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Home , Francisco de Eliza, Francisco Pizarro, Isabel Barreto, Juan de la Cosa, Juan Ladrillero, Manuel Quimper

The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

From the Discovery of the (Indies, later America) Spanish explorers threw themselves with “gusto” into further discoverings and expeditions. They carried in their crew not only the “conquerors” and explorers, but also priests, public administrators who would judge the area’s value for colonization, linguists, scientists, and artists. These complete set of crew members charted the coasts, the currents, the winds, the fauna and flora, to report back to the crown for future actions and references. A very important part of the Spanish , is the extent and role of local peoples in ’s discoveries. It was the objective of the crown that friendly connections and integration be made. In fact there were “civil wars” among the crown and some “colonizers” to enforce the Laws of Indies which so specified.

Today, some of this information has been lost, but most is kept in public and private Spanish Museums, Libraries, Archives and private collections not only in Spain but in the America’s, Phillipines, the Vatican, Germany, Holland, and other european countries, and of course the United States, which over its 200 year existence as a nation, also managed to collect important information of the early explorations. Following is a synopsis of the Spanish adventure in the Pacific Ocean (Lago Español) and its precedents. The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS

1492 Cristobal Colon Caribean Sea Discovery New World (America)

1501 Rodrigo de Bastida Caribean coast of & Vasco Nuñez Balboa is in crew

1509 Diego Nicuesa & Alonso Veragua and Rio Grande de Darien Colonize , Francisco Ojeda Pizarro were on it

1509 Martin Fernandez de To assist prior expedition Vasco Nuñez Balboa is in crew Enciso

1510 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Becomes governor of Veragua /Darien Position of leadership

1513 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Walks across Straight of Panama to the Discovers South Sea (Pacific) South Sea

1516-18 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Builds the first ships in the Pacific bringing material across the Istmus

1518 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Explores San Miguel, isla de las Perlas First time ships constructed in America sail intends to later proceed to kingdon of on Pacific Piru ()

1519-22 Fernando de Magallanes circumnavigates the earth. Discovers Dies in Philipines, Juan Sebastian de , sails across South Sea and Elcano returns to Spain completing Indian Ocean to Atlantic and Spain. circumnavigation proof earth is Discovers the Mariana Islands and the spherical.All documented by Antonio Philipinies, among many others. Pinafetta

1521 Tries to head towards the kingdom of Gets as far as San Juan river in Colombia. Piru His observations encourage Pizarro to search for Peru

1522 Gonzalo Gomez Espinosa Sailed with Magallanes to the Philipines Discovered the Carolines islands and then sailed on his own

1522 Gonzalo Gomez de Attempted to find winds & currents to Remained at Molucas islands from the Espinosa return to from Molucas. Magallanes expedition. Evenctually made it to as prisoner

1524 Searching for Peru 1924 sails to Andagoya & Puerto Piñas

1525-27 Garcia Jofre de Loaysa Second circumnavigation Discovery of the Moluca & other. Andres Urdaneta was crew

1526 Pizarro, Almagro & Luque Discover Bahia de Choco, Gallo, San Pizarro explores the continent while Luque Mateo Bay goes by sea

1526 Francisco de Hoces Part of Jofre Loaysa’s expedition got He reached New Zealand, Tasmania and split and was the first person to sight Australia was the first to sight Australia Cape Horn, later discovered and and New Zealand. Arrived in the Molucas, mapped by the Dutch. His saga starts Tuamotu, Raiatea, Tahiti, Raivavae after crossing the Magallanes straight where he became lost in the south Pacific

1527 Comes from Panama to force Pizarro to Isla del Gallo abandon the expedition

1527-28 Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron Pursues to Molucas and Cortes gives detailed exploration orders, (sponsored by Cortes) China. Unable to make the return from including respectful treatment of natives Molucas to Mexico The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS

1527 Alvaro Saavedra Sailed from Zihuatanejo to Marshall Unable to return to Mexico via the Pacific, islands, Carolines, Marianas and sailed to Spain via the Indian Ocean and Mindanao, Almirantazgo, Schouten and Cape Good Hope Ahoe. Tried twice to return to Spain via an eastern route.

