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Come Ginestre Nel Deserto FACOLTA' DI LETTERE E FILOSOFIA, LINGUE E BENI CULTURALI CORSO DI LAUREA LETTERE MODERNE TESI DI LAUREA IN CRITICA LETTERARIA ED ERMENEUTICA DEL TESTO COME GINESTRE NEL DESERTO. La speranza augurale delle donne afghane nella tradizione poetica del Landay. RELATORE PROF. CARLO ALBERTO AUGIERI LAUREANDA ELEONORA DE PASCALIS _____________________________________________________________________________ SESSIONE ESTIVA STRAORDINARIA DELL’A.A. 2016/2017 “Siamo tutti di carne e ossa, tutti nasciamo e moriamo, e tutti abbiamo speranze e sogni per le nostre famiglie e i nostri amici. Occidentali e afghani hanno donne e giovani che sperano in un futuro migliore: tutto questo ci unisce, indipendentemente dalla diversità delle nostre esistenze quotidiane.” Malalai Joya, Finchè avrò voce. INDICE INTRODUZIONE Un viaggio d'amore e di libertà......................................................................................1 1.INFORMAZIONI CULTURALI................................................................................7 1.1. La tradizione del Landay nella cultura Pashto....................................................7 1.1.1. Il Landay..................................................................................................................7 1.1.2. L'origine dei Landay................................................................................................7 1.1.3. L'oggetto poetico del Landay...................................................................................9 1.1.4. Le donne, autrici dei Landay.................................................................................10 1.2. La comunità Pashto............................................................................................11 1.2.1. Le donne della comunità Pashto...........................................................................13 1.2.2. Essere poeta in Afghanistan..................................................................................19 2. INFORMAZIONI BIO-INTELLETTUALI...........................................................21 2.1. Le donne di Eliza Griswold, da I am the beggar of the world...........................21 2.1.1. Rahila Muska.........................................................................................................21 2.1.2. Malalai di Maiwand..............................................................................................22 2.1.3. Marhabo e Sebergul..............................................................................................23 2.1.4. Ashaba...................................................................................................................24 2.1.5. Ghotai....................................................................................................................25 2.1.6. Basbibi...................................................................................................................26 2.1.7. Chadana e Haram Bibi..........................................................................................28 3 AMORE.......................................................................................................................30 3.1. L'Amore delle donne pashto...............................................................................30 3.1.1. La rivoluzione sessuale nella trasfigurazione metaforica.....................................49 3.1.2. Matrimoni e maternità: le metafore delle mogli e delle madri.............................58 3.1.3. La Natura...............................................................................................................65 3.1.4. La dimensione clandestina dell'amore..................................................................79 3 4. GUERRA ED ESILIO...............................................................................................83 4.1. L'esperienza talebana.........................................................................................92 4.2. La questione americana......................................................................................95 4.3. L'esperienza dell'esilio: la separazione dalla Madre Patria..............................98 5. IL VIAGGIO NELLA TRADUZIONE DEL LANDAY......................................103 5.1. La traduzione per dire quasi la stessa cosa......................................................103 5.2. La traduzione come dialogo tra sensibilità......................................................108 Conclusioni...............................................................................................................111 APPENDICE Intervista a Malalai Joya............................................................................................114 