DOCSLIB.ORG

Symmetrical Transistor Logic A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Symmetrical Transistor Logic A switching circuits by a substantially- age requirements. The total cost using 2. HIGH SPEED TRANSISTOR COMPUTER CIR­ CUITS, S. Y. Wong;, A. K. Rapp. IRE-AIEE smaller number of components and con­ DCTL is comparable with other tech­ Transistor Circuits Conference, Phila., Pa., Feb. nections, and by extremely-low power niques, because the tightly specified 1956. (Not published.) consumption. Circuit simplicity and low 3. HIGH-TEMPERATURE SILICON-TRANSISTOR COM­ transistor eliminates considerable com­ PUTER CIRCUITS, James B. Angell. Proceed­ dissipation are obtained at the price of plexity in system design and manufac­ ings of the Eastern • Joint Computer Conference, AIEE Special Publication T-92, Dec. 10-12, 1956, limited gain, small voltage swings, and a ture. pp. 54-57. comparatively low upper limit on in­ 4. LARGE-SIGNAL BEHAVIOR OP JUNCTION TRAN­ ternal temperature. Rather severe re­ SISTORS, J. J. Ebeijs, J. L. Moll. Proceedings, References Institute of Radio Engineers, New York, N. Y., quirements on transistor parameters, vol. 42, Dec. 1954, ij>p. 1761-72. 1. SURFACE-BARRIER TRANSISTOR SWITCHING CIR­ particularly input impedance and satura­ CUITS, R. H. Beter, W. E. Bradley, R. B. Brown, 5. TWO-COLLECTOR TRANSISTOR FOR BINARY tion voltage, are compensated by almost M. Rubinoff. Convention Record, Institute of FULL ADDER, R. F. Rtitz. IBM Journal of Research Radio Engineers, New York, N. Y., pt. IV, 1955, and Development, N^w York, N. Y., vol. 1, July negligible dissipation and maximum volt­ p. 139. 1957, pp. 212-22. I. Basic System Requirements Symmetrical Transistor Logic A. INITIAL The initial specific system for which the R. H. BAKER symmetrical cirpuit approach was in­ NONMEMBER AIEE tended had the following requirements: 1. General-purpose computer applicable HIS paper discusses symmetrical tran­ ment than do other types of circuitry to real time problem solution. sistor switching circuit techniques. that can be engineered to build the T 2. All solid-state machine. The circuitry is designated "symmetrical specific system. However, it is felt that circuits" because the basic circuits em­ this criticism is not justified in this case for 3. Nonairconditioned ground environment. ploy both p-n-p and n-p-n transistors in two reasons. They are: 1, The addi­ 4. Synchronous : machine with a basic approximately equal numbers which re­ tional cost of components required for clock rate of 3 microseconds, (/AS). sult in networks that exhibit a high degree symmetrical logic is more than counter­ 5. Memory capacity of 8,192 registers, of operational and topological symmetry. balanced by the shorter system realiza­ 28 bits in length, with a memory cycle The major practical advantage of this tion time required. This is particularly time of 6 MS. circuitry over other types lies in the ease true for an establishment, such as the 6. Semiportable housing. with which basic circuits may be Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7. Minimum conception to completion integrated into a digital system. This Lincoln Laboratory, that is engaged in time with a minimum of staff. advantage is made possible through, 1, system research and development. And, 8. Maximum reliability with minimum keeping the circuit configurations flexible 2, that symmetrical logic techniques are maintenance. (to satisfy many different system applica­ more adaptable to future developments i tions), 2, worst-case circuit design with in the device, circuits and system area B. ADDITIONAL regard to component stability and sys­ than other types of circuit logic. It was also tlie goal of the circuit de­ tem loading requirements, 3, use of only It is the purpose of this paper to show signer to build circuitry that was suffi­ standard commercially available com­ why, when, and under what conditions ciently flexible fo meet requirements for ponents, and 4, insisting that all present- symmetrical circuit techniques should be all other groundi-based digital-data proc­ day circuit designs be applicable to known used, along with probable future develop­ essing systems contemplated at the time future device trends. The major criti­ ments, through the discussion of the cir­ (there were several). cism of the symmetrical circuit techniques cuit techniques and relating their circuit is that the circuits require a greater num­ capabilities to the solution of system prob­ II. Basic Circuit Modules ber of components for a specific equip- lems. A. GENERAL COMMENTS + (V+AV) Aside from the general system require­ ments of Section; I, there are several other component-circuit-system requirements worthy of special note. They are: i—l-^M-i- OFF-** ON--OFF 1. That the circuits require minimum- specification components (single-ended + V specifications when possible). .