DOCSLIB.ORG

Socioecological Complexity of Constructing and Maintaining Ecologically Integrated Smallholder Family Farms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Socioecological Complexity of Constructing and Maintaining Ecologically Integrated Smallholder Family Farms Seeing Like a Farmer: Socioecological Complexity of Constructing and Maintaining Ecologically Integrated Smallholder Family Farms by Anil Bhattarai A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography and Planning University of Toronto © Copyright by Anil Bhattarai 2019 Seeing Like a Farmer: Socioecological Complexity of Constructing and Maintaining Ecologically Integrated Smallholder Family Farms Anil Bhattarai Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography and Planning University of Toronto 2019 Abstract This dissertation investigates the political-ecological conditions that led to the emergence and spread of ecological farming practices in Nepal’s Chitwan Valley. It takes a conjunctural approach to examine the spread of different ecological practices in different periods and the roles played by households, government institutions and others in this process of change. The dissertation draws upon data generated through an interdisciplinary qualitative research which utilized mixed-methods including a year-long ethnographic field research in Nepal, primary and secondary literature review, personal experiences, observation, and formal and informal interviews. ii This dissertation shows that the adoption of ecological farming practices resulted from different conjunctural changes within the farming households and beyond. The major factors within the households that pushed for the adoption of ecological practices were: the reduced availability of household labour as children spent increasing amount of time in schools and adults engaged in off-farm activities, the decline of formal and informal access to common pool resources such as grazing lands and forests, and the perceived and/or real biophysical shifts such as intractable pest damage of crops, beneficial effects of multi-cropping, and degradation of soil by the use of chemical fertilizers. These changes were also possible because of changes beyond the households: specific policies and programs adopted by national government agencies, international development agencies, and, after 1990s, non-governmental organizations. These policies included direct support such as through cash subsidies (for biogas) and free distribution of saplings, educational and training programs on ecological management of farms, and formal and informal exchanges of ideas and experiences of ecological practices among farmers. This dissertation also shows that Increased commodification of other aspects of households, such as the education of children, construction of modern homes, and health care, has created challenges for ecological farming. Differentiated capacity for diversification of resource generation such as through migration and off-farm income shapes the possibility for the maintenance of the ecological farms. This dissertation has developed the rubric of ‘seeing like a farmer’ as a conceptual tool to critically assess and examine this phenomenon. This framework integrates 'society' and 'nature,' and expands the focus beyond 'agricultural sector'. iii Acknowledgments (if any) This dissertation took a while – and had a few hiccups. But it is finally here. This work would not have been possible without the help and guidance of my fantastic advisors at the Department of Geography and Planning: Prof. Katharine Rankin and Dr. Mark Hunter. Thank you so much. I will cherish forever the patience with which you dealt with me as I stumbled through iterations after iterations of this work, at times on the verge of giving up. I would like to thank my external examiner Prof. Haroon Akram-Lodhi for all the valuable comments and suggestions he made before and during the exams. I would like to thank Prof. Sue Ruddick for the detailed comments on my dissertation as an internal-external member of the examination committee. I am also indebted to her for introducing me to the Deleuzian ideas that has helped me to make sense of this bewilderingly complex and perennially changing material world I have tried to represent in this work. My graduate committee members Prof. W. Scott Prudham and Dr. Kundan Kumar provided valuable comments and suggestions in the early drafts of the dissertation and doctoral research proposals. Many thanks indeed. I have tried to incorporate my interdisciplinary scholarly trainings in this work. My training in political economy of health at the Center of Social Medicine and Community Health of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi has been an indispensable part of the approach I have developed over time to make sense of the world around us. I would like to acknowledge my teachers there, Prof. Mohan Rao, Prof. Imrana Qadeer, Prof. Rama Varu and Prof. Ritu Priya for inculcating in me this desire to always link together the seemingly disparate world. My iv anthropological training at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill has been an important asset as I engaged in my doctoral work as an ethnographer and as