1528 Francisco Pizarro Proceeds to isla de Gorgona, Upon completion Pizarro goes to Spain to Guayaquil & bahia de Tumbez get authority to proceed to Peru

1528 Alvaro Saavedra Sent by Cortes to assist Jofre

1531 Francisco Pizarro 3rd expedition to Peru with 3 ships, 180 This will end in the conquest of Peru by men and 37 horses Pizarro

1532-39 Expeditions sponsored by Objective to find way to China and Discovered the Baja peninsula Hernando Cortes: return to Mexico and parts of . Diego Hurtado de (1532) Discovers Maria Islands Cortes dreamed of connecting China to Mendoza (1532) (1533)Santo Tomas islands & Mexico via de Pacific. Thes expeditions Hernando de Grijalva Revillagigedo noted prevailing winds and currents for (1533) (1535) Bahia de Santa Cruz that purpose. Ulloa provides the best Francisco de Ulloa (1535) (1537)Explores Mar de Cortes, and descriptions of the travels. From the Andres Tapia (1537) Pacific coast of both begining Cortes imagined a trade link to Francisco Ulloa (1639) (1539)Identifies gulf of California and Asia from America via the Pacific Baja California as a peninsula

1534-35 Simon de Alcazaba Sailed from Sanlucar de Barrameda to Documented geography fauna and flora explore the Magallanes straight and including sea lions, penguins that they isles surrounding it, including the Cape thought were young ducks Horn Returned to Santo Domingo

1535 Tomas Martinez Gomez Sailed from Panama to Peru Discovered Galapagos islands, leaving Bishop of Berlanga excellent description of habitat

1535-39 Sailed to Conqueror of Venezuela (1535) and Chile (1539). Founder of and many other cities

1536-37 Hernando de Grijalva Sailed from Peru to Molucas staying at Discovered Revillaviejo islands, sea for longer than anyone. Found very Esporades Septentrionales, Gilbert, variable weather. Tried to return to Carolinas Mapia. Mexico but was prisioner in Papua until Amancio Larin Carrasco studied the saga rescued by Portugueses of this trip

1539 Alonso de Camargo Sailed from to Magallanes In Patagonia founded the Enchanted City straight, included 150 soldiers and 13 women, spent time in Patagonia and ended in

1540 Hernando de Alarcon Explores Gulf of California and finds the Discovers rio del Tizon (Colorado River) mouth of a large river, named it Tizon

1541 Francisco de Bolaños From Mexico sails to Pacific coast of Juan Ladrillero writes the expedition Californias up to Cedros Island descriptions

1542-45 Ruy Lopez Villalobos Sailed from Puerto Navidad (Cihuatlan, Expedition included four Agustinian friars. Jalisco) to Philipines unable to find the Documented the trip with maps and route back to Mexico to the east. On observations the way visited and named many islands; Revillagigedo, Marshall, Carolinas, Palaos. Discovered the Hawaiian islands naming Monjes, Mira , Mesa and Desgraciada The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS

1543 Bernardo de la Torre Salied the Pacific Discovered Volcano islands, Bonin, and several from the New Ginea islands

1542-43 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo Sailed from Puerto Navidad north from Discovered San Miguel (San Diego) &Bartolome Ferrelo Panama to Alta California. Charged Explore the coast of California and the with looking for the northern passage to southern coast of Oregon. Heavy winds the Atlantic. force return

1543-45 Bernardo de la Torre & Tried to find the eastern route from Many islands were discovered in the Iñigo Ortiz Retes Philipines to Mexico unsuccessfully Pacific

1544 Juan Bautista & Jeronimo Sailed to the strait of Magallanes from Unable to cross to the Atlantic Aldrete Peru

1545 Francisco Orellana & Sails from Spain to the mouth of the In the process discovers the Amazon and Francisco Ulloa Amazon and Caribean crosing Panama explores a portion of it. by foot and sailing to

