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CHINQUAPIN the Newsletter of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Society CHINQUAPIN The Newsletter of the Southern appalachian Botanical Society Volume 24 (2) Summer 2016 EARL CORE STUDENT REPORT Where Have All the Sporophytes Gone? By Gerald Pinson footnote in the long natural his- Scattered throughout the Appalachian Mountains are a series of tory of ferns. But sandstone bluffs punctuated by large, recessed caverns known as these species are rock shelters, which were carved from mountainsides by running actually part of a water. Near the backs of these shelters, light is scarce, and the air is much larger trend insulated from the surrounding environment by several thousand in fern evolution. tons of overhanging rock. At first glance, it might appear that these While most ferns shady grottoes are devoid of life, but a closer inspection (often have small, heart- requiring a flashlight) reveals abundant growth of what appears shaped gameto- to be moss. The occurrence and identity of these plants mystified phytes that are researchers for several decades until, beginning in 1936, they were generally short- determined to be the prothalli of fern gametophytes. Since then, re- lived (<1 year), searchers have determined that there are a total of three fern species the independent growing in the Appalachians that have no known sporophyte (the gametophytes of charismatic, photosynthetic, diploid stage of the plant life cycle) the Appalachians anywhere in the world. The species are the filmy fern Crepidomanes have a branched intricatum (the closest relative of which grows in Asia), the rare and dissected filmy fern Hymenophyllum tayloriae, and perhaps the most well- morphology and known, the Appalachian gametophyte, Vittaria appalachiana, all of are capable of sustained, perennial vegetative growth and asexual re- which are endemic to the Appalachian Mountains. What is even production. This dissected morphology has evolved independently more strange is that all three species belong to tropical fern families in ferns at least five separate times, and is usually associated with a that grow abundantly in Central and South America and the switch from a terrestrial (growing on soil) to an epiphytic (growing paleotropics. How the gametophytes of these species ended up in on other plants, i.e. trees) growth habit, and it’s been hypothesized temperate North America, bereft of their sporophyte counterparts, that the long prothallial filaments and strands they produce may is a mystery. help gametophytes of epiphytic ferns to more effectively compete Without the diploid stage of the life cycle, and restricted to small in crowded tropical canopies. microhabitats in the rock shelters of the Appalachians, it might While ferns are generally considered to be an old lineage, most seem that these gametophytes are an evolutionary dead end, a mere Earl Core Report continued on Page 16 10 Chinquapin 24 (2) The Newsletter of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Society SABS Officers and Executive Council From The Editor’s Desk: upon which William Bartram eloquently de- For full addresses, see http://sabs.appstate.edu/about/officers scribed that unique beauty during his excur- Joe Pollard, Newsletter Editor sions through our region in 1775. That area Charles N. Horn is in Rabun County, Georgia, at the base of President (2016-2018) This edition of Chinquapin kicks off Martin Creek Falls, about a 1.8 mile hike Newberry College with a report from Jerald Pinson, a re- (803) 321-5257, fax (803) 321-5636 cipient of the Earl Core student research north of Warwoman Dell Picnic Area on the [email protected] grant. It’s always exciting to hear about the Bartram Trail. The hike is described in detail progress our student members are making; in the book “Exploring Southern Appa- Kathy Gould Mathews I firmly believe that support for botany lachian Forests” by SABS members Steph Past President (2016-2017) students – however modest – is one of the Jeffries and Tom Wentworth, published in Western Carolina University most important things our society provides. 2014 by the University of North Carolina (828) 227-3659 Lytton Musselman contributes the second Press. It is listed as hike number 5 in the [email protected] in his new series on edible wild plants, and book, and the account includes extensive passages from Bartram’s “Travels” in which Kunsiri “Pum” Grubbs Alan Weakley wraps up his 2-part article on Treasurer (2016-2019) the perils of inferring the native range of a he describes the beauty of the area and of Winthrop University species based on its botanical name. George this newly discovered species of Magnolia. 