Mauritius Telecom Annual Report 2011
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Optical Fibre Submarine Systems
Optical fibre submarine GREENLAND systems D N ALASKA A (USA) ICELAND L Umeå N Vestmannaeyjar BOTNIA I Vaasa F Faroes SWEDEN Rauma RUSSIA 6 x 622 Turku Hallstavik Whittier Valdez Karst 2 + 1 x 2.5 Gbit/s Norrtälje Kingisepp Seward Tallin NORWAY ESTONIA U N Lena I 2 x 560 LATVIA CANTAT-3 T point AC-1 E DENMARK CANADA D Westerland LITHUANIA Northstar 2 x 4 (WDM) x 2.5 Gbit/s TAT-14 K I N REP. OF IRELAND G BELORUSSIA TAT-10 2 + 1 x 560 D S D Norden/ N O LA Grossheide ER POLAND M TH NE GERMANY Gemini North 2 x 6 (WDM) x 2.5 Gbit/s BELGIUM CZECH Dieppe REP. Port UKRAINE Alberni NPC 3 + 1 x 420 St Brieuc SLOVAK REP. M O KAZAKHSTAN L FRANCE D Seattle AC-1 AUSTRIA A V TPC-5 2 x 5 Gbit/s HUNGARY I Tillamook PTAT-1 3 + 1 x 420 Gbit/s SWITZ. I A A Odessa DM) x 2.5 St Hilaire de Riez SLOVEN 2 x 6 (W MONGOLIA i South FLAG Atlantic-1 160 Gbit/s emin CROATIA ROMANIA Pacific G Y I U Novorossijsk City Pennant Point HERZEGOVINABOSNIA- G s T O 2.5 SochiGbit/s PC-1 Medway Harbour Gbit/ S x 5 L TAT-11 3 DxM 560) A Varna Shirley x 3 (W A V Nakhodka TAT-12 2 x 3 (WDM) x 5 Gbit/s 2 I GEORGIA Ishikati TAT-13 A BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN Rhode Island F L PC-1 L ALBANIA Poti A KYRGYZSTAN N Long Island G Y TAT-9 2 + 1 x 560 ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN New York MACEDONIA TURKMENISTAN NORTH Bandon TAT-8 2 x 280 Istanbul KOREA FLAG Atlantic-1 160 Gbit/s Azores SPAIN E R-J-K C 2 x 560 0 EE 6 R 5 G Dalian A CANUS-1 TAT-14 PORTUGAL TURKEY JIH CableProject Japan-US Manasquan Lisbon UNITED STATES 3x TAJIKISTAN Point Sesimbra PC-1 Arena Tuckerton Marmaris Yantaï SOUTH P TPC-4 2 x 560 A S -
Grammar for Academic Writing
GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Tony Lynch and Kenneth Anderson (revised & updated by Anthony Elloway) © 2013 English Language Teaching Centre University of Edinburgh GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Contents Unit 1 PACKAGING INFORMATION 1 Punctuation 1 Grammatical construction of the sentence 2 Types of clause 3 Grammar: rules and resources 4 Ways of packaging information in sentences 5 Linking markers 6 Relative clauses 8 Paragraphing 9 Extended Writing Task (Task 1.13 or 1.14) 11 Study Notes on Unit 12 Unit 2 INFORMATION SEQUENCE: Describing 16 Ordering the information 16 Describing a system 20 Describing procedures 21 A general procedure 22 Describing causal relationships 22 Extended Writing Task (Task 2.7 or 2.8 or 2.9 or 2.11) 24 Study Notes on Unit 25 Unit 3 INDIRECTNESS: Making requests 27 Written requests 28 Would 30 The language of requests 33 Expressing a problem 34 Extended Writing Task (Task 3.11 or 3.12) 35 Study Notes on Unit 36 Unit 4 THE FUTURE: Predicting and proposing 40 Verb forms 40 Will and Going to in speech and writing 43 Verbs of intention 44 Non-verb forms 45 Extended Writing Task (Task 4.10 or 4.11) 46 Study Notes on Unit 47 ii GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Unit 5 THE PAST: Reporting 49 Past versus Present 50 Past versus Present Perfect 51 Past versus Past Perfect 54 Reported speech 56 Extended Writing Task (Task 5.11 or 5.12) 59 Study Notes on Unit 60 Unit 6 BEING CONCISE: Using nouns and adverbs 64 Packaging ideas: clauses and noun phrases 65 Compressing noun phrases 68 ‘Summarising’ nouns 71 Extended Writing Task (Task 6.13) 73 Study Notes on Unit 74 Unit 7 SPECULATING: Conditionals and modals 77 Drawing conclusions 77 Modal verbs 78 Would 79 Alternative conditionals 80 Speculating about the past 81 Would have 83 Making recommendations 84 Extended Writing Task (Task 7.13) 86 Study Notes on Unit 87 iii GRAMMAR FOR ACADEMIC WRITING Introduction Grammar for Academic Writing provides a selective overview of the key areas of English grammar that you need to master, in order to express yourself correctly and appropriately in academic writing. -
A Blue BRICS, Maritime Security, and the South Atlantic François Vreÿ
