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The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents From the Discovery of the New World (Indies, later America) Spanish explorers threw themselves with “gusto” into further discoverings and expeditions. They carried in their crew not only the “conquerors” and explorers, but also priests, public administrators who would judge the area’s value for colonization, linguists, scientists, and artists. These complete set of crew members charted the coasts, the currents, the winds, the fauna and flora, to report back to the crown for future actions and references. A very important part of the Spanish explorations, is the extent and role of local peoples in Spain’s discoveries. It was the objective of the crown that friendly connections and integration be made. In fact there were “civil wars” among the crown and some “colonizers” to enforce the Laws of Indies which so specified. Today, some of this information has been lost, but most is kept in public and private Spanish Museums, Libraries, Archives and private collections not only in Spain but in the America’s, Phillipines, the Vatican, Germany, Holland, and other european countries, and of course the United States, which over its 200 year existence as a nation, also managed to collect important information of the early explorations. Following is a synopsis of the Spanish adventure in the Pacific Ocean (Lago Español) and its precedents. The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS 1492 Cristobal Colon Caribean Sea Discovery New World (America) 1501 Rodrigo de Bastida Caribean coast of Panama & Colombia Vasco Nuñez Balboa is in crew 1509 Diego Nicuesa & Alonso Veragua and Rio Grande de Darien Colonize Juan de La Cosa, Francisco Ojeda Pizarro were on it 1509 Martin Fernandez de To assist prior expedition Vasco Nuñez Balboa is in crew Enciso 1510 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Becomes governor of Veragua /Darien Position of leadership 1513 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Walks across Straight of Panama to the Discovers South Sea (Pacific) South Sea 1516-18 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Builds the first ships in the Pacific bringing material across the Istmus 1518 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Explores San Miguel, isla de las Perlas First time ships constructed in America sail intends to later proceed to kingdon of on Pacific Piru (Peru) 1519-22 Fernando de Magallanes circumnavigates the earth. Discovers Dies in Philipines, Juan Sebastian de Patagonia, sails across South Sea and Elcano returns to Spain completing Indian Ocean to Atlantic and Spain. circumnavigation proof earth is Discovers the Mariana Islands and the spherical.All documented by Antonio Philipinies, among many others. Pinafetta 1521 Pascual de Andagoya Tries to head towards the kingdom of Gets as far as San Juan river in Colombia. Piru His observations encourage Pizarro to search for Peru 1522 Gonzalo Gomez Espinosa Sailed with Magallanes to the Philipines Discovered the Carolines islands and then sailed on his own 1522 Gonzalo Gomez de Attempted to find winds & currents to Remained at Molucas islands from the Espinosa return to Mexico from Molucas. Magallanes expedition. Evenctually made it to Portugal as prisoner 1524 Francisco Pizarro Searching for Peru 1924 sails to Andagoya & Puerto Piñas 1525-27 Garcia Jofre de Loaysa Second circumnavigation Discovery of the Moluca & other. Andres Urdaneta was crew 1526 Pizarro, Almagro & Luque Discover Bahia de Choco, Gallo, San Pizarro explores the continent while Luque Mateo Bay goes by sea 1526 Francisco de Hoces Part of Jofre Loaysa’s expedition got He reached New Zealand, Tasmania and split and was the first person to sight Australia was the first to sight Australia Cape Horn, later discovered and and New Zealand. Arrived in the Molucas, mapped by the Dutch. His saga starts Tuamotu, Raiatea, Tahiti, Raivavae after crossing the Magallanes straight where he became lost in the south Pacific 1527 Juan Tafur Comes from Panama to force Pizarro to Isla del Gallo abandon the expedition 1527-28 Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron Pursues exploration to Molucas and Cortes gives detailed exploration orders, (sponsored by Cortes) China. Unable to make the return from including respectful treatment of natives Molucas to Mexico The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS 1527 Alvaro Saavedra Sailed from Zihuatanejo to Marshall Unable to return to Mexico via the Pacific, islands, Carolines, Marianas and sailed to Spain via the Indian Ocean and Mindanao, Almirantazgo, Schouten and Cape Good Hope Ahoe. Tried twice to return to Spain via an eastern route. 