Index

A Acini, 44 Abatacept, 1491 Acinic cell carcinoma, 199, 1475–1477 ABCDE acronym, 1185 Acne, 794–795 ABCDE rule, 771 Acne vulgaris, 794, 795 Abdominal cramping, 1569 Acoustic nerve (VIII), 1781 Abdominal obesity, 94 Acoustic neuromas, 233 Abducens (sixth cranial nerve) palsy, 1976 Acquired angioedema, 325 Abducent nerve, 1779 Acquired hyperfibrinolysis, 114 Aberrant DNA CpG methylation, 1306 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 732, 946, A-beta, 2217, 2218 962, 1410 Abfraction, 491 See also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Abnormal mitoses, 300 infection Abortive treatment, 1992 Acquired melanocytic pigmentation, 1190, 1193 Abrasion, 490, 2277 Acquired syphilis, 886–890 Abscesses of the periodontium, 826 Acral lentiginous melanoma, 1185, 1186 Absent nails, 1685 Acromegaly, 88 Absolute alcohol, 648 ACTH-dependent and ACTH-independent variants, 1196 Acantholysis, 331, 804, 1090, 1554 Actinic cheilitis (AC/actinic cheilosis), 766–767, Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma, 1347, 1352 1240–1241, 1255, 1275–1276 Acceleration-deceleration injury, 1888 Actinic keratosis, 765–766, 1241, 1275 Accession number, 284 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, 1680 Accessory nerve (XI), 1781 Actinomyces sp., 856, 895 Accessory parotid tissue, 200 A. israelii, 896 Accumbens, 1766 Actinomycosis, 895 ACE inhibitors, 275, 421, 1608 Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), 262 ACE level, 271 Active phase, 2223 Acetaldehyde, 109, 692, 971 Activity, 1812 Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 692 Acupuncture, 1965, 2164, 2221 Acetaminophen (APAP)/Paracetamol, 442, 443, 1678, for migraine, 1993 1933, 1965 Acute/chronic inflammation, 222 Acetate, 692 Acute bacterial sialadenitis, 915 Acetazolamide, 1976 Acute candidosis, 420 Acetic acid, 1685 Acute caries, 499 Acetylcholine, 455, 1760, 2225, 2226 Acute coronary syndromes, 2137 Acetylsalicylic acid, 442 Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 809, 1550 Acid, 100 Acute extra-pyramidal reactions, 2154 Acid–base balance, 117 Acute febrile illness, 1723 Acid-fast bacillus, 879 Acute glomerular disease, 118 Acidophilic oral microbiota, 1440 Acute GvHD, 1599 Acidosis, 129, 1499 stages, 1598 Acid regurgitation, 100 Acute Herpes Zoster, 2027 Acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3), 1754 Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis, 1676 Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), 1845, 1855, 1871 Acute infantile febrile mucocutaneous lymph node Aciduric oral microbiota, 1440 syndrome, 1692

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 2333 C. S. Farah et al. (eds.), Contemporary Oral Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72303-7 2334 Index

Acute interstitial nephritis, 118 Adenovirus, 275 Acute kidney disease, 118 Adherences, 939, 1884, 1889, 1896, 1903, 1909, 2310, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 115, 116 2323 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 1582 Adherens, 1090 Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis, 994–995, 1678 Adhesins, 940 Acute malocclusion, 1793 Adhesions, 1889, 1897, 1903, 1909 Acute meningoencephalitis, 106 Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, 1512 Acute myeloblastic leukemia, 1597 Adjunct therapy, 1965 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 115, 116, 1583 Adjuvant immunosuppressive agents, 437 Acute myeloid leukemia, 1582 Adjuvant radioiodine treatment, 715 Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), 405, 515, Adnexal structures, 631 895, 906 Adrenal androgens, 1579 Acute osteomyelitis, 215 Adrenal cortex, 90 Acute pain, 2215, 2216, 2227, 2228 Adrenal crisis, 1580 Acute pharyngotonsillitis, 925 Adrenal disease, 1579 Acute phase proteins, 264, 265 Adrenal disorders, 1176 Acute post-renal obstructive nephropathy, 118 Adrenal glands, 1195, 1196 Acute purulent conjunctivitis, 894 Adrenaline, 90 Acute retinal necrosis, 790 Adrenal insufficiency, 90, 269, 1194, 1579 Acute rheumatic fever, 926 Adrenal medulla, 90, 660 Acute rhinosinusitis, 2165 Adrenals, 88 Acute serous pulpitis, 504 Adrenergic blockers, 1608 Acute sialadenitis, 1501 Adrenergic receptors, 1443 Acute suppurative periapical periodontitis, 505 Adrenocortical suppression, 269 Acute suppurative pulpitis, 504 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 415, 418, 1194, Acute transverse myelitis, 106 1579 Acute tubular necrosis, 118 Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), 91, 1197 Acyanotic CHD, 75 Adrenogenital syndrome, 90 Acyclic guanosine analogues, 413 Adson, 361 Acyclic nucleotide analogues, 413 Adult-type rhabdomyoma, 670, 671 Acyclovir, 413, 414, 430, 790, 987, 1110, 1602, 1677 Advanced cancer, 1486 HZ, 2029 Advanced derangement disorders, 227 Adalimumab (ADA), 429, 802, 1074, 1548 Advanced laryngeal cancers, 701 Adaptive/auto servo ventilation (ASV), 2257 Adventitia, 75 Adaptive copers, 1833 Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), 1607 Adaptive immune system, 1049 Aerobic actinomycetes, 900 Adaptive immunity, 318 Aδ-fibers, 1750, 1752, 2204 Addiction, 2196 Agammaglobulinemia, 335 Addison’s disease, 5, 88, 90, 95, 98, 269, 1194, 1195, Ageing, 2257 1499, 1579, 1610 Ageusia, 2117, 2121 Adefovir dipivoxil, 414 Agglutination (TP-PA), 892 A-delta afferents, 2217, 2218 Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, 512, 514 Adenine, 291 Aggressive periodontitis, 514, 826 Adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), 1478 Aging, 4, 22 Adenocarcinomas, 100, 596, 707 Aging related calcification, 79 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 199, 680, 707, 1475 Agranulocytosis, 1581 Adenoidectomy, 1694 A(H1N1), 1004 Adenoids, 15 A(H3N2), 1004 Adenomas, 91, 2112 AIDS-afflicted individuals, 1197 Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, 536 Air insufflation, 679 Adenomatous polyposis coli, 562 Air pollution, 1334 Adenosine deaminase, 268 Airway, 241 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 1751, 1754, 1755, 1762 airway area, maximum reduction, 241 Adenosquamous squamous cell carcinoma, 1347, inflammation, 85 1351–1352 patency, 2281, 2283, 2293 Adenosylcobalamin, 263 transverse narrowing, 241 Adenotonsillar hypertrophy, 2248 AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 1375 Adenotonsillar tissue, 1699 Akathisia, 2154 Adenotonsillectomy, 1700, 1706 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 105 Index 2335

Alanine transaminase (ALT), 262 Amantadine, 2154 Albumin, 104, 262, 263 Amelanotic macule, 1185 Alcohol, 679, 1353, 2277 Amelanotic melanoma, 773 abuse, 692 Amelanotic nevi, 779 consumption, 1066 Ameloblastic carcinoma, 545 counselling, 679 Ameloblastic fibroma, 537 dehydrogenase genes, 1357 Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, 537 excess, 2155 Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma, 548 injections, 2024 Ameloblastoma, 191, 530 metabolism, 108 Ameloblasts, 10, 476 pad, 2114 Amelogenesis, 1565 Alcoholic cirrhosis, 108 Amelogenesis imperfecta, 5, 478, 486, 493, 1656 Alcoholic liver disease, 108 AMELX, 493 Alcoholic mouthwash, 1326–1332 Amenorrhea, 129 Aldosterone, 90, 1499 American Academy of Craniofacial Pain, Alemtuzumab, 1603 1827, 1829 Alendronate, 1617 American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Alendronic acid, 417, 437 Surgeons, 217 Algoneurons, 1754 American Academy of Orofacial Pain, 1826–1827 Alkaline phosphatase, 110, 262, 263, 291, 610, 1600 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head Alkylanting agents, 421 and Neck Surgery Foundation Allergic contact sensitivity, 1059 (AAO-HNSF), 2130 Allergic phenotype, 1688 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), 674, Allergic reaction to dental materials, 1060 681, 1345 Allergic rhinitis, 2165 American Thyroid Association, 715 Allergies, 143 Amino acids, 1759 Allergy testing, 323–324 α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid Allodynia, 440, 790, 1755, 1760, 1847, 1996, 2007, 2160, receptor (AMPA), 1760 2198, 2218, 2220 Aminosalicylates, 1572 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 1592 5-Amino salicylic acid, 269 Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants, 1048, 1602 Amitriptyline, 460, 791, 1965, 1967, 2127, Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 2189 2161, 2164 Allogeneic heterologous transplantation, 116 HZ, 2029 Allografts, 1597 Amlexanox, 1546 Allograft vascular disease, 82 Ammonia monitoring, 1735 Alloplastic TMJ replacement (TMJR), 1929, Amoxicillin, 81, 403, 405, 900, 907, 927 1947–1948 Amoxicillin-clavulanate, 877 Allopurinol, 269, 421, 423, 1107 Amoxicillin with clavulanate, 919 Alloreactive cells, 1598 Amphetamine, 129 Allyl-methyl sulfide, 1725 Amphetamine-like medications, 2278 Aloe vera, 1073, 1510 Amphotericin B, 408 gel, 2095 Ampicillin, 403 Alopecia, 802–803 Amygdala, 2226 Alopecia areata, 98 Amylasemia, 1452 Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, 86 Amyloid, 272, 287, 1147, 1497 Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate, deposits, 1497 1848 Amyloidosis, 43, 272, 1497, 2156–2157 Alpha blockers, 1526 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 99, 121–122 Alpha-fetoprotein, 265 Anaerobic filamentous spirochete, 886 Alphaherpesvirinae, 1675 Analgesia, sensory loss, see Sensory loss Alpha-interferon, 1696 Analgesics, 847, 1463, 1965, 2095, 2221, 2229, 2232, Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), 2098, 2162 2234 Alpha-synuclein, 125 Anamnesis, 109, 963 Altered jaw positioning, 2316 Anarthria, 122 Altered mucosal barrier, 102 Anastomosing cords, 1468, 1473 Alzheimer’s disease, 120, 272, 1500, 2110 ANCA, see Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies Amalgam, 1200 (ANCA) contact sensitivity, 1059 Anchored disc, 1940 tattoos, 1200, 1613 Anchoring fibrils, 1087 2336 Index

Androgens, 90, 794 Antibiotics, 403, 853–854, 907 Androstenedione, 94 macrolide, 404 Anemia, 69, 114–115, 257, 1581, 1589, nitroimidazole, 405 1962, 2143 Anti-BMZ autoantibodies, 1112 Anesthesia Antibodies, 288, 319, 966, 1090 anesthesia dolorosa, 2062 to extractable nuclear antigens, 276 sensory loss (see Sensory loss) Antibody-mediated immune response, 318 Aneuploidy, 1306 Antibody titer analysis, 330 Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), 599 Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, 428, 1491 Aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation, 1974 Anticholinergic drugs, 1608, 2152 Angel’s kiss, 1664 Anticholinergic medications, 2154 Angina, 1533, 2136 Anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), 1491 Angina bullosa hemorrhagica (ABH), 1133–1134 Anticoagulant medication, 261 Angina pectoris, 71, 73 Anticoagulants, 71, 81–82, 1530 Angioedema, 270, 325 Anticoagulation, 1529 Angiofibroma, 653 Anticonsulvant drugs, 2039 Angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis, 865, 1357 Anticonvulsants, 1965, 2195 Angiogranulomas, 347, 649, 651, 671, 673, 1148, Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), 110, 275, 327, 1164, 1340, 1694 1925 Angiography, 1667 Antidepressants, 445, 1609, 2127, 2195, 2221, 2232, 2294 Angiosarcoma, 734–735 Antidepressive, 2232 Angiotensin, 2229 Anti-DNase B, 875 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), Anti-dopaminergic medications, 2154 1527, 1528 Anti-double-stranded DNA antibody test, 322 Angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitors, 1608 Antidromic electrical nerve stimulation, 1998 Angiotensin II receptor blockers, 1526 Anti-dsDNA, 326 Angular cheilitis, 109, 257, 948, 952, 1220, 1446, antibodies, 1552 1510, 1688 Antiepileptics, 1872, 2095 Anidulafungin, 967 Antifibrinolytics, 114 Ankyloblepharon, 1115 Antifungal agents, 1606 Ankyloglossia, 41, 1128, 1654–1655 Antifungal prophylaxis, 434 Ankylosing spondylitis, 227, 1901 Antifungals, 1072, 1490, 1602 Ankylosis, 1943 amphotericin B, 408–409 Anodontia, 5, 485, 992 caspofungin, 409 Anogenital, 807 clotrimazole, 409 Ano-genital lesions, 1116 fluconazole, 409–411 Anorexia nervosa, 128, 1505–1506 itraconazole, 411 Anovulation, 94 miconazole, 411–412 Ansa cervicalis, 2053 nystatin, 412 Ansa hypoglossi, 2053 posoconazole, 412–413 Antacids, 423 voriconazole, 413 Antagonistic interactions, 943 Antigenic potential, 456 Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 1762, 1763 Antigen presenting cells (APCs), 316, 1049, 1052 Anterior disc displacement i, 1886 Antigens, 966, 1049 Anterior disc position, 1886 Anti-gliadin, 1564 Anterior maxillary gingiva, 882 Anti-Hep C antibodies, 108 Anterior superior alveolar nerve, 28 Antihistamines, 1609 Anterolateral thigh, 1387 Anti-histone, 275 Anti-angiogenic drugs, 2176 Anti-hyaluronidase, 875 Antiangiogenic medication, 864 Antihyperalgesic effects, 1765 Anti-anxiety medication, 127 Antihypertensive medications, 2294 Antibacterials, 403 Antihypertensives, 1060, 1608 beta-lactam derivatives, 403–404 Anti-inflammatory agents lincosamides, 404 systemic (see Systemic anti-inflammatory agents) macrolides, 404 topical, 426 nitroimidazoles, 405 Anti-inflammatory cytokines, 1935 tetracyclines, 405 Anti-inflammatory drugs, 1992 Anti-BAFF, 1491 Anti-Jo1, 276, 810 Antibiotic prophylaxis, 80, 81 Anti-Ku, 276 Index 2337

Anti-La/SS-B, 276 foscarnet, 414 Anti-La antibodies, 323 gancyclovir, 415 Anti-La (SSB), 276, 277 penciclovir, 415 Antimalarial drugs, 1553 valaciclovir, 415 Anti-malarials, 1060 valgancyclovir, 415 Anti-metabolites, 421 Antivirals, 1110, 1602 Anti-Mi-2-Rare, 276 Antoni A and B types, 572, 665 Antimicrobial agents, 403 Anxiety, 126–127, 1046, 1800, 1801, 1805, 1806, Antimicrobial sensitivity testing, 902 1808, 1811, 1814, 2088, 2174, 2224, 2228, Anti-muscarinic agents, 1609 2230, 2234, 2274 Antimuscarinic drugs, 1609 disorders, 127 Antimycotic, 431 hostility, 1778 Antimycotic prophylaxis, 437 Anxiolytic agents, 1979 Anti-neuropathic pain agents, 2162 Anxiolytics, 2095 Anti-neuropathic pain drugs, 2161 Aortic regurgitation, 1534 Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), 323, Aortic stenosis, 75, 1534 327, 1161 Aortic valve, 78 Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA), 276 Aphthous-like ulceration, 1571, 1688 Antinociceptive effect, 455, 1765 Aphthous-like ulcers, 1025 Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), 110, 270, 275, 276, 1552, Aphthous stomatitis, 1014, 1694 1924 Aphthous ulcers, 1093, 1543 testing, 326 Apical radicular cysts, 191 Anti-nucleosomal antibody test, 322 Apixaban, 82, 1531 Anti-P200 pemphigoid, 1124 Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), 238, 2248, Antiparkinson xerogenic medications, 1500 2278, 2308 Anti-PD-L1, 750 Apneas, 2227, 2230, 2233, 2234, 2248 Antiphospholipid antibodies, 326 Apnex device, 2255 Antiplatelet therapy, 85 Apocrine, 1477, 1480 Anti-Pm-Scl (PM1), 276 metaplasia, 528 Anti-proteases, 87 ApoE4, 1701 Antipsychotic drugs, 1609 Apolipoprotein, 76 Antipsychotics, 2098 Apoptosis, 440, 969, 1055 Antipyretics, 994 inhibitors, 1935 Anti-resorptive agent-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), 210 (ARONJ), 863–866 Appetite suppressants, 1610 Antiretroviral therapy (ART), 996, 1154, 1198 Apple green birefringence, 272 Anti-RNP, 276 Aqueous solutions, 1510 Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, 276, 277, 323 Areca catechu, 1322 Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), 333, Areca nut/betel quid chewing, 1322 1569 Argon, 381 Anti-Scl-70, 276 Arnold-Chiari malformation, 1700, 2052 Antiseptics, 378, 405–406 Aromatase, 93 chlorhexidine, 406 Aromatic amines, 696 iodine, 406–407 Arousal index, 2308 Anti-Smith antibodies, 326 Arousals, 2257 Anti-smooth muscle (Sm) antibodies, 276, 1552 Arousal system, 2224, 2226 Anti SS-A (anti-Ro), 1452 Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), 744 Anti-SS-B (anti-La), 1452 Arrested caries, 499 Anti-thrombogenic mechanism, 113 Arrhythmias, 73, 77, 445, 1533 Antithymocyte globulin (ATG), 1602 Arterial dissection, 2138 Anti-TNF-α agents, 429 Arterial hemangioma, 365 Anti-TNF medication, 1937 Arteries, 641 Anti-treponemal IgM EIA, 277 of face, 20 Anti-tTG antibody, 1564 Arteriovenous (AV)-malformation, 2015 Antiviral agents, 413–414 Arteriovenous fistulas, 1666 acyclovir, 414 Arteriovenous malformations, 641, 642, 733, 1661, adefovir dipivoxil, 414 1666, 1667 cidofovir, 414 Arthralgia, 1550, 1829, 1898–1899, 1904, 1911, 1920 famciclovir, 414 Arthritic condition management pyramid, 1932 2338 Index

Arthritic disorders, 1921 Attention, 1763 Arthritides, 1823 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Arthritis, 1550, 1920 (ADHD), 2278 Arthrocentesis, 386, 1908, 1938, 1940 Attrition, 490, 2277, 2284 Arthrocentesis lavage, 1940 Atypical antipsychotic drugs, 2153 Arthrography, 110 Atypical cellular blue nevus, 773 Arthromyalgia, 1831 Atypical facial pain (AFP), 2032, 2058, 2174, 2199 Arthropathy, 111 Atypical lymphocytosis, 991 Arthroplasty, 1943 Atypical odontalgia (AO), 445, 1831, 2032, 2058, Arthroscope, in superior joint space, 1941 2061, 2098, 2199 Arthroscopic lysis and lavage, 1909 Atypical papillary hyperplasia, 1342 Arthroscopic treatment, 739 Atypical Spitz tumor, 773 Arthroscopy, 110, 1941 Audio-video recordings, 2273 Articaine hydrochloride, 359 Aura, 1960 Articular disc, 30, 1882, 1896 symptoms, 1957 Artificial heart valves, 69 Auriculotemporal nerve, 29 Artificial saliva, 1606 Autistic spectrum disorders, 1862 Arytenoids, 692 Autoantibodies, 275, 289, 321 Asbestosis, 268 formation, 1599 Ascending pain pathways, 1751, 1762 Autogenous costochondral graft reconstruction, 1943 Ascending pulpitis, 503 Autogenous costochondral TMJ reconstruction, 1946 Ascites, 109 Autogenous total joint replacement, 1946–1947 Ashkenazi Jews, IBD in, 1568 Autografts, 1597 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 105 Autoimmune and collagen diseases, 1928 Aspartate transaminase (AST), 262 Autoimmune and immune mediated conditions, 803 Aspartyl proteases, 940 Autoimmune connective tissue diseases, 2147 Aspartyl proteinases, 941 Autoimmune disease, 1493 Aspergillosis, 955 Autoimmune liver diseases, 98, 1495 Aspergillus, 412, 955 Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidosis, 334 A. mycetoma, 955 Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidosis with Aspiration, 280 ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), 954 Aspiration pneumonia, 99 Autoimmune vesiculobullous disorders, 330, 1560 Aspirin, 442, 1538, 1539, 1678 Autoimmunity, 2087 Asporogeneous yeast, 948 testing, 321 Assessment, 2231 Autologous blood, 1910 Assimilation, 964 Automatic positive airway pressure (APAP), 2252 Asteatosis, 798 Autonomic abnormalities., 2148 Asthma, 85–86, 2246 Autonomic activation, 1988, 1996 and COPD, 88 Autonomic-cardiac system, 2294 Astomia, 8 Autonomic features, 1969 Astroglial cells, 1751, 1762 Autonomic function, 1781 Ataxia, 121 Autonomic inputs, 1762 Atenolol, 1527 Autonomic nervous system, 2175, 2282 Atherogenesis, 94 Autonomic outflow, 1757 Atheroma, 1533 Autonomic phenomenon, 1960 Atherosclerosis, 76–77, 1532 Autonomic regulation, 112 Atherosclerotic coronary stenosis, 72 Autonomic signs (AS), 1987, 1988, 1998, 1999 Atopic dermatitis, 800 Autonomic sympathetic cardiac activation, 2279 Atopic disease, 274 Autonomic sympathetic-cardiac activity, 2282 Atopy, 1688 Autoreactive T cells, 1541 Atrial fibrillation (AF), 78, 81, 1530, 1533 Autosomal dominant mutation, 574 Atrial flutter, 78 Avascular necrosis, 1939, 2145 Atrial septal defect, 75 Awake bruxism, 1862, 2269 Atrial tachyarrhythmias, 78 incidence, 2270 Atrioventricular conduction disturbances, 78 management, 2270 Atrophic-erosive, 434 prevalence, 2269 Atrophic glossitis, 890 relaxation techniques, 2270 Atrophic oral LP, 1227 stress, 2270 Atrophied fasciculating tongue, 122 treatment, 2270 Index 2339