Contexto Internacional vol. 39(2) May/Aug 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2017390200008 A Blue BRICS, Maritime Security, and the South Atlantic François Vreÿ François Vreÿ* Abstract: Analysts frequently label the BRICS grouping of states (Brazil, India, Russia, China, and South Africa) as primarily an economic club emphasising economic performances as primary ob- jectives. Co-operation of international groupings are rarely, if ever, set within the context of their access to maritime interests, security, and benefits. A second void stems from the lack of emphasis upon the economic benefits of secured maritime domains. In this vein, a common, but neglected aspect of the BRICS grouping’s power and future influence resides in their maritime domains, the value of which ultimately depends upon the responsible governance and use of ocean territories. The maritime interests of BRICS countries only become meaningful if reinforced by maritime se- curity governance and co-operation in the respective oceans. Presently China and India seem to dominate the maritime stage of BRICS, but the South Atlantic is an often overlooked space. For BRICS the value of the South Atlantic stems from how it secures and unlocks the potential of this maritime space through co-operative ventures between Brazil, South Africa as a late BRICS partner, and West African littoral states in particular. Unfortunately, BRICS holds its own maritime tensions, as member countries also pursue competing interests at sea. Keywords: Africa; Brazil; BRICS; Maritime Security; South Atlantic; South Africa. Introduction Contemporary maritime thought prioritises matters that underpin the use of the oceans in more constructive ways, underlines the importance of co-operation, and manages the oceans in a way that promotes sustainability (Petrachenko 2012: 74). -
High-Speed Broadband Submarine Cable FLY-LION3 Makes Landfall in Mayotte
Press Release Mamoudzou (Mayotte), 25 February 2019 High-speed broadband submarine cable FLY-LION3 makes landfall in Mayotte Orange and the members of the FLY-LION3 (Lower Indian Ocean Network) consortium - the Société Réunionnaise du Radiotéléphonie and Comores Câbles - have completed the deployment of a new fibre-optic submarine cable connecting Moroni (Grande Comore) and Mamoudzou (Mayotte). The cable, which is scheduled to be activated in the third quarter of 2019, made landfall in Mamoudzou today. The 400 km-long FLY-LION3 cable will enhance the connectivity in the Indian Ocean by opening a new route to connect Mayotte to the global internet and a direct connection to Grande Comore. Orange Marine, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Orange group, is responsible for laying the cable. Diversification and security With landing stations in Kaweni (Mamoudzou) and Moroni, FLY- LION3 provides new diversification solutions for submarine telecommunications infrastructure and provides greater security in the event of outages in the zone. FLY-LION3 will also link to existing cables LION2 and EASSy, offering a direct connection to the east coast of Africa. The FLY-LION3 cable benefits from 1 wavelength division multiplexing technology, which enables each fibre pair to reach a maximum capacity of 20x100Gbps. The cable includes two pairs of fibres making for a total capacity of 4 terabits per second. FLY-LION3 will support the development of high-speed broadband internet in both regions for many years to come. Powerful networks for every region For many years, Orange has helped to improve connectivity in the Indian Ocean by participating and investing in several submarine cable projects: . -
Global Infrastructure Map Switz
Greenland Iceland Sweden Russia Finland Faroe Is. Norway Estonia Latvia United Kingdom Denmark TEA Canada TEA Lanis-3 Lithuania ERA Lanis-2 Lanis-1 ERA Belarus TEA-3 Ireland Netherlands Concerto Poland Solas Germany TEA-3 Belgium Czech Rep. TEA-3 PC-1 Lux. EPEG Slovakia Ukraine PC-1 Tata TGN-Pacific GTT Atlantic Tata TGN-Pacific Tata TGN-Pacific GTT Atlantic HUGO Tata TGN-Pacific Liech. Moldova Kazakhstan Austria Trans-Pacific Express France Switz. Hungary Trans-Pacific Express FASTER Slovenia FASTER Romania Mongolia TEA Japan-U.S. Japan-U.S. Apollo Tata TGN- Croatia Western Europe PC-1 EPEG PC-1 Unity/EAC-Pacific Bos. & Herz. TEA Unity/EAC-Pacific Serbia Italy Mont. PC-1 TataTGN-Pacific FLAG Atlantic-1 Uzbekistan 2Africa Kos. Bulgaria FLAG Atlantic-1 Andorra Apollo Georgia AAE-1 Macedonia Kyrgyzstan EIG 2023 2023 IMEWE Hawk Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Portugal SeaMeWe-5 North 2Africa 2Africa SeaMeWe-3 Tata TGN-Western Europe TGN-Western Tata GLO-1 GLO-1 Europe India Gatway Gatway India Europe FLAG Europe-Asia FLAG SeaMeWe-4 Turkey Turkmenistan Greece Korea Spain MedNautilus VMSCS United States Tajikistan Japan-U.S. South EAC-C2C Korea Japan Malta MedNautilus Cyprus Syria Tunisia China Lebanon TEA TPE Afghanistan ERA SouthernHawaiki Cross WACS Iraq Iran Bermuda AAE-1 EIG Palestinian Terr. Japan-U.S. Morocco EPEG SAT-3/WASC TE North Israel Jordan TGN-Eurasia SEACOM Pakistan Alexandros Kuwait TPE Asia-America Gateway Nepal Japan-U.S. FALCON AJC Algeria TEA APCN-2 EAC-C2C Southern Cross Libya AAE-1 OMRAN/EPEG Bhutan Egypt Bahrain ASE/Cahaya Malaysia FOG Bahamas EIG Qatar FLAG/REACH NAL MENA/GBI EAC-C2C Pacific Bangladesh Mexico W. -