I tried to make sense of the seemingly chaotic ‘data’ I gathered and constantly changing world I encountered. Thank you: Prof. Michel Rivkin-Fish, my graduate advisor there, Prof. Arturo Escobar and Prof. Lauren Leve. Prof. Andrea Nightingale – thank you tons for being a good friend and inspiring co-researcher. Some of the work we have done together has also seeped into this dissertation. Most importantly, it will be indispensable part of what I hope to do in the coming days ahead. Sabin, Siru, Parag, Janmanjay, Angshul, Prabhat – thank you all from the bottom of my heart for making me a part of your circle in Toronto. Prof. Angela Miles, thank you for all the encouragements and hospitality. Kamala Gurung, Gaurab Rana, and Rayhan – you guys were amazing. When things looked totally bleak, you were there for me. Thank you for letting me into your home and making me a part of your family. Forever indebted. Thank you Man Poudel, Radha jee, Prabha and Pranika – for hosting me in your house in the early days of my life in Toronto. You were home away from home and you always are. To Man P., thank you for almost 3 decades of friendship. I am indebted forever by the kindness, generosity, and creativity of farmers in Fulbari, Chitwan. Chandra dai, Sita bhauju, Rajkumar, Sheela – you all were amazing as a host to this familiar researcher. Your farm stands testimony to the fact that world’s agriculture could be organized far v more ecologically, aesthetically and humanly. Thank you Bishnu madam, Bhatta ji, and all others who were kind enough to respond to my queries and participate in conversations with me. I have tried to be as accurate as possible in representing the amazingly inspiring works you have done in your farms. Thank you Basanta Ranabhat (Basanta jee) for first introducing me to Chandra dai. Then things took their own course. Your dedication in promoting ecological agriculture is absolute inspiration to me for decades and I have tried to be represent the work you and many others have been doing for decades in Nepal as sincerely as I could. I would like to also thank Govinda Sharma and his family of Hasera Farm in Kavre for hosting me for a few days. Thank you Judith Constant Chase of Everything Organic Nursery. You and Jim Danisch (late) were some of the early people who kindled in me this desire to learn about ecologically sane way of doing farming. You have been absolute inspiration to so many, including, of course, me. Thank you Yam Mall jee for answering my questions about the history of permaculture and sustainable agriculture in Nepal. My grandparents (from the sides of both of my parents) would have been thrilled to know I finished PhD. They were the early inspirations in my thinking deeply about this seemingly simple, but really complex – and capricious – world of farming. The orchard my grandparents from my father’s side had created in Tandi still exists as a testimony to the fact that inspiringly beautiful, highly productive and constantly improving agroecosystems can be created. Thank you. vi My parents have been a constant source of inspiration and encouragement in my life. My sister, Binita’s ‘just-finish-and-come-here’ did some magic. Finish part is done, coming there will happen very soon. My brothers, sister-in-laws, nieces and nephews provided good vibes, and strong support and encouragements. Thank you Keshav dai, Punam bhauju, Yadav dai, Sirjana bhauju, Sunil, Usha, Dipesh, Shraddha, Amulya, Kaavya, Paarav, Divyata, and Syaani. Aja, Ajee, and Swastika –huge thank you. The pomegranate tree still exists, right? Pramod mama, big thank you for constant encouragement in writing, and, back in 1991, for letting me in the farm to do ‘permaculture.’ Aunty, Dr. Elizabeth Enslin – your inspirations are everywhere throughout this work. Also, thank you for editorial help in early draft. Now, my son Apoorva and wife Sujata, I am absolutely thrilled to report that this looooooog journey is finally at an end – well, for a new beginning. Thank you so much for being there with me. Apoorva, you grew up with my seemingly never-ending PhD work. I finally did finish. Fabulous Sujata, now you have got a much needed break from the task of constantly reminding me that I had been sitting under unfinished work! A new beginning awaits! Thank you and big hugs. I would like to make it absolutely clear that all shortcomings are mine and mine only. vii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Logistics Capacity Assessment Nepal
