DOCSLIB.ORG

Malaspina Galleries—What’S in a Name, SHALE 8, Pp.12–15, June 2004

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Malaspina Galleries—What’S in a Name, SHALE 8, Pp.12–15, June 2004 Context: Gabriola Island placenames. Citation: Doe, N.A., Malaspina Galleries—what’s in a name, SHALE 8, pp.12–15, June 2004. Copyright restrictions: Copyright © 2004: Gabriola Historical & Museum Society. For for-profit reproduction permission e-mail: [email protected] Errors and omissions: Date posted: August 22, 2011. Malaspina Galleries—what’s in a name? by Nick Doe Needless to say, neither gentleman had a hand in the creation of the galleries; they’re all entirely the work of nature. Which of course, is another source of confusion—how many visitors I wonder have headed off to the “galleries” expecting to find further opportunities to buy things to hang on their walls? A favourite Gabriolan retort to the question “when are the galleries open?” is “whenever the tide is low”. Although the gallery (or galleries) have been known to officialdom since the early 1900s, there was still lingering doubt in 1965 as to whether to call it (or them) a “gallery” or a “cliff”.3 Capitán Alejandro Malaspina MUSEO NAVAL Even members of the Spanish Royal Navy, who visited the galleries certainly once and You might suspect that anything called the possibly twice in the late-18th century, were Galiano Gallery on Gabriola would be confused. A well-known sketch by the confusing. And, of course, you’d be right. young Spanish cartographer and artist, José Just try asking Google to search the Internet Cardero, made in 1792, was mixed up with a for it, and see how meagre are the returns, lot of other drawings when it got back to apart that is, from this article. Madrid. After being reworked by someone 1 who had never been to the northwest coast, People who live on Gabriola all know this it was labelled “…view of a natural feature topographic feature, not by its official name, in Port Mulgrave”. All very well and good, the Galiano Gallery, but as the Malaspina except that Port Mulgrave is in Alaska, Galleries. This is in spite of the edict of the about four hundred nautical miles north of Geographic Board of Canada in 1906 that it anywhere on Gabriola. is Dionisio Alcalá Galiano, not Alejandro 2 Malaspina, who should be so honoured. 3 Letter from J.K. Fraser, executive secretary of the 1 Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical In a laudable effort to reduce confusion, Canada Names, to W.R. Young, chief of the Geographic Post drops the word “Island” from our name, so we Division, Department of Lands and Forests, Victoria, are just “Gabriola”, but they are “Galiano Island”. November 26, 1965. In his reply dated December 1, 2 See endnotes 1 and 2 for biographies. For what 1965, Mr. Young recorded that the province was it’s worth, given that Galiano has a well-known Gulf “quite agreeable” to “it” being called a cliff. It is Island, while Malaspina has only a small strait and an currently known as a “cliff type 2” (a steep rock face inlet, and given that a Snunéymuxw name appears not projecting nearly vertically from the surrounding to be forthcoming, I think Gabriolans are quite right land) as opposed to a “cliff type 1” (a steep rock face to award the galleries to Malaspina. projecting nearly vertically from a body of water). 12 SHALE No.8 June 2004 Nick Doe Malaspina Galleries—what’s in a name? Eventually this did get sorted out. The just in case you were wondering, used to be galleries, it was said in 1885, are near Port called Foster’s Bay before it was Descanso in the Juan de Fuca Strait. …Ah called…ah! never mind. Good luck in yes …Port Descanso. Not even the finding them (or it)! Ask a young person if Geographic Board of Canada was entirely you get lost. It’s a favourite summer- sure where that was. Hence the board’s evening hangout place. misnaming of—what used to be called A good source of Gabriola placename Yacht Harbour, before it was called Rocky information by the way is Aula Bell and Bay, before it was called Knight Bay— 4 Neil Aitken’s, Gabriola Island Place Descanso Bay. As SHALE readers all Names, Reflections Books, Gabriola, 1992. know, but some tour guides don’t, Cala del Descanso (cove of rest) was actually the Spanish name for what we now know as ENDNOTES Pilot Bay.5 [1]. Alejandro Malaspina9 (1754–1810) was an Italian navigator, who, in the service Until the mid-1970s, the galleries were of Spain, made one of the great voyages of marked on Canadian topographical maps discovery of the 18th century.10, 11 His (92 G/4) as being on the south side of − Taylor Bay, which of course they aren’t. voyage (1789 94) was inspired, in part, by The galleries are at the end of Malaspina those of Britain’s James Cook (1728–79), and that of France’s Jean François de Drive on the south side of Malaspina 12 Point…which used to be called Arbutus Galaup, Comte de la Pérouse (1741–c.88). Point before it was called Schooner Point, 6 before it was called Miles Point. But galleries like this also appear on the cliffs on Valdes enough, enough!