Barriers to Safe and Legal Abortion in South Africa
BRIEFINGBRIEFING Barriers to Safe and Legal Abortion in South Africa © Amnesty International Amnesty International is a global movement of We are independent of any government, political more than 7 million people who campaign for a ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded world where human rights are enjoyed by all. mainly by our membership and public donations. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. 2 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL BRIEFING: BARRIERS TO SAFE AND LEGAL ABORTION IN SOUTH AFRICA 3 CONTENTS The South African government’s human rights obligation The South African Government’s to ensure access to safe and legal abortion services in South Africa …..........................................................…. 3 Human Rights Obligation Human Rights Framework ………………........….....……………. 7 The Failure to regulate Conscientious Objection …….......…..… 8 Inequality of Access to Services …………..…...............………..12 to Ensure Access to Safe and The Right to Access Information ……...……….........…………. 14 Conclusion and Recommendations ………......….........………..17 Legal Abortion Services Annex 1: South Africa's Human Rights Obligations in Relation to Access to Abortion ..................................... 20 Amnesty International Publications First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Publications ACCESS TO SAFE AND LEGAL ABORTION SAVES LIVES International Secretariat Peter Benenson House The World Health Organisation (WHO) is clear that access to safe abortion is a key step for avoiding maternal 1 Easton Street deaths and injuries.1 In contrast, restrictive access to abortion services violates numerous human rights, London WC1X 0DW including the right to life, health, privacy, and to be free from discrimination, torture and ill-treatment. United Kingdom www.amnesty.org Abortion has been legal in South Africa for almost twenty years. -
ITU-Dstudygroups
ITU-D Study Groups Study period 2018-2021 Broadband development and connectivity solutions for rural and Question 5/1 Telecommunications/ remote areas ICTs for rural and remote areas Executive summary This annual deliverable reviews major backbone telecommunication Annual deliverable infrastructure installation efforts and approaches to last-mile connectivity, 2019-2020 describes current trends in last-mile connectivity and policy interventions and recommended last-mile technologies for use in rural and remote areas, as well as in small island developing States (SIDS). Discussions and contributions made during a workshop on broadband development in rural areas, held in September 2019, have been included in this document, which concludes with two sets of high-level recommendations for regulators and policy-makers, and for operators to use as guidelines for connecting rural and remote communities. 1 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Contents Executive summary 1 Introduction 3 Trends in telecommunication/ICT backbone infrastructure 4 Last mile-connectivity 5 Trends in last-mile connectivity 6 Business regulatory models and policies 7 Recommendations and guidelines for regulators and policy-makers 8 Recommendations and guidelines for operators 9 Annex 1: Map of the global submarine cable network 11 Annex 2: Listing of submarine cables (A-Y) 12 2 More information on ITU-D study groups: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +41 22 730 5999 Web: www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/study-groups ITU -D Study Groups Introduction The telecommunications/ICT sector and technologies have evolved over a long period of time, starting with ancient communication systems such as drum beating and smoke signals to the electric telegraph, the fixed telephone, radio and television, transistors, video telephony and satellite. -
