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Psychiatric Disorders – Worldwide Advances

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Psychiatric Disorders – Worldwide Advances PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS – WORLDWIDE ADVANCES Edited by Toru Uehara Psychiatric Disorders – Worldwide Advances Edited by Toru Uehara Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Zec Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Oleg Golovnev, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Psychiatric Disorders – Worldwide Advances, Edited by Toru Uehara p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-833-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Brain and Psychiatry 1 Chapter 1 Serotonergic Modulation of the Prefrontal Cortex: From Neurons to Brain Waves 3 M. Victoria Puig Chapter 2 Radiologic Imaging in Psychiatric Disorders in the Light of Recent Developments 23 Duzgun Yildirim Chapter 3 Dissociative Tendency, Anger Expression, and Frontal Activation During a Verbal Fluency Task 69 Toru Uehara, Yoko Ishige and Masashi Suda Part 2 Psychosocial Approach 85 Chapter 4 Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP): A Disorder-Oriented, Theory-Driven Psychotherapy Method from the “Third Generation” of Behavior Therapy Models, Designed for the Treatment of Chronic Depression 87 Dieter Schoepf and Peter Neudeck Chapter 5 Animal-Assisted Interventions; Effects on Human Mental Health - A Theoretical Framework 121 Bente Berget and Camilla Ihlebæk Chapter 6 Institutional Therapeutic Alliance in Multi-Professional Treatments with Severely Disturbed Patients 139 Ricardo Pulido Chapter 7 Quality of Life in Mentally Ill People 151 Jan Luzny VI Contents Part 3 Physical Aspects 163 Chapter 8 Interaction Between Inflammatory State and Neurochemical Changes in Major Psychiatric Disorders 165 Aye Mu Myint and Markus J Schwarz Chapter 9 The Impact of Cardiometabolic Risk in Patients with Severe Mental Illness: From Evidence to Clinical Management 197 Guido Di Sciascio and Salvatore Calò Chapter 10 Psychiatric Comorbidity and Pharmacotherapy in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus 223 Zohreh Dalirsani, Zahra Delavarian, Abbas Javadzade-Bolouri and Peyman Hashemian Part 4 Risk Factors 243 Chapter 11 Borna Disease Virus and Psychiatric Disorders: Can Viruses Influence Psychiatric Disorders? 245 Sylva Rackova and Lubos Janu Chapter 12 Explanations for Elevated Psychiatric Vulnerability in Nonheterosexuals: Environmental Stressors, Genetics, and the HPA and HPG Axes 277 Brendan P. Zietsch Chapter 13 Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Disorders After Traumatic Brain Injury 301 Michael Dilley and Cerian Avent Chapter 14 Are Teachers Aware of the Potential Consequences of Their Work-Related-Stress Such as Burnout and Other Main Pathologies? 329 Vittorio Lodolo-D'Oria Preface A psychiatric disorder is defined as any complex condition that involves the impairment of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning. Aside from knowing the physical organic factors, its causal pathology has remained a mystery. Regarding recent advances in psychiatry and neurosciences, psychiatric disorders have been closely associated with socio-cultural, psychological, biochemical, epigenetic or neural- networking factors. Various classifications or diagnostic systems, such as the DSM or the ICD, are in use today. They apply different categories or hypothesis to temperament or human development. Most of the disorders present in Western societies can be divided according to similar criteria into psychosis, neurosis, substance use disorders, personality disorders and so on. However, they might sometimes also be interpreted as cross-cultural alterations present in the entire world. Consequently, a need for diverse approaches or support strategies arises, which should serve as common knowledge, empathetic views or useful skills for specialists in the filed. As Puig mentions, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) controls the activity of many subcortical structures via the excitatory axons of pyramidal neurons. These projection neurons forward the output signals of a complex cortical microcircuit composed of distinct types of excitatory pyramidal neurons and numerous types of inhibitory interneurons. The author presents a summary of findings on anatomy, neurophysiology and pharmacology of serotonergic system in medial PFC of rats. Yildirim describes “Radiologic Imaging in Psychiatric Disorders in the Light of Recent Developments” and gives us the information about current approaches in psychiatric disorders and essential imaging modalities. Innovational findings discussed in the section dealing with advanced brain MRI findings in psychiatric disorders, provided additional new methods to the conventional MRI. Brain mechanisms underlying dissociation or impulsivity are in the focus of research on adolescent mental health. Uehara et al. investigated frontal activation during word productions using new near-infrared spectroscopy and examined correlations between relative changes of cerebral blood volume and psychopathology. The authors suggest that dissociation might be related to PFC and that the lack of anger suppression could be associated with stronger rostal PFC activation. X Preface Schoepf and Neudeck present a comprehensive framework on Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), which is developed by McCullough Jr. as a specific outpatient protocol. CBASP integrates interpersonal and cognitive-emotional strategies for specific psychotherapeutic treatment of chronic depression. Consequently, a multi-step psychotherapy approach is represented that integrates CBASP`s intervention strategies in the therapy of chronic depressed patients with an inpatient history of therapy-refractory episodes. Berget and Ihlebæk describe different aspects of human-animal relationship, with emphasis on positive impact that animals may have on human mental health. The effect on human mental health and its theoretical framework of animal-assisted intervention (AAI) are fully discussed. This chapter maintains its scientific and artistic integrity on AAI. Pulido offers a general review of the most important empirical evidence about therapeutic alliance process in institutional settings and introduces the concept of Institutional Therapeutic Alliance (ITA) – clinical and empirical phenomenon that accounts for the working bond between the patient and the therapeutic staff perceived as a whole. The author also reports major results of a longitudinal study conducted to assess the ITA and explores the relationship with treatment outcomes. Luzny comments that the quality of life (QOL) seems to be a good example of controversy present in modern medical science. Though the QOL may be too vague to be defined by conventional approach, and is viewed as an additional parameter present among many others, it represents integral feature which is connected to complex evaluation of therapy from patients’ points of view, as the author mentions. Myint and Schwarz present brief and basic immunology on inflammation, findings and mechanisms related to inflammatory state in psychiatric disorders, as well as the immune-endocrine interaction. This insightful chapter also covers immune-endocrine- tryptophan metabolism interaction and inflammation-tryptophan metabolism- neurochemicals interaction network. Di Sciascio evaluates the clinical importance of cardiometabolic risk factors amongst people suffering from mental disorders, addressing the contribution of antipsychotic medications to increased cardiometabolic risk, as well as suggesting monitoring strategies for modifiable risk factors relevant to the treatment of serious mental illness. Dalirsani et al. describe psychiatric comorbidity and pharmacotherapy in patients with lichen planus, which is a relatively common chronic mucocutanueons disease. Its exact etiology is not well understood. Therefore, this chapter is particularly important to readers interested in this topic. It has been suggested that some infectious diseases can influence the development and course of several psychiatric disorders. Rackova and Janu describe the correlation between Borna disease virus and psychiatric disorders, asking whether viruses can Preface XI influence psychiatric disorders. Their backgrounds and relationships are discussed in a comprehensive and complete manner. Zietsch gives us “Explanations for elevated psychiatric vulnerability in nonheterosexuals: Environmental stressors,
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