…no wonder some people Island. These are part of the evidence that such on Gabriola call them “the caves” and leave galleries are not carved by the “wind and the waves” it at that.7 but are due to erosion by salt left on their backwalls by evaporating salty groundwater. See SHALE 7 and Gabriolans have always known the feature forthcoming SHALE 9 for details. 9 as a “set of galleries” (plural) rather than a “Alejandro” is the Spanish spelling of the Italian gallery (singular) for the very good reason “Alessandro”. Officers who are in command of a there is more than one of them. To see the naval vessel are customarily addressed as “captain” complete set however you need to go to the irrespective of their commissioned rank. At the start end of McConvey Road on the opposite of the great voyage, Malaspina’s rank was capitán de 8 fragata (ship’s captain or commander). During the (southwest) side of the small bay , which, voyage he was promoted to capitán de navío (post 4 captain). At the conclusion, before his political See endnote 3 for further details. troubles began, he was promoted to brigadier de real 5 armada (commodore), just one level below jefe de Nick Doe, Alcalá Galiano’s sketchmaps of escuadra (rear admiral). Gabriola, SHALE 1, pp.12–21, November 2000. 10 6 John Kendrick, Alejandro Malaspina—Portrait of See endnote 4 for further details. a Visionary, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999. 7 11 June Lewis-Harrison, The People of Gabriola, Andrew David, The Voyage of Alejandro pp.265–266, Frieson & Sons BC, 1982. Malaspina to the Pacific, 1789−1794, The 1999 8 There is public access to the beach here, but at the Hakluyt Society Annual Lecture, Hakluyt, 2000. 12 time of writing, it is a scramble. Notice that there Gabriola’s expert on la Pérouse is André Lemieux. appears to be a second set of galleries above the See <http://www.gabriola.org/alaska2001/>. present ones and below the residences. “Stacked” SHALE No.8 June 2004 13 Malaspina Galleries—what’s in a name? Nick Doe Malaspina however, put less emphasis on Even today, many of these records remain geographical discovery than his untranslated and thus relatively unknown in predecessors. He chose instead to add to the English-speaking world. various scientific and hydrographic tasks, an Although the main expedition made only a investigation of the political state of Spanish two-week stop at the Spanish naval possessions in the Americas and Pacific establishment at Nootka on the west coast of Ocean. Vancouver Island in August 1791, The Spanish at the time were very mindful Malaspina subsequently put two of his of their appalling reputation as colonisers senior lieutenants (tenientes de navío), earned in previous centuries, and were eager Dionisio Alcalá Galiano from the Atrevida, to put this behind them and fully enter into and Cayetano Valdés y Flores from the the spirit of Europe’s “age of Descubierta, in charge of making a enlightenment”. Two specially designed subsidiary exploration of the Juan de Fuca corvettes, the Descubierta commanded by Strait and the Strait of Georgia.14 Because Malaspina, and the Atrevida commanded by of Malaspina’s political troubles, the José Bustamente, were used for the voyage. Galiano-Valdés expedition of 1792 was later The five-year long expedition returned portrayed as an independent voyage of discovery, and Malaspina’s role in it was triumphantly to Cadiz in 1794, bringing with 15 it 300 journals; 450 notebooks of suppressed. The reality, however, is that at astronomical and hydrographic the time, the 1792 voyage was deservingly observations; 1500 hydrographic surveys; regarded as an integral part of the Malaspina 183 charts; 361 coastal views; and more expedition. than 800 drawings of places, persons, and [2]. Dionisio Alcalá Galiano (1760–1805) exotic animals and plants. was born in Cabra, Córdoba, Spain, and While Malaspina had been away however, became a skilled, and highly respected, the political climate in Europe had taken a officer and hydrographer in the Spanish turn for the worse. His entirely reasonable navy. He was assigned by Malaspina, along proposal that the king dismiss all his with fellow-officer Valdés, to investigate the ministers and replace them with individuals Juan de Fuca Strait and follow wherever it who shared his vision of Spain as a modern might lead. At the time, Europeans did not enlightened state was judged to be seditious, know that Vancouver Island was an island.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gaytan to Marin Donald Cutter the Spanish Legend, That