Regional Systems
SubmarineTelecomsFORUM REGIONAL SYSTEMS An international forum for the expression of ideas and opinions Issue 20 Issue 17 pertaining to the submarine telecoms industry May 2005 January 2005 1 Submarine Telecoms Forum is published bi-monthly by WFN Strategies, L.L.C. The publication may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without the permission of the publishers. ExordiumWelcome to the 20th edition of Submarine Telecoms Forum, our Regional Systems issue. Submarine Telecoms Forum is an independent com- We are approximately 14 months from the previous SubOptic and only 24 months from the mercial publication, serving as a freely accessible forum for next! Whether that latter fact produces an air of excitement is certainly debatable, but I look professionals in industries connected with submarine optical forward to the next conference with far less trepidation than the last. fibre technologies and techniques. Liability: while every care is taken in preparation of this As I discussed with a GIS colleague recently, it is really nice to be drawing lines on a chart publication, the publishers cannot be held responsible for the again; even short lines are better than none of late. And while it’s still not time to cash in one’s stock, it is time to work again on some real projects. And those, even small, are a start. accuracy of the information herein, or any errors which may occur in advertising or editorial content, or any consequence arising from any errors or omissions. This issue brings some exciting articles together for your consideration. The publisher cannot be held responsible for any views Brian Crawford of Trans Caribbean Cable Company gives his view of the world in this issue’s expressed by contributors, and the editor reserves the right installment of Executive Forum. -
Submarine Telecoms INDUSTRY REPORT 2012
submarine telecoms INDUSTRY REPORT 2012 1 Submarine Cable Industry Report Issue 1 July 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Submarine Telecoms Forum, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Submarine Telecoms Forum, Inc. 21495 Ridgetop Circle Suite 201 Sterling, Virginia 20166 USA www.subtelforum.com ISSN: applied for 2 Disclaimer: While every care is taken in preparation of this publication, the publishers cannot be held responsible for the accuracy of the information herein, or any errors which may occur in advertising or editorial content, or any consequence arising from any errors or omissions, and the editor reserves the right to edit any advertising or editorial material submitted for publication. If you have a suggestion, please let us know by emailing [email protected]. 3 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 13 2.0 Worldwide Market Analysis and Outlook 14 2.1 Connecting the Unconnected 14 2.2 Overview of Historical System Investment 15 2.3 2008 to 2012 Systems in Review 16 2.4 Systems Investment Beyond 2012 17 2.5 Decommissioning 18 3.0 Supplier Analysis 20 3.1 System Suppliers 20 3.2 Upgrade Suppliers 20 4.0 Ownership Analysis 23 4.1 Financing of Current Submarine Systems 23 4.2 Financing of Proposed Submarine Systems 23 5.0 Recent -
Capacity Solutions
Scale at will and enter new global markets with BICS CAPACITY SOLUTIONS BICS, your trusted connectivity enabler BICS Capacity Solutions | BICS, your trusted connectivity enabler GREATER CONTROL AND BICS CAPACITY OFFERING CUSTOMISATION FOR ALL YOUR CONNECTIVITY NEEDS Unrivalled connectivity worldwide Our wholly-owned connectivity and managed infrastructure across all major regions enables telecommunication providers, enterprises and cloud communications service providers to expand and scale capacity to suit a wide variety of business requirements. • Trusted by 2000 customers worldwide Our global operator relationships and expertise provide you with a global network backbone in which to • 20+ years of global industry knowledge and increase capacity, without the added cost of owning capacity expertise infrastructure. • Proven record for quality of service Just one trusted capacity partner for the entire world. • World-class network management • Local 24x7 customer support • Fast service delivery and commercial flexibility • Carrier-grade network footprint TESTIMONIALS CASE STUDY Retelit: Swisscom: WIOCC: Launching a joint connectivity solution A single provider for