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Rapport Diagnostic XKG Lienhard Et Al PRONAE Paper 2004 République Démocratique Populaire Lao Paix Indépendance Démocratie Unité Prospérité Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Forêts Institut National de Recherche Agronomique et Forestière Programme National Agroécologie Province de Xieng Khouang Montagne-schiste Pénéplaine Montagne-karst cuvette DIAGNOSTIC AGRO-SOCIO-ECONOMIQUE DE LA ZONE D’INTERVENTION DU PROJET (Districts de Pek, Kham et Nonghet) Synthèse et édition réalisée par Collectif de terrain Pascal LIENHARD Pathana CHANTHALACKSA Guillaume DANGE Xaysamone PHANETHANOUVONG Marie-pierre TALON Ianlang PHANTHANIVONG Thammakham SOSOMPHOU Anoudeth PHOMMACHANH Somchanh SYPHANRAVONG Sengphanh SAYPHOUMMIE Nammakone SOUCHALEUNE Novembre 2004 Nonseng THONCHANPHENG Daovone THONGVILAY Thongxay YINDALATH Centre de Coopération Institut National International en De Recherche Recherche Agronomique Agronomique et Forestière pour le Développement SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION..................................................N .......................................................................1 LOCALISATION DE LA ZONE D’ETUDE .............................................................................3 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................4 METHODOLOGIE..................................................E .....................................................................1 1- CADRE THEORIQUE ...........................................................................................................1 2- ETAPES DU DIAGNOSTIC..................................................................................................1 3- CRITERES DE DIFFERENCIATION ENTRE SYSTEMES DE PRODUCTION ..............6 4- ANALYSE ECONOMIQUE POUR LES DIFFERENTS ARCHETYPES ...................................................9 RESULTAT 1 : ZONAGE AGRO-ECOLOGIQUE..................................................E ..............11 1- SITUATION ET IMPORTANCE DE LA ZONE D’ETUDE A L’ECHELLE DE LA PROVINCE...............................................................................................................................11 2- LES DIFFERENTS TERROIRS DE LA ZONE D’ETUDE................................................11 RESULTAT 2 : TYPOLOGIES D’EXPLOITATION PAR ZONE.......................................13E ARCHETYPES DEFINIS POUR LA PENEPLAINE DE PEK...............................................14 ARCHETYPES DEFINIS POUR LA CUVETTE DE KHAM ...................................................23 ARCHETYPES DEFINIS POUR LA ZONE DE MONTAGNE.............................................28 RESULTAT 3 : FICHES TECHNIQUES « ELEVAGE »..................................................» ....37 FINALITES DES ELEVAGES.................................................................................................38 L’ELEVAGE BOVIN ET BUBALIN.......................................................................................48 L’ELEVAGE PORCIN .............................................................................................................56 L’ELEVAGE DE VOLAILLES ...............................................................................................63 L’ELEVAGE EQUIN ...............................................................................................................70 L’ELEVAGE OVIN ET CAPRIN ............................................................................................72 LA PISCICULTURE ................................................................................................................74 RESULTAT 4 : FICHES TECHNIQUES « CULTURE »..................................................» ....76 LA RIZICULTURE PERMANENTE.......................................................................................77 LA CULTURE DE RIZ SUR ESSARTS..................................................................................91 LA CULTURE DE MAÏS.........................................................................................................97 LA CULTURE DE PIMENT..................................................................................................103 LA CULTURE D’ AIL ..............................................................................................................112 RESULTAT 5 : UTILISATION DU MILIEU NATUREL : FICHE « CHASSE-PÊCHE- CUEILLETTE »..................................................» ......................................................................112 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ....................................................................................................................120 ANNEXES..................................................S ................................................................................122 INTRODUCTION