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1908: COUP D’ÉTAT OR REVOLUTION?  Is the Second Constitutionalist Period a revolution or a coup d’état?

Hasan SUNGUR*

ow important is it to characterize a historic event? Naming the events that took place in 1908, in the as “Coup d’état” or “Revolution” is a standpoint and an evaluation problem. History Hclasses are generally taught by way of reducing different points of view to one, and evaluations are carried out through ambiguous criteria. Innovative history teachers are aware of the need to find more evidence and the creation of more qualitative arguments in order to look at historical events from different points of view. These teachers know that the students are more capable of understanding different points of view than they are given credit for. They encourage their students to develop their arguments based on evidence and defend these arguments in a democratic framework. With the “1908” event, students will find the opportunity to have big group discussions in the light of above said criteria.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

QQ All students: will identify the changes that the Second Constitutionalist Period brought.

QQ Most students: will understand the causes and results of societal and political changes resulting from the Second Constitutionalist Period.

QQ Some students: will evaluate the societal and political changes that were caused by the Second Constitutionalist Period from different perspectives.

Grade: 11 Time: 80 minutes. Preparation Key Question: Make copies of the worksheets according to the number of groups. Is The Second Constitutionalist Period a revolution or a coup d’état?

The Aim of the Lesson: Using resources to evaluate the Second Constitutional Period from societal and political points of view.

Curricular links: Students will understand the changes that occurred in the state organization during the Second Constitutionalist Period. * TEV İnanç Türkeş Private School, Kocaeli 32 LESSON PLAN 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution?

answer oneofthesequestions. Ask yourstudentstocome upwiththreequestionsaboutwhattheylearnedin thisclass,and Evaluation: STARTER 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. worksheet-1. group. Askyourstudentstoevaluatethechronologystatedon Divide students into groups of 3-4 and hand the sheetforsupportingtheirtheses. Hand outWorksheet-6tothegroups.Askthemusevisualson coup d’état. defend the thesis that the Second Constitutionalist Period was a Period wasarevolution.Theoppositionrepresentativeshould representative todefendthatthesistheSecondConstitutionalist Ask groupstochooseaspeaker.Then,askthegovernment 5B totheopposition.Askthemreadresources. Hand outWorksheet-5Atothegovernmentgroup,andWorksheet- relevant questions.. Hand outWorksheet-4toallgroupsandaskthemanswerthe Period as“Revolution”,andtheopposition“Coupd’état”. them thatthegovernmentwilldefendSecondConstitutionalist Divide yourclassintotwoas“Government”and“Opposition”.Tell of giveninformation.. compare the First and Second Constitutionalist Periods in the light was writtenin1876,andamended1909.Askstudentsto Hand outWorksheet-3togroups.Remindthemthatconstitution “revolution” and“coupd’état”?. Hand outWorksheet-2togroups.Askthemthedifferencebetween Worksheet-1 to each 20 min. 5 min. 5 min. 20 min. 15 min. 5 min. 10 min. time 1909: Constitutionwasrenewedwithamendments. 23 July1908: 1900-1908: ConstructionofHejazRailways. 17 April1897:Ottoman-GreekWar,Ottomanswon. 1897: GreecelandedtroopsinCrete. 1896: ArmenianscapturedOttomanBankinIstanbul,RevoltofCrete. 1890: Establishmentofanti-Ottoman“CommitteeMacedonia”inSofia. 21 May1889:Establishmentof“PartyUnionandProgress”. 18 September1885:RevoltofEasternRumelia. 15 July1882:OccupationofEgyptbytheEnglish. 1881: CaptureofTunisiabyFrance. 13 February1878:ClosureoftheAssembly. 22 May1877:DeclarationofIndependenceRomania. 24 April1877:Russo-OttomanWar. 23 December1876:DeclarationoftheFirstConstitution. 31 August1876:SuccessionofAbdulHamidIItothethrone. Chronology  prior toandaftertheConstitutionalistPeriod. Make ageneralevaluationofeventsthatoccurred into forceagain. Declaration oftheSecondConstitutionalistPeriod,Constitutioncame Source: İ. HakkıUZUNÇARŞILI, V. 8,pp.579-584 Osmanlı Tarihi, Osmanlı