Azathioprine (AZA), 259, 262, 421–422, 434, 437, 805, B cells, 319, 1049 808, 1073, 1100, 1121, 1156, 1158, 1161, 1546, activation, 1599 1547, 1553, 1572, 1573 bcl-1, 522 Azelaic acid, 787 BDNF, see Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Azithromycin, 404, 879, 895, 909 1B/D receptor agonists (ergots, triptans), 1965 Azoles, 408, 942 Beclomethasone, 1156, 1606 clotrimazole, 409 dipropionate, 419 fluconazole, 409, 411 Behavior, 1809, 1812 itraconazole, 411 therapy, 127 miconazole, 411 Behavioral experiments, 1812 posoconazole, 412, 413 Behavioral methods for anxiety, 1645 voriconazole, 413 Behçet’s disease (BD), 4, 272, 328, 422, 424, 429, 1028, Azomycin, 405 1032, 1540 Beckwith–Wiedermann syndrome, 1696 Belimumab, 810, 1553 B Bell’s palsy, 106, 987, 1500 Bacillary angiomatosis, 878, 879 See also Idiopathic facial palsy Bacilloscopy, 884 Bell stage, 474 Bacillus Calmette–Guérin, 1107 Benign alveolar ridge keratosis (BARK), 1214–1216, Background radiation, 175 1234 Background radiation equivalent time (BRET), 175 Benign fibrous growths, 1168 Baclofen, 449, 2149 Benign hamartomatous polyps, 1199 CTN, 2022 Benign lesions, 1179 Bacterial infections, 1144, 2201 Benign lichenoid keratosis, 788 Bacterial pharyngitis, 1673 Benign migratory glossitis (BMG), 42, 801, Bacterial resistance, 853 1222–1224 Bacterial sialadenitis, 915, 1003, 1501 Benign osteoblastic neoplasm, 562 Bacteroidetes, 1024 Benign pigmented lesions, 778–781 Bad breath, 406 Benign sinonasal tumors, 706 See also Halitosis Benign soft tissue tumors, of head and neck Balloon compression, 2024 fibroma, 651 Ballooning koilocytes, 992 granular cell tumor, 668 Ballooning of cells, 1676 hemangioma, 671 BANA test, 1735, 1739 lipoma, 655 Band-like pattern, 1058 myofibroma, 653 Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, 658 neurofibroma, 665 Barbiturates, 1107 neuroma, 658 BARK, see Benign alveolar ridge keratosis (BARK) rhabdomyoma, 670 Baroreceptor, 59 Schwannoma, 663 Barrett’s esophagus, 100 sinonasal papillomas, 674 Bartonella, 878 Benign vascular neoplasms, 576 B. henselae, 877 Benzathine penicillin, 893 Basal cell adenocarcinoma, 1477 Benzene, 1583 Basal cell adenoma, 1465 Benzoates, 1687 Basal cell carcinoma, 767–768 Benzocaine, 2126 Basal cell degeneration, 1048 Benzodiazepines (BZs), 452, 1853, 1979, 2154, 2293 Basal cell polarity, loss of, 301 Benzothiazinones, 903 Basaloid cells, 1465, 1468 Benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA), 1729, Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, 703, 1347, 1350 1738 Basement membrane, 1055, 1086, 1134 Benztropine, 2154 Basement membrane zone, 1086 Benzydamine, 431, 2095 Basement membrane zone-split skin substrate, 273 hydrochloride, 987, 2095, 2162 Base of skull tumors, 2192 Berlin questionnaire, 2093 Base of tongue, 676, 680, 681 Bernard Soulier syndrome, 113 Basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), 671 Beta amyloid, 125 Basket weave, 1555 Beta-blockers, 73, 674, 1526, 1965 Basophils, 85, 318 Beta-haemolytic streptococci, 876 Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome, 767 Beta-hemolytic group A streptococci, 927 B-cell lymphoma, 107 Beta-lactamase inhibitor, 856 2340 Index

Beta-lactams, 900 Bitewing radiograph, 843 derivatives, 403 Biting test, 843 Betamethasone, 417, 1069 Bitter taste, 2090 diproprionate, 802 Bivalent HPV vaccine, 691 sodium phosphate, 420 Blackened necrotic tissue, 906 Bethesda system, 715 Blackheads, 794 Bevacizumab, 1187, 1401 Black irregular macule, 1167 Biguanides, 1578 Black-pigmented Bacteroides, 832 Bilateral acoustic neuromas, 574 Blanching effect, 419 Bilateral CH, 1989 Blanching rash, 926 Bilateral pain, 1990 Blastoconidia, 940, 942, 943 Bilateral swelling, 195–197 Blastomyces dermatitidis, 960 Bile acids, 100 Blastomycosis, 960 Bilirubin, 104, 262 Bleeding, 378, 1409 Bimanual palpation, 1447, 1459 disorders, 261 Binge/purging, 128 Bleomycin, 395, 650 Binge eating, 1505 Blepharoplasty, 776 Binge eating disorder, 129 Blindness, 2146 Binucleate chondrocytes, 580 Blistering, 1685 Bioengineered tissue, 1946 Blisters, 803, 1087, 1157, 1554, 1676 Biofeedback, 1965 Blockage, 378 techniques, 1967 Blood-borne halitosis, 1724, 1730, 1742 therapy, 1852 Blood dyscrasias, 1133, 1962 Biofilms (dental plaque), 512, 823, 943, 1722, 1728, 1730, Blood pressure, 117, 2309 1732, 1738, 1740 high (see Hypertension) Biologic agents (BAs), 426 Blood tests, 320 Biological(s), 1102, 1512, 1933 Blood thinners, 1530 clock, 1998 Blood urea nitrogen, 118 DMARDs, 1937 Bloom syndrome, 1335 therapies, 1074 Blue bone, 600 Biomarkers, 1835 Blue nevus-like melanoma, 773 Biomedical and drug management, 1929 Blue nevus/nevi, 781, 1181 Bioprosthetic valve, 1531 Blue reticulated chondroid type Biopsies material, 600 complications, 378 Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, 576 interpretation results, 297 Blue skin discoloration, 1664 transport of, 280 Blunt macrotrauma, 2036 Biopsychosocial model, 1800, 1821 Blunt trauma, 1973 assessment, 1805 B-lymphotropic herpes virus, 703 interventions, 1814 BMI, see Body mass index (BMI) of pain, 1834, 2216 Bodily distress disorder, 2173, 2174 rationale for, 1801 Body manikin, 1803 Biotene, 407 Body mass index (BMI), 147, 1575, 2321 BioXtra, 407 Bohn’s nodules, 775, 1651 Bipolar diathermy, 362 Boil-and-bite appliance, 2316 Bipolar disorder, 450 Boiled-lobster, 1675 Bio/Screen®, 353, 1289 Bone marrow, 115 Bird faces, 1947 plasmacytosis, 592 Birthmarks, 641 toxicity, 268 Bisbiguanide, 406 transplant, 282, 947 Bismuth, 1202 transplantation, 117 lines, 1202 Bone mineral density (BMD), 1617, 2142 Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw Bone morphogenetic protein-7, 1935 (BRONJ), 589, 1615 Bone morphogenic proteins, 1855 Bisphosphonates, 93, 111, 417, 610, 864, 1617, 2176, Bones, 14 2198 expansion, 606, 641 therapy, 863 invasion, 304 Bite force, 2311 involvement, 890 Bite wafer, 2317 pain, 580 Index 2341

pathology, 498 Bronchiolitis, 87, 1601 profile, 263 Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, 268 resorption, 859 Bronchoconstrictors, 85 Bone scan, 180 Bronchodilators, 1610 TMJ, 223 Broncho-hyper-responsiveness, 85 Bone SPECT, 1911 Brown discoloration, 406 BoNT-A, 1872 Brown tumors, 98 Bony dysplasia, 667 of hyperparathyroidism, 609, 1151 Bony sequestrae, 2176 Brucellosis, 278 Botryoid odontogenic cyst, 523 Brunsting-Perry lesions, 1116 Botryoid variant, 1867 Brush cytology, 367 Botulinum toxin (BTX), 455–458, 1451, 1859, 2151, Bruxism, 457, 1777, 1862–1864, 1979, 2150, 2260, 2261, 2233, 2294 2269 type A, 1965 awake, 2269–2270 Bowel movement abnormalities, 1569 sleep (see Sleep bruxism) Bowenoid actinic keratosis, 766 Bruxomania, 2270 Bowen’s disease, 769 Bubble, 803, 1087, 1554 BP180, 273, 807, 808, 1086, 1112, 1157, 1558 Buccal artery, 60 BP 230, 273, 807, 1086, 1105, 1112, 1157, 1558 Buccinators, 15 BPAG2, 808 Budesonide, 419, 1606 Brachiocephalic trunk of aorta, 58 Bud stage, 473 Brachytherapy, 1398 Bulimia nervosa, 129, 1505 Bradyarrhythmias, 78 Bull neck, 907 Bradycardia, 78 Bullous erythema multiforme, 875 Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, 78 Bullous impetigo, 874, 1672 Bradykinesia, 124 Bullous lichen planus, 1131–1132 Bradykinin, 325 Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BpAg1), 330 BRAF, 773 Bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 (BpAg2), 330 BRAF V600E, 532 Bullous pemphigoid (BP), 274, 805, 875, 1558, 1559 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 1760, 1762 characteristics, 1122 Brain infarction, 123 clinical features, 1123 Brain ischemia, 123 diagnosis, 1124 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 258 epidemiology, 1123 Brainstem, 2218, 2219, 2226 etiology, 1123 mechanisms, 2218 pathologic features, 1124 Brainstem nociceptive neurons pathophysiology, 1123 neurotransmitters in, 1759–1760 patient management, 1124 pathological changes, 1760–1762 Burkitt lymphoma (BL), 588, 992 trigeminal nociceptive neurons, physiology of, Burning mouth symptoms, 1576 1758–1759 Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), 445, 458, 1500, 2054, trigeminal spinal nucleus and upper cervical spinal 2082, 2162 cord, 1756–1758 See also Oral dysesthesia (OD) Brain tumors, 2193 Burning pain, 2089 Branchial arches, 7, 9, 634 Burning sensation, 2083 Branchial cleft anomalies, 183 Burning tongue, 2083 Branchial cleft cyst, 637–639 Burton/Burtonian line, 1202 Breakthrough pain, 2196 Butterbur (petasites), 1966 Breast cancer, 2190 Butterfly pattern, 877 Breastfeeding, 41, 1654 Butterfly rash, 1550 Breath analysis, 1725 Breath disorders, see Halitosis Breslow classification, 1183 C Breslow thickness, 772 C1q, 270 Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT), 2114 C3, 271 Brimonidine gel, 796 C4 level, 270, 271 British National Formulary (BNF), 419 Cadherins, 804, 1086, 1090 Brivudin, HZ, 2029 Cadioverter defibrillator, 78 Broder’s histological grading, 1343 Café au lait pigmentations, 612, 1197 Bromocresol green agar, 964 Café-au-lait spots, 574, 666, 667, 706 2342 Index

Caffeine, 2278 Capillaries, 641 Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT), 529 Capillary hemangiomas, 673 Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, 534 Capillary malformations, 1664 Calcifying odontogenic cyst, 528, 547 Capsaicin, 458, 459, 2085, 2095, 2099, 2161, 2207 Calcimimetics, 610 high-concentration patches, 1872 Calcineurin inhibitors, 82, 421, 422, 426, 786, 1070, 1152, Cap stage, 474 1158, 1159, 1689 Capsular/peri-capsular oedema, 222 Calcitonin, 91, 612, 715, 721 Capsule endoscopy, 1569 Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), 1755, 1846, 1995 Capsulitis, 1899 receptor antagonist, 1965 Captopril, 38 Calcium, 91, 263 Carabelli’s cusp, 13 channel blockers, 73, 1152, 1526 Carbamazepine, 263, 264, 446–448, 1107, 1614, 2143 channels, 2223 CTN, 2022 homeostasis, 92, 117 Carbamazepine-induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome homestasis dysregulation, 124 (SJS), 2023 hydroxide, 847 Carbidopa, 124 pyrophosphate dihydrate, 1901 Carbon antigen test, 277 Calculi, 193 Carbon dioxide, 383 Calprotectin, 266 Carboplatin, 1400, 1401 Calvaria, 13, 14 Carboxyl proteinases, 941 CAM, see Complementary and alternative medicine Carboxymethylcellulose, 407, 419, 425, 1510 (CAM) Carcinogenesis, 969, 1333 Campbell de Morgan spots, 777 Carcinogenic role, 969 c-ANCA, 276, 1161 Carcinoid syndrome, 1534 Cancer, 2247 Carcinoma cuniculatum, 1347, 1353 chemotherapy, 1485 Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, 1481 development, risk factors for, 1065 Carcinoma in situ, 1238, 1264 immunotherapy, 1401 Carcinosarcoma, 1484–1485 orofacial pain, 2193 Cardiac arrhythmia, 129 pain associated with intracranial and base of skull Cardiac bypass surgery, 81 tumors, 2192 Cardiac myocyte necrosis, 71 pain management, 2194–2196 Cardiac troponin, 1535 phobia, 2088 Cardiac rhabdomyoma, 670 Cancer Genome Atlas Network, 1353, 1356 Cardiac troponin, 71 Cancer-related bone disease, 2176 Cardiac valve stenosis, 1533 Cancer Staging Manual, 1345 Cardiogenic pain, 2136–2138 Cancrum oris, 905 Cardiolipin antibodies, 275 Candida, 1067, 1332, 1591 Cardiomyopathy, 1534, 1535 C. albicans, 287, 409, 412, 1277, 1490, 2207 Cardiovascular disease, 445, 2136–2140 carriage, 937 anticoagulant therapies, 81 counts, 938 congenital heart disease, 75 culture, 278 heart transplantation, 82 C. dubliniensis, 412 hypertensive vascular disease, 75–77 C. glabrata, 409, 411, 412 infective endocarditis, 80–81 C. krusei, 409, 411, 412 ischemic heart disease (see Ischemic heart C. parapsilosis, 412 disease) C. tropicalis, 412 metabolic syndrome, 77 Candidacidal activity, 947 oral manifestations of cardiac disease, 85 Candidal leukoplakia, 968, 1277 rhythm disorder, 77 Candidemia, 944 valvular heart disease, 78 Candidosis, 262, 274, 996, 1220–1221, 1340 Cardiovascular markers, 2309 Candidosis endocrinopathy syndrome, 970 Cardiovascular risk, 2311 Canine distemper, 611 Cardioversion, 78 Canker sores, 1015 Cardiovert, 1533 Cannabidiol (CBD), 454 Carious pulpitis, 503 Cannabinoids, 454 Carisoprodol, 455 Cannabinol (CBO), 454 Carlsson-Crittenden cup, 1448 Cannabis, 454 Carney complex, 574, 713 Cannon’s disease, 1681 Carotid sheath, 23 Index 2343

Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate Cementum, 12, 39, 50, 476, 489, 500 (CPP-ACP), 1511, 1567 caries, 502 Casein phosphopeptides (CPPs), 1511 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 78, 893 Caseous necrosis, 913 Centor score, 1674 Caspofungin, 408, 409, 967 Central excitatory effects, 1832 Castleman’s disease, 1104, 1168 Central giant cell granulomas, 605 Cataplexy, 2226, 2260 Central giant cell reparative granuloma, 601 Catastrophizing, 1807, 1808 Central low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 528 Catecholaminergic neurotransmitter systems, 122 Central mediated pain, 1833 Catgut sutures, 372 Central nervous system (CNS) trauma, 1499 Catha edulis, 1332 Central osteomas, 562 Catheter ablation, 78 Central pain processing, 2162 Catheterization, 75 Central papillary atrophy, 1220 Cat scratch disease, 877–879, 1107 Central Parkinsonian pain, 2155 Caucasians, 121 Central sensitivity syndrome, 2174, 2175 Caudalis, 2218, 2220, 2227 Central sensitization, 1761, 2161, 2173, 2174, 2189, 2194, Caulifower-like growths, 1349 2219, 2221 Causalgia, 2042 Central terminals, 1765 Cavernous hemangiomas, 673 Cephalograms, 2313 Cavernous sinus, 24 lateral, 176, 238, 1931 CBCT, see Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) Cephalometrics, 2321 CBT, see Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) Cephalosporins, 81, 403, 404, 900 CCL20, 1054 Cerebellopontine, 2118, 2124, 2127 CD1a+ histiocyte, 578 angle, 2015, 2155, 2168 CD20, 808, 1159, 1161 angle tumors, 2017 CD31, 673 Cerebral cortex, 2220, 2221, 2225, 2227 CD34, 658, 673 Cerebral infarction, 123 CD4+ helper T-cells, 1052 Cerebral ischemia, 1973 CD4+ T-cell, 1198 Cerebral mass, 245 + CD4 TH1 cells, 1691 Cerebral palsy, 1499 CD45, 292, 1353 Cerebral thromboembolism, 1533 CD4 Th2 immune response, 85 Cerebrospinal fluid, 1975 CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, 1051 Cerebrovascular afferents, 440 CDK2NA, 781 Cerebrovascular disease, 2140–2142, 2257 CDK4/6 inhibitor, 748 Certolizumab pegol, 429 CDK4, 781 Cervarix, 691 CDKN2A, 747 Cervical disorders, 1976 Cefazolin, 81 Cervical lymphadenopathy, 895 Ceftriaxone, 81, 895 Cervical lymph nodes, 1388 Celecoxib, 442 Cervical muscles, 1785 Celiac disease, 97, 272, 328, 1026–1028, 1563 Cervical spine disorder, 1782 Cell adhesion molecules, 1134 Cervical spine involvement, 1943 Cell cycle, 1354 Cervicitis, 894 Cell mediated immunity, 1050 Cervicofacial actinomycosis, 895, 897, 898 Cell rests of Serres, 1651 Cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis, 903 Cell shape, nuclear size and abnormal variation in, 300 Cervicofacial nocardiosis, 902 Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, 1343 Cervicogenic headaches, 1976 Cellular atypia, 970 Cervicospinal evaluation, 1783 Cellular blue nevus, 1183 C1 esterase inhibitor, 270, 325 Cellular immunity, 1092 deficiency, 270 Cellular senescence, 1307, 1357 Cetuximab, 429, 695, 1401, 2198 Cellulitis, 792 Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), 1740 Cell wall permeability, 967 Cevimeline, 408, 1491, 1506, 1509, 1577, 1606 Cementoblastoma, 543 C-fiber afferents, 2217, 2218 Cementoblasts, 12, 476 C-fibers, 1750, 1752 Cementocytes, 39 c-Fos, 1757 Cemento-enamel junction, 39 cGvHD, see Chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) Cemento-osseous dysplasia, 601 Chance encounter hypothesis, 1050 Cemento-ossifying fibroma, 543, 616 Chancre, 886 2344 Index