1553-54 Francisco de Ulloa Sailed the coast of Chile, crossed the Took note of conditions both ways. strait of Magallanes to the Atlantic, and Francisco Cortes Ojeda and Jeronimo de returned Vivar documented trip

1557-58 Juan Ladrillero Sailed across the stait of Magallanes Miguel Goyzuela was charged with through all the alternative routes narrating the trip

1564 Miguel Lopez Legazpi Comissioned by Philip II to find the Andres de Urdaneta called away from his eastern route from Philipines to Mexico. convent, and Juan Pablo de Carrion to join Sailed from Puerto Navidad westward the expedition as the most experienced through numerous islands to the great sailors. Sailed and discovered new islands island of Cebu beginning the formal in the Marshalls, Carolinas and Palaos conquest of Philipines. Urdarreta and Carrion suggested new routes.

1565 Alonso Arellano Part of the Legazpi expedition, was Under the pilot Lope Martin, a mulato he split from it and traveled alone through made the trip in 109 days. Made friends the Pacific islands, arriving in with philipinos. His was the first successful Philipines, and returning later turning Pacific crossing eastward, but was not north to the Japanese island of Sumisu celebrated because he was considered a and Schichito islands. Returning to deserter Puerto Navidad.

1565 Francisco de Urdarreta Return trip eastward from Cebu to Upon arrival in Mexico Urdarreta entered a Mexico through a new northward route, Monastery in Mexico, where he died. He arriving in Japan and crossing the charted the western trip from Acapulco Pacific to Acapulco.130 days of travel slightly south to Cebu and from Cebu and the first successful trip eastward northward to Alta California and Acapulco. from Asia. Opening trading between Mexico and China

1566 Pedro Sanchez Pericon Sailed from Acapulco with Lope Martin This third trip convinced authorities of the after a mutiny left Lope and others in viability of the crossing back and forth or the and arrived in commercial purposes Cebu. Discovered the island of Pasion 500 miles from Mexican coast and many islands in the Marshalls

1566 Galeones de , Nao After the completion of the Urdarreta Trade between Asia and America was thus de Acapulco or Naos de trip the Nao de Acapulco was established with emergency stops in China established, making one to two trips per and later Monterrey California year, they required no military protection. Thus Philipines, China India, Ceilan, Thailand, and Japan were linked commercially to America The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS

1567-69 Alvaro de Mendaña & Sailed Callao into the Pacific to explore Visited mapped and documented many Sarmiento de Gamboa and find the islands known by the Inca islands Salomon, Marshall, Elice, Wake as having great riches in soil for and many others which were named. They cultivation and gold. They were situated founded Puerto de la Estrella in the Santa far into the Pacific Ocean. Inca stories Isabel de la Estrella Island, in Salomon, narrated how great expeditions in and found the island of Guadalcanal and balsas with square seals and rigging Elice. Documented flora and fauna and came from the islands of gold. These customs finding canibalism. are thought to be the Hawaii islands. The information collected and documented Along the way they built smaller ships containned in 14 diary books, was not for local explorations, and small surpassed for more than 200 years. detachments walked the islands. Returning via the north coast of Oregon and California to Callao a trip of 23,000 nautical miles

1569 Juan de Fuca (Juan el Sails from Veracruz, via straight of on his way to is taken prisoner Griego) Magallanes to Callao and Valparaiso, by Drake, then in 1587 on a trip returning and then makes several trips on the from manila is taken prisoner by Nao de Acapulco Cavendish.

1574 Juan Fernandez Sailed south from Callao, Peru to Chile Discovered the isles of Juan Fernandez. A and returned to Peru difficult trip with winds and currents.

1577 Bernardino de Escalante Colleted nautical information of diaries proposed diplomatic relations with China regarding the Pacific, Orient and China

1580 Gonzalo Ronquillo de Sailed from Manila to find an alternative The expedition arrived in New Guinea and Peñalosa route to Amercia in the south returned to Manila

1581-84 Fray Martin Ignacio de Sailed around the world Descriptions obtainned on Japan and Loyola Cochinchina

1581 Pedro sarmiento de Sailed from Cadiz to Magallanes Captured by English pirates had to be Gamboa straight with the charge of creating rescued by Spain settlements to protect the straight from the likes of Drake piracy, sailing back and forth to Brasil for reinforcements.