    The Spanish in Hawaii: Gaytan to Marin Donald Cutter The Spanish legend, that somehow Spain anticipated all other Europeans in its discovery and presence in most every part of the New World, extends even to the Pacific Ocean area. Spain's early activity in Alaska, Canada, Washington, Oregon, and California reinforces the idea that Spain was also the early explorer of the Pacific Islands. The vast Pacific, from its European discovery in Panama by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, until almost the end of the 18th Century, was part of the Spanish overseas empire. Generous Papal recognition of Spain's early discoveries and an attempt to avert an open conflict between Spain and Portugal resulted in a division of the non-Christian world between those Iberian powers. Though north European nations were not in accord and the King of France even suggested that he would like to see the clause in Adam's will giving the Pope such sweeping jurisdiction, Spain was convinced of its exclusive sovereignty over the Pacific Ocean all the way to the Philippine Islands. Spain strengthened both the Papal decree and the treaty signed with Portugal at Tordasillas by observing the niceties of international law. In 1513, Nunez de Balboa waded into the Pacific, banner in hand, and in a single grandiose act of sovereignty claimed the ocean and all of its islands for Spain. It was a majestic moment in time—nearly one third of the world was staked out for exclusive Spanish control by this single imperial act. And Spain was able to parlay this act of sovereignty into the creation of a huge Spanish lake of hundreds of thousands of square miles, a body of water in which no other European nation could sail in peaceful commerce.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican-Americans in the Pacific Northwest, 1900--2000
    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2006 The struggle for dignity: Mexican-Americans in the Pacific Northwest, 1900--2000 James Michael Slone University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Slone, James Michael, "The struggle for dignity: Mexican-Americans in the Pacific Northwest, 1900--2000" (2006). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/4kwz-x12w This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE STRUGGLE FOR DIGNITY: MEXICAN-AMERICANS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST, 1900-2000 By James Michael Slone Bachelor of Arts University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2000 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in History Department of History College of Liberal Arts Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1443497 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • Alejandro Malaspina: Una Remembranza Histórica
    ALEJANDRO MALASPINA: UNA REMEMBRANZA HISTÓRICA José CERVERA PERY General Auditor L sugestivo proyecto encomendado al buque Hespérides de revivir los fastos de la expedición científica de Malas- pina (1789-1794) con sus mismos itinerarios, aunque lógicamente con distintos objetivos, es una buena razón para la recreación de su figura histórica. Evidentemente no es poco cuanto se ha escrito sobre el ilustre marino, y han sido analizadas las consecuencias de su famosa expe- dición, pero hay otros factores que animan a una nueva remembranza desde las diversas facetas que encuadran al marino, al científi- co y al político, hecho a imagen y semejanza del pensamiento ilustrado del siglo XVIII. Malaspina fue un típico exponente del Siglo de las Luces. Circunnavegante de la tierra, protagonista de un periplo americano pleno de conocimiento cien- tífico, puede considerarse como el último de los audaces exploradores que arriesgan su vida en la aventura y el primero de los viajeros científicos visio- nario y planificador de su empresa. Es por ello que sus escritos y reflexiones constituyen una suma de valiosas anotaciones científicas, geográficas y natu- ralistas, pero también concreta aspectos singulares sobre el campo de la políti- ca y de la economía. rasgos esenciales de una vida Como muchos de los sabios de su tiempo, Malaspina procedía de un secu- lar tronco nobiliario. Nacido en Mulazzo, en la región italiana de la Lunigia- na, su familia residió durante algún tiempo en Palermo, pero su formación cultural viene de Roma. Un historiador decimonónico de la Lunigiana feudal, Eugenio Branchi, escribe: «Como una luz que vigorosamente brilla y resplan- dece, así la saga Malaspina de Mulazzo, donde Alejandro, el último de sus 2010] 426 TEMAS GENERALES retoños alcanza la mayor fama».