Chaperones, 945 Choristomas, 630 Cheilitis, 1211 Chromaffin cells, 90 Cheilitis granulomatosa, 393, 1687 Chromagar, 964 Chemical condylectomy, 1938 Chromic gut sutures, 373 Chemical desquamation, 1211 Chromosomal instability, 1354 Chemical mediators, 2218, 2220, 2221, 2226 Chromosome 19p13.3, 1199 Chemical sensors, 1735 Chronic alcoholism, 81 Chemiluminescent, 1285 Chronic apical abscess, 839 Chemo-denervating agent, 455 Chronic apical periodontitis, 839 Chemokines, 1026, 1054 Chronic atrophic candidosis, 1220 Chemoradiotherapy, 702, 1400 Chronic attack, 1972 concurrent, 1400 Chronic bacterial sialadenitis, 917 sequential, 1400 Chronic caries, 499 Chemoreceptor, 59 Chronic cluster headache, 1990 Chemoresistance, 116 Chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis, 860 Chemosensory, 2110, 2118, 2120 Chronic diffuse suppurative osteomyelitis, 860 Chemotherapeutic agents, 1400 Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, 1550 Chemotherapy, 587, 1581, 2155, 2197 Chronic fatigue syndrome, 128, 1497 high dose, 1585 Chronic focal sclerosing, 860 Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, 2198–2200 Chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD), 423, 1226, Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, 1582 1598–1600 Chemotherapy-induced salivary gland hypofunction, 1485 cutaneous, 1601 Cherry angioma, 777 esophageal, 1601 Cherubism, 603 lichenoid, 1601 Chest pain, 73 oral, 1605 Chevron pattern, 283 sclerodermatous, 1601 Chew gum, 2317 Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), 335 Chewing, 14, 1506 Chronic hemolytic anemia, 113 Chickenpox, 988, 1677 Chronic hyperplastic candidosis (CHC), 282, 284, 968, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), 1004 969, 1255–1256, 1258, 1277 Children, 1964 Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis, 504 sleep bruxism, 2277 Chronic irreversible pulpitis, 836 Chimeric autoantibody receptor, 1093 Chronic kidney disease, 119 Chinese characters, 613 Chronic lip biting, 1668 Chlamydia, 1107 Chronic localised suppurative osteomyelitis, 860 Chlamydoconidia, 942 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 115, 1582, 1583 Chloramphenicol, 964 Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, 95 Chlorhexidine (CHX), 406, 968, 1738, 1740 Chronic migraine (CM), 1964, 1965, 1987–1988 digluconate, 907 Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis (CMCC), 334, 946 Chloroquine, 1553, 1611 Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis (CMC) Chlorpromazine, 275 syndromes, 954 Chlorzoxazone, 455 Chronic musculoskeletal pain, 444 Cholestatic hepatitis, 105 Chronic myeloblastic leukemia, 1597 Cholesterol, 76, 104, 264 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 115 clefts, 517, 602 Chronic myeloid leukemia, 1582 Cholinergic agonists, 1606 Chronic neurovascular orofacial pain, 1994 Chondroblastic osteosarcomas, 581, 583 Chronic non-suppurative osteomyelitis, 215 Chondroblastoma, 738 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 86–87, 2256 Chondrocalcinosis, 93 Chronic orofacial pain management Chondroitin, 111 acetaminophen, 443 Chondroma, 558, 738 antidepressants, 445 Chondromalacia, 1899 baclofen, 449–450 Chondrometaplasia, 559 BTX, 455 Chondromyxoid fibroma, 570 cannabinoids, 454–455 Chondrosarcoma (CS), 580, 738 carbamazepine, 446 Chorda tympani nerve, 40, 989, 2056, 2085 clonidine, 461 Chorea, 1860–1861 diazepam and clonazepam, 452–454 Choreiform movements, 1860 gabapentin, 448 Choreoathetosis, 1860 glucocorticoids, 444–445 Index 2345

lamotrigine, 450–451 Circadian rhythm, 1723, 2223–2224 muscle relaxants, 455 Circinate lesions, 1672 NSAIDs, 441 Circular model, 2227, 2228 opioids, 443–444 Circulating antibodies, 272 oxcarbazepine, 448 Circulating cells and DNA, 1358 phenytoin, 450 Circulating tumor cells, 1358 salicylates, 442–443 Circulating tumor DNA, 1358 SNRI antidepressants, 445 Circumvallate papillae, 52, 952 sodium valproate, 451 Cirrhosis, 77, 104, 105 topical amitriptyline and doxepin, 460–461 Cisplatin, 685, 694, 1400, 1401, 2198 topical capsaicin, 459 Cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy, 1400 topical diclofenac, 461 Citric acid cycle, 263 topical lidocaine, 459–460 Civatte, 1058 topiramate, 452 Clarithromycin, 404, 909 Chronic pain, 1765, 2215, 2217, 2224, 2227, 2228, 2232 Clark level, 769 classification of, 2215 Clark system, 1183 human experimental models of, 2215 Classical pathway, 270 impact of, 2234 Classical trigeminal neuralgia (CTN), 2009 in masticatory muscles, 1870–1872 controlled release formulation, 2023 and napping, 2223 paroxysmal, 2012 prevalence, 2215 Classification, 1820 Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, 1970 of periodontal diseases and conditions, 1144 Chronic paroxysmal hemicranias-tic, 2021 scheme, 2215 Chronic pathological pain, 1760 Classification systems, orofacial pain Chronic periapical abscess, 505 American Academy of Orofacial Pain, 1826, 1827 Chronic periapical granuloma, 505, 839 chronic idiopathic, 1831 Chronic periapical periodontitis, 505 International Association for the Study of Pain, Chronic periodontitis, 514, 825, 826 1822–1824 Chronic rhinosinusitis, 2165 International Headache Society, Chronic sclerosing submandibular sialadenitis, 917 1824–1826 Chronic sialadenitis, 1501 Okeson method, 1832–1833 Chronic sinusitis, 1723 Claudication, 2145 Chronic sun-exposure, 771 Clavulanic acid, 403, 856 Chronic suppurative osteomyelitis, 215 Clear cell carcinoma, 1475 Chronic suppurative periapical periodontitis, 505 Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma, 546 Chronic tension-type headache, 1957, 1966 Cleft, 804 Chronic traumatic keratoses, 1210 lip, 8, 1647, 1648 Chronic traumatic ulcer, 1011 palate, 8, 9, 478, 1648 Chronic ulcerative pulpitis, 504 Cleidocranial dysplasia, 478, 486 Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CWP), 2223, Clenching, 2150 2228, 2229, 2234 activity, 1862 Churg-Strauss syndrome, 2167 Clicks, 738 Churg-Strauss vasculitis, 274, 276 Clindamycin, 404, 856 Chymase, 1053 Clinical evaluation, orofacial pain, 1779–1793 Cicatricial alopecia, 803 cervical evaluation, 1782–1783 Cicatricial lagophthalmos, 1601 cranial nerve, 1779–1782 Cicatricial pemphigoid, 331, 807 ear examination, 1782 Cidofovir, 414 extracapsular vs. intracapsular restrictions, 1790 Cilia, 36 eye examination, 1782 Ciliated cells, 528 masticatory evaluation, 1787–1790 Cimetidine, 1694 muscle evaluation, 1783 C1 inhibitor deficiency, 270 oral structures, 1791 Cinnamonaldehyde, 1160 Clobetasol, 269, 431, 1069, 1156, 1606 Circadian cycle, 2222 Clobetasol propionate, 420, 434, 437, 802, criterion, 2272 1120, 1562 Circadian pattern, 2243 Clofazimine, 885 Circadian periodicity, 1969 Clomipramine, 1967 Circadian phase-advanced, 2224 Clonal chromosomal abnormalities, 558 Circadian phase-delayed, 2224 Clonal plasma cells, 591 2346 Index

Clonazepam, 452, 2085, 2095, 2099, 2123 Collagen XVII, 808 Cloned DNA (cDNA), 293 deposits, 1494 Clonidine, 458, 461 fibers, 50 Clopidogrel, 1538, 1539, 1593 Collagenase, 904 Closed system, 383 Collection period, 1448 Clostridium botulinum, 455, 2294 Colloid bodies, 1058 Clotrimazole, 409, 967 Colonization, 937, 938, 968 Clotting factors, 262 Colonoscopy, 81, 1569 CLOVES syndrome, 576 Color Doppler ultrasound, 177, 672, 1667 Clozapine, 1609 Columnar metaplasia, 100 Club-shaped extensions, 899 Combined nevus, 1181 Cluster analysis, 1821 Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions, 826 Cluster headache (CH), 444, 1958, 1967, 1969, Combined vascular malformations, 1662 1984, 1988–1990, 2021 Comedo necrosis, 1351 Cluster periods, 1968 Comedones, 794 Cluster-tic syndrome (CTS), 2022 Commensal microorganism, 821 CMM1, 781 Commensal yeasts, 937 c-MYC, 745 Commissures, 952 CO2 laser, 381, 646 Common blue nevus, 1182 Coagulation, 266 Common carotid artery, 54 screening tests, 261 Common carotids, 59 system, 113 Common trigger, 1963 Coagulopathies, 113, 114 Communicable disease, 907 Coarctation of the aorta, 75 Communication, with pathologist, 379–381 Cobalamin, 115 Community-acquired pneumonia, 277 Cobblestoned buccal mucosa, 1025 Comorbid, 2216, 2231, 2234 Cobblestone-like appearance, 1688 psychosocial disturbances, 2216 Cobblestoning, 109, 1570 Comorbidities, 2216, 2224, 2228, 2230 Cobb syndrome, 576 of pain disorders, 1824 Cocaine, 129, 2155 Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), Coccidiomycosis, 268 2233, 2234 Cochrane systematic review, 1401 Complement C4 levels, 1489 Codification, 1822 Complement system, 265, 271, 289, 318, 1049 Coeliac disease., 263 Complement testing, 323 Coenzyme Q10, 1966 Complete blood count (CBC), 257, 1962 COE-PAK, 363 Complex odontoma, 484, 540 Coexisting systemic diseases, 1511 Complex oral sensitivity disorder (COSD), 2084 Coffee, 1725, 1736 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 1833, 2033 Cognition, 1763 Complex somatoform disorder, 2090 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 128, 1809, Compound, 778 1810, 2041, 2057, 2099, 2162, 2164, 2232, melanocytic nevi, 779 2234, 2259, 2291 nevus, 1181 Cognitive behavioural therapy-based pain management odontoma, 540 programs, 2160 Compression, 646 Cognitive deficits, 2164 Computed tomography (CT), 161, 174, 176, 632, 843, Cognitive factors, 2171 1452, 1962 Cognitive function, 94 headache, 244, 245 Cohesive pattern, 302 mass lesions, 186 COL1A1, 495 neck nodal metastases, 206 COL1A2, 495 OC-SCC, 212 COL7, 1127 orofacial pain, 230, 234 Colchicine, 263, 421, 424, 1546 osteomyelitis, 215 Cold hyperalgesia, 2141 salivary gland disease, 193, 196 Cold sores, 986 TMJ, 220 See also Recurrent herpes labialis Computed tomography angiography (CTA), 123, 245 Cold stimulus headache, 1993 Computed tomography arteriogram, 642 Collagen, 1050 Concha bullosa, 34 Collagen IV, 1055 Concomitant boost accelerated, 1398 Collagen VII, 273 Concomitant symptoms, 1776 Index 2347

Concurrent chemoradiation, 682, 685 Coronary artery disease, 76, 1530, 1532 Concurrent chemoradiotherapy, 702 See also Ischemic heart disease Conduction disorders, 445 Coronary bypass surgery, 1530 Conduction velocity, 1752 Coronary heart disease, 1530, 1532, 1535 Conductive smell losses, 2116 Coronoid process, 10, 31, 1903 Condylar cartilage, 10 Cor pulmonale, 73 Condylar fractures, 1910 Corrected calcium, 263 Condylar hyperplasia, 1901, 1905, 1943 Cortical excitability, 1996 Condylar hypoplasia, 1894, 1902 Cortical excitatory, 1995 Condyloma acuminatum (acuminata), 295, 997, 1155 Cortical hyperexcitability, 1987 Condyloma lata, 888 Cortical spreading depression (CSD), 1963, 1995, 1996 Condylotomy, 1909 Corticosteroid/antibiotic paste, 847 Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 174, 176, Corticosteroids, 111, 269, 415, 885, 1546, 1553, 1936, 1704, 1928, 2169 1938, 1970, 1975, 1976, 2127, 2129, 2177 OC-SCC, 203 intralesional, 420 orofacial pain, 234 monitoring, 262 OSA, 239 systemic, 415–418 TMJ, 219, 222 therapy, 673 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 90, 794 topical, 418 Congenital CMV infection, 992 withdrawal syndrome, 417 Congenital deformities, 1943 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 91, Congenital epulis of newborn, 1653 415, 1194 Congenital gingival granular cell tumor, 1653 Cortisol, 90, 91, 269, 415, 418, 1196, 1499 Congenital heart disease, 75, 81 deficiency, 1195 Congenital hemangioma, 672, 1695 Cortisone, 1499 Congenital lesions, 641 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 907 Congenital nevi, 778 Cosmesis, 786 Congenital rubella, 995 Cost effectiveness analyses, 2325 Congenital syphilis, 487, 891 Costello syndromes, 1696 Congenital vascular malformations, 641 Costochondral grafts, 1946 Congestive heart failure, 445 Coughing, 907, 910 Congo Red staining, 272 Coumarin, 1537 Conidia, 960, 964 Cowden syndrome, 658, 713 Conjugated bilirubin, 1600 Cow’s milk proteins, 1032 Conjunctiva, 1092 COX-2 inhibitors, 1933, 1934 Connective tissue, 49 Coxsackie virus A10, 994 disease, 326–328, 2145 Coxsackie virus A16, 994 disorders, 1017 Coxsackie viruses, 994–995, 1092, Constipation, 1569 1678, 1679 Contact dermatitis, 799–800 CRAB features, 592 Contact hypersensitivity, 1224 Cracks, 833 Contact point, 2167 Cranial arteries, 1975 Contact stomatitis, 1216–1217 Cranial base, 13 Continua, 1811 Cranial nerve examination Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, 243, abducens nerve, 158 1706, 2233, 2250–2252, 2305 facial nerve, 158 Contrast agents, 178 glossopharyngeal nerve, 159 Contrast enhanced CT, 676 hypoglossal nerve, 159 Conventional nuclear medicine, 180 oculomotor nerve, 158 Conventional oral examination (COE), 1336 olfactory nerve, 157 Conventional oral squamous cell carcinoma, 1338 optic nerve, 157–158 Copy number alterations (CNAs), 1354 spinal accessory nerve, 159 Cordectomy, 701 trigeminal nerve, 158 Core biopsy, 279, 372 trochlear nerve, 158 Core needle biopsy (CNB), 1450 V1, ophthalmic, 158 Cornea, 1755 V2, maxillary, 158 Corneal reflex, 2125, 2126 V3, mandibular, 158 Corneal ulceration, 894 vagus nerve, 159 Cornell Medical Index (CMI) Health Questionnaire, 1733 vestibulocochlear nerve, 158 2348 Index

Cranial nerves, 40, 1779, 1962 Cutaneous aspirates, 877 neuralgias, 246 Cutaneous LP, 1061 palsies, 2165, 2168 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 788 VIII, 2128 Cutaneous neurofibromas, 666 IX and X, 2128 Cutaneous vasoconstriction, 419 Cranial neuralgias, 1956 Cutting and staining tissue sections, 286 Cranial neuropathies, 2158 Cutting needle, 375 Craniocerebral injuries, 1499 Cutting up, 284 Craniocervical disorders, 1783 CWP, see Chronic widespread musculoskeletal Craniofacial angiomatosis, 641 pain (CWP) Craniofacial changes, 2314 CXCR3, 1051, 1054 Craniofacial features, 2320 Cyanoacrylate, 648 Craniofacial pain, 1758 Cyanocobalamin, 263 Craniofacial surgery, 1708 Cyanotic CHD, 75 Cranium, 14 Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP), 2223 Crateriform lesion, 768 Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, 748 C-reactive protein (CRP), 265, 320, 877, 1975, 2147 Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), 1184 Creatinine, 118, 263 Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A Creatinine kinase, 110 (CDKN2A), 1184 Crepitation, 1790 Cyclin E, 1356 Crepitus, 111, 738, 740, 904 Cyclobenzaprine, 455, 1853, 2164 c-ret, 1760 Cycloheximide, 964 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 125 Cyclooxygenase enzyme, 442 Cribriform (glandular), 680, 1475 Cyclophosphamide, 421, 422, 437, 808, 1100, 1121, Cricoid, 57 1547, 1602 Criterion validity of RDC-TMD, 1829 Cyclosporin, 1100, 1546 Crocodile’s tears, 2051 Cyclosporine, 422–423, 425, 1070, 1152, 1156, 1158, Crohn’s disease (CrD), 101, 263, 424, 429, 914, 1021, 1602, 1605, 1606 1494, 1567, 1689 Cyclosporine A, 1547 Cross-bite, 739 Cymbalta, see Duloxetine Cross-dermatomal activation, 1999 Cyproterone acetate, 795 Crosshatched marks, 375 Cyrogens, 383 Crouzon’s syndrome, 8 Cystadenoma, 1470–1472 Crowding of teeth, 2314 Cysteine desulphydrase, 1740 Cryoglobulinemia, 1047 Cyst enucleation, 633 Cryoglobulins, 1489 Cysticercal larvae, 1869 Cryolesion, 384 Cysticercosis, 1867–1869 Cryoprobe, 383 Cystic fibrosis (CF), 1503–1504 Cryosurgery, 1669 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cryotherapy, 382, 776, 784, 1665, 1666, 2024 (CFTR) gene, 1503 Cryptococcosis, 958 Cystic hygroma, 648, 1665 Cryptogenic epilepsy, 122 Cystic lesions, 182 Crypts, 52 Cystic lymph nodes, 681 Crystal deposition diseases, 1884, 1892 Cystoscopy, 81 CSF pressure, 1976 Cysts, 1163, 2167 C-telepeptide, 864 Cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase, 412 C-telopeptide, 611 Cytokeratins, 292, 1090 CTLA-4 inhibitors, 749, 773 Cytokeratins CK 13, 1472 Cumulative radiation dose, 1485, 1512 Cytokines, 76, 111, 422, 972, 1050, 1113, Curettage, 784 1761, 1899 Cushing disease, 1196, 1197 Cytokines IL-1B, 1018 Cushingoid features, 1580 Cytology, 367 Cushing’s syndrome, 5, 88, 90, 91, 420, 1196, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 274, 297, 984, 1498–1499 992, 2206 Cusp of Carabelli, 492 reactivation, 1602 Custom (patient-fitted) devices, 1947 Cytoplasmic staining ANCA (cANCA), 276 Custom fabricated oral appliance mandibular, 2318 Cytosine, 291 Cutaneous amyloidosis, 1497 Cytosolic glucocorticosteroid receptor (GCR), 417 Cutaneous angiosarcoma, 734 Cytotoxic T cells, 1050 Index 2349

D Dental lamina, 10, 473, 478, 1147 Dabigatran, 82, 1531, 1538 Dental lamina cysts, 1651 Daclizumab, 1548 Dental pain, 1754, 1985, 2021, 2146 Dairy products, 1687 Dental panoramic tomography (DPT), 174, 175 Danger space, 54 Dental papilla, 11 Dapsone, 259, 270, 421, 424, 809, 885, 1060, 1073, 1100, Dental placodes, 473 1120, 1547 Dental plaque, 498, 823, 1728 Daytime sleepiness, 2308 Dental pulp, 49, 476, 833–838, 1998, 2287 3D conformal therapy, 705 Dental restorative materials, 924 Deafferentation, 1833, 2200 Dental sepsis, sequelae of acute/subacute, 191 Deaminated gliadin peptide-IgG (DGP-IgG), 1564 Dentigerous cyst, 191, 520, 1652 Decision-making, 1811 Dentin, 39, 50 Decompression, 521 Dentinal dysplasia, 478 Decorin, 602 Dentinal tubule, 39, 833 Deep brain stimulation, 1970, 2152, 2221 Dentin caries, 501 Deep cervical lymph nodes, 54 Dentine anomalies, 489 Deep cervical nodes, 55, 56 Dentine dysplasia type I, 495 Deep craniofacial tissues, 1757 Dentine-enamel junction (DEJ), 474 Defective supraspinal controls, 1997 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 5, 495, 1656 Deflazacort, 417 Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor, 540–541, 547 Deflection, 1789 Dentist, 2190 Degenerative hypermyelination, 2019 Dentoalveolar infections, 831 Degenerative joint disease, 111, 1921 Dento-enamel junction (DEJ), 499 Deglycosylation, 1722, 1728 Denture-associated erythematous candidosis, 968 Degree of differentiation, 302 Denture-associated erythematous stomatitis (DAES), 429, Dehydration, 99, 1486, 1504, 1505 948, 953 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 90, 2087 Denture stomatitis, 1220 De-intensification, 685 Deoxypyridinoline, 611 Delayed healing, 1069 Depapillated areas, 950 Delayed hypersensitivity (type IV) reaction, 800 De-pigmentary disorder, 784 Delayed onset muscle soreness, 1855 Depigmentation, 786 Delayed type hypersensitivity, 1687, 1691 Depression, 87, 127–128, 1046, 1778, 1800, 1805, 1810, Delivery vehicle, 418, 420 2055, 2088, 2217, 2223, 2228, 2230, 2231, 2233, Delusional halitosis, 1720, 1727, 1733, 1742 2234, 2246, 2274 Dementia, 120, 123, 124 disorders, 127 Demilune, 45 screening, 1805 Demineralization, 498 Depth of invasion, 302 Demodex folliculorum, 796 Dermabrasion, 784 Demyelination, 2016, 2019 Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), 290, 808, 1125, Dendritic cells, 316, 319, 579, 1049, 1052–1053 1129–1131, 1558, 1564 Denosumab, 111, 864, 865, 1617, 2198 Dermatitis-tenosynovitis syndrome, 894 Dens evaginatus, 492 Dermatology, 811 Dens-in-dente, 492 Dermatomal distribution, 2160 Dens invaginatus, 492 Dermatomes, 989 Dental afferent neurons, 1754 Dermatomyositis, 276, 810–811 Dental anomalies, 1655–1660 Dermatopathology, 803, 811 Dental caries, 496, 822, 825, 828–831, 1510, 1576, 1722, Dermatophytes, 793 1728, 1735 Dermatophytosis, 799 prevention and treatment, 1512 Dermatoscopic, 778 risk, 1440, 1489, 1506 Dermatotropic, 997 Dental casts, 2313 Dermis, 52 Dental crowding, 2287 Dermo-epidermal junction, 780 Dental enamel defects, 1027, 1565 Dermoid cysts, 184, 631–634, 1651, 1652 Dental erosion, 109, 1505, 1506 Descending modulation, 1764–1766 Dental fistula, 508 Descending modulatory systems, 2220 Dental fluorosis, 487, 488 Descending noradrenergic projections, 440 Dental follicle, 10, 520 Descending pain modulatory system, 1997 Dental hypersensitivity, 1991, 2199 Descending pathways, 1751, 1764–1765 Dental imaging, 485 Descending systems, 1765–1766 2350 Index

