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L'intégration Des Minorités Ethniques Et Des Régions

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L'intégration Des Minorités Ethniques Et Des Régions L’intégration des minorités ethniques et des régions montagneuses du nord du Laos : Le cas de la province de Luang Namtha, 1995-2015 Mémoire Vincent Rolland Maitrise en sciences géographiques Maitre en sciences géographiques (M. Sc. géogr.) Québec, Canada © Vincent Rolland, 2017 L’intégration des minorités ethniques et des régions montagneuses du nord du Laos : Le cas de la province de Luang Namtha, 1995-2015 Mémoire Vincent Rolland Sous la direction de : Steve Déry, directeur de recherche Résumé Depuis le début des années 1980, les changements politico-économiques organisés par l’État laotien ont remodelé le visage du pays. Ces changements œuvrent tant pour une plus grande intégration aux marchés économiques internationaux qu’à la construction nationale du pays. Les conséquences de ces transformations sont notamment visibles dans le paysage rural et montagnard, comme dans l’évolution des moyens de subsistance et des modes de vie des populations ethniques minoritaires. Le développement récent des plantations agro-commerciales contribue, entre autres, à réorganiser la géographie socioéconomique des provinces du nord du pays, dont celle de la province de Luang Namtha. Comment les populations locales s’adaptent-elles à ces transformations rapides ? Quels changements cela implique-t-il ? Cette recherche, qui emploie une approche multiscalaire, aide à comprendre les rouages de l’intégration et de l’adaptation locale aux systèmes nationaux et internationaux. MOTS-CLES : Laos, intégration, monde rural, minorités ethniques, moyens de subsistance, adaptation. ii Abstract Since the beginning of the 1980s, the political and economic changes undertaken by the Laotian State have reshaped the face of the country. These changes work to foster greater integration into international markets and to further develop the country. The results of these transformations are noticeable in rural and mountainous landscape and have influenced the evolution of the ethnic minorities’ livelihoods and lifestyles. The recent development of agro-commercial plantations has contributed to reorganize the socio-economical geography of the northern Laotian provinces, including Luang Namtha. How do local populations adapt to these quick transformations? What changes do these changes involve? This research, which utilizes a multiscalar approach, helps to better understand the inner workings of this integration and the local adaptation process into the national and international systems. KEYWORDS: Laos, integration, rural world, ethnic minorities, livelihoods, adaptation. iii Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières ......................................................................................................... iv Liste des tableaux .......................................................................................................... vi Liste des figures ............................................................................................................ vii Liste des abréviations .................................................................................................... ix Remerciements ............................................................................................................... xi Introduction générale ..................................................................................................... 1 a. Les prémices de la construction du Laos ........................................................... 3 b. Cadre théorique et conceptuel ............................................................................ 6 c. Plan de travail .................................................................................................... 12 Chapitre 1 : État de la construction du Laos ............................................................. 13 1.1 Caractéristiques géographiques et héritage historique d’un pays pluriethnique ............................................................................................................. 13 1.1.1 Le Laos et l’Asie du Sud-Est continentale .................................................. 13 1.1.2 Tournants politiques : du royaume féodal au communisme libéral ............ 17 1.1.3 De la majorité aux minorités : un pays pluriethnique ................................. 19 1.2 La modernisation nationale et le développement des régions rurales ........ 23 1.2.1 Un développement sous perfusion .............................................................. 24 1.2.2 The Poverty Reduction Plan ....................................................................... 29 1.2.3 De nomades à paysans : la sédentarisation des populations ....................... 33 1.2.4 La prise en charge des forêts ....................................................................... 38 Chapitre 2 : Insertion nationale et provinciale dans le système sud-est asiatique . 43 2.1 Le Laos au cœur d’un réseau international et transnational ...................... 43 2.1.1 L’intégration régionale, des enjeux économiques… .................................. 43 2.1.2 … mais aussi géopolitiques ........................................................................ 50 2.1.3 La sous-région du Grand Mékong .............................................................. 53 2.2 Quelle place pour les régions montagneuses nord laotiennes ? ................... 57 2.2.1 La province de Luang Namtha dans son ensemble montagneux ................ 58 2.2.2 Une région carrefour convoitée .................................................................. 61 Chapitre 3 : L’intégration des régions montagneuses et de la province de Luang Namtha aux nouveaux systèmes territoriaux et économiques.................................. 70 3.1 Considérations méthodologiques ................................................................... 70 3.1.1 Choix du terrain et populations à l’étude .................................................... 70 3.1.2 Cueillette des données et méthodes d’analyse ............................................ 71 3.2 Changer l’utilisation du sol, les pratiques, et l’information ........................ 73 3.2.1 Le développement des cultures commerciales ............................................ 73 3.2.2 Vulgarisation agricole et apprentissage de nouvelles techniques ............... 78 3.2.3 Transition et dépendance aux moyens de subsistance ................................ 84 3.3 La modernité, espoirs et promesses d’un avenir meilleur ........................... 85 3.4 L’alphabétisation des populations ethniques ................................................ 89 iv 3.5 L’accès aux soins ............................................................................................. 92 Chapitre 4 : Transformations et adaptation des populations à Luang Namtha – quels impacts sur le budget-temps ? ........................................................................... 97 4.1 Dynamique des systèmes territoriaux et adaptation locale suivant les époques ...................................................................................................................... 98 4.1.1 La vassalité birmano-siamoise (1780-1893) ............................................... 98 4.1.2 Le protectorat français (1893-1945) ......................................................... 100 4.1.3 Les guerres d’Indochine (1946-1975) ....................................................... 103 4.1.4 Les débuts du régime communiste (1975-1995) ....................................... 105 4.2 La détermination du budget-temps ............................................................. 109 4.2.1 La perception du temps : considérations culturelles et ethniques ............. 109 4.2.2 Analyse des calendriers de la province de Luang Namtha ....................... 110 Chapitre 5 : Processus d’intégration et d’adaptation – Des éléments qui éclosent de la recherche ................................................................................................................. 123 5.1 L’intégration, un processus qui comporte plusieurs facettes .................... 123 5.2 L’adaptation, oui, mais de quelle manière ? ............................................... 126 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 130 Bibliographie ............................................................................................................... 134 Annexe 1 : Questionnaire utilisé sur le terrain ........................................................ 154 v Liste des tableaux Tableau 1.1 : Évolution et part des IDE, de l’APD, des importations et des exportations rapportés au PIB du Laos, 1995-2014 (en millions de dollars ÉU et en pourcentage) ........................................................................................................... 27 Tableau 1.2 : Taux de pauvreté au Laos, selon différentes régions, de 1992-1993 à 2012-2013 (en pourcentages) ................................................................................. 31 Tableau 1.3 : Inégalités au Laos, de 1992-1993 à 2012-2013 (mesurées à l’aide du Coefficient de Gini) ................................................................................................ 31 Tableau 1.4 : Disponibilités alimentaires au Laos, 1961-2011
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