33 1 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution? 34 2 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution?  evaluate thedocumentsthatwillbegiventoyouaccordingly. of these two terms are given below. After reading these definitions, some historians,whileothersseeitasacoupd’état.Thedefinitions Constitutionalist Period are considered to be a revolution by The constitutionalamendmentsmadeduringtheSecond societal and political order. political and societal sudden, sweeping and essential change in in change essential and sweeping sudden, evolution which is a slow process, this is a a is this process, slow a is which evolution established social order; on contrary to to contrary on order; social established and/or forcingagovernmenttoresign. the regimebyusingpressureinacountry, administration insuchawaythatchanges Toppling ofagovernmentoroverthrowingthe Coup d’état the of rearrangement or Changing Revolution morality andcustoms,secretassociationsisprohibited. of theConstitution,trytodividemembersOttoman Empirepolitically,behaveagainstthegeneral associations thatseektoharmtheindivisibilitycountry, changetheconstitutionalregime,actinviolation Article 120- SolongitisnotagainstthelawsOttomanshave therightofassembly.Foundation order. Article 119-Depositeddocumentsandlettersatpostofficescannot beopenedwithoutajudgeorcourt the country. Article 113- Theadministrationhastheauthoritytoproclaimmartial lawincaseofdisorderanypart thirds majority. revised withintwomonths.Thereturnedlawsmustbere-debatedandhavebeenpassedwithatwo- would bepresentedtotheSultan’sapproval.Thelawshaveeitherapprovedorsentback Article 54- Draftbills,afterhavingbeenscrutinized and passedbyboththesenate andtheparliament, Article 53-TheSenateandParliamentsolelyhavetherighttoproposedraftlawsmakeamendments. operations oftheirministriestotheGrandAssembly. Article 30- Ministers are collectively liable for the policies of the government, and individually for the of investigationpriortopublishing. Article 12- Publications are allowed within thelimits oflaw.Undernocircumstancescantherebeanykind to electionswithinthreemonths.MakinglawsandapprovaloftreatiesareunderauthoritytheParliament. could bedissolvedonlyifthevoteofconfidencecannotattained.Incasedissolution,countrygoes commencement during extraordinary situations is one of the sacred rights of the Sultan. The Parliament grand vizierselects.TherighttotimelycommenceandproroguetheGeneralAssemblyorderits Article 7- The Sultan appoints the grand vizier and shaykh al-, and approves the government that The SultantakesanoathtocomplywiththeConstitution. Article 3- The Ottoman Empire and are inherited to the oldest member of the Ottoman . into exile. the country.TheSultancouldthendecidesomeoneaspoliticaloffenderafterinvestigationsandsendhim Article 113- Theadministrationhastheauthoritytoproclaimmartiallawincaseofdisorderanypart Sultan’s decisionitwouldgointoforce. would needtobescrutinizedandacceptedbytheSenateCouncilofDeputiesdependingon Article 54- The parliamentary bills and amendments, after having passed through Council of the State, Sultan couldbebroughttotheCouncilofState. Sultan andwithintheirauthority,totheSenateCouncilofDeputies,whichthenwithapproval Article 53-Councilof Ministers can send parliamentary bills and amendments, with the permission of the Article 12-Publicationsareallowedwithinthelimitsoflaw. and dissolveparliaments. Article 7-Governmentisaccountabletotheparliament,butroyalty.Sultanhasrightcongregate Article 5-ThepersonalityoftheSultanissacredandhenotaccountabletoanyoneforhisactions. Article 3-TheOttomanEmpireandCaliphateareinheritedtotheoldestmemberofDynasty. Q Q Q Q Resource B:TheAmendmentsMadeintheConstitutionof1909 Resource A:SomearticlesoftheConstitution1876  (1876) andSecond (1909)Constitutional Periods. Study theresourcesabove andcomparetheFirst www.mimoza.marmara.edu.tr/.../anayasa/1876_KANUNI_ESASI.doc www.mimoza.marmara.edu.tr/.../anayasa/1908_KANUNI_ESASI.doc (It hasbeensimplifiedandreorganized.) (It hasbeensimplifiedandreorganized.) 35 3 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution? 36 4 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution?