handling all of your Providing customers with reliable data to bridge Europe, via Bari in Italy, to international connectivity need. transport connectivity across Europe Singapore and Hong Kong through the using BICS’ Wavelength solution. “Thanks to its flexibility and reactivity, AAE-1 subsea cable system. BICS is the ideal partner to support WIOCC, a hyperscale network “Our partnership with BICS confirms the Swisscom’s international internet infrastructure provider in Africa, was validity of our investment in the AAE-1 backbone in line with our business approached by a client whose existing consortium, as well as the strength growth. Working with a single provider third-party connectivity contract – which and efficiency of our infrastructure that can increase our international formed the backbone of its data trans – network. -
Economic Impactsof Submarine Fiber Optic Cables and Broadband
Economic Impacts of Submarine Fiber Optic Cables and Broadband Connectivity in South Africa Working Paper 0214363.202.5 November 2020 Prepared by Alan C. O’Connor Benjamin Anderson Charley Lewis Alice Olive Brower Sara E. Lawrence Sponsored by RTI International 3040 E. Cornwallis Road EconomicResearch Impacts Triangle of Submarine Park, NC, Fiber USA Optic Cables and Broadband Connectivity in South Africa | Page 1 Economic Impacts of Submarine Fiber Optic Cables and Broadband Connectivity in South Africa HOW DO SUBSEA CABLES GENERATE ECONOMIC IMPACT? Subsea cables are the global backbone of the Internet, connecting people, businesses, and economies around the world. They connect us to the cloud, deliver streaming video, and increase efficiency and productivity for business. Subsea cables’ importance is all the more apparent during the Covid19 pandemic when many of us have switched to working from home, remote learning, and online gaming and entertainment. We studied the economic impacts from subsea cables that arrived in South Africa in 2009 to understand how they changed the economy. The results show that the economic impact overall was large, and there were more jobs in fiber-connected areas. However, the economic gains were not broad-based, in part because many South Africans cannot afford service. Subsea Consumers Economic Impacts cables arrive Internet speed increases • Jobs • GDP Existing consumers enjoy better speeds, increasing 6.1% their consumption of $ increase in GDP per Price per data digital content, products, † unit decreases -
BPO Industry Growth in SA Factors at Work That Inhibit and Uplift the Telecommunications Market
BPO industry growth in SA Factors at work that inhibit and uplift the telecommunications market Abstract The cost of telecommunications prevails as a primary inhibitor for the growth of the BPO industry in South Africa. Despite this however, South Africa has established itself as a lucrative outsourcing hub on the strength of overall quality of services delivered. Expanding undersea cable networks, increased Government support, increased broadband bandwidth capacity, use of robotics, increased skills development and access to growing skills pools as well as lower business broadband costs required to boost this industry further. This paper examines some of these factors and provides recommendations to grow the BPO industry in South Africa. Background As the global economy increasingly shifts In addition to Call Centre solutions, the towards a digital economy, it becomes most sought after service from a vertical very important for telcos to provide perspective in South Africa, has been competitive voice and data services. The in the finance and accounting sector cost of business broadband connectivity which accounts for 50% of the market. and associated services are quite high Talent also plays a key role in the growth in the Africa region when compared to of the outsourcing industry e.g. with other parts of the world. There are a the focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) number of factors behind this which are and analytics driven solutions, South inextricably linked to the growth of the Africa has a larger number of actuarial Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) resources when compared to India, business in South Africa. Although, the and can provide support in a number cost of telecoms for consumers in South of languages including French and Africa has reduced significantly in the Spanish.