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Master's Degree Programme – Second Cycle (D.M. 270/2004) In Master’s Degree programme – Second Cycle (D.M. 270/2004) in International Relations Final Thesis Dehumanized Prevention: Where are we Failing in Dealing with Counter-terrorism? Supervisors Ch. Prof. Sara De Vido Ch. Prof. Bruna Bianchi Graduand Aurora Martina Granata Matriculation Number 846138 Academic Year 2014 / 2015 2 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 15 1. The Uncertainty of the Contemporary Society ............................................... 17 1.1 The Negative Globalization .......................................................................... 18 1.2 Dehumanization, Authoritarianism and Clash of Civilizations ............ 26 1.3 The World of Terrorism ............................................................................. 35 1.4 Is it Terrorism a Mental Illness? ................................................................. 38 1.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 51 2. Legal Definition of International Terrorism ................................................... 54 2.1 A Constant Search for “The Definition”.................................................... 55 2.1.2 The Turning Point of the 2000s .............................................................. 60 2.2 UN Security Council Resolutions ............................................................. 62 2.3 European Legal Framework ...................................................................... 69 2.4 The Criminalization of Terrorism ............................................................. 73 2.5 Who are Foreign Fighters? ......................................................................... 79 2.6 The Muslim Foreign Fighters .................................................................... 87 2.7 The Foreign Fighters under International Law ........................................ 95 2.8 The Islamic State (ISIS) ........................................................................... 102 2.9 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 112 3. The Patriarchal Arrogance: an Efficient Machine Producing Terrorists ... 115 3.1 The Gendered Patriarchy ............................................................................. 116 3.2 The War on Terror and Its “Genderization” .......................................... 124 3.3 ISIS and Its Brides .................................................................................... 131 3.4 ISIS and Its Sex Slaves .............................................................................. 139 3.5 The Importance of Counter-Narratives .................................................. 144 3 3.6 Malala Yousafzai: How a Little Girl Could Stand against Terrorism .. 147 3.7 Guantánamo Bay or the Annihilation of the Human Being ................ 155 3.8 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 168 4. The Human Rights Concern and the Current Evolution of Terrorism ...... 171 4.1 Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism: Are They Really Contrasting Doctrines? ............................................................................................................ 172 4.2 ISIS and the New Insurrectional Terrorism (NIT) .................................. 181 4.3 De-radicalization Process: Virtuous and Wrongful Paths .................... 196 4.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 209 5. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 211 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. 217 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 218 4 Abstract Gli attacchi terroristici di Parigi dello scorso 13 Novembre 2015 hanno segnato un punto di svolta nella canonica concezione della lotta al terrorismo. Sebbene il cambiamento non sia stato voluto o auspicato dalla Coalizione contro il terrorismo nondimeno esso ha costretto le maggiori potenze del mondo a dover fronteggiare una problematica essenziale, ovvero il ripensamento delle politiche di prevenzione e contrasto del contro-terrorismo. Lo Stato Islamico, o ISIS nella sua abbreviazione, ha raggiunto uno stadio evolutivo talmente avanzato da arrivare a possedere una potenza offensiva e persuasiva senza precedenti. Tuttavia, questo movimento non è maturato negli ultimi due anni, bensì a causa di condizioni pregresse che hanno portato al potenziamento delle sue capacità organizzative e offensive. Le politiche e le decisioni che sono state intraprese dopo gli attacchi americani alle Torri Gemelle, al