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EL EJÉRCITO Y LA ARMADA EN EL NOROESTE DE AMÉRICA: NOOTKA Y SU TIEMPO Leandro Martínez Peñas y Manuela Fernández Rodríguez (coords .) 1 EL PRESENTE TRABAJO RECOGE , A MODO DE ACTAS , PONENCIAS Y COMUNICACIONES PRESENTADAS AL CONGRESO “E L EJÉRCITO Y LA ARMADA EN EL NOROESTE DE AMÉRICA : NOOTKA Y OTRAS CUESTIONES ” ORGANIZADO Y FINANCIADO POR EL VICERRECTORADO DE EXTENSIÓN UNIVERSITARIA Y CENTROS ADSCRITOS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS POR EL INSTITUTO DE HISTORIA DE LA INTOLERANCIA (INQUISICIÓN Y DERECHOS HUMANOS ), ADSCRITO A LA REAL ACADEMIA DE JURISPRUDENCIA Y LEGISLACIÓN ; Y POR EL MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA , A TRAVÉS DE LA DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE RELACIONES INSTITUCIONALES . ESTA PUBLICACIÓN HA RECIBIDO UNA AYUDA DE LA DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE RELACIONES INSTITUCIONALES DE LA DEFENSA . HA CONTRIBUIDO A SU FINANCIACIÓN EL VICERRECTORADO DE EXTENSIÓN UNIVERSITARIA Y CAMPUS ADSCRITOS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS 3 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Queremos hacer constar nuestro agradecimiento a las diversas personas e instituciones que han hecho posible la existencia de este libro. Así, el presente trabajo solo ha sido posible por el apoyo institucional prestado por el Ministerio de Defensa a través de la Dirección General de Relaciones Institucionales, así como por la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid, a través de su vicerrectorado de Extensión Universitaria y de Campus Adscritos. En particular, dentro de estas dos instituciones, queremos señalar expresamente nuestro agradecimiento al capitán Diógenes Ayuso, por su disposición, ayuda y comprensión, así como a Rosa Guindel, que, una vez más, ha sufrido con resignación y amabilidad nuestras constantes dudas y preguntas. Igualmente, debemos agradecer la colaboración del Instituto de Historia de la Intolerancia, varios de cuyos integrantes participaron en este libro, y que también ha contribuido a que el viaje llegara a buen término, así como al Museo Naval de Madrid, en especial a Luisa Martín-Merás, que amablemente atendió contrarreloj nuestras peticiones y que nos dieron todo tipo de facilidades para poder usar los recursos de dicho museo. A lo largo de la elaboración de este libro, varios profesores participantes en él se han desplazado a centros de estudios y archivos internacionales. Queremos hacer constar nuestro agradecimiento por su profesionalidad y amable trato al personal de la British Library de Londres y al del Max Planck Institute de Frankfurt, que algunos consideramos ya, prácticamente, un segundo hogar académico. Y, cómo no, debemos agradecer al conjunto de profesores participantes el esfuerzo y el trabajo que han puesto de su parte para culminar este proyecto que comenzó a 5 gestarse ya hace más de un año. Muy especialmente, quisiéramos agradecer al profesor Enrique San Miguel su vocación de ayuda y colaboración, así como las facilidades que siempre nos ha dado a la hora de llevar a cabo nuestra tarea de coordinar el proyecto. Sergio Parra nos prestó, de forma totalmente desinteresada, una ayuda vital cuando la magia informática comenzó a jugarnos malas pasadas. Por último, un agradecimiento muy especial para Pablo Avilés Flores, que ha consentido, y conseguido, participar en este proyecto pese a atravesar circunstacias personales harto dolorosas. Lo menos que podemos hacer para con él es mostrarle en estas líneas aquí nuestro expreso y sincero agradecimiento. 6 ÍNDICE La Monarquía Hispánica en los confines septentrionales del mundo.................................................. p. 9 Fernando Suárez Bilbao , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Breve introducción a la presencia española en el Noroeste de América ........................................................ p. 13 Alicia Herreros Cepeda , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos La crisis de la estrategia política española en Norteamérica: de Bernardo de Gálvez a Luis de Onís .... p. 29 Enrique San Miguel Pérez, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos La aplicación de las Convenciones de Nootka. Una aportación documental..................................................... p. 59 Leandro Martínez Peñas y Sara Granda , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos y Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha La presencia rusa en el Pacífico Noroeste....................... p. 95 Manuela Fernández Rodríguez , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Problemas diplomáticos y procesos judiciales en relación con el periplo hispano de Thomas Muir .......... p. 121 Leandro Martínez Peñas , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos 7 El cuerpo de capellanes de marina en el siglo XVIII. Ordenación legal y consolidación.................................. p. 163 Carlos Pérez Fernández-Turégano , Universidad San Pablo-CEU Recopilación y codificación del derecho militar en el siglo XVIII: la colección general de Ordenanzas Militares de José Antonio Portugués ............................. p. 213 Juan Carlos Domínguez Nafría , Universidad San Pablo-CEU La profesionalización del Ejército Real......................... p. 253 Carmen Bolaños Mejías , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. La imagen de la independencia de México en Francia. Viajes, intereses científicos y económicos...................... p. 275 Pablo Avilés Flores , Escuela de Altos Estudios de París. La cuestión de las Malvinas: del tratado de Nootka al principio de auto-determinación de los pueblos… ........ p. 317 Cintia Díaz-Silveira Santos , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos 8 La monarquía hispánica en los confines del mundo LA MONARQUÍA HISPÁNICA EN LOS CONFINES SEPTENTRIONALES DEL MUNDO Fernando Suárez Bilbao Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Durante largos años, la presencia española en América del Norte ha sido, en cierta medida, la hermana pequeña de la dominación española de las áreas geográficas centroamericanas y de América del Sur. Por fortuna, cada día son más los investigadores que trabajan en solventar este relativo olvido, hecho este que tiene como grata consecuencia el que el número de publicaciones sobre la presencia española en Norteamérica, en especial en lo que hoy en día son los Estados Unidos, vayan en aumento. Una de las realidades históricas más destacadas y llamativas de la presencia española en Norteamérica fue la relacionada con los territorios del Pacífico Noroeste, correspondientes hoy en día a la costa pacífica canadiense y de los estados de Oregón y Alaska, pertenecientes a los Estados Unidos de Norteamerica. En dicho contexto geográfico, la presencia española se concretó casi en su totalidad en la labor exploradora, diplomática, comercial y de guarnición llevada a cabo por la Armada española y por unidades del Ejército, cuyo ejemplo más destado bien pudiera ser el Regimiento de Voluntarios de Cataluña, una de cuyas compañías fue la encargada de guarnicionar el que habría de ser el más notable establecimiento español en Alaska, el de Nootka –o Nuca, como aparece en ocasiones en la documentación española del siglo XVIII-. Es éste, pues, un tema de estudio que no se ha analizado lo suficiente desde la perspectiva de la Historia Militar y de la Historia del Ejército y la Armada, constituyendo, sin embargo, un tema de indudable interés, toda vez que permite analizar como los marineros y militares españoles no solo prestaban servicio a su 9 Fernando Suárez Bilbao patria en los campos de batalla y bajo el fuego de los fuertes y cañones enemigos, sino que su labor iba mucho más allá y, con frencuencia, abarcaba materias alejadas de los escenarios bélicos. En el Pacífico Noroeste esto fue particularmente cierto, y a nadie se le oculta la importancia científica que tuvieron las expediciones de los marinos españoles en la región, como las comandadas por Huece, Malaespina o Bodega Quadra. Estudiar el contexto diplomático, estratégico, comercial, jurídico y militar en que estas expediciones se produjeron, así como las circunstancias que llevaron al establecimiento de la presencia española en Alaska –encarnada en los soldados y oficiales del regimiento de Voluntarios de Cataluña-, al choque de intereses estratégicos que esto supuso con potencias como Rusia, Gran Bretaña o Estados Unidos, las crisis diplomáticas y prebélicas suscitadas al respecto y, finalmente, el repliegue español de la región, constituyen el objeto de estudio y difusión del presente proyecto. A este fin, los trabajos comprendidos en la obra que el lector tiene entre sus manos se pueden dividir en dos bloques. El primero de ellos hace referencia directa y concreta a la presencia española en el Pacífico Noroeste, comenzando con una introducción general a cargo de Alicia Herreros Cepeda, profesora colaboradora de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid, que realiza un sintético recorrido, breve pero necesario para ofrecer una visión de conjunto a quien se aproxime a la cuestión tratada, por los avatares que convirtieron al fuerte San Lorenzo de la Bahía de Nootka en la más septentrional de las posesiones de la Monarquía Hispánica. El declinar a estas posesiones en Norteamérica es estudidado por el catedrático de Historia del Derecho Enrique San Miguel en su artículo “ La crisis de la estrategia política española en Norteamérica: de Bernardo de Gálvez a Luis de Onís”. Los profesores Leandro Martínez Peñas y Sara Granda estudian diversas cuestiones relativas a la aplicación de las convenciones de Nootka, tratado clave por el cual España alcanzó un acuerdo con Gran Bretaña sobre la región. Su trabajo se centra en la “letra pequeña” del tratado, en pequeños casos, en ocasiones sin gran trascendencia histórica, pero que sirven para aproximar al lector a todo lo que suponía 10 La monarquía hispánica en los confines del mundo la firma de un tratado internacional, no
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