Notes Introduction 1 . Diego Barros Arana, “Introduccion,” in Esploraciones jeographicas y hidrogra- ficas de José de Moraleda i Montero (Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Nacional, 1888), v. 2 . Martin W. Lewis and Kären Wigen, The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Jerry Bentley, “Sea and Ocean as Frameworks of Historical Analysis,” The Geographical Review 89 (1999): 215–224; and edited by Jerry Bentley, Renate Bridenthal, and Kären Wigen, Seascapes: Maritime Histories, Littoral Cultures, and Transoceanic Exchanges (Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press, 2007). The connection between mari- time and world histories is expertly explored in Patrick Manning’s “Global History and Maritime History,” International Journal of Maritime History XXV (2013): 1–22. 3 . Matt Matsuda, Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012) coined the ingenious term “translocalism” to capture global and local events in his book. David Igler, The Great Sea: Pacific Worlds from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), focuses on the Eastern Pacific, a loose geographical category that unites Euro-American individuals with indigenous peoples residing both in the island and along the littoral Pacific. Lastly, the volume edited by David Armitage and Alison Bashford, Pacific Histories: Ocean, Land, People (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), which introduces the series that houses the present volume, brings together two scholars from the Atlantic and Pacific worlds to elucidate the Pacific global vision. 4 . This chronology can be found in Arif Dirlik, ed., What is in a Rim? Critical Perspectives on the Pacific Region Idea 2 nd edition (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998). 5 . Brian W. Richardson , Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook’s Voyages Changed the World (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2005). 6 . Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (New York: Routledge, 1992), 15. 7 . See most prominently, Alan Frost, “The Pacific Ocean: The Eighteenth Century’s ‘New World,’” Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 151–155 (1976): 779–822. 8 . To mention but a few critical studies: Jonathan Lamb, Preserving the Self in the South Seas, 1680–1840 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001); Tony Ballantyne, ed ., Science, Empire and European Exploration of the Pacific (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004); and Alan Frost and Jane Samson, eds, Pacific Empires: Essays in Honour of Glyndwr Williams (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1999). 224 Notes 225 9 . P. J. Marshall and Glyndwr Williams, The Great Map of Mankind: British Perceptions of the World in the Age of Enlightenment (Toronto: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1982), 258. The classic study emphasizing the Franco-British view of the Pacific Ocean remains Bernard Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960). 10 . Robin Inglis, “Successors and Rivals to Cook: The French and the Spaniards,” in Glyndwr Williams, ed., Captain Cook: Explorations and Reassessments (Rochester, NY: The Boydell Press, 2004), 162. 11 . There is a great deal of literature on the Spanish expeditions to the Pacific and the American Northwest. On the expeditions to Easter Islands, consult Francisco Mellén Blanco, Manuscritos y documentos españoles para la historia de la Isla de Pascua (Madrid: CEDEX, 1986); and Bolton Glanvill Corney , The Voyage of Captain Don Felipe Gonzalez in the Ship of the Line San Lorenzo with the Frigate Santa Rosalia in Company to Easter Island in 1770–1 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1908). On the three expeditions to Tahiti, see Bolton Glanvill Corney, The Quest and Occupation of Tahiti by Emissaries of Spain during the Years, 1772–1776 3 vols. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1913–1919); and Francisco Mellén Blanco, Máximo Rodríguez: Españoles en Tahiti (Madrid: Historia 16, 1992). Mellén Blanco has also recently released the most complete collec- tion of primary sources on the Tahiti episode: Las expediciones marítimas del virrey Amat a la isla de Tahiti, 1772–1775 (Madrid: Ediciones Gondo, 2011). On the 1781–1782 expedition to Melanesia and Tonga, see Amancio Ladin Carrasco, Mourelle de La Rua: Explorador del Pacifico (Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica, 1971). The classic for the Spanish exploration along the Northwest Coast remains Warren L. Cook’s, Flood Tide of Empire: Spain and the Pacific Northwest, 1543–1819 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973). There is a growing interest in the expedition of Alejandro Malaspina, the largest of the Spanish exploratory ventures to the Pacific. Most prominently, Juan Pimentel, La física de la