1584 Francisco Stroza Gali Sailed from Manila to Acapulco on the Excellent cartographer. In Japan observed way explored the Alta California and and noted winds, currents, depth, and Oregon coast water temperature. Also noted whales and tuna migrations. Data suggested existence of a straight to the north.

1585 Fray Gonzalez de An Agustine friar wrote extensively Published the best known book on China Mendoza about navigation from Mexico to Japan from direct sources of explorers and other and Cochinchina (Vietnam, Thailand) friars who traveled to Asia

1587 Pedro de Unamuno & Fray Sails from Manila to Macao joined there Unamuno narrates the trip in his Martin Ignacio de Loyola by three franciscan priests Crossed memoires. First time Philipinos come to Pacific to Morro Bay calling it Puerto de American soil in Morro Bay. Fray Martin San Lucas.. Arrived in Acapulco writes a book about his trip around the world

1588 Lorenzo Ferrer Maldonado Sailed coast of Labrador from Atlantic Describes discovering the straight of Anian to Artic Ocean returnning via the same at 60 degrees. The account includes some route. Malaspina thought it linked with maps. Malaspina looked for the route in Yakutat in a bay surrounded by 1789 but could not find it and rendered it glaciers, but could not find the link. The false. Bering Straight was evenctually found by Bering in 1725 gave it his name at 67 degrees The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS

1591 Juan de Fuca Sails Acapulco along Pacific Coast to Discovered the straight of Juan de Fuca Alaska. Looking for the straight of Anian which he thought was Anian. Was not (northern passage) to the Atlantic. given much credit because of associations Suggested the reality of that feature with slavery and the English due to current and temperature studies

1594 Rodrigo de Cermeño Sails from Manila to the coast of Experiences many adventures recorded California near Eurka to Puerto for posterity, more precise descriptions Navidadand later Acapulco and data than prior ones

1595 Alvaro de Mendaña Second expedition sails from Callao Discovered the , and a sailed with his wife Isabel towards the Salomon islands this time great island with a volcano named by him Barreto with the objective of settlement. Died in Santa Cruz, with large population Santa Cruz island of a local sickness

1595 Isabel Barreto Completed the expedition from Santa Handled the expedition with an iron hand. Cruz island to Manila Philipines Once in Manila she married again and completed sail to Acapulco

1596 Sebastian Vizcaino Sails from Acapulco for his first Explores Gulf of California looking for expedition to Baja California, founding resources and means to stop piratry the city of

1602-03 Sebastian Vizcaino Sails from Acapulco to Alta California Renamed San Diego and charted the following steps of Cabrillo and others, coastline drawn later by Enrico Martinez. charted the coastline, documented Looking for an early stop point in the mid- winds, whales and other fauna and Pacific for the Naos de Acapulco. Later in flora. Named Bahia de Ballenas across 1608 the crown looks fo islands in the mid- from Cedros Island. Arrived Monterrey, Pacific (Hawaii or Tahiti??) proceed to Cape Mendocino. Looking for the northern passage (Anian)

1603 Gabriel de Castilla Sailed from Callao and discovered Laurenz Claesz described the trip. Antartida

1603 Fray Luis Sotelo Sailed from Manila to Japan to spread Instrumental in assisting the Shogun to the gospel. Returned later as a trader visit and Rome wirn Embassy

1604 Sebastian Vizcaino Constructs road from to The king names him General of the Manila the Pacific (Tehuantepec) Galleon

1605-06 Pedro Fernandez de Sailed earlier with Mendaña, and Discovered Tuamotu,Caroline, Quiros y Torres became enamored of Pacific Polinesia Rakahanga, Duff, Taumaco and New wishing to settle it. Baptized the Austral Hebrids/Vanuatu, & other Polinesian Lands of Espiritu Santo (Australia) and islands naming them with Spanish names returned to Puerto Navidad