1. What do you think cutting down trees symbolize? 3. What could the people in the picture be thinking about cutting down the trees? 2. Who or what do the people in the picture represent? 4. In your opinion, does this cartoon symbolize a revolution or a coup d’état? GOVERNMENT SOURCES:1908ISAREVOLUTION to ‘save’ it. ‘save’ to regime. The aim was to smash and get rid of the ancien régime and the pre-modern state, not not state, pre-modern the and régime ancien the of rid get and smash to was aim The regime. the subversive efforts of those groups who had held power and benefitted from the absolutist absolutist the from benefitted and power held had who groups those of efforts subversive the encompassing coalition of different classes or various ethnic groups acting in unison despite despite unison in acting groups ethnic various or classes different of coalition encompassing Revolution, the established institutions of the ancien régime were attacked by a wide wide a by attacked were régime ancien the of institutions established the Revolution, Starting from the months leading up to 1908 and culminating within a few years after the the after years few a within culminating and 1908 to up leading months the from Starting constitution aimed to treat everybody as equal and first rate citizen before the law. the before citizen rate first and equal as everybody treat to aimed constitution modern conception of justice was replaced with a modern understanding, where the new new the where understanding, modern a with replaced was justice of conception modern against themselves or other ethnic or religious groups. With the Revolution of 1908 this pre- this 1908 of Revolution the With groups. religious or ethnic other or themselves against rules and regulations were powerless with respect to injustices committed by the state either either state the by committed injustices to respect with powerless were regulations and rules In short, people living under this non-modern absolutist state and subject to different legal legal different to subject and state absolutist non-modern this under living people short, In subjects themselves. For example, subjects of Albanian descent were exempt from taxation taxation from exempt were descent Albanian of subjects example, For themselves. subjects of serving in the military. the in serving of in a modern state, not only between the rulers and the ruled subjects, but also among the the among also but subjects, ruled the and rulers the between only not state, modern a in just because they were Albanians. Subjects classified as non- were banned from right right from banned were non-muslims as classified Subjects Albanians. were they because just second class people by groups holding state power. There were inequalities, unthinkable unthinkable inequalities, were There power. state holding groups by people class second Before 1908 various ethnic groups living in were just subjects and were treated as as treated were and subjects just were Turkey in living groups ethnic various 1908 Before Q Q Source 1:1908isarevolution 2. 1. In whichwaydoesthe1908periodcriticizeprevious one? What evidencedoestheauthorusetosupporthisopinion? Source: Aykut KANSU, Yayınları, 2006,,Page360-361. 1908 Devrimi 1908 , İletişim A 37 5 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution? 38 5 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution? GOVERNMENT SOURCES:1908ISAREVOLUTION A will take over. over. take will of the revolution were met with enthusiasm wherever they went. It was stated that today [24 [24 today that stated was It went. they wherever enthusiasm with met were revolution the of on Saturday [25 July] in all governmental agencies the followers of the constitutional regime regime constitutional the of followers the agencies governmental all in July] [25 Saturday on newly established constitutional order and taking oath of allegiance from them. Representative Representative them. from allegiance of oath taking and order constitutional established newly July, Friday] the declaration of the revolution would be announced in all mosques as well. And And well. as mosques all in announced be would revolution the of declaration the Friday] July, to the municipality, government office and other government agencies informing them of the the of them informing agencies government other and office government municipality, the to won. In the afternoon, military officers along with the elected civilian representatives went went representatives civilian elected the with along officers military afternoon, the In won. it should be noted that even the most optimistic were surprised at how easily the victory was was victory the easily how at surprised were optimistic most the even that noted be should it was under complete control of the —and there was enough evidence for this. But But this. for evidence enough was there Turks—and Young the of control complete under was the constitutional regime. Rumors has it that the reason why was the last city in in city last the was Thessaloniki why reason the that it has Rumors regime. constitutional the be used as an excuse for foreign involvement. In addition to that, it was said that the army now now army the that said was it that, to addition In involvement. foreign for excuse an as used be here already knew that peoples of Monastir, Skopje, Serres and other places had declared declared had places other and Serres Skopje, Monastir, of peoples that knew already here which the constitution was declared was so that they would be ready for an incident that could could that incident an for ready be would they that so