-i- INPUT OUTPUT • j_Vu o . • WV—| O 2. That all components be commercially available stock ijtems. 3. That the circuit techniques be suffi­ ON —OFF—-ON ciently flexible to incorporate future higher performance devices to satisfy future Fig. 1 (right). R. H. BAKER is with the Massachusetts Institute Symmetrical buffer of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, inverter -(V+AV) Mass. Baker—Symmetrical Transistor Logic 27 LOGIC + X E F R AND OR PNP AND 9 9 b ?J IL + 2L T BIAS R {(ABCI + D}-E-F CLOCK iliii i -E + E -E -E Fig. 6. Multilevel logic nets -(V + AV) -(V+AV) 25 AND NPN fig. Fig. 2. Basic symmetrical flip-flop configura­ Fig. 4. A-c logic nets 1 2 tion 1 2 + 5 1us CLOCK A B JUL n Id" INPUT, CLOCK -W o JLi GATE prn l INPUT IJ J I Fig. 7. CRD gate Fig. 5. Trailing-edge logic Transient Considerations equal to /3 (grounded emitter transistor The important transient considerations current gain), i.e., of the symmetrical flip-flop may be seen J out 2v0l with the aid of Fig. 3. (1) Fig. 3. Symmetrical flip-flop ' 2vl ' vSalient points to note about the tran­ sient behavior of the network are: 6. The circuit is fast. This is so because higher-performance system requirements transistor hole/electron storage effects are 1. The hole storage of the saturated that may be needed. minimized. transistor is minimized because large current is drawn from its collector during 4. That the circuit designs concentrate 7. The transistor specifications are not critical. the storage time, thus clearing out the on fundamental device-network-system stored minority carriers quickly. principles, thereby pointing out future 8. The circuit has high utility and is 2. The rise and fall times, of the output, trends in these areas and furthering the flexible, i.e., the circuit may be: (a) used after the storage time is directly related state of the art. with any supply voltage within reason to the ability of the conducting transistor (note! Not necessarily equal positive and to delivery current at the collector terminal B. BUFFER INVERTER negative supplies), (b) designed with and the terminal capacitance. With the aforementioned system and different values of R and Rb for the p-n-p and n-p-n to accommodate nonsymmetrical 3. Transistor dissipation due to transient circuit requirements in mind and con­ loads; (c) used with different-type tran­ effect 1 and 2 set an upper limit to the sidering the transistor field as it existed in sistors to create unusual circuit effects, etc. average pulse repetition frequency of the 1955, it seemed advisible to utilize p-n-p circuit equal to approximately one-fifth transistors to generate fast "positive- C. FLIP-FLOP the value of the transistor frequency cutoff (txco), i-e., the use of 10 megacycles, (mc) going" transients and n-p-n transistors to D-C Considerations aco transistor result in a circuit pulse generate fast "negative-going" transients. repetition frequency (prf) of about 2 mc This was first done in the form of a buffer Two buffer inverters of the type shown maximum. in Fig. 1 may be connected together to inverter shown in Fig. 1. Some of the 4. The accumulation of charge on capaci­ salient features of the circuit shown in form a symmetrical flip-flop as shown in tors C by the transmission of trigger Fig. 1 are: Fig. 2. energy through it sets an upper limit to The d-c considerations of this circuit the maximum prf of about 0.15aco. 1. Each transistor has positive base are the same as for the buffer inverter 5. It is important to note that restrictions current applied while in the off condition number 3 and 4 allude to the average and the numerical value of this current is previously discussed. However it is maximum prf; the "burst" repetition rate equal to AF/Sj. worthwhile to point out that the ratio of can be considerably higher. This can be total power drain on the supplies to the 2. Resistor values R and i?