 9 TX-2 10 TRANSISTORIZED MEMORY (T Memory) 11 POWER CONTROL 12 IN-OUT RACK 13 CONSOLE 13 PART II (at CAMBRIDGE) INTRODUCTION 14 MOVE to CAMBRIDGE 15 EXTENDED INPUT/OUTPUT FACILITY, Addition of 16 FIRST YEAR at CAMBRIDGE 18 MODE of OPERATION 19 MACHINE EXPANSION PHASE 20 T-MEMORY EXPANSION 21 ORDER CODE ENLARGEMENT 22 DIGITAL MAGNETIC TAPE SYSTEM 24 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 25 APPLICATIONS 29 TIMESHARING (PDP-1) 34 CONCLUSION 34 A CKNOWLEDGEMENT 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY TX-O COMPUTER HISTORY A BSTRA CT The TX-O Computer (meaning the Zeroth Transistorized Computer) was designed and constructed, in 1956, by the Lincoln Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, with two purposes in mind. One objective was to test and evaluate the use of transistors as the logical elements of a high-speed, 5 MHz, general-purpose, stored-program, parallel, digital computer. The second purpose was to provide means for testing a large capacity (65,536 word) magnetic-core memory.
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switching circuits by a substantially- age requirements. The total cost using 2. HIGH SPEED TRANSISTOR COMPUTER CIR CUITS, S. Y. Wong;, A. K. Rapp. IRE-AIEE smaller number of components and con DCTL is comparable with other tech Transistor Circuits Conference, Phila., Pa., Feb. nections, and by extremely-low power niques, because the tightly specified 1956. (Not published.) consumption. Circuit simplicity and low 3. HIGH-TEMPERATURE SILICON-TRANSISTOR COM transistor eliminates considerable com PUTER CIRCUITS, James B. Angell. Proceed dissipation are obtained at the price of plexity in system design and manufac ings of the Eastern • Joint Computer Conference, AIEE Special Publication T-92, Dec. 10-12, 1956, limited gain, small voltage swings, and a ture. pp. 54-57. comparatively low upper limit on in 4. LARGE-SIGNAL BEHAVIOR OP JUNCTION TRAN ternal temperature. Rather severe re SISTORS, J. J. Ebeijs, J. L. Moll. Proceedings, References Institute of Radio Engineers, New York, N. Y., quirements on transistor parameters, vol. 42, Dec. 1954, ij>p. 1761-72. 1. SURFACE-BARRIER TRANSISTOR SWITCHING CIR particularly input impedance and satura CUITS, R. H. Beter, W. E. Bradley, R. B. Brown, 5. TWO-COLLECTOR TRANSISTOR FOR BINARY tion voltage, are compensated by almost M. Rubinoff. Convention Record, Institute of FULL ADDER, R. F. Rtitz. IBM Journal of Research Radio Engineers, New York, N. Y., pt. IV, 1955, and Development, N^w York, N. Y., vol. 1, July negligible dissipation and maximum volt p. 139. 1957, pp. 212-22. I. Basic System Requirements Symmetrical Transistor Logic A. INITIAL The initial specific system for which the R.
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Copyright©2017 Tokyo Electron Limited, All Right Reserved. Core Semiconductor Technologies Applied technologies 1876 Telephone invented by Graham Bell 1876 1897 Cathode ray tube invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun 1897 1900 Telegraph, telephone, 1900 Two-electrode vacuum tube invented by John Fleming wireless communication Three-electrode vacuum tube invented by Lee De Forest Wireless communication Vacuum tube Television receiver with a cathode ray tube devised technology technology by Russian scientist Boris Rosing 1910 1910 Semiconductor prehistory: Radio broadcasting 1920 Development of electronic circuit 1920 and control technology First radio station starts broadcasting TV broadcasting Radio broadcasting starts in the UK World’s first successful reception of images using a cathode ray tube Radio broadcasting starts in Japan Successful TV transmission experiment between New York and Washington DC Experimental TV broadcasting starts 1930 1930 Demand for durable solid state devices Computer Worlds’ first regular TV broadcasting starts Atanasoff‒Berry computer (ABC) invented in the UK (BBC) Bell Labs Model 1 relay computer introduced 1940 1940 Photovoltaic effect in silicon discovered by Russell Ohl (at Bell Labs) Codebreaking computer Colossus introduced P- and n-type conduction discovered by Jack Scaff Technique to manufacture p- and n-type semiconductors by World’s first general-purpose computer ENIAC completed doping impurities discovered by Henry Theuerer and Jack Scaff Point-contact transistor discovered by Walter Brattain and John Bardeen
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