was declared was constitution the which [23 July] on Thursday—Thessaloniki witnessed a peaceful and bloodless revolution. People People revolution. bloodless and peaceful a witnessed Thursday—Thessaloniki on July] [23 in defeat, on 24 July [Friday] described the recent situation as such: Yesterday afternoon— Yesterday such: as situation recent the described [Friday] July 24 on defeat, in the Constitution coming into force again. Reuters’ reporter, before the Sultan had gone down down gone had Sultan the before reporter, Reuters’ again. force into coming Constitution the revolutionary movement and declared the constitution that the Sultan involuntarily accepted accepted involuntarily Sultan the that constitution the declared and movement revolutionary As will be remembered, it was only after all the cities in joined the ranks of the the of ranks the joined Macedonia in cities the all after only was it remembered, be will As Q Extraordinary Scenes Extraordinary Q Source 2:PopularUprisinginMacedonia(ANewspaperArticle) 2. 1. In yourview,howdoesthenewspaperlabel1908? Period isdepictedaswhosevictory? With regardstothenewsarticle,SecondConstitutional Source: 1908, p.7. The Manchester Guardian, Manchester The 29July GOVERNMENT SOURCES:1908ISAREVOLUTION To Mr. Gaston Calmette, Gaston Mr. To Q My dear friend, dear My Finally! It happened: We have it—our dear Constitution! You should see how we are celebrating celebrating are we how see should You Constitution! dear it—our have We happened: It Finally! it, how we are caressing it, and how we have been washing the crying mold on the old calendar calendar old the on mold crying the washing been have we how and it, caressing are we how it, pages with our tears since the very day of its birth. You should witness how the Turkish people people Turkish the how witness should You birth. its of day very the since tears our with pages are embracing their rights with wisdom, greatness and today! It is our duty to admire admire to duty our is It today! nobility and greatness wisdom, with rights their embracing are this people who have never doubted the virtues of this constitution. Despite the allegations of of allegations the Despite constitution. this of virtues the doubted never have who people this fanaticism, you should see how this people are treating their non-Muslim countrymen! non-Muslim their treating are people this how see should you fanaticism, Thousands of people from all races and all religions are enjoying this constitution plentiful. Streets, Streets, plentiful. constitution this enjoying are religions all and races all from people of Thousands boulevards and squares of Istanbul, Pera, and Prince Islands are filled with people, who who people, with filled are Islands Prince and Bosporus Pera, Istanbul, of squares and boulevards are thirsty for justice and freedom. Mullahs, priests, dervishes are hugging the Turks, Albanians, Albanians, Turks, the hugging are dervishes priests, Mullahs, freedom. and justice for thirsty are , and . Kissing, hugging, and shaking of hands, everybody is united in the face of of face the in united is everybody hands, of shaking and hugging, Kissing, Armenians. and Greeks, this happiness! After being divided for such a long time ruthlessly, they are singing, dancing and and dancing singing, are they ruthlessly, time long a such for divided being After happiness! this celebrating. As you know I have devoted myself to this happiness with a deep passion, and the role role the and passion, deep a with happiness this to myself devoted have I know you As celebrating. of our dear army! Such admirable people! There is neither ugly outcries, nor fighting! nor outcries, ugly neither is There people! admirable Such army! dear our of Everybody is feeling that their wounds are healing under the shining skies of their nation. nation. their of skies shining the under healing are wounds their that feeling is Everybody What an awakening! What energy! What awakening! an What I want to apologize to my countrymen for thinking that they were asleep for a second! a for asleep were they that thinking for countrymen my to apologize to want I The thing I see is both brilliant and great: When the time of nation has come to the moment of of moment the to come has nation of time the When great: and brilliant both is see I thing The freedom, all the extraordinary citizens, respectable journalists, authors, orators started appearing appearing started orators authors, journalists, respectable citizens, extraordinary the all freedom, from everywhere. But where were my dear citizens, who love their motherland passionately hiding? hiding? passionately motherland their love who citizens, dear my were where But everywhere. from Under the coat of the Sultan! Our emperor is the fieriest of liberals, because when he accepted our our accepted he when because liberals, of fieriest the is emperor Our Sultan! the of coat the Under demands he did not show any bad intentions. intentions. bad any show not did he demands Forward! Forward! Now we have legs: Let’s walk! And we will walk and you will see! You, at the the at You, see! will you and walk will we And walk! Let’s legs: have we Now Forward! Forward! highest level of the Parisian press, will see that a people like us will break its fetters and get rid rid get and fetters its break will us like people a that see will press, Parisian the of level highest of the parasites that suck its blood, that it will succeed this! There are some who cry among us in in us among cry who some are There this! succeed will it that blood, its suck that parasites the of these moments of excitement