Ce présent rapport est le fruit d’un travail collectif d’observations, d’enquêtes et de suivis réalisés sur la période de la phase transitoire du Programme National Agroécologie (du 1 er janvier 2003 au 31 juillet 2004). L’équipe technique du projet a bénéficié de l’appui d’un chargé de mission permanent (M. Guillaume Dangé) et de deux consultants en appui ponctuel (M. Somchanh Syphanravong et Mme Marie-Pierre Talon) financés par le Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial (FFEM) et l’Agence Française de Développement (AFD) dans le cadre du Programme Transversal Agro-écologie (PTA). Cette équipe a été secondée sur le terrain par un groupe composé de sept enquêteurs (certains à caractère temporaire) ainsi que par le département provincial de l’agriculture et des forêts (PAFO) et les services des districts de Pek, Kham et Nonghet (DAFO). Le diagnostic développé dans ce rapport porte sur les districts de Pek, Kham et Nonghet (localisation voir cartes page suivante) qui ont été identifiés lors de l'étude de faisabilité du projet (mission CIRAD/NAFRI, 2001) et dont le choix a été, par la suite, confirmé lors de la mission AFD/direction PRONAE en 2002. Plusieurs objectifs étaient poursuivis dans le cadre de ce travail : (i) Appréhender la diversité des systèmes de production en relation avec la diversité du milieu ; (ii) Asseoir le programme scientifique et technique pour la phase nationale du projet à partir de cette lecture initiale des stratégies et des systèmes de production locaux ; (iii) Identifier des terroirs d’intervention et des partenaires potentiels pour la phase nationale ; (iv) Former l’équipe technique au diagnostic (méthodologie, lectures de cartes et de paysages, techniques d’enquêtes, analyse de données etc.). Seul le premier de ces objectifs sera développé dans ce document. Les points (ii) et (iii) ont fait l’objet d’un document indépendant (cf. document « programmation technique et scientifique – province de Xieng Khouang », 2004). Le rendu de ce diagnostic est sous forme de « produits » indépendants rappelés dans le tableau ci-dessous. Ces produits tendent à valoriser l’information recueillie aux différentes échelles de travail abordées. Echelle de travail Produit Terroir Zonage agro-écologique Zones + Exploitation Typologies d’exploitations Exploitation Fiches techniques « élevage » Exploitation + parcelle Fiches techniques « cultures » Exploitation + marché Fiche activités « chasse – pêche - cueillette » Des fiches villages ont également été réalisées suite aux enquêtes village (total de 22 fiches). Elles sont présentées dans un document annexe indépendant. 1 Nous reviendrons brièvement en première partie sur la méthodologie utilisée pour ce diagnostic. Cette dernière a déjà été présentée dans un précédent rapport (rapport intermédiaire d’activité mai-juillet 2003, PRONAE Xieng Khouang, 2003) et a également fait l’objet d’un poster (voir annexe 1) présenté lors d’un atelier sur Luang Prabang (« Poverty Reduction and Schifting Cultivation Stabilization in The Uplands of Lao PDR » , 27-30 janvier 2004, organisé par le NAFRI). Pour obtenir copie de ce rapport, contacter : PRONAE Xieng Khouang PO 1181/A – Phonsavanh, Xieng Khouang , PDR Lao Tel/fax: (856-61) 211 776 Email: [email protected] Ou Direction PRONAE PO Box 10990, MAF-NAFRI, PDR Lao Tel/Fax: (856-21) 770 027 Email: [email protected] 2 LOCALISATION DE LA ZONE D’ETUDE (carte digitalisée et retravaillée à partir d'une carte du projet NIWMAP, mars 2002) Xieng Khouang LAOS 3 LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ADP: (Xieng Khouang) Agricultural Development Project (co-financement IFAD, UNDP) AFD: Agence Française de Développement. BAD : Banque Asiatique pour le Développement CIAT : Centro International de Agricultura Tropical CIRAD : Centre de coopération Internationale pour la Recherche Agronomique et le Développement. CMI : Community Managed small Irrigation scheme (financement BAD) DAFO : District Agriculture and Forestry Office DANIDA : Danish Development Agency FAO : Food and Agricultural Organization FFEM: Fond Français pour l’Environnement Mondial. FLSP: Fodder for Livestock Systems Project (financement CIAT) GTZ: Agence de Coopération Allemande IFAD : International Fund for Agricultural Development IRRI : International Rice Research Institute NAFRI: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique et Forestier NAWACOP : Nam Ngueun Watershed Conservation Project (financement GTZ) NIWMAP: Nam Neun Integrated Watershed Management Project (DANIDA) PAFO : Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office PRONAE: Programme National Agroécologie PTA: Programme Transversal Agroécologie SAF: Services de l’Agriculture et des Forêts (niveau des districts) UNDCP: United Nation Drug Control Program UNDP: United Nation Development Program ZOA: ONG hollandaise 4 METHODOLOGIE
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