1607 Luis de Vaez de Torres Sailed the Pacific noting numerous Gave his name to the straight between the islands south of Nueva Guinea. Coral Sea and Anarufa in Australia. Discovered Tagula islands, bahia de Disembarking in the islands described Oba, Orangerie, Mailu, sailed through geography flora and fauna,including the Molucas, and there he discovered relations they had with the natives. the straight between New Guinea and Documents are preserved in the Simancas Australia that until then were thought to Archive be the same island conected with the continent to the south known as Tierra Australis

1609 Rodrigo de Vivero y Sailing from Manila to Mexico his ship Established friendly relations with Japan Velasco sunk in the Japanese islands, saved through a treaty that allowed Spain to and taken to the Shogun. Built a ship establish a mining industry, and trade and the trip was continued to Mexico The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS

1611-13 Sebastian Vizcaino Sails from Puerto Navidad toward Ambassador to Japan prepares treaty Japan discovered hundreds of islands between Japan and Spain in the Pacific

1613-23 Nicolas & Tomas Cardona. Sailed from Seville to Isla Margarita, Three trips prospecting for pearls, and Juan Iturbe and Veracruz to Acapulco. Made three attacked by Dutch pirates exploration trips along the Pacific

1618-19 Diego Ramirez de Arellano Sailed from Lisboa to Madeira, Canary Ramirez Arellano a scientist joined the & Garcia de Nodal islands, Cabo Verde, to Rio de Janeiro Nodal brothers. Had intensive scientific brothers and Patagonia, crossed the Magallanes discussions and described their straight to the Pacific. Returned to explorations to Patagonia, Tierra de Fuego Lisboa via the Atlantic Ocean

1620 Sor Jeronima de la Sailed from Sevilla to Veracruz, then to Founded convent of Santa Clara in Asuncion, a clarisa nun Mexico and Acapulco crossing the Manila, first in Asia, handled religious, Pacific to Manila social an political issues through her life

1632-36 Francisco Ortega Three prospecting trips for pearls From Acapulco to Sea of Cortes

1638 Galeon Nuestra senora de Sunk on its way to Manila Survivers saved in Saipan Island, they la Concepcion document the island and natives

1640 Pedro Bartolome Fonte Sailed from Valparaiso, Callao, and Describes entering a great straight which Acapulco to the 53 degree latitude he thinks is Anian

1648 Pedro Porter Cassanate Sails from Sinaloa on first expedition to Reconnaissance identifying fauna and Gulf of California flora specifically whales and seals

1649 Pedro Porter Cassanate Sails second time to identify California Patrols de Pacific coasts against prirates, as an island to protect Manila Galeons looks for ways to protect Manila Galeons

1666-72 Fray Diego Luis de San Traveled to Manila and from there Lived and served in Guam to his death Vitores settled in Guam

1698 Fausto de Cruzat Gongora Sailed from Manila to the islands the expedition sunk

1699 Fray Eusebio Kino Traveled from Missions in Sonora to Confirmed Baja California was a peninsula California by foot not an island. Maps and descriptions published in 1705

1708 Pedro Gonzalez de Pareja Sailed from Manila to Palau. This and The three expeditions that follow the two expeditions that follow were maintainned the same course and sponsored by the Jesuits. This is the provided detailed island descriptions first expedition following the discovery of the islands by natives that arrived in Philipines and contacted the Spanish

1709 Miguel de Elorriaga Sailed from Manila to Palau Left his diary detailing expedition

1710 Francisco de Padilla Sailed from Manila to Palau Second expedition to Palau

1734 Joseph Gonzalez Cabrera Multiple sailings from Acapulco to Navigation Manual that compiled all prior Bueno Philipines.Wrote and published a information gathered by prior explorers Navigation Manual since 1601

1768 Jose Galvez Drafted the inital plan for the The plan included a sea expedition with colonization of Alta California to protect three ships, and a land expedition with two the settlements from the Russians groups

1770 Jose Antonio Birt Sailed from Chile to the Juan charged with exploring the islands Fernandez Islands The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS

1770-71 Felipe Gonzalez & Antonio Sailed from Chile to Rapa Nui (Isla de Made maps and described islands, made Domonte Ortiz de Zuñiga Pascua ). Exploring the islands for friends with natives and created a colonizing possibilities and security dictionary. Signing document of posession against English. Returned to Callao both Spanish and natives signed

1772-73 Domingo de Bonechea Sailed from Callao to Isla de Pascua Visited Tahiti calling it Amat made maps, and Tahiti where he invited four natives studied flora and fauna, soil conditions for to return to Valparaiso, passed future settlement, dealt with natives and additional islands and took information made a dictionary of the native’s language on them plus settlement by natives

1773 Felix Tonzo Sailed from Manila to chart the souther Was caught in a tyffun and produced crossing to Acapulco, arriving in Alta descriptions of all he saw California and with the ship in bad shape arrived in San Blas

1774 Juan Perez Sailed from San Blas to latitude 54 Arrived at Queen Charlote islands in degrees and returned, after exploring Canada and explored them through and sailing up river almost arriving at 60 excellent diaries. Encounter with Haida degree latitude indians.

1774-75 Domingo de Bonechea. Sailed from Callao for Tahiti. Signing a Left settlers in Tahiti and went on to Tomas Gayangos & Juan document with natives accepting discover 16 sets of islands more in Herve Spanish settlement. Discovered more Tuamotu, Society and Australia islands and returned to Callao

1775 y Sailed from San Blas to latitude 58 Had the most modern instruments of Duragoitia & Juan degrees and returned, after exploring navigation and took extensive notes, and Francisco Bodega y San Francisco Bay from the sea, were took posession of several islands and left Quadra corroborated by a landward expedition. descriptions Named Angel & Alcatraz

1775-76 Cayetano Langara Sailed from Callao to Tahiti to provide This expedition completed efforts by Spain reinforcements and allow those who to colonize Tahiti. However the natives wanted to return to mainland to do so, remembered them well and spoke well of most returned to Callao them to others (Cook et all)

1775 Francisco Antonio Stationed in San Blas, sails in the One of the greatest Naval officers of Spain Mourelle de la Rua Hezeta expedition, and later, with of the era. Took posession of new lands Bodega y Quadra to Alaska entering met natives, left maps and descriptions Sitka, went as far as 60 degree latitude

1779 Ignacio de Arteaga & Juan Sailed from San Blas with the objective Arrived in Puerto Santa Cruz and explored Francisco de Bodega y of arriving at the 70 degree latitude, its surroundings, discovered Kayak island, Quadra arriving at the 60 degree latitude before Etches and Hinchinbrook and Prince returning to San Blas Guilerno Bay, Afognak island

1780-81 Francisco Antonio Sailed from Manila to structure a Charged with taking secret documents to Mourelle de la Rua defense of the Philipines in the outward San Blas. On his way traveled through islands. Sailed then from Sisiran taking Polinesia making maps geographic and the south route but had to veer north social information named all the islands. due to the winds Drawings made of the various festivities

1782 Esteban Jose Martinez & Sailed from San Blas to Monterrey, Prepared detailed maps of the zone, gave Juan Pantoja Arriaga Santa Barbara and San Diego names to Punta Arguello, Cojo Bay, Goleta Bay

1786 Jose de Moraleda y Sailed from Valparaiso to explore and Mapped and described in detail fauna and Montero describe the Chile islands in Patagonia. flora as well as the natives

1786-88 Sailed from Spain to Philipines via the Was working for the Royal Philipines Atlantic and returned via the Pacific and Company Indian oceans The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS

1788 Esteban Jose Martimez & Sailed from San Blas to the Aleutian Studied the possibility of a naval base in Gonzalo Jose Haro islands where for the first time they Nutka came into contact with the Russians and returned to San Blas

1789 Esteban Jose Martinez & Sailed from San Blas to Nutka to No longer found Russians but did find US Gonzalo Jose Haro establish a military base. English ships and Portuguese ships hunting for furs. were aprehended until negotiatioms Further exploration and consolidation of resulted in an agreement in 1790 military base

