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The Cross and the Spade: Archaeology and the Discovery of the Earliest Serra Chapels at the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770-1772

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The Cross and the Spade: Archaeology and the Discovery of the Earliest Serra Chapels at the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770-1772 California State University, Monterey Bay Digital Commons @ CSUMB SBGS Faculty Publications and Presentations Social Behavioral and Global Studies 2013 The Cross and the Spade: Archaeology and the Discovery of the Earliest Serra Chapels at the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770-1772 Rubén Mendoza California State University, Monterey Bay, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/sbgs_fac Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Mendoza, Rubén, "The Cross and the Spade: Archaeology and the Discovery of the Earliest Serra Chapels at the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770-1772" (2013). SBGS Faculty Publications and Presentations. 9. https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/sbgs_fac/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Social Behavioral and Global Studies at Digital Commons @ CSUMB. It has been accepted for inclusion in SBGS Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CSUMB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOLETIN k CALIFORNIA MISSION STUDIES ASSOCIATION THE CROSS AND THE SPADE Archaeology and the Discovery of the Earliest Serra Chapels at the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770-1772 9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9= 9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9==9=9=9=9=9=9= Rubén G. Mendoza, PhD, RPA, CSU Monterey Bay Before leaving this bay we erected a cross upon the beach with an inscription cut on the About the Author Dr. Rubén G. Mendoza is an archaeologist, wood which said: “Dig! At the foot thou wilt find a writing.” writer, photographer and founding faculty member of the California State University, Monterey Bay. Professor Mendoza has directed major archaeological investigations 1 at missions San Juan Bautista, San Carlos Miguel Costansó, 10 December 1769 Borromeo, San Miguel Arcángel, Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, and the 16th century Ex- Convento de la Concepción in Puebla, Mexico. His efforts on behalf of the Royal Presidio Chapel Conservation Project was awarded Introduction the California Preservation Foundation Preservation Design Award for 2009. A charter As the engineer assigned to the expeditionary force commanded by member of both the California Missions Foundation, and the California Mission Governor Gaspar de Portolà (14 July 1769 to 24 January 1770), Miguel Curators and Directors Conference of Mission Costansó’s narrative of the Spanish expedition from San Diego de Alcalá Santa Barbara, Professor Mendoza served as a consult to, and a Literacy Place Mentor for, to San Francisco de Asís was penned in a document of circa 361 Castilian Scholastic, Inc.’s Time Detectives Literacy Place words, which was then buried beneath the massive wooden cross planted Mentors 3rd grade curriculum distributed 1 nationally, internationally, and re-published on a beach on the margins of the Monterey Bay. It was this document to for Spanish-speaking school children. He has which Costansó referred in his command to escarba or “Dig!” beneath the published over one-hundred manuscripts, reviews, and scores of images spanning pre- cross so noted in the hopes that future expeditionaries would know of the Columbian, Colonial, and California missions expedition’s exploits in their momentous quest to identify and settle the era art and architecture and solar geometry, American Indian science, technology, and Monterey Bay. Ultimately the expedition, then sorely short of supplies, medicine, and modern material cultures. and without prospects for assuring the identification of the Monterey Bay His long-term contributions to “furthering the preservation and protection of the with those resources and that information then at their disposal, departed California Missions” was acknowledged by without having confirmed the rediscovery of the Monterey Bay. As such, the California Mission Curators and Directors Conference with the granting of the Father Miguel Costansó’s diary entry of 10 December 1769 provides an apt Fermín Francisco de Lasuén Award for 2010. metaphor (not to mention, mandate) for the archaeology of the Monterey As Project Manager to the San Juan Bautista Bay, and for that matter, that momentous effort that constitutes the basis 30 'Boletín Volume 29, Number 1, 2013 About the Author, cont. Mission Conservation Program, Dr. Mendoza is charged with professional oversight of the mission restoration effort documented in “Archaeology and Community Service Learning at a California Mission, 1995-2008” (2009). He has served as co-author and contributing