monarquía: Ciencia y política en el pensamiento colo- nial de Alejandro Malaspina (1754–1810) (Aranjuez: Doce Calles, 1998) and the English publication of Malaspina’s journals, David Andrew et al., eds, The Malaspina Expedition, 1789–1794: The Journal of the Voyage by Alejandro Malaspina 3 vols. (London: Hakluyt Society, 2001–2004). Overarching volumes assessing the entirety of Spanish ventures have been rare. The excep- tions are Salvador Bernabeu Albert, El Pacífico Illustrado: Del lago español a las grandes expediciones (Madrid: MAPFRE, 1992) and Mercedes Maroto Camino’s Exploring the Explorers: Spain and Oceania, 1519–1794 (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 2009). Camino’s volume attempts to locate the Spanish exploration in the growing literature on the historical studies of encoun- ters in the island Pacific. For an overarching intellectual context, consult Juan Gil, Mitos y utopías del descubrimiento: Vol II, El Pacífico (Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1989). 12 . Christon Archer, “The Spanish Reaction to Cook’s Third Voyage” in Robin Fisher, ed., Captain Cook and His Times (London, 1979), 99–100. Archer’s quote attesting to the backwardness of Spanish endeavors is hardly unique. Donald Cutter, for instance, regards Spain’s greatest expedition of the eight- eenth century, the Malaspina venture, as a testimony of waning geopolitical and intellectual hegemony. Donald Cutter, “Malaspina and the Shrinking of the Spanish Lake,” in Margarette Lincoln, ed., Science and Exploration in 226 Notes the Pacific: European Voyages to the Southern Oceans in the Eighteenth Century (Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 1999), 73–80. 13 . See, for instance, Mellén Blanco, Manuscritos y documentos españoles , 21. The advertisement for a recent Congress on the Pacific in Seville, September 2013, celebrating the fifth centenary of Balboa’s sighting of the Southern Sea spells out this lament: “There is a tendency to diminish the important Spanish contributions (in many cases pioneers [in the exploration of the Pacific]) or to regard them as mere antecedents to the voyages of Captain Cook and the colonization of Australia. Only a selected few of our voyagers have transcended the national historiography (Magellan, Elcano, Malaspina) and hence our numerous voyages, protagonists, discoveries, and coloniza- tion as well as transcultural endeavors have been relegated to oblivion.” http://congreso.us.es/elpacifico/index.php?page=presentacion, accessed on October 20, 2013. 14 . Mercedes Maroto Camino [Exploring the Explorers , 149] notes that Spanish accounts on the visits to Tahiti (1772–1776) seem devoid of the idealizations frequently found in both British and French reports. She offers, however, no explanation to elucidate this striking difference in perception. 15 . Refer to the following articles: Tom Ryan, “’Le Président des Terres Australes’ Charles de Brosses and the French Enlightenment Beginnings of Oceanic Anthropology,” Journal of Pacific History 37 (2002): 157–186; Bronwen Douglas, “Seaborne Ethnography and the Natural History of Man,” Journal of Pacific History 38 (2003): 3–27; Tom Ryan, “On ‘Reflectivity,’ ‘Accuracy’ and ‘Race’: A Note on an Underarm Footnote ,” Journal of Pacific History 39 (2004): 251–253; and Bronwen Douglas, “Notes on ‘Race’ and the Biologisation of Human Difference,” Journal of Pacific History 40 (2005): 331–338. 16 . Charles-Pierre Claret de Fleurieu, Discoveries of the French in 1768 and 1769, to the South-East of New Guinea with the Subsequent Visits to the Same Lands by English Navigators, Who Gave Them New Names. To Which is Prefixed an Historical Abridgement of the Voyages and Discoveries of the Spaniards in the Same Seas.Translated from French (London: Stockdale, 1791), vi. The French original [Découvertes de François, en 1768 & 1769, dans le sud-est de la Nouvelle Guinée ... (Paris: Imprente Royale, 1790), vj] employs the term “richess d’opinion,” which was later translated as “imaginary wealth.” 17 . Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (New York: Verso, 1983), 44–45. 18 . Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, How to Write the History of the New World: Histories, Epistemologies, and Identities in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2001), chapter 1. 19 . The quote stems from Salvador Bernabéu Albert , La aventura de lo imposible: Expediciones marítimas Españolas (Madrid: Lunweg Editores, 2000), 172. 20 . To give but one example: Buried in a file of the Archivo de la Real Academia de la Historia, lies a report on the Spanish expedition to the island of Tahiti entitled “The discovery of the Indies in the South Sea” ARAH 9/4161, ff. 66–68. 21 . There are of course exceptions to this rule. The most prominent one is a frequently cited legajo numbered 1035, in the Audiencia de Lima of the