& along with shown as follows: AV may be chosen to yield a small un­ power delivery at the output terminals Let g = accumulated charge on capacitor certainty region ( Vu). Vu may be centered is almost unity, i.e., C during one trigger pulse around ground or shifted up or down over a large range. 2vlr Since g = C AE (5) (2) 3. RL is merely a standby resistor and ^supplies -Pout + Pstanclby 2vIi/-\-4tvI where AE represents the change in voltage therefore can be almost any value. where IL = 7/3 (3) across C caused by one trigger pulse; 4. The circuit is current demand, that is, Pout 2w/57 1_ then g<iT it draws current (power) from the supplies then (6) in accordance with the load require­ * supplies 2 1+ where P=time between trigger pulses ments. , and i = charge current necessary to just 5. The circuit power gain is approximately = efficiency (4) discharge C in time T 28 Baker—Symmetrical Transistor Logic Thus, as T is made small, i.e., the pulse prf) current mode diode nets are used and 3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Technical Details of the Elliott 152 and 153
    Appendix 1 Technical Details of the Elliott 152 and 153 Introduction The Elliott 152 computer was part of the Admiralty’s MRS5 (medium range system 5) naval gunnery project, described in Chap. 2. The Elliott 153 computer, also known as the D/F (direction-finding) computer, was built for GCHQ and the Admiralty as described in Chap. 3. The information in this appendix is intended to supplement the overall descriptions of the machines as given in Chaps. 2 and 3. A1.1 The Elliott 152 Work on the MRS5 contract at Borehamwood began in October 1946 and was essen- tially finished in 1950. Novel target-tracking radar was at the heart of the project, the radar being synchronized to the computer’s clock. In his enthusiasm for perfecting the radar technology, John Coales seems to have spent little time on what we would now call an overall systems design. When Harry Carpenter joined the staff of the Computing Division at Borehamwood on 1 January 1949, he recalls that nobody had yet defined the way in which the control program, running on the 152 computer, would interface with guns and radar. Furthermore, nobody yet appeared to be working on the computational algorithms necessary for three-dimensional trajectory predic- tion. As for the guns that the MRS5 system was intended to control, not even the basic ballistics parameters seemed to be known with any accuracy at Borehamwood [1, 2]. A1.1.1 Communication and Data-Rate The physical separation, between radar in the Borehamwood car park and digital computer in the laboratory, necessitated an interconnecting cable of about 150 m in length.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Computer Basics
    Chapter 1 Computer Basics 1.1 History of the Computer A computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention. abacus Ⅰ. Prehistory /ˈæbəkəs/ n. 算盘 The abacus, which is a simple counting aid, might have been invented in Babylonia(now Iraq) in the fourth century BC. It should be the ancestor of the modern digital calculator. Figure 1.1 Abacus Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator in 1623. It can loom work with six digits and carry digits across columns. It works, but never /lu:m/ makes it beyond the prototype stage. n. 织布机 Blaise Pascal built a mechanical calculator, with the capacity for eight digits. However, it had trouble carrying and its gears tend to jam. punch cards Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents an automatic loom controlled by punch 穿孔卡片 cards. Difference Engine Charles Babbage conceived of a Difference Engine in 1820. It was a 差分机 massive steam-powered mechanical calculator designed to print astronomical tables. He attempted to build it over the course of the next 20 years, only to have the project cancelled by the British government in 1842. 1 新编计算机专业英语 Analytical Engine Babbage’s next idea was the Analytical Engine-a mechanical computer which 解析机（早期的机 could solve any mathematical problem. It used punch-cards similar to those used 械通用计算机） by the Jacquard loom and could perform simple conditional operations. countess Augusta Ada Byron, the countess of Lovelace, met Babbage in 1833. She /ˈkaʊntɪs/ described the Analytical Engine as weaving “algebraic patterns just as the n.