and joy: informer spies and the ignorant. Our awakening is as great great as is awakening Our ignorant. the and spies informer joy: and excitement of moments these as theirs is terrible. Dear Calmette, as someone who knows how hard I work for my country’s country’s my for work I hard how knows who someone as Calmette, Dear terrible. is theirs as happiness and suffer as a result, you understand jubilant happiness. jubilant understand you result, a as suffer and happiness Dear is also happy, because we took the first rays of freedom from her! I am sending sending am I her! from freedom of rays first the took we because happy, also is France Dear kisses on behalf of my citizens! my of behalf on kisses With all my friendship and sincere wishes. sincere and friendship my all With Q Source 3:AnOttomanPasha’sArticlePublishedinaFrenchNewspaper 2. 1. between thestate andthepeople? According to IzzetFuat , how will Constitutionalist Period affect the relation Period? What kindofameaningdoes IzzetFuatPashaattributetotheConstitutionalist Source: Le Figaro Le Istanbul, 30 July 1908. July 30 Istanbul, , 1908,Friday,p.2 Izzet Fuad Pasha Fuad Izzet A 39 5 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution? 40 5 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution? GOVERNMENT SOURCES:1908ISAREVOLUTION A assembly, absolutism. assembly, republic, freedom, , democrat, dictator, censorship, censor, people, senate, grand grand senate, people, censor, censorship, dictator, democrat, democracy, freedom, republic, Revolution, tyranny, reform, oligarchy, parliamentary regime, parliament, association, public, public, association, parliament, regime, parliamentary oligarchy, reform, tyranny, Revolution, of Abdul Hamid: Hamid: Abdul of The politically themed words that were banned to be used in the printed media during the reign reign the during media printed the in used be to banned were that words themed politically The Q Q Resource 4 3. 2. 1. Which oftheabovewordshavepropagandistattitudes? Which oftheabovewordscouldbecategorizedasimpartialdescriptions? Why wouldAbdulHamidbetroubledwiththesewords? Source: François GEORGEON, Kelimeler, pp.192-193. Yasak Yasak OPPOSITION SOURCES:1908ISACOUPD’ETAT Lastly, It was not as though the Unionists were liberal at the beginning and became conservative conservative became and beginning the at liberal were Unionists the though as not was It Lastly, this was not an ‘Enlightened’ revolution; rather it was a ‘restorationist’ movement that carried carried that movement ‘restorationist’ a was it rather revolution; ‘Enlightened’ an not was this freedoms of the individual and citizenry for ‘national rights’, they were not ‘liberal’ either. ‘liberal’ not were they rights’, ‘national for citizenry and individual the of freedoms over the time. On the contrary, this was an intentional decision taken before 1908. before taken decision intentional an was this contrary, the On time. the over state. Therefore, though the executives of ‘1908’ relied on philosophy of the ‘Enlightenment’, ‘Enlightenment’, the of philosophy on relied ‘1908’ of executives the though Therefore, state. the 17th century connotation of the term. Because the Unionists had sacrificed the rights and and rights the sacrificed had Unionists the Because term. the of connotation century 17th the rights’ and ‘freedoms’. In the end, Union and Progress Party started out to ‘restore’ the present present the ‘restore’ to out started Party Progress and Union end, the In ‘freedoms’. and rights’ and separatist movements, and for reviving the glorious past, not for ‘individual and citizen citizen and ‘individual for not past, glorious the reviving for and movements, separatist and for the Unionists this ‘constitutionalist revolution’ was important for preventing ethnic conflicts conflicts ethnic preventing for important was revolution’ ‘constitutionalist this Unionists the for other words, what ‘revolution’ meant was the exchange of power in the state system. Thirdly, Thirdly, system. state the in power of exchange the was meant ‘revolution’ what words, other bureaucracy that forced Abdul Hamid II to declare the First Constitutionalist Period in 1876. In In 1876. in Period Constitutionalist First the declare to II Hamid Abdul forced that bureaucracy under control of Jeune Turks. Hence, Jeune Turks had to cooperate with the local Dashnaks Dashnaks local the with cooperate to had Turks Jeune Hence, Turks. Jeune of control under different from what Janissaries did during the Ottoman history or what the civilian and military military and civilian the what or history Ottoman the during did Janissaries what from different which paved the way for 1908, were confined to Macedonia. The revolts of Eastern were were Anatolia Eastern of revolts The Macedonia. to confined were 1908, for way the paved which to satisfy their needs. Secondly, what the Jeune Turks understood from revolution was not any any not was revolution from understood Turks Jeune the what Secondly, needs. their satisfy to highlighting the taxation uprisings does not reflect the reality. Firstly, the events with big masses, masses, big with events the Firstly, reality. the reflect not does uprisings taxation the highlighting That some researchers are naming the Second Constitutionalist Period as a popular revolt by by revolt popular a as Period Constitutionalist Second the naming are researchers some That Q Q Source 1:ANewspaperArticle 3. 2. 1. Has theauthorprovidedevidencetosupportherclaims? Constitutionalist Period? How doestheauthordefinethosewhodeclared the According totheauthor,why1908isnotarevolution? Source: 1908 Revolution”, Ayşe HÜR,“SourcesofInspirationforthe Taraf, 20 July 2008 July 20 Taraf, . B 41 5 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution? 