BIBLIOGRAFIA.........................................................................................................127 SITOGRAFIA..............................................................................................................128 4 INTRODUZIONE Un viaggio d'amore e di libertà. La scoperta di versi popolari afghani, come la tradizione del Landay, è stato un avvenimento fortuito e sorprendente attraverso la lettura di un articolo di un blog inglese, tanto che nel cuore ebbi l'impressione che non faceva per loro restare nell'anonimato e nello stretto ambiente di un trafiletto on line. I distici e le donne che li cantano erano destinati ad attraversare confini inimmaginabili con la sola forza della loro passione. Ho sentito che era mio dovere e un grande onore occuparmene. Scoprì l'esistenza dei Landay, distici popolari afghani in lingua pashto, qualche anno fa quando, assieme ad altri colleghi universitari e con il sostegno del professore Carlo Alberto Augieri, gestivo gli incontri di poesia per il Gruppo Poetico Giovanile dell'Università del Salento1. Ci riunivamo una volta al mese con idee e riflessioni su tematiche di attualità. Avevo scelto e proposto, come argomento portante di un incontro, le donne di Kabul e i loro canti di coraggio, d'amore, di guerra e di libertà. Una volta conclusa la mia esperienza, nel Maggio 2015, decisi di affrontare personalmente la grande storia di queste donne. Avevo scelto un viaggio che non necessitava di valigie ne di aerei, ma solo di anima e cuore, che mi avrebbe portato a leggere e scoprire personalità straordinarie e a desiderare, difficile da realizzare, di raggiungere l'Afghanistan e di stringere le mani a ognuna di quelle donne. La storia di Zarminia, che per caso avevo letto sull'articolo inglese on line, sarebbe stata la mia matriosca, la spinta di partenza affinchè, come nei panni di un investigatore, mi accingessi alla ricerca dei distici pashto. Zarminia, che si faceva chiamare Meena Muska per nascondere la propria identità, come anche altre ragazze di Kabul e delle campagne afghane, contattava l'Associale Culturale Mirmaan Baheer di Kabul che trasmetteva via radio il proprio programma. Chiamavano soprattutto giovani donne per leggere in diretta i propri Landay. Zarminia morì uccisa dalle percosse dei suoi parenti maschi per la sola colpa di recitare i propri versi. Un destino che scoprì essere condiviso da tante donne e tante adolescenti afghane. 1 https://www.facebook.com/gruppopoeticogiovanile.unisalento/?fref=ts 1 La sua storia fu una lama in fiamme nello stomaco. Non fu per pietà, ma per amore verso l'umano e la poesia che decisi di andare a fondo in questa storia. Non avevo la minima idea che le uniche raccolte esistenti fossero solamente due, e per di più in lingua inglese, né che l'autrice di una delle due si dedicò alla ricerca e alla pubblicazione dei Landay pashto dopo aver letto, molto prima di me, e indagato in Afghanistan sulla vita e la storia di Zarminia. Eliza Grinswold in compagnia del fotografo Seamus Murphy, incaricata dal New York Times, è autrice della suddetta raccolta I am the beggar of the world: Afghan Women's Poetry pubblicata nel 2014. Sayd Bahodine Majrouh, intellettuale, politico e poeta afghano del secolo scorso, è l'autore della seconda raccolta, contenente testi dell'invasione russa dal 1979 al 1989, Songs of love and war: Afghan Women's Poetry tradotta dal francese all'inglese da Marjolijn de Jager e pubblicata nel 2010. Le loro raccolte sono diventate il mio unico accesso al mondo anonimo e impervio delle donne e autrici pashto dei Landay. La mia traduzione dall'inglese all'italiano, portata avanti con l'indispensabile sostegno di Donati Matteo, compagno di vita e appassionato conoscitore della lingua inglese, e da ricerche sociali, politiche, giornalistiche della terra afghana, in particolare della storia della comunità Pashto, mi ha permesso di realizzare quello che fin dal principio era l'obiettivo del mio interesse verso i Landay: riscoprirli e offrire loro la voce che meritano. La suddetta Tesi è un viaggio di traduzione e di analisi poetica-interpretativa della voce di donne afghane straordinarie, capaci di rischiare la vita per esprimersi, raccontarsi e raccontare gli amori, la guerra, l'esilio dalla terra d'origine, ogni singulto del cuore. La volontà ultima era e continuerà ad essere quella di permettere loro di essere conosciute, lette e amate come è stato per me, per Eliza Grinswold, per Sayd Bahodine Majrouh e per tutte le donne afghane che ancora resistono, armate di versi e amore per la libertà. Completata la traduzione delle due intere raccolte, compresi gli approfondimenti e la narrazione degli autori, ho scelto di focalizzare la mia analisi critica sulla natura della metafora nei Landay pashto. Per raggiungere lo scopo e permettere una comprensione 2 completa
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