    [Show full text]
  • TX-0 Computer After 10,000 Hours of Operation", L
    tX If ,@8s~~~I 17A .:~- I-:· aTg Dc''n'_ !-41 2 . LK - ! v M IT6u i ~~6:illn -jW-~ 4 1 2 The RESEARCH LABORATORY of ELECTRONICS at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139 TX-O Computer History John A. McKenzie RLE Technical Report No. 627 June 1999 MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH LABORATORY OF ELECTRONICS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139 TX-O COMPUTER HISTORY John A. McKenzie October 1, 1974 TX-O COMPUTER HISTORY OUTLINE ABSTRA CT PART I (at LINCOLN ABORATORY) INTRODUCTION 1 DESCRIPTION 2 LOGIC 4 CIRCUITRY 5 MARGINAL CHECKING 6 TRANSISTORS MEMORY (S Memory) SOFTWARE (Initial) 9 TX-2 10 TRANSISTORIZED MEMORY (T Memory) 11 POWER CONTROL 12 IN-OUT RACK 13 CONSOLE 13 PART II (at CAMBRIDGE) INTRODUCTION 14 MOVE to CAMBRIDGE 15 EXTENDED INPUT/OUTPUT FACILITY, Addition of 16 FIRST YEAR at CAMBRIDGE 18 MODE of OPERATION 19 MACHINE EXPANSION PHASE 20 T-MEMORY EXPANSION 21 ORDER CODE ENLARGEMENT 22 DIGITAL MAGNETIC TAPE SYSTEM 24 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 25 APPLICATIONS 29 TIMESHARING (PDP-1) 34 CONCLUSION 34 A CKNOWLEDGEMENT 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY TX-O COMPUTER HISTORY A BSTRA CT The TX-O Computer (meaning the Zeroth Transistorized Computer) was designed and constructed, in 1956, by the Lincoln Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, with two purposes in mind. One objective was to test and evaluate the use of transistors as the logical elements of a high-speed, 5 MHz, general-purpose, stored-program, parallel, digital computer. The second purpose was to provide means for testing a large capacity (65,536 word) magnetic-core memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Talking About the Development Trend of Modern Computer Technology
    2019 3rd International Conference on Computer Engineering, Information Science and Internet Technology (CII 2019) Talking about the Development Trend of Modern Computer Technology Yongpan Wang North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071000, China [email protected] Keywords: modern computer technology; development status; development trend. Abstract: Along with the development of the times and the advancement of society, the popularity of computer technology has not only changed the way people communicate, but also brought more help to economic development. Computer technology promotes the development of China's social economy and information security industry, but security risk management is still an urgent problem in the development of modern computer technology. The analysis from the development history of the computer can explore its technological development direction, and can also predict its development trend and contribute to the overall development of society. Therefore, this paper mainly discusses the development history of computer technology, analyzes its development status, and explores its development direction based on the above research. 1. Introduction The so-called computer is a modern intelligent electronic device that can be used for high-speed data and logic computing and with storage and modification functions. Computer belongs to a common item in our work life. It mainly has two parts of the main structure, some of which can be called hardware system, which is composed of hardware, which maintains the operation of the computer, and the other part is the software system to realize the function of the computer. The two together guarantee the normal operation of the computer. With the continuous advancement of science and technology, modern computer technology is also developing.
    [Show full text]
  • Sperry Rand's Third-Generation Computers 1964–1980
    Sperry Rand’s Third-Generation Computers 1964–1980 George T. Gray and Ronald Q. Smith The change from transistors to integrated circuits in the mid-1960s marked the beginning of third-generation computers. A late entrant (1962) in the general-purpose, transistor computer market, Sperry Rand Corporation moved quickly to produce computers using ICs. The Univac 1108’s success (1965) reversed the company’s declining fortunes in the large-scale arena, while the 9000 series upheld its market share in smaller computers. Sperry Rand failed to develop a successful minicomputer and, faced with IBM’s dominant market position by the end of the 1970s, struggled to maintain its position in the computer industry. A latecomer to the general-purpose, transistor would be suitable for all types of processing. computer market, Sperry Rand first shipped its With its top management having accepted the large-scale Univac 1107 and Univac III comput- recommendation, IBM began work on the ers to customers in the second half of 1962, System/360, so named because of the intention more than two years later than such key com- to cover the full range of computing tasks. petitors as IBM and Control Data. While this The IBM 360 did not rely exclusively on lateness enabled Sperry Rand to produce rela- integrated circuitry but instead employed a tively sophisticated products in the 1107 and combination of separate transistors and chips, III, it also meant that they did not attain signif- called Solid Logic Technology (SLT). IBM made icant market shares. Fortunately, Sperry’s mili- a big event of the System/360 announcement tary computers and the smaller Univac 1004, on 7 April 1964, holding press conferences in 1005, and 1050 computers developed early in 62 US cities and 14 foreign countries.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Types of Computers Contents