    [Show full text]
  • Oceanographic and Environmental Conditions in the Discovery Islands, British Columbia
    Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2017/071 National Capital Region Oceanographic and environmental conditions in the Discovery Islands, British Columbia P.C. Chandler1, M.G.G. Foreman1, M. Ouellet2, C. Mimeault3, and J. Wade3 1Fisheries and Oceans Canada Institute of Ocean Sciences 9860 West Saanich Road Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 5T5 2Fisheries and Oceans Canada Marine Environmental Data Section, Ocean Science Branch 200 Kent Street Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E6 3Fisheries and Oceans Canada Aquaculture, Biotechnology and Aquatic Animal Health Science Branch 200 Kent Street Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E6 December 2017 Foreword This series documents the scientific basis for the evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time frames required and the documents it contains are not intended as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. Research documents are produced in the official language in which they are provided to the Secretariat. Published by: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat 200 Kent Street Ottawa ON K1A 0E6 http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/ [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2017 ISSN 1919-5044 Correct citation for this publication: Chandler, P.C., Foreman, M.G.G., Ouellet, M., Mimeault, C., and Wade, J. 2017. Oceanographic and environmental conditions in the Discovery Islands, British Columbia. DFO Can. Sci. Advis.
    [Show full text]
  • Uvic Thesis Template
    ‗That Immense and Dangerous Sea‘: Spanish Imperial Policy and Power During the Exploration of the Salish Sea, 1790-1791. by Devon Drury BA, University of Victoria, 2007 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History Devon Drury, 2010 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee ‗That Immense and Dangerous Sea‘: Spanish Imperial Policy and Power During the Exploration of the Salish Sea, 1790-1791. by Devon Drury BA, University of Victoria, 2007 Supervisory Committee Dr. John Lutz, Department of History Supervisor Dr. Eric W. Sager, Department of History Departmental Member Dr. Patrick A. Dunae, Department of History Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. John Lutz, Department of History Supervisor Dr. Eric W. Sager, Department of History Departmental Member Dr. Patrick A. Dunae, Department of History Departmental Member In the years between 1789 and 1792 the shores of what is now British Columbia were opened to European scrutiny by a series of mostly Spanish expeditions. As the coastline was charted and explored by agents of European empires, the Pacific Northwest captured the attention of Europe. In order to carry out these explorations the Spanish relied on what turned out to be an experiment in ‗gentle‘ imperialism that depended on the support of the indigenous ―colonized‖. This thesis examines how the Spanish envisioned their imperial space on the Northwest Coast and particularly how that space was shaped through the exploration of the Salish Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaspina Gallery History
    Context: Gabriola, history, Spanish exploration, sandstone rock formation Citation: Humphrey, Barrie, Malapina’s lost gallery, SHALE 10, pp.3–23, January 2005. Copyright restrictions: Copyright © 2005: Gabriola Historical & Museum Society. For reproduction permission e-mail: [email protected] Errors and omissions: Reference: For a geological note (no, it was not carved by the wind and the waves) see: http://www.nickdoe.ca/pdfs/Webp27c.pdf There are moe notes of salt weathering of sandstone at: http://www.nickdoe.ca/pdfs/Webp26c.pdf Date posted: April 27, 2010. Malaspina’s lost gallery by Barrie Humphrey Sometime in 1902, George Davidson,1 a John Devereux,5 dock master at Esquimalt, professor of geography at the University of requesting that Devereux bring his 27 years California, decided to solve a puzzle that of experience sailing the coast, and his had been bothering him for some time. The contacts with “the lighthouse people, the puzzle concerned one of the illustrations telegraph people, and the Catholic from his copy of the book, Voyage around missionaries” to bear on the question of the world…2 b y Alejandro Malaspina,3 where the curious rock formation illustrated which he had acquired two years earlier in the Voyage around the world… might be from a retired Spanish naval officer. The found. Perhaps, Davidson suggested, it is illustration was of a rock formation shaped located in some obscure opening like that of 6 like a breaking wave, beneath which a group Nitinat. of Spanish sailors met with local inhabitants, Captain Devereux replied on August 23, one of whom was wearing a conical hat.