Desmin, 292 diagnostic adjuncts, 165 Desmocollins, 1086 differential diagnosis, 163 Desmoglein(s), 1086 excisional biopsy, 168 Desmoglein 1, 273, 330, 791, 804, 874, 1088, 1105, exfoliative cytology, 166 1159, 1672 incisional biopsy, 168 Desmoglein 3, 273, 290, 330, 804, 1088, 1105, 1159 investigations type, 165 Desmoplakin(s), 1086, 1090 laboratory investigations, 166 Desmoplakin 1, 1105 location, 163 Desmoplakin 2, 1105 microbiological testing, 166 Desmoplastic fibroma, 568 mucosal smear, 166 Desmosomal, 804 non-radiographic features, 162 proteins, 1554 of various radiolucent jaw lesions, 165 Desmosomes, 804, 1086 of various radiopaque and mixed jaw lesions, 165 Desquamative, 1088 physical descriptors, 162 gingivitis, 509, 1015, 1056, 1114, 1155, 1156, 1159, primary clinical features, 163 1224, 1227, 2205 radiographic features, 162 Destructive membranous periodontal disease, salivary techniques, 166 see Ligneous gingivitis systems of oral diseases, 163 Developmental anomalies type of oral mucosal diseases based on clinical ankyloglossia, 1654 appearance, 164 capillary malformations, 1664 type of oral mucosal diseases based on etiology, 163 congenital epulis of the newborn, 1653–1654 type of oral mucosal diseases based on location, 164 dental anomalies, 1655 type of ulcerative mucosal diseases based on clinical high-flow malformations, 1666 behavior, 165 lymphatic malformations, 1665–1666 underlying disease process, 163 oral cysts in neonates, 1651–1653 vital staining, 166 orofacial clefts, 1647 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders retrocuspid papillae, 1668 (DSM-V), 124, 1862 vascular anomalies, 1660 Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders vascular malformations, 1661 (DC/TMD), 1800, 1802–1805, 2317 venous malformations, 1664 Diagnostic delay, 1366 Developmental cysts, 1651, 1652 Diagnostic grading system, 2275 Developmental dental anomalies, 478–480 Diagnostic operative procedure, 346 Developmental lesions of head and neck, 629–630 Diagnostic studies, 1962 branchial cleft cyst and lymphoepithelial Diagnostic tests, 256, 257 cyst, 637 sensitivity, 257 cystic hygroma, 648–651 specificity, 257 dermoid cysts, 631–633 Diagnostic workup, salivary gland disorders epidermoid cysts, 633–634 clinical manifestations, 1446 lymphangioma, 648–651 examination, 1445 thyroglossal duct cysts, 634–637 imaging techniques, 1450, 1452 vascular malformations, 639–648 symptoms, 1445 Developmental odontogenic cysts, 520 Diaphoresis, 78 Deviation, 1789 Diaphysis, 585 Dexamethasone, 417, 420, 431, 434, 437, 1069, Diarrhea, 1569, 1600 1156, 1195 Diascopic pressure, 1537 Dexamethasone rinses, 1606 Diascopy, 672, 776 Dextroamphetamine, 2155 Diastolic pressure, 75 Diabetes, 1047, 2126, 2128 Diazepam, 452 Diabetes mellitus (DM), 5, 88–89, 262, 268, 272, Diclofenac, 461 1497–1498, 1573, 2155–2156 sodium, 441, 1933 Diabetic ketoacidosis, 946, 1723 Diet and hygiene, 378 Diagnoses, 2215, 2216, 2223, 2229, 2231, 2233, 2234 Dietary carbohydrates, 498 biopsy, 168 Different flap designs, 365 bone diseases/jaw lesions, 162 Differentiated thyroid carcinomas, 721 clinical appearance, 163 Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS), 1003 clinical behavior, 163 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 588 cytopathogical platforms, 166 Diffuse sclerozing osteomyelitis, 619 definitive diagnosis, 163–168 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 181 Index 2351

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), 181 Dopamine-producing neurons, 1500 headache, 245 Dopamine receptors, 112 mass lesions, 186 Dormant disease, 911 ORN, 213 Dorsal root acid-sensing ion channel (DRASIC), 2189 salivary gland disease, 193 Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ), 2018 Diflunisal, 442 Dorsal root ganglia, 1676 DiGeorge syndrome, 334, 335 Dorsal root ganglion, 2027 Digital clubbing, 2193 Dorsal rostral pons, 1971 Digitalis, 75 Dorsolateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum Digital palpation, 1783 (DLPT), 1764 Digital subtraction angiography, 2139 Dose-dependent manner, 1453 Digital x-ray radiogrammetry, 110 Double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 291, 679, Dilator pupillae muscles, 24 1675, 1677 Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), 1725, 1730, 1731, 1735, 1738 adducts, 696 Dimorphism, 940 base pair, 480 Diode, 381 methylation, 1306 Diphenhydramine, 2095 ploidy, 1306 Diphtheria, 908, 1107 polymerase, 292 antitoxin, 909 repair, 969, 1394 clinical-pathologic features, 909 sequencing technologies, 831 diagnosis, 909 virus, 984, 997 Diploid, 938 Double teeth, 485 Diplopia, 121 Down syndrome, 125, 1660, 1862 Directed migration, 1050 Doxepin, 460 Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), 321 mouthwash, 2198 Direct immunofluorescence, 258, 289, 324, 1068, 1097, Doxycycline, 395, 424, 426, 650, 795 1118, 1560 Doxymycin, 426 Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), 82, 1531 Drainage of abscesses, 900 Disc condyle complex disorders, 1885 Draining method, 1447 Disc derangement Draining sinus, 842 with intermittent locking, 1902 Draining veins, 1665 without reduction, 1902 Drinking water, 488 Disc dislocation, 1788 Dronabinol, 454 Disc disorders, 1943 Drooling, 1451, 1455, 1499 Disc displacement, 218, 223, 225, 442, 1831, 1885 Drop-shaped rete ridges, 300 anterior and anterolateral, 224 Drug abuse, 1993 without reduction, 1908 Drug-associated EM lesions, 1691 with reduction, 1887, 1902 Drug history, 282 Discectomy, 1909 Drug-induced EM, 1109 Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), 809, 1228, 1255 Drug-induced extrapyramidal syndrome (DiEPS), 1865 Discopexy, 388 Drug-induced gingival lesions, 1152 Discoplasty, 1909 Drug-induced hyposalivation, 1152 Disc position, 1790 Drug-induced melanosis, 1190, 1191 Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), 1936 Drug-induced oral ulceration, 1152 Disease severity, 1119 Drug-induced Parkinsonism, 124 Diseases, see Salivary gland disorders and diseases Drug-induced xerostomia, 1152 Disinhibition, 1761 Drug-resistant infection, 915 Disorders, see Salivary gland disorders and diseases Drugs, 1190 Disseminated disease, 960 Dry eyes, 1486 Disseminated histoplasmosis, 967 Dry mouth, 1486, 2090, 2201, 2311 Disseminated intravascular coagulation, 114 See also Xerostomia Disseminated pulmonary diseases, 902 Dry needling (DN), 1852 Distant metastases (M-staging), 208, 677 Dsc 1, 1090 Diuretics, 71, 1505, 1526, 1608 dsDNA, 270, 276, 1452 Diurnal variation, 1447 antibodies, 275 Divalproex sodium, 1970 Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, 110 Docetaxel, 695, 1400, 1401 Duct-like spaces, 537 Dopamine, 124, 2153, 2220, 2223, 2225 Duct obstruction, 1462, 1501 Dopamine-antagonistic anti-emetics, 1965 Duloxetine, 445, 446, 1609, 1979, 2164 2352 Index

Dura, 1755 Edentulous maxilla, 2320 Dura mater, 1976 Edentulous patients, 2315 Dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE), 193 Edoxaban, 82, 1531 Dynorphin, 1764 Eencephalitis, 1678 Dysarthria, 122, 123 Efexor, see Venlafaxine Dysbiosis, 825 Effective dose, 175 Dysesthesia, 121, 128, 263, 264, 790, 2089 Effector phase, 1598 Dysfunction, see Salivary gland dysfunction Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, 113, 1891, 2138 Dysgeusia, 1607, 2055, 2089, 2119, 2121, 2123, Electrocardiography, 78, 80, 1535, 1962, 2290 2128, 2162 Electrocauterization, 776 Dyskeratosis congenita, 1233, 1256 Electrocautery, 355, 382, 646, 784, 1669 Dyskinesia, 2152 Electroencephalography, 122, 1962, 2290 Dyslalia, 636 Electrogustatory testing, 2085, 2093 Dyslipidemia, 77 Electrogustometry, 2122 Dysontogenetic factors, 630 Electrolyte composition, 1443 Dyspepsia, 98 Electrolyte imbalance, 129 Dysphagia, 41, 97, 98, 101, 122, 636, 681, 1409 Electromyography, 110, 1962 Dysphasia, 123 activity, 2270, 2307 Dysplasia, 297, 298, 970 Electronic health record (EHR), 138 degree of, 298 Electrophoresis, 270, 272 mild, 299 Electrophysiological intervention, 71 moderate, 299 Electrosurgery, 355 severe, 299 Elek immunoprecipitation test, 909 Dysplastic dentin (dentinoid), 529 Ellipse, 357 Dysplastic junctional melanocytic nevus, 771 Ely’s cyst, 1923, 1924 Dysplastic nevi, 779, 781–782 Emaciation, 129 Dyspnea, 74, 97 Embolization, 641, 645, 1667 Dysregulatory fibrotic processes, 1599 Embolotherapy, 647 Dysteratosis congenital, 1255 Embryogenesis, 5 Dystonia, 1859, 2149–2152 Embryonic placental angioblasts, 671 Dystrophic calcification, 1664 Emerging viral infections, 1004–1005 Eminectomy, 1910 E emm gene, 925 Early stage oropharyngeal cancers, 684 Emotion, 1763 Early supraglottic cancers, 701 Emotional entanglement, 2100 Ear pain, 1409, 1782 Emotional stress, 1777 Eating disorders, 128–129, 1505 Emotional trauma, 1775 Ebola virus, 1004 Emphysema, 86 Ecchymoses/Ecchymosis, 85, 129, 261, 1536, 1537, Empirical approach, 346 1593, 1594 Empiric antibiotic treatment, 904 Echinocandin, 409, 967 Enamel, 39 Echocardiography, 78, 80 caries, 501 E-cigarettes, 145 defects, 486 Ecological plaque hypothesis, 829 hypoplasia, 486, 1687 Economic burden of pain, 2217 matrix, 486 Ecstasy, 2155 organ, 10, 11 Ectactic lymph vessels, 1665 prisms, 39, 476 Ectatic vessels, 641 renal syndrome, 478, 484 Ectoderm, 5, 1503 Enamelin, 11 Ectodermal dysplasia (ED), 478, 486, 1503 En bloc tumor resection, 711 Ectodermally derived mucosae, 1184 Encapsulation, 1465 Ectodermal neural crest-derived mesenchyme, 473 Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis, 658 Ectodomain, 808 Encephalofacial angiomatosis, 641 Ectomesenchyme, 478 Enchondromas, 558 Ectopic discharge, 2020 Endemic goitre, 713 Ectopic pain, 1755 Endemicity, 963 Ectopic thyroid gland, 9, 41 Endocannabinoids, 454 Ectothrix, 794 Endochondral ossification, 17, 1892 Eczema (atopic dermatitis), 798 Endocrine anomalies, 706 Index 2353

Endocrine disorders, 88 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), 290, 1086, 1114, Cushing’s syndrome, 90–91 1115, 1127–1129, 1558, 1685 diabetes mellitus, 88 Epidiolex®, 454 diseases of adrenal glands, 89–90 Epidural hematoma, 1973 diseases of parathyroid glands, 91 Epigenetic alterations, 1306 gonadal disorders, 93 Epilepsy, 120, 122–123, 1613 hyperparathyroidism, 92 Epileptic recurrent seizures, 122 oral manifestations, 98 Epiligrin, 807 thyroid disease, 95 Epinephrine, 90 Endocrine dysfunction, 118 Epiphora, 709, 2129 Endocrine gland, 713 Epiplakin, 1105 Endocrinopathy, 954, 1194, 2091 Episodic attack, 1972 Endocytosis, 940 Episodic cluster headache, 1990 Endoderm, 5 Episodic paroxysmal hemicrania, 1970 Endodermally derived mucosae, 1184 Epistaxis, 580, 881, 2168 Endodontic treatment, 2035 Epithelial antigens, 1051 Endogenous, 1200 Epithelial buds, 10 opioid peptides, 440 Epithelial cell rests of Malassez, 506 pain inhibitory system, 439 Epithelial dysplasia, 1264 processes, 1725 Epithelial ion transport, 1503 substances, 1176 Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, 1480–1481 Endoneural fluid, 2128 Epithelial rests of Malassez, 50, 517 Endophytic growth pattern, 1342 Epithelial stratification, abnormal, 300 Endoplakin, 1090 Epithelioid hemangioma, 1694 End-organ failure, 70 Epithelioid macrophages, 913 β-Endorphin, 1764 Epitheliotrophic virus, 679 Endorphins, 2221 Epstein-Barr infection, 1583 Endothelial dysfunction, 77 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 274, 275, 297, 703, 984, 991, Endothelial function, 2309 1332, 1503 Endothrix, 794 associated oral tumours, 1503 End-stage disease, 1942 Epstein’s pearls, 775, 1651 Enkephalins, 1764, 2221 Epulides, 347 Enoxaparin, 1538 Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), 2093, 2231 Enterococcus faecali, 832 ERBB2, 748 Enterovirus 71, 994, 1678 Ergosterol, 408, 412, 967 Enthesitis, 1926 Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, 1645 Entropion, 1115 Erlotinib, 1401 Environmental carcinogens, 1583 Erosion(s), 222, 225, 491, 1093, 2277, 2284 Envoplakin, 273, 1105 Erosive erythroplakic, 961 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 273, 291, Eruption cyst(s), 521, 1651 321, 1097, 1099 Erysipelas, 792, 876 Enzymes, 941 Erythema areata migrans, see Benign migratory Eosinophilic amorphous material, 602 glossitis (BMG) Eosinophilic cells, 1653 Erythema exudativum multiforme, 1690 Eosinophilic granuloma, 580, 738 Erythema marginatum, 878 Eosinophils, 85, 318, 806 Erythema multiforme (EM), 277, 329, 413, 418, Ephilides, 782 420, 431, 789, 1014, 1016, 1232, 1526, Epicranial aponeurosis, 18 1690–1692 Epidemic parotitis, 1001, 1500–1501, 1867 characteristics, 1106 Epidemics, 873 clinical features, 1109 Epidemiology of chronic pain, 1823 diagnosis, 1110 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), 263, 429, epidemiology, 1107 680, 1401 etiology, 1107–1108 monoclonal antibody, 429 major, 434 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 1401 minor, 434 Epidermal keratinocyte, 784 oral, 431–434 Epidermis, 22–23 pathologic features, 1109 Epidermoid cysts, 184, 1651, 1652 pathophysiology, 1108–1109 Epidermolysis bullosa, 1255, 1685–1687 patient management, 1110–1111 2354 Index

Erythema nodosum (EN), 878, 1025, 1542 Excisional biopsy, 280, 356 leprosum, 884 Excitatory neurotransmitters, 1764 Erythema nodosum-like lesions, 1030, 1542 Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs), 1760 Erythematous, 1446, 1489, 1511 Exclusion criterion, 1502 candidosis, 1220 Excretory duct, 1441, 1442, 1446 erosive oral LP, 1227 Exercise, 1812 halo, 1676 Exfoliatin A-D, 1672 macule, 874 Exoantigen test, 965 telangiectatic rosacea, 796 Exogenous, 1200 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 110, 266, 320, process, 1725 1962, 2147 substances, 1176 Erythrocyturia, 1550 Exophytic growth pattern, 1342 Erythroderma, 1600 Exophytic masses, 357 Erythrogenic toxin, 1675 Exophytic papilloma, 674 Erythro-leukoplakia, 389, 1063, 1164, 1234, 1235, 1241, Exophytic verrucous hyperplasia, 1341 1265, 1340 Exosomes, 1358 Erythromycin, 404, 434, 879, 909 Exostosis, 188, 2286 Erythroplakia, 279, 1165, 1238, 1239, 1241, 1242, 1255, Exotoxin, 907 1265–1266, 1340 Experimental stimuli, 1998 Erythropoietin, 117 EXT1, 558 Esophageal dysphagia, 99 EXT2, 558 Esophageal lesions, 1117 External carotid artery, 18, 58 Esophageal LP, 1061 External jugular vein, 21 Esophageal tears, 129 Extra-abdominal desmoid tumor of bone, 568 Esophagoscopy, 692 Extra-axial tumors, 233 Esophagus, 807, 1061 Extracapsular restrictions, 1790 Essential hypertension, 76 Extracardiac rhabdomyoma, 670 Esthesioneuroblastoma, 708, 709 Extracellular matrix (ECM), 944, 1050, 1055, 1357 Esthetics, 358 Extracellular polysaccharide, 944 17β-Estradiol, 1928, 2087 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), 1757 Estradiol, 93 Extracranial arteriovenous malformations, 1667 Estrogen receptor(s), 93, 1892 Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) antibodies, 271, expression, 787 276, 322 Etanercept, 429, 802, 1031, 1074, 1548, 1603 Extra-dural, 245 Ethanol, 109, 395, 650 Extra-gingival lesions, 1115 Ethanolamine oleate, 395 Extraglandular manifestations, 1486 Ethinyl oestradiol, 448 Extra-hepatic manifestations, 1502 Ethmoidal air cells, 36 Extramedullary plasmacytoma, 593 Ethmoidal foramen, 25 Extranodal cancer extension, 1375 Ethmoidal nerve, 25 Extra nodal extension (ENE), 302 Ethyl alcohol, 692 Extranodal natural killer T cell lymphoma, 992 Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid with cetrimide Extraocular muscles, 58 (EDTAC), 846 Extra-oral approach, 857 Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, 1667 Extra-oral examination Eukaryotic cell, 823 anterior triangle, 151 Eumelanin, 1177 BMI, 147 Eustachian tube, 709 digital palpation, 148 Eutectic mixture of local anaesthetic (EMLA), 458, 2126 excursive jaw movements, 148 Ewing sarcoma (ES), 584, 708 general inspection, 147 EWSR1, 547, 586 isthmus, 150 Examination, 1962 lymph nodes, 150–153 Examine, 1961 lymphadenopathy, 150 Excessive anger, 126 lymphatic drainage of the head and neck, 150 Excessive anxiety, 126 mid-line neck structures, 149–150 Excessive daytime sleepiness, 2246 muscles of mastication, 148–149 Excessive exercise, 1505 neck muscles, 149 Excessive salivation, 2311 posterior triangle, 152 Exchangeable bone salts, 91 range of motion, 148, 149 Excision, 1462, 1465, 1472 salivary glands, 149 Index 2355

submandibular nodes, 152 FDG-PET/CT, 679 submental nodes, 152 Fear-avoidance, 1808 thyroid, 150 Febrile illness, 1679 thyroid cartilage, 150 Fecal calprotectin, 258, 259, 266, 1569 TMJs, 148 Fecal-oral contact, 994 trachea, 149, 150 Fenestration, 521 trigger points, 149 Fermentation, 964 visual inspection, 148 Ferritin, 264, 266, 1034 Extra-oral halitosis, 1723, 1730, 1731, 1741 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 8 Extraosseous ameloblastoma, see Peripheral Fetal type rhabdomyoma, 671 ameloblastoma (PA) Fetor hepaticus, 1731 Extraosseous COC, 529 Fever, 1549 Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 913 FeverPAIN score, 1674 Extra-trigeminal regions, 1997 Fibrillar pattern, 1129 Eye blink reflex testing, 2093 Fibrinolysis, 1529 Eyes, 1961 Fibrinolytic, 266 Eythema migrans, 42 Fibrin plug, 1529 Fibrin-rich oedema, 877 Fibroblast growth factor, 1936 F Fibrocartilage, 1892 Face and content validity, 1823 Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, 1855 Facial artery, 60 Fibro-epithelial polyps, 347, 651, 1669 Facial asymmetry, 738, 1667, 1698 Fibrolipomas, 658 Facial cellulitis, 839 Fibroma, 651–653 Facial deformity, 1923 Fibromatosis of bone, 568 Facial hypoesthesia, 663 Fibromyalgia, 109, 111–112, 128, 448, 1497, 1766, 1844, Facial migraine, 1985 1854, 2223, 2228 Facial muscles, 19 syndrome, 2162–2165, 2174 Facial nerve, 19, 1450, 1465, 1500, 1780, 2085 Fibromyxoma, 653 Facial palsy, 740, 2161 Fibrosarcoma, 653, 726–729 Facial paresthesia, 2140 Fibrosing alopecia, 803 Facies leprosa, 881 Fibrosis, 1602 Factor XII, 265 Fibrositis ossificans progressiva, 1855 Fallopian tubes., 93 Fibrous dysplasia (FD), 188, 612, 706 False-negative rate, 257 Fibrous epulis, 516, 1148, 1151 False-positive rate, 257 Fibrous hamartoma, 653 Famciclovir, 414, 430, 790, 988 Fibrous hyperplasia, 280 HZ, 2029 Fibrous plaque, 1533 Familial adenomatous polyposis, 478, 484, Fibrous polyp, 285 486, 562, 713 Fibula, 1387 Familial dsysautonomia, 1670 Field cancerization, 351, 1064, 1335 Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, 660 Filaggrin gene mutations, 798 Familial partial lipodystrophy type 2, 658 Filamentation, 942 Familial predisposition, sleep bruxism, 2281 Filamentous, 942 Familial white folded dysplasia, 1681 fungi, 963, 965 Fanconi anemia, 115, 1335, 1356 Filiform papillae, 41, 50 Farmer’s lip, see Actinic cheilitis (AC/actinic cheilosis) Filovirus, 1004 Fascia, 903 Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), 280, 370, 682 Fascial layers and spaces, 53 Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), 178, 370, Fascial space infections, 854 632, 1450, 1465 Fas ligand, 1055 salivary gland disease, 197, 200 Fasting glucose, 262 Fingernails, 1193 Fasting lipids, 264 Fishnet-like, 1092 Fasting plasma glucose, 89 Fish odor syndrome, see Trimethylaminuria Fatigue, 1549, 1777, 2164, 2221, 2223, 2228, Fissured tongue, 42, 801, 1723, 1728 2230, 2231 Fissuring, 887 Fatty liver, 77, 108 Fite-Faraco stain, 885 Fatty streaks, 1533 Fitzpatrick skin phototype, 765 Fava beans, 270 Fitzpatrick skin types, 770 2356 Index