    1. Types of Computers Contents 1 Classes of computers 1 1.1 Classes by size ............................................. 1 1.1.1 Microcomputers (personal computers) ............................ 1 1.1.2 Minicomputers (midrange computers) ............................ 1 1.1.3 Mainframe computers ..................................... 1 1.1.4 Supercomputers ........................................ 1 1.2 Classes by function .......................................... 2 1.2.1 Servers ............................................ 2 1.2.2 Workstations ......................................... 2 1.2.3 Information appliances .................................... 2 1.2.4 Embedded computers ..................................... 2 1.3 See also ................................................ 2 1.4 References .............................................. 2 1.5 External links ............................................. 2 2 List of computer size categories 3 2.1 Supercomputers ............................................ 3 2.2 Mainframe computers ........................................ 3 2.3 Minicomputers ............................................ 3 2.4 Microcomputers ........................................... 3 2.5 Mobile computers ........................................... 3 2.6 Others ................................................. 4 2.7 Distinctive marks ........................................... 4 2.8 Categories ............................................... 4 2.9 See also ................................................ 4 2.10 References
    [Show full text]
  • Alan Milstein's History of Computers
    Alan Milstein's History of Computers CYBERCHRONOLOGY INTRODUCTION This chronology reflects the vision that the history of computers is the history of humankind. Computing is not just calculating; it is thinking, learning, and communicating. This Cyberchronolgy is a history of two competing paths, the outcome of which may ultimately determine our fate. Computers either are simply machines to be controlled by the powerful, by governments and industrial giants, and by the Masters of War, or they are the tools that will allow every human being to achieve his or her potential and to unite for a common purpose. Day One Earliest humans use pebbles to calculate, a word derived from the Latin for “pebble” 17th century B.C. Wolf’s jawbone carved with 55 notches in groups of five, first evidence of tally system 8500 B.C. Bone carved with notches in groups of prime numbers 5th century B.C. Abacus invented, a digital computing device 415 B.C. Theaetetus creates solid geometry 293 B.C. Euclid writes the “Elements” 725 A Chinese engineer and Buddhist monk build first mechanical clock 1617 John Napier invents Napier’s Bones, multiplication tables on strips of wood or bones 1621 William Oughtred invents slide rule, an analog computing device 1623 Wilhelm Schickard of Germany invents calculating clock, a 6 digit machine, can add and subtract 1645 Blaise Pascal invents Pascaline, a 5 digit adding machine 1668 Samuel Morland of England invents nondecimal adding machine 1694 Gottfried Leibniz, who discovered both calculus and the binary system, develops the Leibniz Computer, a nonprogrammable multiplying machine 1714 Henry Mill patents the typewriter in England 1786 Mueller conceives Difference Engine, special purpose calculator for tabulating values of polynomial 1821 Michael Faraday, the Father of Electricity, builds first two electric motors 1832 Charles Babbage designs first Difference Engine 1835 Joseph Henry invents electrical relay 5/24/1844 Samuel B.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF File
    Copyright©2017 Tokyo Electron Limited, All Right Reserved. Core Semiconductor Technologies Applied technologies 1876 Telephone invented by Graham Bell 1876 1897 Cathode ray tube invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun 1897 1900 Telegraph, telephone, 1900 Two-electrode vacuum tube invented by John Fleming wireless communication Three-electrode vacuum tube invented by Lee De Forest Wireless communication Vacuum tube Television receiver with a cathode ray tube devised technology technology by Russian scientist Boris Rosing 1910 1910 Semiconductor prehistory: Radio broadcasting 1920 Development of electronic circuit 1920 and control technology First radio station starts broadcasting TV broadcasting Radio broadcasting starts in the UK World’s first successful reception of images using a cathode ray tube Radio broadcasting starts in Japan Successful TV transmission experiment between New York and Washington DC Experimental TV broadcasting starts 1930 1930 Demand for durable solid state devices Computer Worlds’ first regular TV broadcasting starts Atanasoff‒Berry computer (ABC) invented in the UK (BBC) Bell Labs Model 1 relay computer introduced 1940 1940 Photovoltaic effect in silicon discovered by Russell Ohl (at Bell Labs) Codebreaking computer Colossus introduced P- and n-type conduction discovered by Jack Scaff Technique to manufacture p- and n-type semiconductors by World’s first general-purpose computer ENIAC completed doping impurities discovered by Henry Theuerer and Jack Scaff Point-contact transistor discovered by Walter Brattain and John Bardeen
    [Show full text]
  • When Was the First Computer Invented?