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cross and the Spade: Archaeology and the Discovery of the Earliest Serra Chapels at the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770-1772
    California State University, Monterey Bay Digital Commons @ CSUMB SBGS Faculty Publications and Presentations Social Behavioral and Global Studies 2013 The Cross and the Spade: Archaeology and the Discovery of the Earliest Serra Chapels at the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770-1772 Rubén Mendoza California State University, Monterey Bay, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/sbgs_fac Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Mendoza, Rubén, "The Cross and the Spade: Archaeology and the Discovery of the Earliest Serra Chapels at the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770-1772" (2013). SBGS Faculty Publications and Presentations. 9. https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/sbgs_fac/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Social Behavioral and Global Studies at Digital Commons @ CSUMB. It has been accepted for inclusion in SBGS Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CSUMB. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOLETIN k CALIFORNIA MISSION STUDIES ASSOCIATION THE CROSS AND THE SPADE Archaeology and the Discovery of the Earliest Serra Chapels at the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770-1772 9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9= 9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9=9==9=9=9=9=9=9= Rubén G. Mendoza, PhD, RPA, CSU Monterey Bay Before leaving this bay we erected a cross upon the beach with an inscription cut on the About the Author Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • José María Narváez—1791. Narváez of Spain, Sailing Capt. George
    Early Explorers of the Sunshine Coast The mainland coast of British Columbia, from latitude 49° N (the Canada - Vancouver was the first to chart in detail Howe Sound, Jervis Inlet, and Burrard U.S.A. border) to 54°40’ N, was the last navigable continental coastline of the Inlet — Narváez had not entered these important waterways during his cursory globe to be thoroughly explored. It was finally charted in the summers of 1791, survey the previous year. 1792, when three maritime expeditions — each hoping to find the elusive northwest passage from Europe to the riches of the Orient — brought the first Vancouver's exacting survey of the entire northwest coast was ultimately European explorers to the northwest coast of America. completed in 1794 and his two ships returned safely to England in September 1795. However, by this time Vancouver was in ill health and he died less than All three expeditions, two from Spain and one from England, explored the three years later, at age 40, on May 12, 1798. waters off the Sunshine Coast — their footprints are the names they gave to many of the important landmarks in our area. Dionisio Alcalá Galiano & Cayetano Valdés—1792. The Spaniards Galiano and Valdés, officers in the Alejandro Malaspina scientific José María Narváez—1791. Narváez of Spain, sailing expedition, were ordered to continue exploring the area Narváez had visited the from a small naval base at Nootka on the west coast of Vancouver previous year. They left Nootka in May of 1792 bound for Georgia Strait in two Island, led the first European excursion into the central part of new 46-foot schooners built in Mexico — Sutil and Mexicana — and returned what the Spanish called El Gran Canal de Nuestra Señora del four months later, becoming the first explorers to circumnavigate Vancouver Rosario la Marinera, now known as Georgia Strait.