Flaccid, 1093 Food allergy, 1031–1033 Flacid transparent bullae, 1672 testing, 323 Flail arm syndrome, 121 Foramen caecum, 40 Flail leg syndrome, 121 Foramen cecum, 9, 52, 634 Flap, 279 Foramen ovale, 23, 29 Flash lamp dye laser therapy, 674 Foramen rotundum, 24, 28 Flavin mono-oxygenase (FMO), 1731 Foramen spinosum, 23 Flaviviridae, 106 Foramina, 15 Fleas, 878 Forceps, 355 Flexible fiberoptic endoscope, 703 Fordyce granules, 1209, 1340 Flexural sites, 1124 Forebrain, 2224, 2225 Flip-flop switch, 2225, 2226 Forehead and facial sweating, 1989 Flocculent, 602 Foreign body giant cells, 517 Florid osseous dysplasia, 614 Formol saline, 286 Flow cytometry, 320 Forniceal foreshortening, 1115 Flucinonide, 1606 Foscarnet, 414 Flucloxacillin, 404 Fossa of Rossenmuller, 703 Fluconazole, 409, 967 Foul-smelling discharge, 907 Fluctuating nodule, 631 Fractionation, 1398 Fluocinolone, 1156 Fractures, 1884, 1891, 1904, 2286 acetonide, 1068 Fragile histidine triad gene (FHIT), 745 Fluocinonide, 431, 1068 Fragile X syndrome, 604 Fluorescence, 352 Freckle (ephelis), 1177 Fluorescence in situ hybridization, 294 Free flaps, types of, 1387 Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption Free light chains, 270 (FTA-ABS), 277, 892 Free nerve endings, 1752, 1764 Fluoride, 480 Free radical–scavenging mechanisms, 1899 Fluoride gel, 1510 Frictional/factitial keratosis, 1212, 1215 Fluoride mouthwash, 1510 Frictional keratosis, 1211, 1237, 1340 0.1% Fluoride oral rinse, 1490 Frog eggs, 649 Fluoride toothpaste, 1510 Frontal bossing of skull, 891 Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), 180 Frontal cortex, 2229 Fluoroquinolones, 919 Frontal sinuses, 36 Fluorosis, 478 Frontotemporal dementia, 125 Fluorouracil, 694, 695, 766, 1401 Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 125 5-Fluorouracil, 768, 1400 Frovatriptan, 1965 Fluticasone propionate, 419 Full blood count (FBC), 1962 FMO3 gene, 1731 Full dose RT, 685 Foam cells, 1532 Fulminant hepatitis, 105 Focal chronic sclerosing sialadenitis, 197 Fulminant hepatitis A, 105 Focal epithelial hyperplasia, 1155 Functional activities, 1777 Focal fibrous hyperplasia, 1670 Functional brain imaging, 223, 1963, 1967 Focal inflammatory infiltrates, 1489 Functional disability, 1778 Focal mass, 197–201 Functional heterogeneity, 1357 Focal masticatory myalgia, 1844 Functional imaging, 236, 248 Focal melanosis, 1178 Functional impairment, 2315 Focal neurologic deficits, 2168 Functional limitation, 1805 Focal osseous dysplasia, 614 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Focal reactive hyperplasia, 1669 181–182, 1763, 2162 Focal sclerozing osteomyelitis, 617 headache, 249 Folate, 264 orofacial pain, 236 deficiency, 258 Functional manipulation, 1786 Foliate papillae, 52 Functional recovery, 1512 Folic acid, 1034 Functional somatic syndromes, 2174 supplementation, 423, 447 Funduscopy, 1975 Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH), 93, 2087 Fungal alcohol metabolism, 971 Follicular histomorphologic configurations, 1475 Fungal ball (aspergilloma), 192 Follicular lymphoma, 1584 Fungal infection, 257, 1723, 2201 Follicular neoplasm, 716 Fungal rhinosinusitis, 955 Index 2357

Fungal susceptibilities, 939 Genes, 2221, 2223, 2229 Fungating, 957 Gene therapy, 1512 Fungiform papillae, 51, 1692 Genetic, 1144–1148, 1203, 1958, 1978 Fusidic acid, 1673 and environmental influences, 2216, 2221 Fusion, 491 disorders, 1176, 1195 Fusobacteria, 515 polymorphisms, 1177 Fusobacterium nucleatum, 824 predisposition, 1356 predisposition, sleep bruxism, 2279 and proteomic approaches, 1936 G Gene transfer, 1512 G6PD deficiency, see Glucose-6-phosphate Geniculate ganglion, 2049, 2127, 2128 dehydrogenase (G6PD) Geniculate neuralgia, 2049 GABA-A receptors, 455 Genioglossus activity, 2307 GABAergic, 1758, 1760, 1765, 2225, 2226 Genioglossus stimulation, 2322 GABA, see Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Genioplasty, 1912 Gabapentin, 445, 448–449, 1972, 2038, 2098, 2123, 2127 Genital condyloma acuminata, 997 CTN, 2022 Genital mucosa, 1061 HZ, 2029 Genital ulcers (GU), 1030, 1540, 1542 GABA-related drugs, 2152 Genitourinary tuberculosis, 913 Gadolinium, 178 Genomes, 306, 823 Galactomannan (GM), 966 Genome-wide association studies, 1549 Gallium scan, 180 Genotype, 1835 Galvanism, 2055 Genotype-phenotype, 485 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 122, 448, 453, 1757, Gentamicin, 964 1760, 1765, 2085, 2220, 2225, 2227 Genuine halitosis, 1720, 1727, 1733, 1735, Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), 109, 262 1742 Gamma-knife radiation, 1970 Geographic tongue, 42, 801, 1223 Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKS), 2025 See also Benign migratory glossitis (BMG) Ganciclovir, 415, 993 Gerald, 361 Ganglionic branches, 29 Germ layers, 5 Gangrene, 504 Gestational diabetes mellitus, 89 Gangrenous disease, 905 Geste antagoniste, 2151 Gardasil, 691 Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma, 547 Gardner’s syndrome, 562, 713 Giant cell(s), 608 Garlic, 1725, 1732, 1736 lesions, 603 Garré’s osteomyelitis, 860 Giant cell arteritis (GCA), 266, 1962, 1975, 2142, Gas chromatography, 1735, 1738, 1741 2145–2147 Gastric rupture, 129 Giant cell epulis, see Peripheral giant cell lesions Gastroesophageal reflux, 1535, 2091, 2246 Gingivae, 1144, 1149, 1152, 1155, 1158, 1159, 1161, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 100 1163, 1166, 1168 Gastrointestinal blood loss, 264 Gingival abscess, 516 Gastrointestinal disorders, 98, 1176 Gingival bleeding, 1667 alcoholic liver disease, 108–109 Gingival cold allodynia, 1993 dysphagia, 98–99 Gingival crevice, 1722 gastroesophageal reflux disease, 99–101 Gingival crevicular fluid, 1722 hepatitis, 104 Gingival cyst, 527 inflammatory bowel diseases, 101–104 of adult, 527, 1163 oral manifestation, 109 of infant, 527 Gastrointestinal polyps, 1200 Gingival enlargement, 117, 1614 Gastrointestinal resection, 99 Gingival epulides, 516, 1148–1149 Gastroscopy, 81 Gingival erythema, 1680 Gating, 2221, 2225, 2227 Gingival-genital syndrome, 1226 Gaucher disease, 268 Gingival hamartoma, 1147–1148 Gefitinib, 1401 Gingival hyperplasia, 422, 510, 1146, 1149, 1526, 1613 Gemination, 491 Gingival hypertrophy, 1667 Gene expression profiling, 1308 Gingival lesions, 367 Gene mutations, 1354 cysts, potentially neoplastic and neoplastic, 1163 General dental practitioner (GDP), 1407 developmental/genetic origin, 1144 Generalized aggressive periodontitis, 515 drug-induced, 1152 2358 Index

Gingival lesions (cont.) GLUT1, 673 immune mediated, 1155 Glutamate, 122, 1751, 1760, 1762, 1765, 1847, 2164, infectious origin, 1152–1155 2218, 2219, 2225 reactive, 1148 Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, 122 Gingival overgrowth, 646 Glutamate receptor antagonist, 1965 Gingival papillomas, 1155 Glutamine, 1761 Gingival pathology, see Gingival lesions Glutathione system, 87 Gingival pocket, 513 Gluten-free diet, 1028 Gingivitis, 512, 825, 826, 1088, 1576 Gluten peptides, 1564 Gingivostomatitis, 325 Glycerol injection, 2024 Ginglymo-arthrodial articulation, 1946 Glycerol rhizotomy, 2024 Ginglymo-arthrodial synovial joints, 30 Glycine, 1757, 2220, 2226, 2227 See also Temporomandibular joints Glycinergic inhibitory interneurons, 1760 Glandosane, 407 Glycogen, 287 Glandular differentiation, 528 Glycohemoglobin test, 89 Glandular enlargement, 1489 Glycohydrolases, 1722 Glandular fever, 991 Glycosalated hemoglobin (HbA1c), 262, 1452 Glandular odontogenic cyst, 528 Glyco-sugars, 1722 Glans penis, 1116 GNAS1, 612 Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 113 GNAS (G-protein coupled receptor alpha subunit [Gsα]), Glass slide, 286 1197 Glenoid fossa, 30 Gnathic osteosarcoma, 582 Gliadin, 1565 Goblet cells, 36 Gliadin peptide antigens, 1564 Goiter, 97, 406, 713 Glial cells, 2045 Golimumab, 429 Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), 1760 Gomori, 964 Gliomas, 667, 2112 Gomori–Grocott staining, 961 Glitazones, 1578 Gonadal disorders, 93–94 Global latitude gradient, 120 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, 93 Globi, 885 Gonococcal arthritis, 894 Globin, 112 Gonococcal infection, 893 α-globin, 112 Gonococcal tonsillitis, 895 β-globin, 112 Gonorrhea, 144, 403, 893–895 GLOBOCAN database, 1313 Good oral hygiene, 1155, 1159 Globus sensation, 99 Goodpasture's syndrome, 118 Glomerular filtration rate, 118, 1553 Gorlin syndrome, 767 Glomerulonephritis, 1048, 1673 Gout, 1892, 1901, 1904, 1936 Glomerulosclerosis, 118 G-protein-coupled receptors, 1755 Glossitis, 1723 G-protein mutations, 778 Glossodynia, 1497, 1591, 2082 Graded Chronic Pain Scale, 1803 Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves (IX, X), 1781 Graft rejection, 1597 Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), 40, 246, 2085, 2119, Graft versus host disease (GVHD), 4, 116, 117, 282, 329, 2122 1047, 1063, 1229, 1231, 1485–1486, 1597, Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN), 2021, 2045 2200–2202 Glossopyrosis, 2082 oral, 1605 Glossy plaque, 876 Graft-versus-leukemia effect, 1601 Glottis, 675 Gram negative bacillus, 877 Glucan, 940 Gram negative bacteria, 275 Glucksberg grade (I-IV), 1600 Gram-positive bacterial infection, 1672 Glucocorticoids (GC), 90, 444, 1194, 1195, 1579 Gram-positive cocci, 875 intralesional corticosteroids, 420–421 Gram-positive pigment-producing bacilli, 895 systemic corticosteroids, 415 Gram-positive rods, 900 topical glucorticosteroids, 418–420 Granular cell tumor (GCT), 291, 649, 668–670, 1866 Glucocorticoid supplementation, 1580 Granular cheilitis, 1025 Glucosamine, 111, 1933 Granular gingival swelling, 1025 Glucose, requirement, 262 Granulation tissue, 504, 906 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 259, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 269, 424 (GM-CSF), 1602 deficiency, 259 Granulocytopenia, 1581 Index 2359

Granulomas, 103, 911, 1493 medical approaches, 1741–1742 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), 276, 327, microbiologic tests, 1738–1739 1161, 2167 oral health management, 1739 Granulomatous diseases, 2167 organoleptic measurements, 1736–1737 Granulomatous epulis, 516 organoleptic scale, 1737–1738 Granulomatous gingivitis, 1688 photodynamic therapy, 1741 Granulomatous infection, 895 psychosocial approaches, 1742 Granulomatous inflammation, 899, 900 self-assessment, 1734 Granulomatous rosacea, 796 subjective and objective assessment, 1733–1734 Granzyme B, 1055 VSC monitoring, 1738 Graphite particles, 1201 Hamartomas, 188, 630 Graphite tattoos, 1201 Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HASM-A), 2093, Graves’ disease, 88, 95 2098 GrindCare®, 2291 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), 2093, Ground glass, 612, 789 2098 Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), 926, Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 994, 1678 1672, 1674 Hand washing, 1680 Group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis, 925–927 Hansen’s disease, 879 Group A streptococci, 877 Hard end feels, 1788 Growth factors, 76, 1939 Hard tissue biopsy, 365 Guanine, 291 Hard tissue formation, 476 Guillain Barre-like disease, 1004 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 88, 95, 1498 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 99, 106, 2118 Haversian canal, 858 Gumma, 890 Haversian systems, 17 Gums, 1506 Hazelbaker assessment tool, 1654 Guselkumab, 802 HCV, see see Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Gustation, 2117 Head, 1961 Gustatory, 1510 Headache(s), 1979, 2138, 2140, 2145, 2215, 2228, Gustatory stimulation techniques, 1506 2230, 2233, 2288 Gutkha, 145 to acute rhinosinusitis, 1977 Gut microbiota, 102 attributed to chronic rhinosinusitis, 1977 Gut sutures, 372 atypical symptoms, 244 Gynecomastia, 94 disorders, 1956, 1958, 1962 frequency, 1987 H history, 1958 Habit reversal techniques, 1907 imaging of, 243–249 Haematoma, 245 ischemic stroke/attack, 1973 β-Haemolytic streptococcus, 856 primary, 243–245 Haemotropic bacillus, 877 secondary, 245–246 Hair follicles, 17, 631, 1061 severe, 245 Hairy/coated tongue, 1218–1219 Head and neck cancer, radiation for, 210 Hairy leukoplakia, 297, 996 Head and neck lymphadenopathy, 878 Hairy tongue (HT), 41, 1723, 1728 Head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma, 1696 See also Hairy/coated tongue Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), 679, Haligram, 1735 740, 1353 HalimeterTM, 1735 copy number alterations, 744–745 HalisensTM, 1735 gene expression, 748 Halitophobia, 1720, 1727, 1733, 1735, 1742 genome-wide studies, 743 Halitosis, 41, 406, 906, 1977 immune markers and immunotherapy, antimicrobials, 1740–1741 749–751 clinical pathologic features, 1728–1733 mutations, 746 clinical presentation, 1735 signaling pathways, 748–749 diagnostic tools, 1735–1736 Head and neck tumors epidemiology, 1721–1722 benign soft tissue tumors, 651–675 etiology, 1722–1728 developmental disorders, 630 health history, 1735 malignant epithelial tumors (see Malignant epithelial history of present illness, 1734–1735 tumors of head and neck) masking agents, 1740 malignant soft tissue tumors, 721–740 mechanical methods, 1739–1740 Head CT, 1973 2360 Index

Head radiation therapy, 1485 Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation, 1601 Heartburn, 100 Hemoptysis, 681 Heart failure, 70, 1530, 1534, 2257 Hemorrhage, 1594 definition, 1532 Hemorrhagic bullae, 85, 1536 risk factors, 70 Hemorrhagic stroke, 123, 2140 signs of, 71 Hemosiderin, 287, 602, 606 symptoms of, 71 pigmentation, 517 Heart murmur, 80 Hemostasis, 362 Heart transplantation, 82–85 Hemoxygenase, 87 Heart valve replacement, 1531 Henoch–Schonlein purpura, 113 Heat shock protein 27, 942, 945, 1024 Hepadnaviridae, 106 Heat shock protein genes, 272 Heparin, 81, 1537, 1538 Heavy metals, 1334 Hepatic dysfunction, 1731 Heck’s disease, 295 Hepatic encephalopathy, 109 Hedonic scale, 1737 Hepatic steatosis, 106 Helicobacter pylori, 100, 972, 1731 Hepatitis, 104–108 Helper T cells, 1050 Hepatitis A virus, 104 Hemangioendotheliomas, 673 Hepatitis B virus, 106 Hemangioma(s), 183, 394, 575, 641, 642, 671–674, 1694 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 106, 263, 275, 1002–1003, Hemangiosarcoma, 734 1047, 1226, 1502 Hematinic deficiencies, 1034 sialadenitis, 1002 Hematinics, 263, 1097 Hepatitis E virus, 105 Hematocrit, 115, 258 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 104, 107, 108 Hematogenous dissemination, 959 Hepatocytes, 109, 266 Hematogenous metastases, 727 Hepatomegaly, 109, 1600 Hematogenous pulpitis, 503 Hep C RNA, 108 Hematological disorders, 112, 2143–2145 Hereditary angioedema (HAE), 270, 271, 325 anemia, 114 Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis (HBID), leukemia, 115–116 1210–1211 lymphoma, 116 Hereditary benign intraepithelial dysplasia, 1683 oral manifestations, 117 Hereditary gingival fibromatosis, 1144–1146 Hematological malignancy, 258, 2168 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), 641, 1537 Hematologic cancers, 1585 Hereditary hypophosphatasia, 495 Hematologic diseases, 1017, 1581 Hereditary leukokeratosis of mucosa, 1681 Hematology Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, 1335 bleeding disorders, 261–262 Herpangina, 994, 1678, 1679 full blood count, 257–261 Herpes gestationis, 1558 Hematolymphoid malignancies, 680 Herpes labialis, 430, 789, 986 Hematoma, 1536 Herpes simplex, 297, 985–988, 2206 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation induced erythema multiforme, 431 (HSCT), 2197 infection, 1108, 1153–1154, 1602 Hematuria, 93 phrophylaxis, 430 Hemicrania continua (HC), 1958, 1971, 1984 reactivation, 789 Hemidesmosomal proteins, 1558 virus, 144, 320, 1690 Hemidesmosome(s), 273, 806, 1086, 1157, 1558 virus infections, 1675 Hemifacial spasm, 1860 Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), 413, 789, 984, 985, Hemithyroidectomy, 716 1015, 2128 Hemochromatosis, 108 primary infection, 985 Hemodialysis, 81 secondary infection, 986 Hemoglobin, 112 Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), 413, 984, 985, 1015, Hemoglobin A1c, 89 1675 Hemolymphangioma, 648 primary infection, 985 Hemolytic anemia, 270 Herpesviridae, 1675 Hemophilia, 82, 279, 1594 α-Herpesvirinae, 984 mild, 1595 β-Herpesvirinae, 984 severe, 1595 γ-Herpesvirinae, 984 Hemophilia A, 1594 Herpes viruses, 297, 984–985, 1410 Hemophilia B, 1594, 1595 Herpes zoster (HZ), 430–431, 989, 2027, 2160 Hemophilic, moderate, 1595 infection, 2161 Hemophilus influenza, 403, 404 oticus, 2050 Index 2361

Herpetic gingivostomatitis, 1680 4-HNE, 1754 Herpetic infections, 1606 Hoarseness of voice, 692 Herpetic stomatitis, 2202 Hodgkin disease, 268 Herpetiform aphthous stomatitis, 1019 Hodgkin lymphoma, 116, 274, 587, 1582, 1583 Herpetiform ulcers, 1545 Holmlund line, 387 Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath, 12, 476, 489 Homeostasis, 944 Heterogenicity, 941 Homeostatic drive, 2243 Heteroplasias, 630 Homocysteine, 263 Heterotopic pains, 1774 Homogeneity, 349 Hibernoma, 671 Homogeneous, 951, 1924 Hierarchical way, 1821 groups, 1820 High arched palate, 891 leukoplakia, 301, 1234 High blood flow, 641 Honeycomb configuration, 543 High blood pressure, 75 Horizontal mattress suture, 376 High condylar shave, 1943 Hormone replacement therapy, 2094, 2162 High-density lipoproteins (HDL), 264 Hormones, 104 High-flow malformations, 1661, 1666–1668 Horner’s syndrome, 2170 High flow vascular malformations, 184, 641 Horse-radish peroxidase, 291 High-grade fibrosarcoma, 729 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 2093 High-inflammatory arthritic conditions, 1921 Host defense responses, 512 High-inflammatory arthritis, perioperative management, Hot cross bun method, 1809 1937 Hot flushes, 94 Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 732, 1502 Hot pepper, 2095 High-performance liquid chromatography, 112 Hot potato voice, 681 High-resolution melting curve analysis, 966 HPA axis, see Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis High risk specimens, 281 HPV 6, 997 High-threshold, 1759 HPV 11, 997 Hilton’s Law, 1921 HPV-16, 682, 1356 Histamine, 2225 HPV-18, 682, 1356 Histamine type 1 (H1) receptors, 1609 HPV-positive OPSCC, 680 Histiocytes, 606, 892 HPV-positive SCC, 679 Histochemical stains, 287 HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma, 1001 Histodifferentiation, 634 H2 receptor antagonists, 1610 Histopathological diagnosis, 287 HSV-1, see Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) Histopathology, 324, 1465 HSV-2, see Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) Histoplasma, 1107 5-HT, see Serotonin (5-HT) capsulatum, 957 Hulusi Behçet, 1540 Histoplasmosis, 268, 956 Human alphaherpesvirinae, 1677 HIV/AIDS, 274, 275, 1197, 1198 Human genome, 257 HIV-1, 996 Human herpesvirus, 413, 984, 1015 HIV-2, 996 Human herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3), 988 HIV-associated pigmentation, 1198 Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), 984, 993 HIV-associated salivary gland disease, 1502 Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), 984, 993 HIV infection, 2155 Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), 297, 732, 984, 993, 1410 oral mucosal disease in, 998 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 144, 996, 1410, HIV salivary gland disease, 1003–1004 1501–1502 HIV-seropositive, 1197 infection, 1154–1155 HLA-A*3101, 447 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 271, 1549 HLA-B*1502, 447 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B51, 1540 HLA-B*15:02, 272 Human oral microbiome, 821–822 HLA-B27, 272, 1024 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 144, 201, 294, 297, 334, HLA-B51, 1029 679, 997–1001, 1252, 1318, 1332, 1356 HLA class II allele, 1095 associated cancers, 295 HLA-DQB1*0201, 272 associated oropharyngeal cancers, 685–691 HLA-DQB1*0301, 272 subtypes, 295 HLA-DQB1*0301 allele, 1690 viral oncoprotein E6, 1354 HLA-DR3, 1549 Human papilloma virus (HPV)-related squamous cell HLA-DRB1, 1093 carcinoma (SCC), 185 HMB45, 1187 Human simplex virus type 1, 1675 HMB 45, 709 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus, 106 2362 Index