editor for a host of publications for teachers and students concerned with the California missions, including The California Missions Source Book (2009), The California Missions’ Timeline (2009), and Fermín Francisco de Lasuén: An Illustrated Timeline (2012). Professor Mendoza’s participation in the Manhattan-based 2011 NEH Summer Institute for College and University Teachers, American Material Culture: Nineteenth-Century New York, inspired new and innovative pedagogical strategies for the analysis and interpretation of architecture and material cultures. The NEH program in question in turn prompted Professor Mendoza’s development of the first- ever National Endowment for the Humanities Landmarks of American History and Culture: Workshops for School Teachers program devoted exclusively to the study of the California missions, and titled The Fourteenth Colony: Native Californians, Missions, Presidios, and Colonists on the Spanish Frontier, 1769-1848. Figure 1. The commemorative redwood cross installed by the late Diocesan curator Sir Henry “Harry” Downie on the shores of the Monterey Bay served to commemorate the installation of a similar cross by the members of the Portola Expedition of 1769. Photo © Rubén G. Mendoza, 2008.3 for the present narrative of exploration and discovery. Archaeological investigations spanning the period extending from 2006 through 2008 were undertaken by me (in my capacity as the project archaeologist) for the purpose of assessing the architectural heritage of the Real Presidio de San Carlos de Monterey (1770-1848).4 The Royal Presidio Chapel Conservation Project, undertaken under the auspices of the Diocese of Monterey, recruited me to assess the architectural history and structural integrity of the Royal Presidio Chapel, La Capilla Real, or San Carlos Cathedral in 2006 (Mendoza 2007a, 2007b, 2007c, 2009, 2012). Though earlier archaeological investigations succeeded in defining the stratigraphic journal of the california mission studies association ' 31 relationships necessary for basic cultural and geological interpretations of the Royal Presidio of Monterey (Pilling 1950; Howard 1971; May 1974, 1992; Parkman 1979; Edwards and Simpson-Smith 1993; Costello 1994), such studies, with perhaps the exception of Howard (1971) fell short, or were hampered by logistical and or practical constraints in their efforts to lend themselves to the elaboration and elucidation of the architectural history of the site (CA-MNT-271H; California Historical Landmark No. 105; Tays 1936; Pilling 1950). By contrast, this investigation was partitioned into three distinct phases, the first and most systematic centered on an archaeological programme of Phase 1 testing for subsurface archaeological (read architectural) features identified with specific localities adjoining the Royal Presidio Chapel. Phase 2 spanned the summer of 2007 and entailed an intensive campaign centered on the monitoring and mitigation of subsurface architectural remains encountered during the course of trenching activities specific to the Royal Presidio Chapel Conservation Project. The Phase 3 operation was undertaken in July of 2008, and soon resulted in the recovery of perhaps the most significant findings to date regarding the earliest Christian houses of worship identified with Alta California and the ministry of Fray Junípero Serra, OFM, the Apostle of California (Mendoza 2009, 2012, Jack Williams, personal communication, July 29, 2008). Said findings devolved from the archaeological recovery of the granite and basalt footings of the 2nd or Serra Chapel of 1772; and shortly thereafter, the identification and recovery of portions of the 1st or Serra Chapel of 1770; in turn defined in terms of the “Missionaries’ Quarters” of 1770, and the southern perimeter defensive wall or palisada or Palisade of 1770. This paper will as such review, assess, and interpret that new body of archaeological evidence specific to the identification of Fray Junípero Serra’s Capilla de San José, and weigh its potential for rewriting the architectural and cultural heritage of this most significant of early California historic sites. Research Design The archaeological undertakings of Donald M. Howard, an area avocationalist or community scholar, remains a significant point of departure for assessing long standing questions and scholarly conundrums regarding the evolution Figure 2. View of the Real Presidio de San of the architectural and Carlos de Monterey as depicted by José Cardero in this Malaspina Expedition cultural histories of the illustration dated to 1791. Perspective Real Presidio de San Carlos is from the southeast to the northwest. de Monterey (Howard Note that the high-pitched thatched roof of the Serra Chapel of 1772 is visible 1971, 1976, 1978a, 1978b, immediately north of the new site of 1981, 1997). According construction identified with the Chapel to Simpson-Smith and of 1794. Illustration courtesy of the Royal
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