Evidence for an Increased Distribution Range of Dermacentor Reticulatus in South-West Poland
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Exp Appl Acarol (2013) 59:501–506 DOI 10.1007/s10493-012-9612-3 Evidence for an increased distribution range of Dermacentor reticulatus in south-west Poland Dorota Kiewra • Aleksandra Czulowska Received: 1 June 2012 / Accepted: 13 September 2012 / Published online: 13 October 2012 Ó The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The expansion of Dermacentor reticulatus to new geographical areas has been observed in several countries in Europe, including Poland and it’s neighbors. In 2011 and 2012, a total of 148 host-seeking D. reticulatus ticks were collected after flagging the vegetation in Lower Silesia, south-western Poland. Tick monitoring was conducted in mixed and deciduous forest, on meadows, in river valleys and ecotones between forested and grassy areas. The ornate dog ticks were found in 10 out of 33 sites located in five districts: Legnica, Wroclaw, S´roda S´la˛ska, Lubin and Boleslawiec County. All sites where D. reticulatus ticks were found are located to the south-west of the Odra River. The greatest distance between these disconnected localities was approximately 90 km. It seems that at present the southern boundary of the range is Wroclaw district. This study indicates that D. reticulatus can be ranked as a typical element of the fauna in Lower Silesia in southwestern Poland. Keywords Dermacentor reticulatus Á Poland Á Geographical distribution Á Change the range Introduction There are 36 known Dermacentor tick species worldwide (Barker and Murrell 2008), and two of them have been found in Poland: Dermacentor reticulatus (the ornate dog tick or the ornate cow tick) and D. marginatus (the ornate sheep tick). According to Siuda (1993) D. marginatus was collected in Poland only from wild boar (Sus scrofta) (only a few specimens in the Kłodzko Valley, Lower Silesia, south-western Poland) and it can be consider as a transferred species (Nowak 2010a), whereas D. reticulatus was commonly found in north-eastern Poland. Taking into account habitats of mature tick stages it can be classified as non-nidicolous, whereas nymphs and larvae attack small mammals in burrows and can be classified as nidicolous. Adults feed on larger mammals like deer and dogs but D. Kiewra (&) Á A. Czulowska Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland e-mail: [email protected] 123 502 Exp Appl Acarol (2013) 59:501–506 only occasionally bite humans (Dautel et al. 2006). Consequently, immature stages were only found on hosts, whereas adults can be collected both from the hosts and the vege- tation. In Poland, D. reticulatus ticks inhabit mostly river valleys, lake shores, meadows and clearings, preferring natural boggy mixed and deciduous forests connected to a watercourse, where there is a relatively high ground water table (Siuda 1993; Karbowiak 2009). The distribution of the ornate dog tick is known in the western Palearctic region, in a temperate climate zone from England and France in the west, to the basin of Yenisei River in Siberia in the east (Siuda 1993). It has not been found north of 53–54°N latitude nor in the Mediterranean climate zone (Dautel et al. 2006). However, a case of babesiosis caused by Babesa canis canis in a dog in Norway suggest possibility of expansion D. reticulatus even further northwards (Øines et al. 2010). Within the geographic range, the ornate dog tick, is distributed in a highly focal pattern (Gray et al. 2009). However, the range of the ornate dog tick occurrence is divided into two separate localities. In western Europe it includes areas in England, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, whereas in eastern Europe it extends from north-eastern Poland across Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine to the European part of Russia. Therefore, the western part of Poland was considered to be a region free from D. reticulatus. Karbowiak (2009) indicates the triangular sharp area, where D. reticulatus has been absent. The north border of this triangle ranges along the Baltic seaside, whereas the arms extended from central Germany, from the 12–13th meridian longitude East to the 19th meridian in Poland, and coincides with the southern border of Hungary. However, in recent years, the range of this species has been extended substantially and new localities of D. reticulatus have been found. The present study for the first time shows that D. reticulatus can be ranked as a typical element of the fauna in Lower Silesia in south-western Poland. Materials and methods Host-seeking ticks were collected using a flagging method in Lower Silesia, in south- western Poland. The study was conducted in 33 localities from Godnowa (N51°33.460 E017°18.986) in the North to S´wiebodzice (N50°54.412 E016°23.948) in the South (Fig. 1). Different type of habitats were selected: in 2011 (April–June and September), sampling of ticks was carried out in habitats preferred by Ixodes ricinus ticks (mixed and deciduous forest), while in 2012 (March–April), tick monitoring was conducted also on meadows, in the river valleys, and ecotones between forested and grassy areas. Ticks were collected in daytime between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. Each single site was flagged for at least 30 min. Collected ticks were stored in 70 % ethanol. Adult ticks were separated by sex, and identified to the species level under stereomicroscope by using the key in a mono- graphic work of Siuda (1993). Results A total of 148 D. reticulatus ticks were collected from vegetation in 10 out of 33 sites in Lower Silesia, south-western Poland (Fig. 1; Table 1). In 2011, ten host-seeking D. reticulatus ticks (5 female and 5 male) were collected using a flagging method, among I. ricinus from three sites located in the Legnica County (Mierzowice, Motyczyn, Rogo´w Legnicki). In 2012, 138 questing D. reticulatus ticks (84 female and 54 male) were found. 123 Exp Appl Acarol (2013) 59:501–506 503 Fig. 1 Tick monitoring habitats and collection sites of Dermacentor reticulatus in Lower Silesia, Poland In 2012, the occurrence of D. reticulatus ticks was confirmed in all three sites selected in 2011, and additionally in seven new sites located in five districts: the Legnica County (Rokitki), the Lubin County (Naroczyce, Dziewin´), the Wroclaw County (Wroclaw, Samotwo´r), the Bolesławiec County (Trzebien´), the S´roda S´la˛ska County (Szczepano´w). All sites where D. reticulatus ticks were found are located to the south-west of the Odra River. The distance between the most distant localities, where D. reticulatus ticks were found, is approximately 90 km. Discussion The expansion of D. reticulatus into new areas has been observed in several European countries, including Poland and it’s neighbouring states. Climate change, increased deer abundance, and antropogenic factors together with more fallow land may be responsible for the change in the distribution (Gray et al. 2009). Colonization of new sites is known from Germany (Dautel et al. 2006; Gray et al. 2009), the Netherlands (Nijhof et al. 2007), Slovakia (Bullova´ et al. 2009), the Czech Republic (Sˇiroky´ et al. 2011). In Germany, D. reticulatus has expanded its range particularly in the eastern and southwestern parts of country (Gray et al. 2009). Dogs and deer infested with D. reticulatus as well as specimens in the field, were found in Brandenburg. In Saxony deer were found to be harbouring D. reticulatus (Dautel et al. 2006). Thus, the ornate dog ticks were found in the German land bordering western Poland. On the other hand, the closest position of D. reticulatus ticks to the south-west border of Poland is confirmed only in south-east part of the Czech Republic in the South Moravian Region, where north-west distribution limits of this species were defined (Sˇiroky´ et al. 2011). In Poland, the occurrence of D. reticulatus ticks is known, however only a north-east part of the country is considered as a typical location. Earlier and present works confirm locations mainly in the Warmian-Masurian, the Podlaskie, and 123 504 Exp Appl Acarol (2013) 59:501–506 Table 1 The number of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected in 10 sites in Lower Silesia in years 2011–2012 Site no. Years Locality Geographical coordinates Number of D. reticulatus Densitya Females Males 1 2011 Motyczyn N51°14.367 101 E 016°21.732 2 Mierzowice N 51°17.787 354 E 016°20.802 3 Rogo´w Legnicki N 51°14.726 1 0 0.5 E 016°26.887 1 2012 Motyczyn N 51°14.367 844 E 016°21.732 2 Mierzowice N 51°17.787 14 13 5.4 E 016°20.802 3 Rogo´w Legnicki N 51°14.726 6 1 2.3 E 016°26.887 4 Naroczyce N 51°31.246 41 33 12.3 E 016°27.247 5 Dziewin N 51°21.725 2 0 0.7 E 016°27.948 6 Wrocław (Jarnoltow) N 51°07.555 314 E 016°50.409 7 Szczepanow N 51°12.320 314 E 016°37.355 8 Trzebien´ N51°22.033 312 E 015°36.015 9 Samotwo´rN51°06.562 1 0 0.5 E 016°49.957 10 Rokitki N 51°19.603 3 0 1.5 E 015°53.603 a The average number of D. reticulatus ticks collected by one person during 30 min the Lublin Voivodship, along the border with Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine (Szyman´ski 1977; Siuda 1993; Bogdaszewska 2005; Biadun´ et al. 2007; Bartosik et al. 2011). How- ever, the expansion towards west is observed for several years. D. reticulatus ticks were noted in the Pomeranian, the Kuyavian-Pomeranian, and West-Pomeranian Voivodship to the West of the Vistula River (Fryderyk 1998, Kadulski and Izdebska 2009), in the Masovian Voivodeship (Karbowiak 2009).