Humoral immune response, 318 Hyperparathyroid-jaw tumor syndrome, 609 Humoral immunity, 85 Hyperpigmentation, 269, 1199, 1499, 1580 Huntington’s disease, 125, 2270 Hyperpituitarism, 1574 Hutchinson’s incisors, 487, 891, 1656 Hyperplasia, 1894, 1911 Hyaline cartilage, 559 Hyperplastic candidosis, 951, 1220 Hyaluronic acid, 111, 431, 444, 1908, 1938 Hyperprolactinemia, 88 Hyaluronidase, 904 Hyper-responsive macrophage phenotype, 1680 Hydantoin, 75, 1107 Hypersalivation, 1439, 1455 Hydralazine, 275 Hypersegmentation, 115 Hydraulic system, 2321 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 268 Hydrocephalus, 245, 891 Hypersensitivity reaction, 1690 Hydrocodone, 444 Hypersynchronous, 122 Hydrocortisone, 1938 Hypertension, 38, 92–93, 263, 1047, 2128, 2138 Hydrodynamic theory, 1754 characteristics, 1525 Hydro-electrolytic balance, 117 Hypertensive vascular disease, 75 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 1724, 1730, 1731, atherosclerosis, 76 1737, 1738 hypertension, 75 Hydrophobicity, 940 Hyperthyroidism, 88, 268, 406, 1048, 1498, 1574 Hydrophobic phenotype, 940 Hypertrichosis, 1146 Hydroquinone, 783 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 81 Hydrotherapy, 2164 Hypertrophic gingivitis, 116 Hydroxocobalamin, 263 Hyperuricemia, 422 Hydroxyapatite, 11, 493 Hypervigilance, 2174 crystals, 476 Hypervolemia, 69 Hydroxychloroquine, 810, 1553, 1611 Hyphae, 938, 942 Hydroxyethylcellulose, 407, 419, 425 Hypnosis, 2270 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, 1510 Hypnotic, 1763 Hyoid bone, 634 Hypoaldosteronism, 90 Hyperacusis, 2128 Hypocalcemic, 610 Hyperaldosteronism, 76, 90 Hypochondria, 2088 Hyperalgesia, 440, 790, 1755, 1760, 1847, 2008, 2160, Hypochondriasis, 1720, 1833 2198, 2218, 2220 Hypochromic anemia, 259 Hyperarousal, 2226, 2230 Hypocretin, 2260 Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), 1619 See also Orexin Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO), 859, 863, 905 Hypodontia, 5, 12, 485, 1698 Hyperbilirubinemia, 422 Hypoesthesia, 2014 Hypercalcemia, 92, 93, 422 sensory loss (see Sensory loss) Hypercalcemic, 610 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 274, 334, 1600 Hypercapnia, 74, 2257 Hypogeusia, 267, 420, 2121 Hypercementosis, 1791 Hypoglossal nerve (XII), 40, 1781 Hypercholesterolemia, 38 Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS), 2254–2256 Hypercortisolism, 90, 91 Hypoglossus nerve stimulation, 2323 Hyperdontia, 13 Hypogonadism, 93 Hyperexcitability, 122, 1765 Hypoguesia, 267 Hyperfiltration, 118 Hypokinesia, 1858 Hyperfractionation, 1398 Hypomagnesemia, 422 Hyper-fractioned radiation, 695 Hypomineralization, 1028 Hypergammaglobulinemia, 274 Hypomineralized amelogenesis imperfecta, 484 Hyperglycemia, 88, 1576 Hypomineralized enamel, 486 Hypergonadism, 93, 94 Hypomobility, 1884, 1889, 1896 Hyperkeratosis, 283, 1048 Hyponatremia, 446 Hyperkinesia, 1859 Hypoperfusion, 123 Hyperlipidemia, 69, 422, 775 Hypopharyngeal cancers, 692–695 Hypermelanosis, 787 Hypopharyngeal webs, 692 Hypermethioninemia, 1731 Hypopharynx, 675 Hypermobility, 1897 Hypophosphatasia, 478 disorders, 1884, 1889–1891, 1909 Hypophysis, 93 Hyperparakeratosis, 953 Hypopigmentation, 786 Hyperparathyroidism, 92, 263, 600, 608 Hypopigmented macules, 880 Index 2363

Hypoplasia, 1894, 1905, 1912 Ignition hypothesis, 2020 Hypoplastic/hypocalcified enamel, 1698 IHS, 1967 Hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta, 484 criteria, 1963 Hypopneas, 2248 IL-1, 1050 Hyposalivation, 46, 49, 119, 1439, 1445, 1453, 1486, IL-8, 1050 1607, 1698, 1722, 1732, 1733, 2055, 2094 IL-10, 1050 Hypotension, 129 IL-12, 1050 Hypothalamic dysfunction, 1997 Ileum, 1568 Hypothalamic hormone, 95 Ileus, 1600 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), 91, 415, Ilex paraguariensis, 1333 418, 420, 1194, 2087 Illumination, 356 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, 128 Imaging Hypothalamic-pituitary axis, 112 computed tomography (CT), 161 Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, 93 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 161 Hypothalamic region, 1972 occlusal radiographs, 161 Hypothalamus, 88, 1764, 1970, 2223, 2225, 2226 panoramic radiographs, 161 posterior region, 1969 periapical radiographs, 161 Hypothermia, 129 photography, 161 Hypothesis, 1050 plain films, 161 Hypothyroidism, 88, 125, 1048, 1498 sialography, 161 Hypovascularity, 863 ultrasonography, 161 Hypoxanthine-guanine phophoribosyltransferase videography, 161 (HGPRT), 421 Imaging guidelines, OC-SCC, 213 Hypoxemia, 2257 Imatinib, 608 Hypoxia, 74, 114, 123 Imidazoline, 461 Hypoxia-reperfusion injury, 1899 Imiquimod, 766, 768, 1001 Immune activation, 1997 I Immune blistering disease, 805 Iatrogenic injury, 445 Immune deficiencies, 1678 Ibuprofen, 461 Immune dysregulation, 102 ICAM-1, 1050, 1131 Immune granulomas, 1493 ICHD-III diagnostic criteria, 1977 Immune mediated gingival lesions, 1155–1163 Identafi®, 353, 1289, 1297 Immune-mediated mucocutaneous disorder, 1690 Idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR), 218, 227, 1930 Immune modulating agents, 426 Idiopathic diabetes, 89 Immune modulating therapy, 258 Idiopathic epilepsy, 122 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Idiopathic facial palsy, 2127 (IRIS), 1003 clinical-pathologic features, 2128–2129 Immune system, 54, 316 epidemiology, 2127–2128 Immunoblotting, 291, 321 etiology, 2128 Immunobullous, 811 pathophysiology, 2128 disease, 262 patient management, 2129–2130 Immunocompetent, 429 Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, 276 Immunocompromised patient, 939, 967 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, 1975 Immunodeficiency, 274, 334, 336, 946 Idiopathic leukoplakia, 1256 Immuno-depressed, 938 Idiopathic orofacial pain, 1831 Immunoenzymatic assay, 966 Idiopathic osteosclerosis, 617 Immunofluorescence, 288 Idiopathic/progressive condylar resorption (ICR/PCR), Immunoglobulin(s), 270, 272, 273, 275, 1049 1927 testing, 320 Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, 2009 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy, 118 IFN-γ, 1050, 1052 Immunoglobulin M, 104 IgA, 104, 319, 1494, 1495 Immunohistochemical staining, 324 autoantibody, 808 Immunohistochemistry, 291, 297 endomysial antibodies, 275, 1565 Immunological, 1144, 1161 IgD, 319 mediators, 1123 IgE, 274, 319 status, 967 IgG, 104, 274, 319, 1494, 1495 tests, 320 IgG4-related disease, 195, 274, 328, 1494 work-up, 319–320 IgM, 319 Immunologic techniques., 112 2364 Index

Immunology, 270 Infertility, 94 Immunomodulators, 1100, 1572 Infiltrative growth pattern, 1473 Immunomodulatory, 946 Inflammasone, 1694 Immunoparesis, 592 Inflammation, 1192, 2189 Immunoprecipitation, 321 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 101, 264, 265, 276, Immunosuppressants, 808 331, 429, 1023, 1158, 1161, 1567 Immunosuppression, 116, 258, 268, 958, 987 clinical presentation, 1024–1025 Immunosuppressive agents, 1070 definition, 1021 systemic (see Systemic immunosuppressive agents) etiology, 1021 topical (see Topical immunosuppressive agents) etiopathogenesis, 1024 Immunosuppressive medication(s), 2177 oral lesions in diagnosis of, 1025–1026 metabolism, 268 prevalence, 1024 Immunosuppressive pharmacological agents, 336 Inflammatory collateral cyst, 518 Immunosuppressives, 1100 Inflammatory disorders, 1884, 1892 Immunotherapy, 641 Inflammatory odontogenic cysts, 517 Impaired cognitive ability, 124 Inflammatory pain, 2007, 2202 IMPATH, 1779 Inflammatory soup, 2202 Impetigo, 791, 873, 1671–1673 Inflammatory TMJ arthritic conditions, 1921 clinical-pathologic features, 875 Infliximab, 429, 802, 1031, 1074, 1548, 1572 diagnosis, 875 Influenza, 1004 Implantable devices, 78 A virus, 1004 Implant placement, 2034 C virus, 1004 Impotence, 94 Infraorbital nerve, 28 ImThera device, 2255 Infratemporal region, 23 Inadequate sleep, 2244–2246 Infundibular cyst, 633 Incidental pain, 2196 Inguinal freckling, 666 Incisional biopsy, 279, 356 Inhaled GC, 419 Incisive foramen, 9 Inherited epidermolysis bullosa, 1685 Incisive papilla, 597, 882 Inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, 421 Incus, 10 Inhibitory imbalance, 1995 Indandione, 81 Inhibitory interneurons, 1757 Indirect ELISA, 1097 Inhibitory neurotransmitters, 2164 Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay, 321 Injecting drug use, 106 Indirect injury, 1888 Injuries of teeth, 489–496 Indium-111, 180 Injury, 1192 Indomethacin, 1970, 1971 Innate immune system, 1049 Induction chemotherapy, 694 Innate immunity, 118, 316 Infantile genitalia, 94 Inner enamel epithelium, 10 Infantile hemangioma, 671, 1694, 1695 Insanity, 890 Infants, 1644 Insect bites, 873 hemangioma, 1694–1696 In situ hybridization, 294, 682 herpangina, 1678 Insomnia, 2223, 2224, 2226, 2234, 2244, 2246, tongue, 1654 2258–2260, 2283, 2288 Infarct, 245 Insomnia Severity Index, 2231 Infectious disease, 788–794 Inspire device, 2255 bacterial pharyngitis, 1673–1674 Insufficient sleep, 2247 coxsackie viruses, 1678–1680 Insula cortex (Ins), 1762, 1763 herpes simplex virus infections, 1675–1677 Insulin, 88, 1578 impetigo, 1671 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), 671 periodontal diseases, 1680–1681 Insulin resistance, 2247 scarlet fever, 1674 syndrome, 77 varicella zoster virus, 1677–1678 Integrins, 1050 Infectious mononucleosis, 991 α6β4 Integrin subunits, 273, 807, 1086, 1112 Infectious origin, 1153 Intense pulsed light (IPL), 783 Infective endocarditis, 80 Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), 211, 212, Inferior alveolar nerve, 16, 30 685, 1394, 1485, 2197 Inferior alveolar nerve canal, 2169 Intensity of pain, 1776 Inferior concha, 34 Intercalated ducts, 45, 1442, 1475 Inferior lateral pterygoid, 1786 Intercellular adhesion molecules, 1532 Index 2365

Intercellular cement substance antibody, 1556 Interstitial lung disease, 2256 Intercellular substance, 804 Intima media, 1532 Intercuspal position, 1793 Intra-articular corticosteroid injections, 1911 Interferon-α, 1031 Intra-articular inflammation, 218, 1928 Interferon-2α, 1001 Intra-articular medications, 1938 Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), 422, 1018, 1547, 1691 Intra-articular steroids release assay, 277, 913 imaging guided injection, 229 Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group injections, 1938 (IRSG), 1697 Intra-articular synovitis, 222 Interleukin 12/23, 802 Intracanal medicaments, 846 Interleukin 17, 802 Intracapsular restrictions, 1790 Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), 1762, 1935 Intra-cartilaginous spread, 697 Interleukin-5, 1018 Intracavitatory brachytherapy, 705 Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor Intracerebral hemorrhage, 123, 1973 (TNF)-α, 1198 Intracranial neoplasm, 1976 Interleukin (IL)-2, 268, 422, 1018 Intracranial pressure, 1975, 1976 Interleukins, 1532 Intracranial space occupying lesions, 2168 Interlobular ducts, 1442 Intracranial tumors, 2017, 2191–2193 Intermittent locking, 1887, 1907 Intra-cytoplasmatic parasite, 879 Internal carotid artery dissection, 2138–2140 Intradermal, 778, 1181 Internal derangement, temporomandibular joint, 219, 386, nevi, 779 1883 Intraductal carcinoma, 1477 clinical-pathological features, 1902–1905 Intraepithelial vesicles, 875 epidemiology, 1884 Intralesional calcitonin, 608 etiology, 1885–1894 Intralesional corticosteroids, 1689, 1696 pathophysiology, 1894–1902 Intralesional injections, 1070, 1160 patient management, 1905–1912 Intralesional steroids, 795 Internal jugular vein, 21 Intralesional triamcinolone, 1546 Internal medicine, 69 Intraluminal unicystic ameloblastoma, 532 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Intramembranous ossification, 17 1313 Intramucosal nevi, 1181, 1182 International Association for the Study of Pain, 2083 Intranasal budesonide, 1705 International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR), Intranasal fluticasone, 1705 1600 Intranasal mometasone furoate, 1705 International Classification of Disease (ICD-DA), 1251 Intra-oral examination International Classification of Headache Disorders buccal mucosae, 154 (ICHD), 2008 circumvallate papillae, 154 International Classification of Headache Disorders III dentition, 156 (ICHD-III), 1979, 2083 floor of mouth, 156 International Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma, 1696 foliate, 154 International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2246, fungiform papillae, 154 2258, 2272 gingivae, 154 International Headache Society, 1979 hard palate, 156 International Headache Society produced an International labial mucosae, 154 Classification of Headache Disorders lips, 154 (ICHD), 243 oropharynx, 156 International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology retromolar trigone, 156 Consortium (INHANCE), 1320 saliva, 156–157 International normalized ratio (INR), 81, 261, 262, 1538 salivary dysfunction, 157 International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies salivary gland function, 157 (ISSVA), 183, 640, 1660 screening adjunctive techniques, 157 International Study Group (ISG) for Behçet sialometry, 157 Disease, 1030 Stenson’s ducts, 156 International Workshop for a Classification of stimulated flow rate, 157 Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, 508, 1680 stimulated salivary flow rates, 157 Interneurons, 1751, 1757, 1758, 1760, 1765 sublingual caruncles, 156 Interpreting jaw lesions, 161 sublingual papillae, 156 Interproximal open spaces, 2314 tongue, 154 Interstitial fluids, 54 unstimulated flow rates, 157 2366 Index

Intra-oral examination (cont.) Ischemic heart disease, 1532 Waldeyer’s ring, 156 angina pectoris, 71–73 Wharton’s duct, 156 characterization, 69 Intra-oral lymphangiomas, 648, 649 cor pulmonale, 73 Intra-oral malignant melanoma, 1167 heart failure, 70–71 Intraoral mucous membrane, 1766 Ischemic stroke, 123 Intraoral neurovascular pain, 1999 attack, 1973 Intra-oral radiographs, 175 Isoelectric focusing, 112 Intra-oral US, OC-SCC, 204 Isolated facial migraine, 1993 Intraosseous COC, 529 Isolated facial pain, 1986 Intra-osseous fibrosarcomas, 727 Isolated idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 94 Intraosseous hemangiomas, 575 Isolated mental neuropathy, 2169 Intra-osseous lesions, 641 Isolated neurovascular craniofacial pain, 1990 Intraosseous neurofibromas, 574 Isolectin B/IB4-positive nociceptors, 1752 Intra-osseous vascular malformations, 645 Isomorphic response, 1047 Intrapulpal nociceptor activation, 1999 Isoniazid, 913, 914 Intrarenal hypertension, 118 Isotretinoin, 797, 1072 Intrasubnuclar connections, 1756 Itch sensation, 1752 Intravenous immunoglobulin, 805 Itraconazole, 411, 967 Intravenous immunoglobulin G, 905 Intravenous iodinated contrast medium, 176 Intrinsic brainstem pathology, 232 J Intrinsic endothelial progenitor cells, 671 Jaccord arthropathy, 1550 Inuit Indians, 999 Jaffe–Lichtenstein syndrome, 612 Invasive candidosis, 948 Jalili syndrome, 478 Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, 955 Jaundice, 105, 106 Invasiveness, 939 Jaw claudication, 1975, 2141 Invasive squamous cell carcinoma, 1238 Jaw hypoplasia, 1698 Inverted ductal papillomas, 1472 Jaw-opening dystonia, 2150 Inverted papilloma, 674, 706 Jaw-opening reflex, 2227 Inverting papillomas, 2112 Jaw spasm, 2154 Investigations, 256 Jaw stiffness, 2311 Investing layer, 53 Jaw stretching exercise, 2317 In vitro diagnostics, 256 Jaw stretching manipulation, 1908 Involuntary movement, 1860 Joint fluid, 222 Involuting congenital hemangiomas, 1695 Joint restrictions, 1789 Involuting hemangioma, 1667 Joint sounds, 1790 Involution, 672 Joule-Thomson expansion principle, 383 Iodine, 406 Jugular vein, 56 deficiency, 95 Junctional, 778 Iodophors, 406 epidermolysis bullosa, 493 Ion channels, 52 epithelium, 512 Ionizing radiation, 175, 1333 melanocytic nevus, 771, 779 IP-10/CXCL10, 1051 nevi, 1181, 1182 Ipilimumab, 1187 Juvenile angiofibromas, 706 Ipsilateral AS, 1989 Juvenile chronic bacterial sialadenitis, 917 Ipsilateral lymphadenopathy, 1867 Juvenile chronic mandibular osteomyelitis, 860 Iron, 1034 Juvenile hemangioma, 1694 deficiency, 264, 1581, 2260 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 218, 228, 1926, 1927 deficiency anemia, 115, 692, 1590 Juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma, 543 deposition, 287 Juvenile recurrent parotitis (JRP), 196, 1501 recycling, 115 Juvenile trabecular ossifying fibroma, 543 studies, 264 Irreversible pulpitis, 503, 835 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 128, 265, 2173 K Irritant contact stomatitis, 1211 Kallmann’s syndrome, 94 Irritation, 1180 Kaposi, M., 732 Ischemia, 1533 Kaposi sarcoma (KS), 297, 732–734, 993, 996, 1168, necrosis of areas of oral mucosa, 2146 1410–1412 Index 2367

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), 1168 Lamina propria, 104 Kappa and Lambda, 292 Laminin, 1050, 1157 Kariolysis, 632 Laminin 332, 273, 807, 1112, 1119, 1559 Karnofsky score, 1123 Laminin 5, 807 Kasabach–Merritt syndrome, 576 Laminin V, 1055 Kawasaki disease, 1675, 1692–1693 Lamotrigine, 450, 1972 KBG syndrome, 478 CTN, 2022 Keloidal scarring, 795 Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 578 Keratin, 632 Langerhans cells, 291, 799, 1049, 1052 Keratin-13 (KRT13) gene, 1681 Langerhans giant cells, 884, 913, 1689 Keratin-4 (KRT4) gene, 1681 Large lymphatic malformations, 649 Keratin filled cysts, 775 Laryngeal and tracheo-bronchial lesions, 1116 Keratinization, 948 Laryngeal cancer, 696–702 Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, 703, 1352 Laryngopharyngectomy, 694 Keratinocyte(s), 319, 1090, 1134 Larynx, 57, 675 growth factor, 1602 preservation, 702 Keratin protein, 1681 Laser, 355, 381 Keratoacanthoma, 768–770 ablation, 767, 776, 1669 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 1489, 1601 ablative resurfacing, 766 Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), 191, 521 therapy, 645, 1665, 1666 Keratolytics, 766, 784 Lashley cup, 1448 Keratosis of unknown significance (KUS), 1233, 1237 Latency, 2012 Ketoacidosis, 89 Latent syphilis, 888 Ketoconazole, 91, 967, 1611 Latent TB infection, 911, 915 Khat, 1332 Latent varicella zoster virus, 790 Ki 67, 292 Lateral cephalogram, 176, 1704 Kidney disease, 1525 Lateral lingual tonsils, 43 Kidney failure, 118 Lateral periodontal cyst, 523 Ki-Rare, 276 Lateral pharyngeal space, 54 Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome, 576, 1664 Lateral pterygoid, 23, 33, 60 Knot, 377 Lateral radicular cyst, 517 Koebner phenomenon, 1047 Lateral system , 1763 Kohlschutter–Tonz syndrome, 478 Late-stage arthritic condition, 1923 Koilonychias, 692 Laugier–Hunziker pigmentation, 1193, 1199 Kojic acid, 788 Laxatives, 1505 Kölliker-Fuse, 1765 Lead, 1202, 1612 Krutchkoff criteria, 1062 Left ventricular dysfunction, 1530 KSHV, see Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus Legionellosis, 1107 (KSHV) Leiomyosarcoma, 735–736 KTP, 1665 Lentigo maligna, 771, 773 Kuttner’s pseudotumor, 197 Lentigo maligna melanoma, 1185, 1186 Kydrotic degeneration, 632 LEOPARD, 670 Kyphoscoliosis, 2256 Lepromatous leprosy, 880 Leprosy, 268, 879, 1107 clinical-pathologic features, 884 L diagnosis, 884–885 LABD97, 808 etiology and pathophysiology, 880 Labial melanotic macule, 1178 patient management, 885 Labial salivary gland biopsy, 363 Leptomeningeal angiomatosis, 641 Labia majora, 1542 Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, 2169 Lacrimal nerve, 25 Leptomeningeal seeding, 2190 β-Lactamase, 403, 405 Leptomeninges, 2028 β-Lactamase-resistant penicillin, 404 Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, 1670 Lactobacillus casei, 831 Lesional pruritus, 874 Lactobacillus species, 498 Leukemia, 1168, 1225, 1581, 1582 Lactoferrin, 407, 1049 Leukemic infiltration, 2143 Lactoperoxidase, 407 Leukocytosis, 874, 877 Lamina densa, 1087 Leukoedema, 1211, 1212, 1340 Lamina lucida, 289, 1086 Leukopenia, 1581 2368 Index