    IA LCA – Nepal 2009 Version 1.05 Logistics Capacity Assessment Nepal Country Name Nepal Official Name Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Regional Bureau Bangkok, Thailand Assessment Assessment Date: From 16 October 2009 To: 6 November 2009 Name of the assessors Rich Moseanko – World Vision International John Jung – World Vision International Rajendra Kumar Lal – World Food Programme, Nepal Country Office Title/position Email contact At HQ: [email protected] 1/105 IA LCA – Nepal 2009 Version 1.05 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Country Profile....................................................................................................................................................................3 1.1. Introduction / Background.........................................................................................................................................5 1.2. Humanitarian Background ........................................................................................................................................6 1.3. National Regulatory Departments/Bureau and Quality Control/Relevant Laboratories ......................................16 1.4. Customs Information...............................................................................................................................................18 2. Logistics Infrastructure .....................................................................................................................................................33 2.1. Port Assessment .....................................................................................................................................................33
    [Show full text]
  • The Right to Adequate Food in Nepal
    Parallel Information: The Right to Adequate Food in Nepal Article 11, ICESCR FIAN Nepal August 2014, Kathmandu Imprint Published by: FIAN Nepal Kupondole, Lalitpur, P. O. Box: 11363 Nepal email: [email protected] Website: http://www.fiannepal.org FIAN International Willy-Brandt-Platz 5 69115 Heidelberg, Germany Email: [email protected] http://www.fian.org Edited by: Yubraj Koirala, Dip Magar, Basanta Adhikari, Sarba Raj Khadka, Tilak Adhikari, Ana Maria Suarez Franco, Sabine Pabst, Alison Graham Layout: Suman Piya Cover photo: A woman with a baby in her back, assisted by another girl are busy plucking up tender leaves/buds from a stinging nettle plant. People in some parts of Nepal, mainly in the rural areas of hills, depend on these types of neglected plant resources that are grown naturally in and around the agricultural lands, wasted lands, close to water sources and forest areas. Photo by: Rajendra Kumar Basnet Kindly supported by Misereor and Bread for the World Parallel Information The Right to Adequate Food in Nepal (Article 11, ICESCR) FIAN Nepal August 2014, Kathmandu Parallel Information: The right to adequate food in Nepal, (Article 11, ICESCR) ii Abbreviations ADS : Agriculture Development Strategy AVR : Antiretroviral CBS : Central Bureau of Statistics CESCR : Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights CEDAW : Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women CSO : Civil Society Organisations DAO : District Administration Office DFID : Department of International Development DANIDA : Danish International Development
    [Show full text]
  • Nepali Times
    #110 6 - 12 September 2002 16 pages Rs 20 OOOne year later by Daniel Lak p4 OUROUR OUR DOUBLEDOUBLE DOUBLE TRIANGLETRIANGLE TRIANGLE p8-9 ANALYSIS by ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ RAJENDRA DAHAL he two protagonists in the present crisis—the extreme right and the T extreme left—want the same thing: an extension of the emergency, and neither side No one won, everyone lost cares too much for elections. The constitution Nepalis have never before faced such has provided polls as a way out of this zero, unemployment is rife. They have lost military might alone is not going to be enough stalemate, but they are not going to let the deprivation and insecurity. purchasing power, markets, food supply, health to finish off the Maoists. The idea is to put people vote. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ services, education, and personal security. sufficient pressure on them to bolster the That is the paradox of Nepal’s politics: use Article 127 to amend the constitution and Caught between the ruthlessness of the bargaining position in future talks. And this is the enemies seem to want the same result. And take necessary powers. The resignation shows Maoists and counter-attacks from security also the intention of the Maoists who have they are pitted against parliamentary parties that political regression may not be as easy as forces, Nepalis have never before faced such already begun their senseless mayhem in the and Nepalis who haven’t given up on the rightists want. deprivation and insecurity. run-up to the 16 September strike. democracy. There are signs the extreme Given this undercurrent, it doesn’t seem to An alternative to elections would be On the political front, Deuba has played right is now more royal than the king, and matter anymore which faction of the Congress postponed elections.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Policy Analysis
    Country Policy Analysis Nutrition Impact of Agriculture and Food Systems Nepal November 2013 UN System Standing Committee on Nutrition country study for the second International Conference on Nutrition 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The country assessment for nutrition sensitive agriculture in Nepal was led by Jessica Fanzo (Columbia University), Mr. Raj Kumar Pokharel (Child Health Division Nepal), and Danielle Andrews (UCLA School of Public Health) and supported by Dr. Senendra Upreti (Child Health Division, Nepal). The team received technical assistance and advisement from Mr. Ashok Butyral and Mr. Ramesh Bastola (WHO, Nepal). Lina Mahy and Marzella Wüstefeld (UNSCN, Switzerland) ensured overall coordination of the country case study. This report was possible thanks to the sponsorship by the German Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................2 Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................5 I. Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................6 II. Purpose of Study and Research ..................................................................................................... 13 III. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 14 3.1 Background:
    [Show full text]
  • Food Utilization Practices, Beliefs and Taboos in Nepal an Overview
    FOOD UTILIZATION PRACTICES, BELIEFS AND TABOOS IN NEPAL AN OVERVIEW MAY 2010 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Ramesh Kant Adhikari through the Global Health Technical Assistance Project. FOOD UTILIZATION PRACTICES, BELIEFS AND TABOOS IN NEPAL AN OVERVIEW DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. This document (Report No. 10-01-367) is available in print or online. Online documents can be located in the GH Tech website library at www.ghtechproject.com/resources\. Documents are also available through the Development Experience Clearinghouse (www.dec.org). Additional information can be obtained from: The Global Health Technical Assistance Project 1250 Eye St., NW, Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (202) 521-1900 Fax: (202) 521-1901 [email protected] This document was submitted by The QED Group, LLC, with CAMRIS International and Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., to the United States Agency for International Development under USAID Contract No. GHS-I-00-05-00005-00. CONTENTS ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 Sustainable Poverty Alleviation and Mountain Development in Nepal: Status, Experience and Strategy
    Chapter 6 Sustainable Poverty Alleviation and Mountain Development in Nepal: Status, Experience and Strategy HARI K. UPADHYAYA Executive Chairman Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Policy Research Extension and Development (CEAPRED), Kathmandu 6.1 General Overview of the Economy Physical and demographic features Nepal stands in sharp contrast to other countries of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region with respect to its geophysical make-up and development potentials, constraints, and priorities. Physically stretching 880 km from east to west and 150-200 km from north to south, Nepal is a small country occupying a land area of about 147,000 sq.km. Despite its size, it is an extremely diverse country covering within its narrow width a wide range of ecological belts: most distinctly, the flat plains of the ‘Terai’, the slopey terrain of the middle hills, and the snowy peaks of the mountains. Accordingly, the climatic conditions vary greatly, ranging from warm tropical in the south to cold temperate in the north. The religious and linguistic divisions also tend to follow the ecological divisions. The mountain population is dominated by the Tibeto-Burman speaking, largely Buddhist groups, the hill population by the Nepali speaking Hindu groups, and the Terai population by the Indo-Aryan Hindu groups, mainly speaking Maithili and Bhojpuri. Nepali is the national language, but some 35 other languages and dialects are also spoken. The caste and ethnic compositions are of marked diversity; the population is divided into more than 65 different groups based on caste and ethnicity. 195 Untitled-4 195 7/19/2007, 1:07 PM Nepal’s population is currently projected at close to 23 million.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal Country Strategic Plan (2019–2023)
    Executive Board Second regular session Rome, 26–29 November 2018 Distribution: General Agenda item 8 Date: 7 November 2018 WFP/EB.2/2018/8-A/7* Original: English Operational matters – Country strategic plans * Reissued for technical reasons on For approval 20 November 2018 Executive Board documents are available on WFP’s website (https://executiveboard.wfp.org). Nepal country strategic plan (2019–2023) Duration January 2019–December 2023 Total cost to WFP USD 126,000,000 Gender and age marker* 3 * http://gender.manuals.wfp.org/en/gender-toolkit/gender-in-programming/gender-and-age-marker/. Executive summary In spite of significant progress in reducing poverty over the last two decades, geographic and socioeconomic exclusion continue to limit opportunities for disadvantaged groups. A long period of political transition, with 27 governments in the past 28 years, and frequent natural disasters have impeded achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. A zero hunger strategic review in 2017–2018 highlighted serious food insecurity and malnutrition and outlined recommendations to address them. Nepal’s 2015 constitution restructured the country as a federal democratic republic, starting a new era and providing an opportunity for progress towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Every citizen's right to food is enshrined in the Right to Food Act. The aim is to include Strategic Development Goal 2 targets in national policies, budgets and subnational plans and hence improve the coherence of related actions in targeted areas. Focal points: Mr D. Kaatrud Ms P. Bradford Regional Director Country Director Asia and the Pacific email: [email protected] email: [email protected] World Food Programme, Via Cesare Giulio Viola, 68/70, 00148 Rome, Italy WFP/EB.2/2018/8-A/7 2 WFP’s country strategic plan reflects the zero hunger strategic review recommendations to achieve zero hunger by 2030: it is designed to align with the new federal structure and the constitutional right to food.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepali Times