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitics and Environment in the Sea Otter Trade
    UC Merced UC Merced Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Soft gold and the Pacific frontier: geopolitics and environment in the sea otter trade Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03g4f31t Author Ravalli, Richard John Publication Date 2009 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California 1 Introduction Covering over one-third of the earth‘s surface, the Pacific Basin is one of the richest natural settings known to man. As the globe‘s largest and deepest body of water, it stretches roughly ten thousand miles north to south from the Bering Straight to the Antarctic Circle. Much of its continental rim from Asia to the Americas is marked by coastal mountains and active volcanoes. The Pacific Basin is home to over twenty-five thousand islands, various oceanic temperatures, and a rich assortment of plants and animals. Its human environment over time has produced an influential civilizations stretching from Southeast Asia to the Pre-Columbian Americas.1 An international agreement currently divides the Pacific at the Diomede Islands in the Bering Strait between Russia to the west and the United States to the east. This territorial demarcation symbolizes a broad array of contests and resolutions that have marked the region‘s modern history. Scholars of Pacific history often emphasize the lure of natural bounty for many of the first non-natives who ventured to Pacific waters. In particular, hunting and trading for fur bearing mammals receives a significant amount of attention, perhaps no species receiving more than the sea otter—originally distributed along the coast from northern Japan, the Kuril Islands and the Kamchatka peninsula, east toward the Aleutian Islands and the Alaskan coastline, and south to Baja California.
    [Show full text]
  • COLUMBIA Index, 1987-1996, Volumes 1
    COLUMBIA The Magazine of Northwest History index 1987-1996 Volumes One through Ten Compiled by Robert C. Carriker and Mary E. Petty Published by the WashingtonState Historical Society with assistancefrom the WilliamL. DavisS.J Endowment of Gonzaga University Tacoma, Washington 1999 COLUMBIA The Magazine of Northwest History index 1987-1996 Volumes One through Ten EDITORS John McClelland, Jr., Interim Editor (1987-1988) and Founding Editor (1988-1996) David L. Nicandri, ExecutiveEditor (1988-1996) Christina Orange Dubois, AssistantEditor (1988-1991) and ManagingEditor/Desi gner (1992-1996) Robert C. Carriker, Book Review Editor ( 1987-1996) Arthur Dwelley, Associate Editor( 1988-1989) Cass Salzwedel, AssistantEditor (1987-1988) ArnyShepard Hines, Designer (1987-1991) Carolyn Simonson, CopyEditor ( 1991-1996) MANAGEMENT Christopher Lee, Business Manager (1988-1996) Gladys C. Para, CirculationManrtger (1987-1988) Marie De Long, Circulation Manager (1989-1996) EDITORIAL ADVISORS Knute 0. Berger (1987-1989) David M. Buerge (1987-1990) Keith A. Murray ( 1987-1989) J. William T. Youngs (1987-1991) Harold P. Simonson (1988-1989) Robert C. Wing (1989-1991) Arthur Dwelley (1990-1991) Robert A. Clark (1991) William L. Lang (1991-1992) STAFF CONTRIBUTORS Elaine Miller (1988-1996) JoyWerlink (1988-1996) Richard Frederick (1988-1996) Edward Nolan (1989-1996) Copyright © 1999 Washington State Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission fromthe publisher. ISBN 0-917048-72-5 Printed in the United States of America by Johnson-Cox Company INTRODUCTION COLUMBIA's initial index is the result of a two-year collaborative effort by a librarian and a historian. Standards established by professionals in the field were followed.