    When was the first computer invented? There is no easy answer to this question because of all the different classifications of computers. The first mechanical computer created by Charles Babbage doesn't really resemble what most would consider a computer today. Therefore, this document has been created with a listing of each of the computer firsts starting with the Difference Engine and leading up to the types of computers we use today. Keep in mind that early inventions that helped lead up to the computer such as the abacus, calculator, and tablet machines are not accounted for in this document. The word "computer" was first used The word "computer" was first recorded as being used in 1613 and was originally was used to describe a human who performed calculations or computations. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century when people began to realize machines never get tired and can perform calculations much faster and more accurately than any team of human computers ever could. First mechanical computer or automatic computing engine concept In 1822, Charles Babbage conceptualized and began developing the Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing engine that was capable of computing several sets of numbers and making hard copies of the results. Unfortunately, because of funding he was never able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. In June of 1991, the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine No 2 for the bicentennial year of Babbage's birth and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 7. the Microchip
    Lecture 7. The Microchip Informal and unedited notes, not for distribution. (c) Z. Stachniak, 2011-2014. Note: in cases I were unable to find the primary source of an image used in these notes or determine whether or not an image is copyrighted, I have specified the source as "unknown". I will provide full information about images, obtain repro- duction rights, or remove any such image when copyright information is available to me. Introduction Looking inside our desktop computers, laptops, and smartphones, following wires inside our cars, elevators, fridges, wrists watches, radios and audio equipment, searching through circuitry controlling "smart" trains, airplanes, spacecraft, process control and test equipment, taking off covers of electronic equipment, we don't see vacuum tubes any more. Instead, we see electronic boards populated with all sorts of tiny devices. Some of them are rectangu- larly shaped black blocks of plastic with numerous metal leads extending out of them and into the board. We call them integrated circuits. 1 Fig. 1. A smart phone's circuit board with integrated circuits. Source: unknown. In fact, what we see are not "circuits" themselves as they are packaged in plastic or ceramic, mostly non-transparent enclosures. 2 Integrated circuits are small and use little energy; but they can implement electronic circuits of immense complexities. That's why large calculators could be turned into pocket-sized gadgets and large mainframe computers into small servers, desktops, and laptops. In this lecture we shall trace the development of an integrated circuit from an invention of the transistor to the microprocessor. We shall discuss the impact of these inventions on our society that was to get an unrestricted access to computing and information.
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Hardware Basics Clyde Cox College of Dupage, [email protected]
    College of DuPage [email protected]. Computer and Internetworking Technologies Computer Science (CIT) Scholarship 10-1-2010 Computer Hardware Basics Clyde Cox College of DuPage, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.cod.edu/citpub Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cox, Clyde, "Computer Hardware Basics" (2010). Computer and Internetworking Technologies (CIT) Scholarship. Paper 2. http://dc.cod.edu/citpub/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science at [email protected].. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computer and Internetworking Technologies (CIT) Scholarship by an authorized administrator of [email protected].. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CIT 1100 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers Digital computers have been around for over 50 years in many different sizes and configurations. When the first mainframe computes were designed, it was thought that all the computing needs could be accomplished with as few as 5 machines. Given the cost and complexity of the first systems, it’s understandable why people felt that way. As far reaching an effect as the large mainframe had on the industry, it would soon be eclipsed by the inexpensive home computer. You would be hard pressed to think of a business that has not been affected by computers. Large corporations that once relied totally on expensive mainframes began to put computers onto everyone’s desk. Decentralizing computers made people more productive and with the addition of local area networks allow people to share data and communicate in ways that were once unheard of.
    [Show full text]
  • G51CSA Lecture Notes #2
    SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY G51CSA Lecture Notes #2 Reading: Main text, Chapter 2 + relevant Chapters in reference B and C 1. A brief History of Computers The first Generation - Vacuum Tubes (1945 -1955) A. ENIAC (1943 - 1946) • Intended for calculating range tables of aiming artillery • Consisted of 18000 tubes, 1500 relays, weight 30 tons, consumed 140 KW • Decimal machine • Each digit represented by a ring of 10 vacuum tubes. • Designed for artillery range table, but used to perform complex calculations to help determine the feasibility of H bomb - general purpose computer • Programmed with multiposition switches and jumper cables. B. John von Neumann (1945 -1952) • Originally a member of the ENIAC development team. • First to use binary arithmetic • Architecture consists of : Memory, ALU, Program control, Input, Output • Stored-program concept - main memory store both data and instructions The Second Generation - Transistors (1955 -1965) C. Transistors • Transistor was invented in 1948 at Bell Labs by John Barden, Walter Brattain amd William Shockley • TX-0 (Transistorised eXperimental computer 0), first transistor computer, build at MIT Lincoln Labs • DEC PDP-1, first affordable microcomputer ($120,000), performance half that of IBM 7090 (the fastest computer in the world at that time, which cost millions) • PDP-8, cheap ($16,000), the first to use single bus D. CDC 6600 (1964) • an order of magnitide faster than the mighty IBM 7094 • First highly parallelized machine (up to 10 instructions in parallel) • Separate computational and control units E. Burroughs B5000 • First to emphasise software and high level programming languages (Algol 60) The Third Generation - Integrated Circuits (1965 -1980) F.
    [Show full text]