Leukoplakia, 279, 388, 970, 1063, 1164–1165, 1213, Liquefactive degeneration, 1058 1215, 1235, 1238, 1239, 1241, 1242, 1255–1265, Liquid nitrogen, 281, 286, 383 1340 Lisch nodules, 666, 667 homogeneous, 301 Lissamin green, 1453 non-homogeneous, 301 Lithium, 1970 and proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, 1233–1238 Lithotripsy, 386 Leukoplakic lesions, 961 Liver biochemistry panel (LBP) test, 262–263 Levator scapulae, 1785 Liver cirrhosis, 107 Levodopa, 124, 1500 Liver disease, 263, 274 Lewy body, 124 Liver function tests, 1600 Libman–Sacks endocarditis, 1550 Liver impairment, 81 Lichenification, 798 Liver-kidney microsomal antibodies, 275 Lichenoid changes, 1602 LJSGH, see Localised juvenile spongiotic gingival Lichenoid drug reaction, 282 hyperplasia (LJSGH) Lichenoid dysplasia, 1063, 1266 L-methylmalonyl-CoA, 263 Lichenoid inflammation, 1192 Lobular capillary hemangioma, 671, 1694 Lichenoid lesions, 1224, 1605 Local anesthesia, 348 Lichenoid-like lesions, 2200 Local anesthetic drugs, 440 Lichenoid reactions, 1526 Local anesthetic injection, 2036 Lichenoid reaction to amalgam, 282 Local autonomic signs, 1991 Lichen planopilaris, 803, 1061 Local circuit neurons, 1757 Lichen planus, 282, 328, 1015, 1016, 1156, 1192, 1212, Localised infection, 853 1224, 1226, 1576 Localised juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia Lidocaine, 459, 2095, 2117, 2126 (LJSGH), 1149, 1684 hydrochloride, 359 Localization, 1776 Life events, 2231 Localized aggressive periodontitis, 1680 Lifestyle, 2233 Local muscle diseases, 109 Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 582, 1335, 1696, 1867 Local myalgia, 1849, 1854–1855 Ligneous gingivitis, 1146–1147 Locoregional metastasis, 1343 Lignocaine, 458 Locus coeruleus, 1765, 2220, 2225 Limbic circuits, 1764 Long-acting triptans, 1965 Lincosamides, 404 Longissimus, 1785 Linea alba, 1214, 2286 Loss of body hair, 94 Linear basement membrane zone, 1111 Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 1354 Linear gingival erythema, 953 17p, 1306 Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD), 13q, 1306 808, 1558 Loss of libido, 94 Linear IgA disease, 290, 808, 1125–1127, 1158 Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 76, 77, 264, 1532 Linear IgG/C3, 1124 Low-dose dexamethasone tests, 91 Linear model, 2227, 2228 Lower CH, 1989 Linear non-threshold (LNT), 175 Lower-half facial migraine, 1985, 1990, 1993 Linefelter syndrome, 94 Lower lip, 1448 Lingual artery, 40, 60 Lower motor nerve facial palsy, 1688 Lingual frenotomy, 1654, 1655 Low glycemic index, 794 Lingual frenulum, 41 Low grade osteosarcoma, 583, 584 Lingual frenum attachment, 1654 Low grade sinonasal adenocarcinoma, 675 Lingual nerve, 29, 40 Low-inflammatory arthritic conditions, 1921 Lingual nerve injury, 2036 Low level laser therapy (LLLT), 1852 Lingual papillae, 926 Low potency, 419 Lingual thyroid, 41, 636 Low risk subtypes, 295 Lingual tonsil, 56 Lozenges, 1506 Lingual veins, 40 LP-specific epidermal antigen, 1045 Lining mucosa, 47, 52 Lucid interval, 1973 Lip lesions, 358 Ludwig’s angina, 856, 858 Lipoma, 186, 365, 655–658, 1340 Lumbar puncture, 1962, 1976 Lipopolysaccharide, 512 LUMBAR syndrome, 1695 Liposarcoma, 657, 729 Lumboperitoneal shunting, 1976 Lips, 52 Luminal unicystic ameloblastoma, 532 Lip swelling, 1571 Lumpy jaw, 896 Index 2369

Lung cancer, 268, 2169, 2193 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 179, 184, 246, Lupus erythematosus, 4, 326, 809–810, 1014, 1063, 710, 1962 1228–1229 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 122, 161, 174, 178, Lupus-like disease, 1048 179, 232, 632, 1452, 1962, 1973, 2168 Lupus nephritis, 118 headache, 244, 245 Luteinizing hormone, 93 mass lesions, 186 Luxation, 1889, 1903 neck nodal metastases, 206 Lyme disease, 125, 1962, 2157–2158 OC-SCC, 203, 206, 208 Lymphadenoma, 1467–1470 ORN, 213 Lymphadenopathy, 150 orofacial pain, 230, 233 Lymphangiogenic growth factors, 648 OSA, 241–243 Lymphangioma, 648–651 osteomyelitis, 215 circumscriptum, 1665 salivary gland disease, 193 Lymphangiosarcoma, 734 skull base, 231 Lymphatic fluid, 56 TMD, 224 Lymphatic malformations, 184, 648, 1665 TMJ, 219, 222, 227, 228 Lymphatic vessels, 641 of voxel-based morphometry (VBM), 249 Lymph node category (N), 1375 with contrast, 205 Lymph nodes, 18, 54 Magnetic resonance sialography, salivary gland disease, enlargement, 200 194, 196, 197 Lymphoblastic leukemia, 1597 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 181 Lymphocytic infiltrate, 1051, 1502 Magnetoencephalography, 1763 Lymphoedema-associated angiosarcoma, 734 Magnification, 356 Lymphoepithelial carcinoma, 1352 Major aphthous ulcers, 1018 Lymphoepithelial cyst, 637 Major depressive disorders, 127 Lymphoepithelial squamous cell carcinoma, 1347 Major erythema multiforme, 434, 1110 Lymphography, 649 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 121, 271, 680, Lymphoid hyperplasia, 879 1049 Lymphoid tissue, 680 molecules, 318 Lymphoma, 116–117, 274, 586, 587, 1166–1167, 1581, Major salivary gland tumors, 2168 1582, 2124, 2143 Major ulcers, 1545 Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, 960 Malassezia yeasts, 798 Lymphoproliferative neoplasms, 587, 2190 Malic acid, 408 Lymphovascular spread, 685 Malignancy, 2168–2171 Lynch-II syndrome, 1335 of the skull base, 2169 Lyrica, see Pregabalin Malignant disorders, 279 Lysis and lavage, 1941 Malignant epithelial tumors of head and neck Lysozyme, 407, 947, 1049 hypopharyngeal cancers, 692 laryngeal cancer, 696 nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 702 M oropharyngeal cancer, 679–691 Maceration, 947 skull base tumors, 705 Macrocystic lymphatic malformations, 649, 1665, 1666 thyroid carcinoma, 712–721 Macrocytic anemia, 114 Malignant infiltration, 2169, 2189 Macrocytosis, 258, 266 Malignant lesion, 284 Macrodontia, 478, 485 Malignant melanoma, 770–774, 1183, 1184 Macroglossia, 43, 887, 1699, 2156 Malignant neoplasms of the nasal cavity, 706 Macrolides, 404 Malignant neurilemmoma, 731 Macrolide susceptibility profiling, 278 Malignant odontogenic neoplasm, 545 Macrophages, 76, 316, 1049, 1053 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), 574, Macrostomia, 8 667, 708, 731 Macrotrauma, 1888 Malignant predisposition, 1194 Macular-papular cutaneous rash, 988 Malignant salivary gland tumors, 1412 Macule, 1177 Malignant schwannoma, 731 Maculopapular lesions, 887 Malignant soft tissue tumors, head and neck Maculopapular rash, 887, 1599 angiosarcoma, 734 Maffucci syndrome, 558, 576 fibrosarcoma, 726 MAGIC syndrome, 1545 Kaposi sarcoma, 732 Magnesium, 1966 leiomyosarcoma, 735 2370 Index

Malignant soft tissue tumors (cont.) Maté drinking, 1333 liposarcoma, 729 Matrix degradation inhibitors, 1935 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, 731–732 Matrix metalloproteinase 9, 671, 1053, 1123, 1940 rhabdomyosarcomas, 736 Maxilla, 9 tumors of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), Maxillary, 439 737–740 artery, 60 Malignant transformation, 426, 1183, 1191, 1465 hypoplasia, 2248 Malignant tumors, 198 process, 8 primary and metastatic, 189 prominences, 1647 salivary glands, 199 sinus, 28, 35, 191, 2167 Mallampati scores, 2321 sinus infections, 403 Malleus, 10 sinus mucoceles, 192 Malnutrition, 99, 103, 122, 905, 1504 stabilization occlusal, 1933 Malocclusions, 1791 Maxillofacial region, 3 MALT-type neoplasms, 1465 anatomy, histology and biology, 13–23 MAML2 expression, 1352 development and growth, 5–13 Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma, 294, 1478–1480 infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Management, 2232–2234 23–24 protocols, 1506 trigeminal nerve, 24–30 Mandible, 9 Maximum comfortable opening, 1787 Mandibular, 439 Maximum intercuspation, 1793 advancement, 2305 Maximum mouth opening, 1787 afferents, 1758 Mazabraud syndrome, 612 buccal bifurcation cyst, 519 MC1R, 1177 canal, 30 McCune-Albright syndrome, 612, 706, 1197, 1580 symphysis, 10 MDM2, 729, 1354 torus, 15 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), 258 Mandibular advancement appliances (MAAs), 2252, 2305 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Mandibular advancement devices (MAD), 243, 2233, 258 2234, 2293 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 258 Mannan, 940 Mean disease alleviation, 2319 Mannoprotein, 941 Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 1501 Mantle cell lymphoma, 587 Mechanical allodynia, 1761, 2141 Mantoux test, 277 Mechanical hemolytic anemia, 1532 Manual therapies, 2232 Mechanical trauma, 1013 Maprotiline, 1967 Mechano-bullous disease, 1685 Marfan syndrome, 79, 1976, 2138 Mechano-bullous presentation, 1128 Marijuana (cannabis), 1322 Mechano-receptive transmission, 1758 Marsupialization, 900 Mechano-receptors, 1754 MART1, 1187 Meckel’s cartilage, 9 Masseter, 15 Medial and lateral nasal nerves, 29 Masseteric artery, 60 Medial pterygoid, 29 Masseter muscle, 1785 artery, 60 hypertrophy, 2285 muscles, 1786 Mass lesions imaging, 182–192 Medial system, 1763 Masson Fontana, 786 Medial thalamic nuclei, 1751, 1762 Mass spectroscopy, 1738 Medial thalamus, 2220 Mast cells, 85, 318, 1053 Median rhomboid glossitis (MRG), 948, 952, 1220 Mastication, 2317 Mediastinum, 53 Masticatory mucosa, 47 Medically complex patients, 2136 Masticatory muscle(s), 1978 Medically unexplained symptoms, 2175 disorders, 223 Medical Outcomes Study (MOS), 2093 Masticatory myalgia, 218, 1849, 1978, 2279 Medication(s), 1190, 1198, 1440, 1443, 1453–1455, 1778, Masticatory myofascial 1978, 2234 pain, 457, 1978 overuse, 1988 treatment, 1978 substitution, 1455 Masticatory stimulation techniques, 1506 usage, 2231 Masticatory system, 1978 Medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction Mastoid process, 60 (MISGD), 1453 Index 2371

Medication overuse headache (MOH), 444, 1965, 1977, Metabolomics, 1357 1988 Metadiaphysis, 585 Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), Metallic taste, 405, 1511 217, 1614, 1615, 2175–2177, 2198 Metalloproteinase, 111, 425 Mediodorsal nucleus, 2225 Metals, 1202 Medulla, 1764 Metanephrines, 715 Medullary dorsal horn (MDH), 1756 Metastases, 190, 596, 2124 Medullary thyroid carcinoma, 660, 713, 720 to the gingiva, 1169 Megaloblastic, 259 Metastatic carcinoma, 185 Megaloblastic anemia, 1590 Metastatic disease, 738 Meischer’s nevus, 780 Metastatic neck nodes, 676 MEK, 773 Metastatic tumors, 2171 Melanin, 287, 1176, 1179 Metaxalone, 455 synthesis, 1190 Metformin, 1578 Melanin-associated pigmented lesions, 1203 Methamphetamines, 2155 Melanoacanthoma Methcarbamol, 455 diffuse, 1180 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 278, 875, malignant, 1181 1870 Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene, 1177 Methionine, 263, 1722, 1731 Melanocyte(s), 291, 1177, 1180, 1410 Methotrexate, 421, 423, 655, 810, 1100, 1158, 1161, 1547, stimulating hormone, 1580 1602, 2199 Melanocytic activity, 1188 Methylcobalamin, 263 Melanocytic nevi, 291 Methylmalonic acid (MMA) testing, 264 Melanogenesis, 1177, 1198, 1203 Methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), 1729, 1730, 1738 Melanoma, 291, 586, 1178, 1181, 1183, 1192, 1610 6-Methylmercaptopurine (6-MMP), 269 Melanophages, 788 Methylome, 306 Melanotic macules, 1199 Metronidazole, 405, 907 Melanotic pigmentation, 98 Metyrapone, 91 Melasma, 786–787 Mianserin, 1967 Melatonin, 2220, 2223, 2233 Micafungin, 967 Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome, 914, 1687 Michel’s medium, 281 Membrane pemphigoid, 1225 Michel’s solution, 362, 391 Memory loss, 124 Miconazole, 411, 420, 967, 1072 Mendelian-inherited conditions, 478 Microbial biofilms, 1722 Meningeal diverticula, 1976 Microbiome, 944 Meningiomas, 233, 2112, 2124 Microcephaly, 995 Menopause, 94 Microcystic histomorphologic configurations, 1475 Menstrual cycle disorders, 94 Microcystic lymphatic malformations, 649, 1665, 1666 Menstrual irregularity, 129 Microcytic, iron deficiency, 258 Menstrually related migraine without aura, 1964 Microcytic anemia, 114 Mental foramen, 30, 2169 Microdontia, 478, 485, 1698 Mental nerve, 346, 2169 Microenvironment, 1066 neuropathy, 2145, 2190 Microflora, 939 Mental neuropathy, 2146 Microglial cells, 1751, 1762, 1767 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP), 268, 421 β-Microglobulin, 270, 272 Mercury, 1060, 1202 Microlux/DLTM, 1284, 1286 Mesalazine, 269 Microneuromata, 2019 Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, 1752 Micronutrient deficiency, 1035 Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas (MC), 580, 586 Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MitF), Mesenchymal tumor, 653 1187 Mesenchyme, 10 MicroRNAs (miRs), 1307, 1358 Mesiodens, 489 Microscopic polyangiitis, 276 Mesoderm, 5 Microsensors, 2318 Messenger RNA (mRNA), 291, 293 Microstomia, 8, 1128, 1685, 1687 Metabolic alkalosis, 129 Microtrauma, 1889 Metabolic arthritic diseases, 1921 Microvascular decompression (MVD), 2014, 2024 Metabolic disturbances, 1504 Microvesicles, 1358 Metabolic function, 2249 Midbrain, 2224 Metabolic syndrome, 77 Mid-cord lesions, 698 2372 Index

Middle meningeal artery, 23, 1973 Mobile teeth, 1667 Middle superior alveolar nerve, 28 Mobility, 2289 Midfacial hypoplasia, 1699 test, 843 Miescher cheilitis, 1687 Moderate hyposalivation, 1510 Migraine, 120, 248, 450, 1957, 1958, 1962, 1964, 1965, Moderately potent, 419 2165 Modified radical diseection, 1388 aura-triggered seizure, 1964 Modulation of CNS nociceptive processes, 2220–2221 headache, 1964, 1971 Mohs surgery, 770 prevalence, 1957, 1958 Moisturizing creams, 1510 variant, 1994 Molar incisor hypomineralization, 478, 480, 487 with aura, 1958, 1963, 1964, 1986 Molecular diagnostic pathology, 291 without aura, 1962, 1963, 1986, 1987 Molecular investigations, 965 Migraine-related disability, 1958 Molecular techniques, 294 Migrainous infarction, 1964 Molten wax, 286 Migratory stomatitis, 1224 Mometasone furoate, 419 See also Benign migratory glossitis (BMG) Monkey esophagus, 273, 1097 Mikulicz’s disease, 195 Monoamine, 1759 Mild acid stimulation techniques, 1506 Monoclonal antibodies (mAb), 426, 1401 Mild hyposalivation, 1510 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Mildly potent, 419 591 Milia, 775, 1685 Monophasic episode, 121 Miliary pustule, 1571 Monosodium glutamate, 1687 Milk, 1732 Monosomy X, 75 Milton’s solution, 968 Monostotic, 610 Mind-body dualism, 1835 dysplasia, 706 Mindfulness, 1810, 1812 fibrous dysplasia, 612 Mineral deficiencies, 1504 Montogomery glands, 774 Mineralocorticoids, 90, 415, 417, 1579 Mood, 2221, 2223, 2224, 2228, 2231, 2234 Minimal intervention approach, 831 disorder, 94 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Moriform stomatitis, 960 2093 Morning breath, 1722, 1740 Minocycline, 275, 424, 426, 1611 Morpheic BCC, 767 Minocycline mouthwashes, 1546 Morphine, 1765 Minomycin, 795 mouthwash, 2198 Minor aphthous stomatitis, 1018 Morsicatio buccarum, 949 Minor aphthous ulceration, 1694 Morsicatio mucosae oris (MMO), 1214, 1234 Minor erythema multiforme, 434, 1110 Moth-eaten appearance, 2176 Minor histocompatibility antigens, 1048 Motivational and affective aspect of pain, 1751, Minor oral surgery, 81 1762–1763 Minor salivary glands, 680, 1441, 1444, 1445, 1448 Motor neuron palsy, 989 tumors, 201 Mouth breathing, 15 Minor ulcers, 1545 Mouth self examination (MSE), 1369 Mints, 1506 Movement disorder(s), 1858 Miosis, 1989 during sleep, 2232 Mirtazapine, 1609, 1967 M-proteins, 925 Miscarriage, 891 MR venogram, 1962 Missing tooth, 478 mTOR inhibitors, 748, 2201 Mitochondrial dysfunction, 122, 124 Mucin, 287, 407, 1049, 1460–1461, 1475, 1510 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), 1760 Mucocele(s), 195, 280, 346, 365, 382, 389, 632, Mitoses, 1343 1459–1462, 1602 Mitotic figures, 300 of Blandin-Nuhn, 1669 Mitral regurgitation (MR), 1534 Mucocoele, 1668 Mitral stenosis, 1534 Mucocutaneous, 937, 954 Mitral valve, 78 leishmaniasis, 881 Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), 98, 1494 pigmentation, 1196 Mixed-species oral infections, 948 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 199, 294, 680, 1352, 1412, MMP-9, 1053, 1054 1463, 1474–1475 Mobile apps use, 1370 Mucogingival junction, 906 Mobile health (mHealth), 1370 Mucogingival tissues, 1791 Index 2373