42 5 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution? OPPOSITION SOURCES:1908ISACOUPD’ETAT B organized like Tashnagtsution—Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Revolutionary Tashnagtsution—Armenian like organized Progress, it was a revolution that was done by an armed group—military officers—that was was officers—that group—military armed an by done was that revolution a was it Progress, do not succeed. Secondly, as it is clearly demonstrated by all the documents of the Union and and Union the of documents the all by demonstrated clearly is it as Secondly, succeed. not do popular revolution. Even though, the Union and Progress wants to join these movements, they they movements, these join to wants Progress and Union the though, Even revolution. popular they were trying to stop it. In my view, we are making a mistake by trying to turn 1908 into a a into 1908 turn to trying by mistake a making are we view, my In it. stop to trying were they is the answer they give. When some people in some regions said, “ we are not going to pay pay to going not are we “ said, regions some in people some When give. they answer the is pay taxes how are we going to bring service?” Let alone encouraging these kinds of people, people, of kinds these encouraging alone Let service?” bring to going we are how taxes pay positions itself against this. “Everybody mind his own business, we are governing a state here” here” state a governing are we business, own his mind “Everybody this. against itself positions taxes” they would inculcate them by saying, “Don’t do this. There is freedom but if you don’t don’t you if but freedom is There this. do “Don’t saying, by them inculcate would they taxes” voice any collective demands. When the social requests are brought up the Union and Progress Progress and Union the up brought are requests social the When demands. collective any voice started in Trabzon, Erzurum, Van and other Eastern regions, the 1908 movement does not not does movement 1908 the regions, Eastern other and Van Erzurum, Trabzon, in started 1908 is not a civilian movement. On the contrary, when we compare it with the tax revolts that that revolts tax the with it compare we when contrary, the On movement. civilian a not is 1908 Progress, we see that such a thing does not exist. not does thing a such that see we Progress, of 1789 [French Revolution]. However, when we investigate the documents of the Union and and Union the of documents the investigate we when However, Revolution]. [French 1789 of There is a new trend that started recently in Turkey. That is to turn 1908 into a some kind kind some a into 1908 turn to is That Turkey. in recently started that trend new a is There Q Q Resource 2:PopularUprisinginMacedonia 3. 2. 1. Has theauthorpresentedevidencetosupporthisview? support behindit?Whatdoesthispiecetrytoprove? When theauthorstalksabout1908,whatdoeshesay aboutthepopular How doesŞükrüHanioğludescribe1908? Source: Magazine, v.43,September,2008. Interview withŞükrüHanioğlu,Mostar OPPOSITION SOURCES:1908ISACOUPD’ETA within ourselves too. ourselves within disorder and support them… Secondly, by bringing Constitutionalism they want to divide us us divide to want they Constitutionalism bringing by Secondly, them… support and disorder to achieve this in two ways. First, they want to cause the Christian communities to revolt, create create revolt, to communities Christian the cause to want they First, ways. two in this achieve to regions, which would pave the way for the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. They are trying trying are They Empire. Ottoman the of destruction the for way the pave would which regions, Rather, they want to encourage the autonomy first and then provide independence for these these for independence provide then and first autonomy the encourage to want they Rather, their true intentions was not, as they claimed, to guarantee the rights of Christian subjects. subjects. Christian of rights the guarantee to claimed, they as not, was intentions true their of the English Parliament; Was there ever an Algerian member of the French Parliament that that Parliament French the of member Algerian an ever there Was Parliament; English the of Ottoman Parliament … I had seen, during the conference the Great Powers had in Istanbul, that that Istanbul, in had Powers Great the conference the during seen, had I … Parliament Ottoman the dominant/sovereign constituents. Was there ever an Indian, African, or Egyptian member member Egyptian or African, Indian, an ever there Was constituents. dominant/sovereign the they are asking us to have Greek, Armenian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Arab members in the the in members Arab and Serbian Bulgarian, Armenian, Greek, have to us asking are they Empire is consisted of many nations? In such a country Constitutionalism means death for for death means Constitutionalism country a such In nations? many of consisted is Empire I said it, I will say it again, I explained it and will do so again. Didn’t they know that the Ottoman Ottoman the that know they Didn’t again. so do will and it explained I again, it say will I it, said I Q Q Source 3:AbdulHamid’sThoughtsonConstitutionalMonarchy 2. 1. Constitutionalism inAbdulHamid’sview? What aretherealmotivesofEuropeanpowers thatsupport What reasonsdoesAbdulhamidbringuptoopposeConstitutionalism? Source: Durmuş YILMAZ, Çizgi Kitabevi,Konya2004,pp.186. Osmanlının Son Yüzyılı, Son Osmanlının