    VIEW POINT #18 24 - 30 November 20 pages Rs 20 CARS, CARS, CARS 10-12 EXCLUSIVE DEADLOCK CONSTITUTION TINKERING In two more weeks it looks like we’ll be where we were two weeks ago. BINOD BHATTARAI Hotel owners and unions are ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Heavyweight lefties: Jhala Nath Khanal, K.P. Sharma Oli and Madhav Kumar Nepal engaged in nasty sabre-rattling. The he week after Maoist leader Baburam owners say no way they’ll give in to t Bhattarai spelt out his groups demand union demands for a 10 percent to scrap the 1990 Constitution, service charge, and claim privately everyone from the left to the right wants to they’d rather announce a lockout. tinker with the ten-year-old document. Unions are equally uncompromis- Even the main opposition Communist Party ing. of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist (UML) Having agreed to postpone their couldnt resist it, and the central committee agitation on 19 November, hotel came up with a number of reasons why ten employees will now wear black arm- years of democracy have failed to deliver. bands to work starting 7 December, The conclusion reached by the UML is: it is and then launch an indefinite strike not inept politicians, not poor leadership, from 12 December. Unions have not bad governance, not even corruption; rejected the mediation panel formed democracy has failed because we have a bad by the government saying they were constitution. “tricked” into postponing their strike. But do we? More and more, it looks Hotel owners say they’ll agree to any like the entire debate on the left of the decision made by government political spectrum has been hijacked by the mediators, but would also like to Maoists violent campaign to overthrow the amend the labour laws which they constitutional monarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Nepal
    Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Nepal A Civil Society Parallel Report Review Period: April 2007 – July 2013 Submitted to Pre-Sessional Working Group United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Geneva, Switzerland October 2013 Prepared by: ESCR Committee Human Rights Treaty Monitoring Coordination Centre (HRTMCC) Nepal ESCR Committee Coordinator Rural Reconstruction Nepal (RRN) A Civil Society Report on ESCR, 2013, Nepal Overall coordination: Human Rights Treaty Monitoring Coordination Centre (HRTMCC) Secretariat/INSEC Parallel report process coordination: Community Self Reliance Centre (CSRC) Draft contributors: Mr Jagat Basnet, HRTMCC ESCR Committee, CSRC Mr Birendra Adhikari, HRTMCC ESCR Committee, RRN Ms Samjah Shrestha, HRTMCC Secretariat/INSEC Special contributors: Ms Bidhya Chapagain Mr Prakash Gnyawali Committee on ESCR: Coordinator: Rural Reconstruction Nepal (RRN) Members: Lumanti Collective Campaign for Peace (COCAP) Public Health Concern Trust (PHECT) Physician for Social Responsibility, Nepal (PSRN) Community Self Reliance Centre (CSRC) Forest Resources Studies and Action Team (Forest Action) Centre for Protection of Law and Environment (CELP) © ESCR Committee, HRTMCC, 2013, Nepal The Human Rights Treaty Monitoring Coordination Centre (HRTMCC) is a coalition of 63 human rights organizations, functioning as a joint forum for all human rights NGOs in Nepal. It monitors and disseminates information on the status of state obligations to the UN human rights treaties in the form of parallel reports as well as other publications. HRTMCC is also active in domestic lobbying for the protection and promotion of human rights. HRTMCC has previously submitted parallel reports to the UN treaty bodies monitoring CERD, CAT, ICESCR, CEDAW as well as the ICCPR. Materials from this report can be reproduced, republished and circulated with due acknowledgement of the source.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Zero Hunger in Nepal a Strategic Review of Food Security & Nutrition 2018 2 Towards Zero Hunger in Nepal a Strategic Review of Food Security and Nutrition
    GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL NATIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION KATHMANDU TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY & NUTRITION 2018 2 TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL NAT IONAL PLANNING COMMISSION KATHMANDU TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY & NUTRITION A Strategic Review of Food Security and Nutrition 2018 2018 Published by: Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Singha Durbar, Kathmandu Tel: (+977)-014211013 Fax: (+977)-014211700 Email: [email protected] Web: www.npc.gov.np Copyright: National Planning Commission, 2018 Parts of this publication can be reproduced with prior permission. Inputs were provided by the technical teams of NARMA Consultancy Private Limited and Johns Hopkins University. All photos by WFP Nepal and NARMA Consultancy Private Limited. Recommended citation: NPC (2018), Towards Zero Hunger in Nepal. A Strategic Review of Food Security & Nutrition 2018. Kathmandu: National Planning Commission Design & Print Process: TheSquare, www.thesquare.agency Printed in Nepal. GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL NAT IONAL PLANNING COMMISSION KATHMANDU TOWARDS ZERO HUNGER IN NEPAL A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY & NUTRITION 2018 ii GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL Ministry of Health and Population KATHMANDU, NEPAL DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER MINISTER FOR HEALTH AND POPULATION Message Malnutrition is a major public health problem in of governance to all spheres of government. It developing countries. The impact of malnutrition on gives us an opportunity to systematically work in women, children and adolescent brings long-term improving hygienic nutrition situation in Nepal. and irrevocable physical and intellectual weaknesses, While agricultural-led growth and driving down and impaired growth and development.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal Aushadhi Limited Address: Babarmahal, Kathmandu Liason Office: Babarmahal, Kathmandu Telephone No
    Government of Nepal Ministry of Finance Singhdurbar, Kathmandu (Unofficial Translation) Annual Performance Review of Public Enterprise - 2018 Government of Nepal Ministry of Finance FOREWORD Public Enterprises are established in Nepal mainly for providing basic goods and services with ease access to the public at a fair price while maintaining a healthy competition in the delivery of such goods and services. They have been playing an important role in controlling the market monopoly, reducing artificial shortage, fair distribution of essential goods and service as well as expanding access to financial facilities. While reviewing their overall performance for the past five years, most of the financial and administrative indicators appear to be mixed. Although the overall income status of 37 Public Enterprises i.e., in operation is improving, the government has been bearing the administrative costs of some Public Enterprises through additional loan investment, as they were unable to earn even operating expenses. In particular, Public Enterprises have not been performing well enough as expected due to failure in keeping the operational expenses and management cost within certain limits, burgeoning unfunded liabilities, incapable to adopt the major principles of professionalism and market management skillfully, limited management autonomy, and a lack of effective accountability system. The role of Public Enterprises is significant in building welfare state and promoting the path towards socialism. They are noteworthy in realizing the highest wises of Nepalese people -"Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali"- adopted by the Government of Nepal. Therefore, the past reform initiatives have been observed as ineffective to address the problems of Public Enterprise management in order to increase its managerial and financial efficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report
    FINAL REPORT Inter Provincial Dependency for Agricultural Development Submitted to Ministry of Agriculture, Land Management and Cooperative Department of Agriculture Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur, Nepal Submitted by Development Vision Nepal P. Ltd. (DVN), Dhumbarahi-4, Kathmandu July, 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I CHAPTER I: BACKGROUND 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSIGNMENT 2 1.3 SCOPE OF THE ASSIGNMENT 2 CHAPTER II: APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 4 2.1 INCEPTION REPORT PREPARATION AND APPROVAL 4 2.2 COLLECTION AND REVIEW OF SECONDARY INFORMATION 4 2.3 SOURCE OF DATA 4 2.4 DESK REVIEW 4 2.5 FIELD WORK 4 2.6 DESIGN OF DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS 5 2.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING: 5 2.8 REPORT PREPARATION 5 CHAPTER III: STUDY FINDINGS 7 3.1 DESK REVIEW 7 3.1.1 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION FOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR 7 3.1.2 AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL 14 3.2 FIELD RESEARCH FINDINGS 31 3.2.1 POLICY, PROGRAMS AND FUTURE DIRECTION OF THE PROVINCES 32 3.2.2 KEY COMMODITIES AND PROVINCIAL INTERDEPENDENCY 41 3.2.3 PROVINCIAL INTERDEPENDENCY FOR INPUT SUPPLY 48 3.2.4 KEY SERVICE DELIVERY INSTITUTION AND THEIR ROLES 48 CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 51 4.1 CONCLUSION 51 4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 56 REFERENCES 58 ANNEXES 59 Acknowledgements Department of Agriculture (DoA), entrusted Development Vision Nepal P. Ltd. (DVN) in carrying out the study entitled "Inter Provincial Dependency for Agricultural Development ". The study concentrated on all seven provinces of the country with special focus on provincial agriculture ministries and agencies related to agricultural development.
    [Show full text]