    [Show full text]
  • Spoglio Memorie
    Articoli pubblicati nelle “Memorie” A U T O R E T I T O L O volume pag anno COGNONE E NOME ABRAMOVA The nature of conductivity layers in Balcan-Aegean zone LXXI 3 2001 M. Ludmila in II°international workshop on Geo-Electro-Magnetism ABRAMOBA Em transfer functions changes before the carthquacke LXXI 4 2001 Daria YU in II°international workshop in Geo-Electro-Magnetism ABRAMOVA M.Ludmila ACHILLI V. Multidisciplinary and multi-methodological approach fore the study of LXXI 5 2001 DEL NEGRO C. active volcanic areas. Preliminary results for the Vulcano island test site DI MAIO E. (Southerm Sicily - Italy) SALEMI G. in II°international workshop on Geo.Electro.Magnetsim SUPPER R. MEURERS B. RÖMER A. ARIC K. SEIBERL W. AGAZZI Silvia Caratterizzazione morfoanatomica del Pinus Mugo Turra del Monte Nero LXVII 101 1997 BRUSCHI Piero (Appennino Parmense) LXIX 1999 BUSSOTTI Filippo GROSSONI Paolo ALBANI Francesco Relazione breve sull'evoluzione delle metodologie estrattive nella provincia LXXI 41 2001 della Spezia. ALESSANDRI Grotta dei colombi: stazione di antropofagi ? LI 199 1981 Lorenzo LIII 1983 ALESSANDRI Ricerca sulla natura e sulle probabili cause di danneggiamento agli LXII 119 1972 Maurizio affreschi della chiesa di Salbertrand nell'Alta Val di Susa. ALOISI Piero Calcite di Cerchiara. (1 tav. f. t.) II 98 1920 AIRALDI Gabriella Cristoforo Colombo: un uomo tra due mondi LXXIX 19 2009 (in Atti del Convegno di Studi in ricordo di Geo Pistarino "Dall’ Isola del Tino e dalla Lunigiana al mediterraneo e all’Atlantico La Spezia – Licciana Nardi 22-23-24 Maggio 2009) AMADEI Lucia BALDINI Rosa Gli erbari Ferrarini in Lunigiana LXXXII 171 2012 2013 MACCIONI Simonetta In Atti del Convegno di Studi “Dalle Alpi Apuane ai Monti della Lunigiana.
    [Show full text]
  • BC Spanish History San Blas
    British Columbia’s Mexican Connection The Naval Base at San Blas 1768–1810 by Nick Doe Nick Doe, a former ANY of the Spanish water marshes and lakes, and resident of White Rock, ships that visited the then the alluvial plain. From now lives on Gabriola coast of British Co- the air, the land to the north Island. His interest is in M lumbia in the late eighteenth looks as though it has been the history of coastal century sailed from the port of furrowed by the fingers of a BC. San Blas. Nowadays, asked to de- giant’s hand, leaving long, scribe exactly where San Blas is, narrow lagoons running par- one would probably have to allel to the sea. reach for an atlas.1 Yet, this small Two rivers emerge from 1 San Blas is in the state of and congenial Mexican town, the mangrove swamps on ei- Nayarit, Mexico at which is as far south of Victoria ther side of the town: the San 21º32’N, 105º17’W, as Toronto is east, was for forty Cristóbal to the east, and El 3394 km from Victoria BC. years the headquarters of the Pozo (formerly El Arsenal) to 2 The task of a visitador- general in Spanish Spanish navy in the north Pa- the west. Over the years, sur- dominions was to cific. Here, in a belated effort to rounding jungle has been implement royal policies. maintain their claim to all the cleared to make way for pa- They reported directly to lands of the Pacific Rim, the paya, mango, and banana or- the viceroy and were given wide-ranging powers to Spanish established shipbuilding chards, and near-by lagoons appoint officials, proclaim yards, warehouses, and a fortified are used as shrimp ponds.
    [Show full text]