1528 Francisco Pizarro Proceeds to isla de Gorgona, Upon completion Pizarro goes to Spain to Guayaquil & bahia de Tumbez get authority to proceed to Peru 1528 Alvaro Saavedra Sent by Cortes to assist Jofre 1531 Francisco Pizarro 3rd expedition to Peru with 3 ships, 180 This will end in the conquest of Peru by men and 37 horses Pizarro 1532-39 Expeditions sponsored by Objective to find way to China and Discovered the Baja California peninsula Hernando Cortes: return to Mexico and parts of Alta California. Diego Hurtado de (1532) Discovers Maria Islands Cortes dreamed of connecting China to Mendoza (1532) (1533)Santo Tomas islands & Mexico via de Pacific. Thes expeditions Hernando de Grijalva Revillagigedo noted prevailing winds and currents for (1533) (1535) Bahia de Santa Cruz that purpose. Ulloa provides the best Francisco de Ulloa (1535) (1537)Explores Mar de Cortes, and descriptions of the travels. From the Andres Tapia (1537) Pacific coast of both Californias begining Cortes imagined a trade link to Francisco Ulloa (1639) (1539)Identifies gulf of California and Asia from America via the Pacific Baja California as a peninsula 1534-35 Simon de Alcazaba Sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda to Documented geography fauna and flora explore the Magallanes straight and including sea lions, penguins that they isles surrounding it, including the Cape thought were young ducks Horn Returned to Santo Domingo 1535 Tomas Martinez Gomez Sailed from Panama to Peru Discovered Galapagos islands, leaving Bishop of Berlanga excellent description of habitat 1535-39 Pedro de Valdivia Sailed to Chile Conqueror of Venezuela (1535) and Chile (1539). Founder of Santiago and many other cities 1536-37 Hernando de Grijalva Sailed from Peru to Molucas staying at Discovered Revillaviejo islands, sea for longer than anyone. Found very Esporades Septentrionales, Gilbert, variable weather. Tried to return to Carolinas Mapia. Mexico but was prisioner in Papua until Amancio Larin Carrasco studied the saga rescued by Portugueses of this trip 1539 Alonso de Camargo Sailed from Seville to Magallanes In Patagonia founded the Enchanted City straight, included 150 soldiers and 13 women, spent time in Patagonia and ended in Lima 1540 Hernando de Alarcon Explores Gulf of California and finds the Discovers rio del Tizon (Colorado River) mouth of a large river, named it Tizon 1541 Francisco de Bolaños From Mexico sails to Pacific coast of Juan Ladrillero writes the expedition Californias up to Cedros Island descriptions 1542-45 Ruy Lopez Villalobos Sailed from Puerto Navidad (Cihuatlan, Expedition included four Agustinian friars. Jalisco) to Philipines unable to find the Documented the trip with maps and route back to Mexico to the east. On observations the way visited and named many islands; Revillagigedo, Marshall, Carolinas, Palaos. Discovered the Hawaiian islands naming Monjes, Mira , Mesa and Desgraciada The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS 1543 Bernardo de la Torre Salied the Pacific Discovered Volcano islands, Bonin, and several from the New Ginea islands 1542-43 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo Sailed from Puerto Navidad north from Discovered San Miguel (San Diego) &Bartolome Ferrelo Panama to Alta California. Charged Explore the coast of California and the with looking for the northern passage to southern coast of Oregon. Heavy winds the Atlantic. force return 1543-45 Bernardo de la Torre & Tried to find the eastern route from Many islands were discovered in the Iñigo Ortiz Retes Philipines to Mexico unsuccessfully Pacific 1544 Juan Bautista & Jeronimo Sailed to the strait of Magallanes from Unable to cross to the Atlantic Aldrete Peru 1545 Francisco Orellana & Sails from Spain to the mouth of the In the process discovers the Amazon and Francisco Ulloa Amazon and Caribean crosing Panama explores a portion of it. by foot and sailing to Callao 1553-54 Francisco de Ulloa Sailed the coast of Chile, crossed the Took note of conditions both ways. strait of Magallanes to the Atlantic, and Francisco Cortes Ojeda and Jeronimo de returned Vivar documented trip 1557-58 Juan Ladrillero Sailed across the stait of Magallanes Miguel Goyzuela was charged with through all the alternative routes narrating the trip 1564 Miguel Lopez Legazpi Comissioned by Philip II to find the Andres de Urdaneta called away from his eastern route from Philipines to Mexico. convent, and Juan Pablo de Carrion to join Sailed from Puerto Navidad westward the expedition as the most experienced through numerous islands to the great sailors. Sailed and discovered new islands island of Cebu beginning the formal in the Marshalls, Carolinas and Palaos conquest of Philipines. Urdarreta and Carrion suggested new routes. 1565 Alonso Arellano Part of the Legazpi expedition, was Under the pilot Lope Martin, a mulato he split from it and traveled alone through made the trip in 109 days. Made friends the Pacific islands, arriving in with philipinos. His was the first successful Philipines, and returning later turning Pacific crossing eastward, but was not north to the Japanese island of Sumisu celebrated because he was considered a and Schichito islands. Returning to deserter Puerto Navidad. 1565 Francisco de Urdarreta Return trip eastward from Cebu to Upon arrival in Mexico Urdarreta entered a Mexico through a new northward route, Monastery in Mexico, where he died.
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