803-323-2111 x6437, fax (803) 323-3448 Ellison’s “Botanical Excursions” feature I know of few examples in which “history” [email protected] concentrates on one of my favorite trees, and “natural history” coalesce to this degree. Magnolia fraseri. This article is excerpted Michael E. Held from George’s upcoming book, “Literary Membership Secretary (2015-2018) Excursions in the Southern Highlands”, Saint Peter's University due to be published this fall by The History (201) 761-6432 Bereavement Notice [email protected] Press. Look for more information about it in a future edition of Chinquapin. Dr. John M. Herr Jay Bolin I have long enjoyed the unique beauty It is with great sadness that we Recording Secretary (2016-2019) of Fraser magnolia – the large leaves with report the passing of Dr. John M. Catawba College their unusual shape, and the lovely, fragrant (704) 637-4450 flowers. But what I find especially fascinat- Herr on June 19, 2016. Dr. Herr [email protected] ing is that it is possible to visit the very spot was Distinguished Professor Emer- Jennifer Boyd itus in the Department of Biology Member at Large (2015-2017) SABS at the University of South Carolina. University of Tennessee at Chattanooga He was president of SABS in 1992- (423) 425-5638 [email protected] Welcomes Our 1993 during which time he oversaw the change of our organizational Lisa Wallace New Members Member at Large (2016-2018) name from club to society and Mississippi State University Michael Crosby worked for revision of the consti- (662) 325-7575 tution. He was the recipient of our [email protected] Kara V. DeGroote Jenna Dorey Elizabeth Ann Bartholomew Award Stephanie Jeffries in 1996. John also devoted great Member at Large (2016-2018) Nicholas Flanders North Carolina State University Katherine Goodrich energy to the Association of South- (919) 515-7994 Thomas G. Green eastern Biologists, holding almost [email protected] Gary Garrett all of its senior leadership offices Christopher P. Randle Suneeti Jog including president, and receiving Editor-in-Chief of Castanea (2014-2017) Grace L. McCartha every important award that ASB Sam Houston State University bestows, including the inaugural (936) 294-1401 Thomas McFadden [email protected] Christina Ricci ASB Lifetime Achievement Award, which now bears his name. A full Joe Pollard Joel Schlaudt Editor of Chinquapin Sarah Schlueter tribute is planned for publication in (2015-2018) Gerald Schneider Castanea. An obituary from “The Furman University State” newspaper is available at: (864) 294-3244 Stephanie Tober [email protected] Varma-Rose J. Williams http://www.legacy.com On the web at sabs.appstate.edu Chinquapin 24 (2) 11 “Caroliniana”? – not so fast… By Alan Weakley, University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU), have come from the Indian subcontinent. Second, the earliest North Carolina Botanical Garden known American collections … came from South Carolina. Third, although C. caroliniana has been collected in a variety [Part 1 of this essay appeared in Chinquapin 24(1), spring 2016.] of habitats, it is frequently found as a weed in crops, especially rice. Fourth, following an earlier introduction from Madgascar, We now recognize that a major part of European exploration and rice was introduced into South Carolina from India in 1696… colonization of the New World was, in modern terms, “bioprospect- Fifth, Thomas Walter's goods and chattels, as inventoried after ing”: “the systematic search for and development of new sources of his death, included more than 2700 barrels of rice, indicating chemical compounds, genes, micro-organisms, macro-organisms, that he must have grown the crop… By weaving together the and other valuable products from nature.” Soon after the European above facts we can produce the following plausible scenario. “discovery” of the Americas, medicinal, culinary, fiber, and horticul- Commelina caroliniana, sometimes a weed in rice in its native tural plants were being brought back to Europe: potatoes, tomatoes, haunts…, likely was introduced into the United States in South corn, and beans as food, sassafras as a cure for syphilis, lignumvitae Carolina via the port of Charleston with rice seed from India as medicine, tobacco as a drug, white pines as masts for the British in the late seventeenth century. It was possibly a weed in rice Navy. This suggests that much was learned and recorded about the when it was collected by Thomas Walter for the first time in flora of North America in the 1500s, 1600s, and 1700s, and while the United States on or in the vicinity of his estate in Berkeley it is true that many plants were discovered and catalogued, knowl- County, South Carolina along the Santee River about 80 km edge of the full flora and its distribution was poor and fragmentary. north of Charleston.” Hampering our understanding was the absence of a consistent Another interesting ‘caroliniana’ example is Modiola caroliniana, system for naming and categorizing the discoveries, Linnaean bino- mial nomenclature beginning only in 1753. From North America, the Carolina Bristle-mallow. In the southeastern United States it is we have very few specimens collected before 1800 of even common frequently seen in landscaping around buildings, lawns, and dis- plants. Detailed accounts of travelers and botanists are also few and turbed urban areas. It had been reported before its 1753 description the identities of plants described often uncertain.
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