B 43 5 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution? 44 5 WORKSHEET 1908: Coup d’état or Revolution? OPPOSITION SOURCES:1908ISACOUPD’ETAT B Thus, we made a big mistake. mistake. big a made we Thus, thanks to the parties. We, on the other hand, tried to create parties from deputyship system. system. deputyship from parties create to tried hand, other the on We, parties. the to thanks which was full of solidarity and camaraderie. In the West, the deputyship system was founded founded was system deputyship the West, the In camaraderie. and solidarity of full was which reason we demonstrated that we do not understand the necessities of our day and our past, past, our and day our of necessities the understand not do we that demonstrated we reason in regards with their roots and goals, in the West, are the natural pillars of constitutional constitutional of pillars natural the are West, the in goals, and roots their with regards in same effect. Even though, these reasons did not exist here, by founding parties for no good good no for parties founding by here, exist not did reasons these though, Even effect. same for centuries, were able to establish constitutional regimes. For this reason, political parties parties political reason, this For regimes. constitutional establish to able were centuries, for regimes. If we had political parties for the same reasons, no doubt they would have had the the had have would they doubt no reasons, same the for parties political had we If regimes. inegalitarian system has created the political parties. Political parties, after having struggled struggled having after parties, Political parties. political the created has system inegalitarian The political events in the West have occurred under the feudal system for centuries. This This centuries. for system feudal the under occurred have West the in events political The Q Q Source 4:ConstitutionalisminSaitHalimPasha’sView 2. 1. came intoexistencewiththeconstitutionalism? What does Sait Halim Pasha think about the political parties that Pasha’s view? What istheoriginofpoliticalpartiesinWest inSaitHalim Source: Prens SaitHalimPaşa, the pagesof43-44. Edited by: N. AhmetÖzalp, Summarized from Buhranlarımız, Burhanyayınları,İst.1983, Toplumsal Çözülme, Çözülme, Toplumsal Kalem/4.9.1908/I.3, p.10 Kalem/4.9.1908/I.3, Balance oftheconstitution Turkey”, Writing on the book: Kanun-i Esasi (Constitution) Esasi Kanun-i book: the on Writing Turkey”, Boşboğaz ile Güllabi/24.7.1908/I.13, p.1 health then and freedom Güllabi/24.7.1908/I.13, of ile moment a Boşboğaz towards Moving The writing on the boy: “The New “The boy: the on writing The  Use belowvisualstosupportyourarguments. Kalem/16.10.1908/I.9, p.16 while... a for us with Kalem/16.10.1908/I.9, Be Equality. Oh, 1909 Villager Anatolian An

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