1789-94 Alejandro Malaspina & Sailed from Spain around the world One of the great expeditions of Jose Bustamante taking maritime, fauna and flora and humankind. Documented maritime, cultural information on all Spanish geographic, fauna, flora and cultural items posessions and previously identified throughout the Americas, Australia, locales. This is one of the most Polynesia, Philipines, and Asia. important scientific expeditions ever Coordinated sea, river and land made, a coordinated ocean expedition expeditions, such as an expedition with land and river expeditions. One of through the and rivers etc. The the best, if not the best documented linguists in the expedition created various expedition of all time. The records are dictionaries, and the archaeologists still being studied, and much still needs identified, described and sketched various to be done to allow understanding and ruins perspective of the environment and cultures of the era of navigation

1790-91 Sailed from San Blas carrying Consolidates Spanish posession and equipment and troops, as well as a completes reconnaissance of the area. surgeon-doctor and priest to Nutka Constructs Nutka fort called San Miguel, and buildings for the Spanish colonists

1790 Sailed from Nutka to 60 degree latitude, Named Principe Guillermo and other sites naming islands, bays and geographic that have changed to Anglo names. Saw sites, met locals, explored and returned and described eruption of volcano naming to Monterrey. it Fidalgo. Met natives in who guided to discover the Cook River

1790 Sailed from Nutka to explore Juan de In Clayocuat met chief Macuina who Fuca Straight, Clayocuat Bay with the offered information on area customs, highest concentration of natives in the history and directed him to the Straight of NW. Did a detailed reconnaissance but Juan de Fuca. Named many places and failed to realize Vancouver as an island. discovered and took posession of the Bay Returned to San Blas of Nunez de Gaona (now Neah bay)

1791 Manuel Quimper Sailed from San Blas to Hawaii Discovered Pearl Harbor. Gave all his documenting and mapping the islands, observations to Malaspina In Philipines arrived at Philipines

1791 Francisco Eliza Sails from Nutka for another exploratory Carrying small boats they explore rivers expedition to the north. Return to Nutka and small islands naming all of them

1792 Dionisio Alcala Galiano & Sailed from Acapulco arriving in Nutka. One of the offshots of the Malaspina Cayetano Valdes Alcala Galiano was hired for his Expedition documented the Pacific knowledge of astronomy and was Northwest of America. Was the first charged with looking for the north mariner to resolve exactly the problems of passage to the Atlantic confirming that it determining latitude related to the pole. was not possible to get through the iced Wrote manuals and trigonometric seas. During the process, collaborated calcualtion tables used by others later with other mariners from other nations in a very possitive manner The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS

1792 Juan Francisco Bodega y Sailed from San Blas to Nutka, meeting His relations were also excellent with the Cuadra working together natives towards common goal of exploration, jointly calling the large island Bodega- Vancouver

1792 Jose Mariano Moziño Sailed from San Blas to Nutka and the A biologist, medical doctor and NW Pacific and returned to Mexico etnohistorian, born in Mexico. Documented all information and created a dictionary of native and Spanish words

1792 Jacinto Caamaño y Sailed from San Blas to Juan de Fuca Was accompanied by the botanist Jose Moraleja Straight. Took posession of Bahia de Maldonado who described flora and fauna Bucareli, sailed past many areas with Spanish names. His own name remains in the Caamaño Bay and Straight

1793 Francisco de Eliza & Juan Sailed from San Blas to Nutka and Documented the coastline and interior Martinez Zayas decided to document areas to the north lands all the way from Nutka to San without finding North Passage (Anian) Francisco.