Pentagono e a Washington D.C. il 9 Settembre 2001 hanno contribuito ad alimentare la radicalizzazione islamica e, di conseguenza, le organizzazioni terroristiche che la fomentano. La presente tesi è stata intitolata “Dehumanized Prevention: Where are we Failing in Dealing with Counter-terrorism?” per sottolineare l’assunto fondamentale dell’analisi, incentrata sulla considerazione che le politiche intraprese dalle potenze occidentali hanno effettivamente contribuito ad accrescere il fenomeno della radicalizzazione jihadista invece di alleviarlo. Infatti le politiche di prevenzione del terrorismo si presentano come disumanizzate e disumanizzanti, in quanto privano l’uomo della sua intrinseca umanità morale e fisica. Le domande che sono state poste per il corretto sviluppo delle tematiche sono state essenzialmente le seguenti: quanto i paesi Occidentali sono responsabili per la nascita del terrorismo di matrice islamica che allarma il mondo contemporaneo? In quale misura le direttive odierne possono essere considerate ancora efficaci, se mai lo sono 5 state, nel debellare questa minaccia? Il contrasto militare è davvero la soluzione migliore oppure un’altra strada sarebbe più consona? Nelle pagine che seguono si cercherà di riassumere brevemente e a grandi linee gli argomenti più importanti che sono stati trattati nella dissertazione. Nel primo capitolo il punto d’inizio è segnato da una considerazione sui concetti di globalizzazione e sovranità i quali, nel corso dell’ultimo secolo, hanno subito un’alterazione epocale che ha portato il mondo conosciuto a passare da una serie di blandi legami economici e diplomatici intessuti dalle casate regnanti e nobiliari del mondo europeo, alla frenesia dell’interdipendenza globale dove governi, per lo più democratici, s’influenzano vicendevolmente tramite numerosi vincoli politici, economici, sociali e culturali che i capi di stato sanciscono con trattati di valenza internazionale. La globalizzazione, con le sue molteplici sfaccettature è un fenomeno che ha influenzato profondamente il concetto di stato-nazione e ancora oggi vi sono diversi teorici che la temono poiché vedono in essa una minaccia alle tradizioni locali. Di fatto, nei secoli precedenti alla Rivoluzione Francese la società si presentava come maggiormente gerarchizzata in cui ognuno era consapevole della sua posizione sociale e la mobilità era pressoché inesistente. Il classismo permetteva al singolo d’ottenere una sicurezza identitaria infrangibile poiché lo spazio decisionale in cui poteva operare era molto limitato. Al contrario, l’avvento della mondializzazione e la creazione di grandi organizzazioni internazionali come le Nazioni Unite e l’Unione Europea, ha messo in discussione le certezze dell’uomo e della donna contemporanei. Il famoso filosofo Zygmunt Bauman in uno dei suoi libri più famosi ha cercato d’analizzare la decostruzione identitaria dell’individuo, ponendo l’accento sull’importanza e l’onnipresenza del concetto di paura. Bauman sottolinea come la società moderna sia timorosa nei confronti di qualsivoglia forma di cambiamento radicale e/o frenetico, dal momento che le aspettative rivolte nei confronti del singolo sono aumentate in maniera esponenziale ed egli, al 6 contrario, non ha maturato una conseguente mentalità abbastanza elastica da potersi adattare alle nuove sfide che il mondo gli propone. L’angoscia esistenziale che attanaglia l’essere umano odierno lo porta a rinchiudersi in una realtà ristretta, ove può fuggire dagli innumerevoli stimoli che lo colpiscono quotidianamente. Solitamente, per cercare di ricostruirsi uno spazio identitario autonomo, egli cerca di formare una comunità di simili da cui non ha nulla da temere, e in cui si sente accettato e ben inserito. Secondo analisti e filosofi come Erich Fromm e Hannah Arendt, la paura dell’alterità porta a conseguenze potenzialmente pericolose per la collettività, poiché possono aprire le porte all’autoritarismo. Fromm individua diversi meccanismi di fuga utilizzati da due individualità principali, il masochista e il sadico, che permettono a questi due attori della scena sociale d’occuparne un posto preciso senza l’ausilio dell’esercizio del libero arbitrio. Ciò che caratterizza nel profondo queste due figure è la loro consapevole cessione della propria capacità decisionale ad un’entità superiore e autorevole che si suppone agisca per il bene della moltitudine e che per questo non può essere messa in discussione. In questo modo, abdicando alla propria responsabilità
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