1793 Jose Salas y Valdes Sailed from Callao to Isla de Pascua Island is volcanic of great ecologic discovered the island of Salas y Gomez interested only inhabited by those that the natives ostracized from Pascua

1795 Ignacio Maria de Alava & Sailed from Cadiz with five ships to Saenz de Navarrete Manila, returned via Indian Ocean

1799 Miguel Zapiain y Sailed from Spain to Acapulco to Manila Discovered island of Patrocinio in Midway Valladares and returned to Spain islands, and Hawaii

1803-06 Royal Philantropic Headed by Dr. Francisco Javier de the samllpox vacine was recently Expedition for Vacunation Balmis y Berenguer. Sailed from La discovered, and it was decided to assist under captain Pedro del Coruña to Tenerife, Puerto Rico, populations in the colonies to control such Barco y España Venezuela, Habana, Yucatan, Puebla, epidemic. A medical expedition was Mexico DF, Acapulco, Manila, Canton, established with doctors, and nurses, as Macao, Santa Helena and Lisboa. well as 23 children 8-18 years old who The total vacunations were very high were the live carriers of the vacine that into the tens of thousands, covering would then give their blood to locals and much of the populations of the urban protect them from the sickness centers. Subsequently the program was adopted by the Chinese and Japanese as well, so the impact was even greater

1805 Juan Bautista Monteverde Sailed from Philipines to Callao His diary is very detailed describing all avoiding the galleon route islands, contacts and presents received from the natives, specially Nukuoro islands the last Spanish discovery in the Pacific.

1834-87 Effort by Sinibaldo de Mas The loss of much of the Americaln Efforts were made to acquire lands in to establish a Naval Base colonies through independence limitted Arabia, Somalia or Erithrea but those were in Arabia, Somalia, or Spanish access to American ports so not successful Erithrea Spain begun to look for alternative means of supplying Philipines

1858-63 Intervention with France in By treaty Spain joinned forces with France laid claim to Vietnam, and US and Cochinchina (Vietnam, France to establish bases in England did not support any expansion of Thailand and Cambodia) Cochinchina for stability of the colonies the Spanish territory. Spain ended up in Philipines. Numerous battles all won wasting its wealth, manpower and effort. by Spain and France, with Spain taking the brunt due to its resources nearby in Philipines, Guam and the Marianas The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents

YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS

1866 Scientific Commission for Designed as a goodwill voyage through Scientists were Patricio Paz y Membiela the Pacific under the the Americas Asia and Australia Naval Officer and specialist in species command of Luis included three ships with 7 scientist malacologic; Fernando Amor y Mayor Hernandez-Pinzon & specialists and photographers. Sailed geologist and entomologist; Francisco de Alvarez Vives from Cadiz. Information collected was Paula Martinez y Saenz mammals, classified and send to Spain from ports aquatic reptiles, fishes, molusks and visited. Oceanic expedition also zooplankton; Marcos Jimenez de la included land expeditions that crossed Espada, birds, mammals, and reptiles; from Buenos Aires to Valparaiso by Manuel Almagro y Vega nedical doctor, foot. Traveled from via the river etnology and anthropology; Juan Isern y Napo in canoes to Iquitos and the Batllo, botanist; Bartolome Puig y Galup, Amazones to Manaus and Gran Para. medical doctor, taxidermist and For the most part trip was successful conservator; and, Rafael Castro Ordoñez except in Chile where action had to be painter, draftsman and photographer taken to protect Spanish nationals. Traveledthe Atlantic coast through Cape Horn up the Pacific coast to San Francisco, rethurning through generally the same route since the crossing to Asia was made difficult.The expedition written in a book by Puig-Samper later was the subject of exibition in Madrid

1866 Mendez Nunez, Battle of Mendez Nuñez sailed the Numancia This battle was the response to the Callao from Cadiz to Callao, and then to Spain abuses perpetrated by the Chile, Peru, via the Philipines and Cape of Good Bolivia, and on Spanish Hope. Participated in Battle of Callao. nationals. There were no winners, Peace was signed in Paris in 1879. although the Peruvian fort in Callao was The Numancia was the first steel ship destroyed and the Spanish ships retreated to make the circumnavigation of the with some damage but able to sail. Both Earth sides celebrated their victory and there was no further action

1898 Spanish American War Spain lost the last colonies in , The islands of Marianas, Carolines, and Puerto Rico, Philipines, Guan to the were sold to Germany formalized United States in 1900 and ending Spain´s presence in the Pacific ¨Spanish Lake