Mucogingivitis, 1570 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 (MEN4), 1196 Mucopurulent discharge, 920 Multiple myeloma (MM), 590, 1617, 2176 Mucormycosis, 947, 955, 956 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 120, 232, 2119, 2124, 2148–2149 Mucosa, 1445, 1446, 1459, 1489 and TN, 2016 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), 587, 1487 Multiple symmetric lipomatosis, 658 lymphoma, 197 Multi-slice CT, 677 Mucosal atrophy, 1069, 1602 Multisystem organ involvement, 810 Mucosal barrier, 2205 Multivariate analysis, 1831 Mucosal biopsy, 358 Mumps, 1001–1002 Mucosal burning, 263 Munchmeyer’s disease, 1855 Mucosal erythema, 1605 Mu-opioid receptors, 443 Mucosal hypertrophy, 109 Mupirocin, 875, 1673 Mucosal immunity, 947 Muscarinic agonists, 1491, 1506 Mucosal melanomas, 680 Muscarinic receptors, 1443 Mucosal pigmentation, 1198 Muscarinic-stimulating cholinergic agonist, 408 Mucosal tags, 109, 1494, 1570 Muscle awareness relaxation technique, 2270 Mucositis, 1014, 1394, 1400, 1587 Muscle cramp, 1857 Mucosotropic, 997 Muscle hypertrophy, 1849 Mucous acini, 1442, 1443 Muscle relaxants, 455, 2232, 2234 Mucous cell(s), 528 Muscles of facial expression, 21 metaplasia, 517 Muscles of mastication, 2314 Mucous extravasation cyst, 1460, 1668 Muscle specific actin, 655 Mucous hypersecretion, 87 Muscle tenderness, 2311 Mucous membrane and bullous pemphigoid, 330 Muscular dystrophy, 99 Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), 259, 270, 273, Muscular pain, 1844 331, 418, 420, 422, 424, 425, 434–437, 805–808, classification, 1844 1014, 1157–1158, 1558, 2204 neurophysiology, 1845–1848 characteristics, 1111 Musculoskeletal condition, 1978 clinical features, 1114–1117 Musculoskeletal disease, 2142–2143 epidemiology, 1111 Musculoskeletal disorders, 109 etiology, 1111–1112 fibromyalgia, 111 pathophysiology, 1112–1114 oral manifestations, 112 Mucous patches, 887 osteoarthritis, 111 Mucous plugs, 1459 osteoporosis, 110 Mucous retention cysts, 192, 1462, 1668 Musculoskeletal stable position, 1791 Mucous secretions, 1503 Mutagenic levels, 971 Mulberry molars, 487, 891, 1656 Mutations, 969 Multibacillary leprosy, 880 Mutualism, 823 Multicentric Castleman’s disease, 993 Myalgia, 109, 1550, 1829, 1849–1855 Multidetector CT (MDCT), 176, 177 See also Muscular pain OC-SCC, 206 Myasthenia gravis, 98, 99 OSA, 240 Mycetoma, 902 Multidisciplinary approach, 2262 Mycobacterium, 911 Multidisciplinary center for vascular anomalies, 645 avium complex, 1107 Multifactorial disease, 127 leprae, 879 Multifactorial influences, 1966 tuberculosis, 277, 287, 910, 1015, 1503 Multifocal adult rhabdomyoma, 671 Mycological investigations, 963 Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (MEH), 295, 998–1001 Mycologist, 964 Multifocal lesions, 1180 Mycophenolate, 808, 810, 1073 Multilayered biofilm, 944 Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), 259, 262, 421–424, 434, Multilocular radiolucencies, 606 437, 805, 1100, 1121, 1156, 1158, 1159, 1547, Multi-locus sequence typing, 277 1553, 1602 Multi-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, 277 Mycophenolic acid (MPA), 423 Multinodular goitre, 715 Mycoplasma, 1107 Multinuclear giant cells, 960 pneumoniae, 274, 277, 1107, 1690 Multinucleated giant cells, 543 Myelinated Aδ fiber, 2085 Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, 93 Myeloablation, 1585 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), 1196 Myeloma, 190, 270, 274 Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2), 659 Myeloperoxidase (MPO), 276, 1049 2374 Index

Myelosuppression, 1585 Neck, 57, 1961 Myocardial dysfunction-ischemic cardiomyopathy, 79 dissection, 210, 1388–1394 Myocardial infarction (MI), 69, 1535 nodal metastases (N-staging), 206 Myocardial ischemia, 69, 2137 radiation therapy, 1485 Myoepithelial cells, 45, 291, 1442, 1443, 1475 space infections, 856 Myoepithelial markers, 1472, 1481 Neck Tongue syndrome (NTS), 2053 Myoepithelioma, 1467 Necrosis, 837 Myofascial pain, 448, 1844, 1849 Necrotic bone, 900 syndrome, 109, 1851 Necrotic ulcers, 580 with referral, 1849 Necrotising sialometaplasia, 1462–1463 Myofibroblasts, 653 Necrotising stomatitis, 906 Myofibroma, 653–655 Necrotizing fasciitis, 856, 903–905 Myofibromatosis, 653 Necrotizing mediastinitis, 54 Myofibrotic contracture, 1858 Necrotizing periodontitis, 906, 954 Myogenic differentiation, 1866 Necrotizing soft tissue infections, 903 Myositis, 109, 1855–1858 Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, 515, 826 Myositis ossificans (MO), 1855 Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, 516, 826 traumatica, 1855 Necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, 516 Myospasm, 1845, 1857–1858 Needle aspiration, 917 Myxovirus influenzae, 1004 Needle characteristics, 374 Needle holder, 376 Needles, 359 N Neisseria, 1332 Nabilone, 454 disease, 271 Nabiximols, 454 gonorrhea, 893, 1015 Naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), 522 meningitidis, 1107 Nail dystrophy, 1193 Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, 702 Nails, 1061 Neonatal syphilis, 891 Nance Horan syndrome, 478 Neoplasms, 188, 1866 Nano-and micro-particles, 1939 Neoplastic, 1144, 1163 Napping, 2223 change, 972 Naproxen, 442 gingival lesions, 1163–1169 Narcolepsy, 2226, 2260 Nephelometry, 321 Narrow band imaging (NBI), 353, 356, 1286, 1383 Nephritis, 117 Nasal congestion, 1991, 2165 Nephrocalcinosis, 93 Nasal expiratory positive airway pressure (nEPAP), Nephrolithiasis, 93, 119 2253–2254 Nephropathy, 88, 117 Nasal mucosa, 807 Nephrosis, 118 Nasal obstruction, 580, 2110 Nerve(s), 291 Nasal polyposis, 2165 blocks, 2207 Nasal polyps, 920 ganglia, 1677 Nasal processes, 1647 sheath tumors, 233, 291 Nasociliary nerve, 25 β-Nerve growth factor, 1935 Nasopalatine duct cyst, 596 Nerve growth factor (NGF), 1755, 1760, 1845, 2086, 2100 Nasopalatine nerve, 29 Nervus intermedius, 2049 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 702–705, 2190 Nervus intermedius neuralgia (NIN), 2049 Nasopharyngeal fiberscopy, 2321 Neural circuits, 2224–2226 Nasopharyngeal lesions, 1116 Neural crest, 6 Nasopharyngectomy, 705 Neuralgias, 1824 Nasopharyngoscopy, 1704 Neuralgic amyotrophy, 106 Nasopharynx, 15, 675, 1375 Neural groove, 6 National Cancer Comprehensive Network (NCCN), 677, Neural plasticity, 2153 1371 Neural tube, 6 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), Neurectomy, 2023 1408 Neurilemmomas, 571 National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, 2119 Neurilemoma, 663 Natural killer (NK) cells, 318, 1049 Neurobiological disorder, 1963 Nausea, 1569, 1987 Neurocranium, 14 Nd:YAG laser, 356, 381, 382, 646, 1665 Neurocutaneous PHACES syndrome, 673 Index 2375

Neurodegeneration, 121 Neurovascular compression, 2019 Neuroectodermal derivatives, 1184 Neurovascular craniofacial pain (NVCP), 1985–1986 Neuroendocrine alterations, 1969 classification, 1984 Neuroendocrine dysfunction, 2175 definition, 1984 Neuroendocrine regulation, 112 Neurovascular facial pain, 1991 Neuroendocrine transmitters, 112 Neurovascular orofacial pain (NVOP), 1985 Neurofibroma, 574, 665–668 clinical features, 1990–1992 Neurofibromatosis (NF), 574, 1696, 1867 differential diagnosis, 1993 Neurofibromatosis type 1, 575, 665 epidemiology, 1990 Neurofibromatosis type 2 syndrome, 663 etiology and pathophysiology, 1994–1997 Neurofibrosarcoma, 731 hypothalamus, 1997 Neurogenic inflammation (NI), 1963, 1995, 1998 patient management, 1992–1993 Neurogenous pain, 1832 Neurovascular pulpitis, 1994 Neuro-hormonal activation, 71 Neurtrurin (NRTN), 1760 Neurokinin receptors, 1848 Neutral buffered formalin (NBF), 362 Neuroleptic and antidepressant medications, 2162 Neutral sodium fluoride gel, 1490, 1510 Neuroleptic medications, 2153 Neutropenic, 939 Neurological deficit, 667, 1973, 2017 Neutrophilic infiltrate, 877 Neurological disorders, 2148, 2274 Neutrophils, 316, 1049 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 121 Nevi, 778, 1181 causes, 120 Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, 529 dementia, 124–125 Nevus flammeus, 1664 epilepsy, 122 Nevus simplex, 1664 multiple sclerosis, 120–121 NF1, 574, 731 oral manifestations, 125 gene mutations, 1696 Parkinson’s disease, 124 NF2 gene, 574 stroke, 123 Nickel refining, 706 Neuroma, 658–663 Nicorandil, 1152 Neuromuscular activity, 2307 Nicotinamide, 425, 786 Neuromuscular changes, 2220 Nicotine, 2278 Neuromuscular conditions, 1978 stains, 1726 Neuromuscular disease, 2256 Nicotine-induced halitosis, 1726 Neuromuscular dysfunction, 1700 Nicotinic stomatitis (NS) (stomatitis nicotina), 1217 Neuron-glia interactions, 1755 Nifedipine, 1152, 1526 Neuropathic orofacial pain, 457, 2155 Nigrostriatal neurons a, 2086 Neuropathic pain (NP), 236, 444, 1755, Nikolsky sign, 1093, 1555 2162, 2198 Nimotuzumab, 1401 classification, 2008 Nitric oxide (NO), 1755 definition, 2007 Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, 1965 epidemiology, 2008 Nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) test, 270 features of, 2008 Nitrocellulose membrane, 291 prevalence of, 2008 Nitroglycerin, 71 Neuropathic phenomenon, 2167 Nitroimidazoles, 405 Neuropathy, 909, 1500, 1824 4-Nitroquinolone-1-oxide (4NQO), 972 Neuropeptides, 1995 Nitrosamines, 696, 703 Neurophysiological testing, 2162 Nitrosation, 970 Neuroplastic changes, 2219, 2220, 2229 Nitrosomethylethylamines, 972 Neuroplasticity, 2172, 2173 Nitrous oxide, 383 Neurosarcoidosis, 2158 Nivolumab, 750 Neurosensory disorders N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 1755, 1760, 1761, 1846 idiopathic facial palsy, 2127–2130 Nocardia asteroides, 900 sensory loss, 2124–2127 Nocardiosis, 900–903 smell disorders, 2108–2117 Nociception, 2172 taste disorders, 2117–2123 Nociceptive, 439 Neurosensory stent, 2126 endings, 2217, 2218 Neurosis, 1733 fibers, 111, 1752 Neurosyphilis, 125 neurons, 440, 1757, 2218, 2219, 2221, 2227 Neurotransmitters, 1759, 1764 Nociceptive specific (NS) neurons, 1751, 1758, 1759, Neurotrophic factors, 127, 1761 2218, 2220 2376 Index

Nociceptive trigeminal inhibition tension suppression rhinosinusitis, 919–925 system (NTItssTM), 2293 sialadenitis, 915–919 Nociceptor(s), 1752, 2189, 2215, 2217 syphilis (see Syphilis) activation, 1996 tuberculosis, 910–915 Nocturnal denture use, 968 Non-opioid analgesics, 2195 Nocturnal polysomnography study, 1703 Non-painful cranial nerve palsies, 2170 Nodal necrosis/abscess, 185 Non-plaque gingival pathology, 1144 Nodular fasciitis, 653 Non-REM (NREM) sleep, 2221, 2226 Nodular leukoplakia, 1234 Non-restorative sleep, 2223 Nodular melanoma, 1185, 1186 Non-spore-forming bacillus, 910 Nodular variant, 667 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Noma, 905 441–442, 458, 461, 847, 1060, 1933, 1934, 1936, Non-acetylated salicylate, 1933 1965 Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 266 Non-syndromic dental disorder, 479 Non-blood-borne halitosis, 1724 Non-titratable studies, 2320 Non-bullous impetigo, 791, 874, 1672 Non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage, 1975 Non-caseating granulomas, 1160, 1689 Non-traumatic intracranial hematoma, 1973 inflammation, 1494 Nontreponemal tests, 892 Non-caseating sarcoidosis, 1493 Non-verruco-papillary lesions, 1340 Noncoding RNA, 1358 Noonan syndrome, 94, 604, 670 Non-cohesive pattern, 302 Noradrenaline (NA), 90, 1765, 2164, 2218, 2220, 2225, of invasion, 1344 2226 Non-compressible, 649 Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant Non-custom fabricated oral appliance mandibular, 2318 (NaSSA), 1609 Non-epithelial cells, 47 Norepinephrine (NE), 90, 443, 445, 460 Non-erosive reflux disease, 100 Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors Non-eugenol periodontal dressing, 363 (NDRIs), 1609 Non-exposed variant of MRONJ, 2176 Normochromic normocytic anemia, 87 Non-functional larynx, 702 Normocytic anemia, 114, 119 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), 116, 190, 585, 587, Nortriptyline, HZ, 2029 680, 992, 1002, 1166, 1167, 1582, 1583, 1867, Nose and paranasal sinuses, 34–38 2193 Nosocomial transmission, 901, 938 Non-homogenous leukoplakia, 301, 970, 1234 Nosological methodology, 1837 Non-infectious disease NOTCH1, 748, 1354, 1359 epidermolysis bullosa, 1685 Notochord, 6 erythema multiforme, 1690 Novel immunotherapeutics, 1203 Kawasaki disease, 1692 Noxious, 1759 localized juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia, Noxious-tap neurons, 1762 1684 NRAS mutations, 778 PFAPA syndrome, 1693 NREM sleep, see Non-REM (NREM) sleep white sponge nevus, 1681 NSAIDs, see Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Non-inflammatory arthropathy, 560 (NSAIDs) Non-invasive MR angiography/venography, 245 Nuclear factor kappa B, 1050 Non-invasive ventilatory (NIV) assistance, 2257 Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-ATc), 422 Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, 703 Nuclear hyperchromatism, 301 Non-keratinizing type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 992 Nuclear medicine, 174 Non-M2 mitochondrial antibodies, 275 Nuclear pleomorphism, 1343 Non-noxious, 1759 Nuclear rRNA genes, 966 Non-odontogenic bacterial infections, 925 Nuclear size, variation in, 301 actinomycosis, 895–900 Nuclear staining, 275 cat scratch disease, 877 Nucleic acid amplification techniques, 277, 895 diphtheria (see Diphtheria) Nucleus caudalis, 437 erysipelas, 876–877 Numb chin syndrome, 2169, 2190 gonorrhea, 893 Number needed to treat (NNT), 2022 impetigo (see Impetigo) Nutritional deficiencies, 1018 leprosy (see Leprosy) Nutritional deficiency, 947 necrotizing fasciitis, 903 NVOP related toothache, 1992 nocardiosis, 900 Nystatin, 408, 412 noma, 905–907 Nyxoah device, 2255 Index 2377

O Oculomotor nerve, 1779 Obesity, 76, 1575, 2247, 2249, 2256, 2257 Oculosympathetic palsy, 2138 Objective assessment, 1497 Odontoblasts, 10, 39, 476 Objective measurement, 2318 Odontodental dysplasia, 478 Obligate, 938 Odontogeic epithelial rests, 521 Oblique muscles, 58 Odontogenesis, 10, 478, 1566 Obsessive-compulsive behavior, 1778 bell stage, 10 Obstructed gland, 1455 bus stage, 10 Obstructive bronchiolitis, 86 cap stage, 10 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 76, 237, 1525, 2230, 2283, root formation, 12 2304 Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein, 536 choice of imaging, 243 Odontogenic carcinosarcoma, 547 clinical presentation, 2248 Odontogenic cysts, 50, 517, 1163–1164 comorbidities, 2249 Odontogenic fibroma, 541 continuous positive airway pressure, 2305 Odontogenic gingival epithelial hamartoma (OGEH), 1147 diagnosis, 238, 2249–2250 Odontogenic infection (periapical abscess), 2167 indications for imaging, 243 Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), 521 multi-disciplinary treatment protocol, 2323–2324 Odontogenic myxofibroma, 543 pathophysiology, 2247–2248 Odontogenic myxoma, 542 positional therapy, 2323 Odontogenic origin, 1341 severity, 2308 Odontogenic pathology, 557 therapeutic efficacy, 2320 dental caries, 496–499 therapeutic efficacy, oral appliances, 2308 developmental dental anomalies, 478 treatment, 2250 injuries of teeth, 489 Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), odontogenic cysts, 516–529 2278 odontogenic tumors (see Odontogenic tumors) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, 1698 periapical periodontitis, 505–508 cardiovascular, neurocognitive, behavioral, and periodontal diseases, 508–516 metabolic comorbidities, 1703 pulpitis, 502–504 clinical features, 1701 Odontogenic sarcomas, 548 diagnostic criteria, 1703 Odontogenic sinusitis, 508 syndromes associated with, 1701 Odontogenic tissues, 190 Occipital condyle syndrome, 2193 Odontogenic tumors, 530 Occipital nerve stimulation, 1970 benign, 530–537 Occipital nodes, 56 benign mesenchymal, 541–545 Occipitofrontalis, 18 benign mixed epithelial and odontogenic, 537–541 Occludens, 1090 malignant, 545–548 Occlusal appliance, 1778 Odontoids, 540 Occlusal condition, 1791 Odontoma, 539 Occlusal disorders, 738 Odontome, 489 Occlusal dysesthesia, 2124 Odorants, 2109, 2115 Occlusal interferences, 2271 Odours, 1721 Occlusal splint therapy, 1851, 2291 Odynophagia, 101 Occlusal trauma, 516 Off-label, 418, 423, 426, 445, 448, 450, 451, 459, 461 Occlusion, 2313, 2317 OK-432, 395, 650 Occult malignancy, 2189 Olanzapine, 1609 Occult neck metastasis, 685 Olfactory Occupational exposure, 1334 cleft, 2108, 2112, 2114, 2116 OC-SCC, 202 disturbances, 2110 assessment of treated, 208 epithelium, 2109, 2117 imaging in primary assessment of, 202 fibers, 708 late complications, 211 hallucinations, 2109 post contrast MDCT, 203 loss, 2110, 2112, 2114 soft tissue spread of, 205 nerve (I), 1779 Ocular conjunctiva, 807 neuroblastoma, 586 Ocular disease, 1030 reference syndrome, 1720 Ocular lesions, 1115 Oligoarthritis, 1926 Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid, 272 Oligodendrocyte, 121 Ocular pemphigoid (OCP), 1115, 1118 Oligodendroglia, 1761 2378 Index

Oligodontia, 485 temporomandibular disorders, 2314–2315 Oliguria, 118 therapeutic efficacy, 2307–2308 Ollier’s disease, 558 treatment adherenc, 2317–2318 Olympic rings, 586 treatment optimization, 2319–2322 Oncocytes, 1467 Oral bacteria, 824 Oncocytic papilloma, 674 Oral Behaviors Checklist, 1804 Oncocytoma, 671, 1467 Oral burning, 1577, 2094 Onion, 1732, 1736 Oral cancer, 201, 302, 1251, 1311 skinning, 585 increased risk of, 1062 Onion-peeling, 859 molecular basis of, 1353–1359 Ontological principles, 1822 Oral candidosis, 109, 117, 119, 264, 429–430, 937, 1220, Ontology, 1837 1440, 1446, 1490, 1511, 1576, 1606, 2055, 2202, Onyx, 648 2207 Open bite, 739 Oral carcinogenesis, 1255 Open lock of the temporomandibular joint, 2150 Oral carcinoma, 1728 Open mouth, 15 Oral cavity, 3, 38, 1251, 1375, 1961 Open system, 383 cancer, 1251 Operative investigations, 343 immune system, 1049 Ophthalmia neonatorum, 894 prognosis, 1252 Ophthalmic, 439 OralCDx®, 369, 1299 afferents, 1758 Oral chancres, 886 artery, 60 Oral ChromaTM, 1735, 1738 division, 2161 Oral contraceptive, 713, 1611 Ophthalmological examination, 1158 Oral Crohn’s disease, 1160 Ophthalmology, 1116, 1452–1453 Oral cysticercosis, 1867 Opiate-related, 2221 Oral cysts in neonates, 1651 Opioid(s), 443, 1764, 1872, 1935, 1965, 2175, 2217, 2220, Oral Disease Severity Score (ODSS), 1095 2229, 2233 Oral dryness, 1605 abuse, 2196 gel uses, 1510 analgesics, 1933, 2161 during night, 1510 Opioid-induced constipation, 2196 Oral dysesthesia (OD), 112, 119, 125, 130, 1500, 2122, κ-opioid receptors, 1764 2162 δ-opioid receptors, 1764 characterization, 2082 μ-opioid receptors, 1764 classification, 2083–2084 Opitz syndrome, 1654 clinical presentation, 2089–2090 OPMD, see Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) definition, 2083 Opportunistic infection, 901 diagnosis, 2090–2093 Opportunistic screening, 1366 etiopathogenesis, 2085–2089 Optical adjunctive technologies, 356 incidence and prevalence, 2084–2085 Optical fluorescence imaging, 356 management, 2093–2099 Optical imaging, 352 Oral dysplastic lesions, 297 Optic nerve (II), 1779 Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), 1264 Optic neuritis, 2016 Oral erythema multiforme, 431 Orabase, 419 Oral erythroplakia, 1238 Oral7, 407 Oral examination, 1256 Oral allergy syndrome (OAS), 325, 1033 Oral food challenge, 324 Oral anticoagulants, 80, 1531, 1532 Oral gels, 1510 Oral aperture, 1128 Oral glucose tolerance test, 89 Oral appliances, 2305 Oral gonorrhea, 895 combination therapy, 2322–2323 Oral habit, 1777 compliance monitoring, 2318–2319 Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), 887, 991, 1221–1222 vs. continuous positive airway pressure, 2310–2311, Oral hemorrhagic lesions, 1538 2315–2316 Oral herpes simplex virus, 333 future, 2324–2326 Oral hygiene, 1722, 1728, 1739 on health outcome, 2308–2310 and chronic inflammation, 1333 management strategies for side effects, 2316–2317 Oral hypoglycemics, 1060 management strategies for TMD, 2317 Oral lesions mechanisms of action, 2305–2307 concordance, 345 side effects, 2311–2314 contraindications, 345 Index 2379

differential diagnosis, 343 history, 138, 139 indications, 345 history of present illness, 141 malignancy, 345 imaging, 160–162 significant risk of procedure, 349 intra-oral examination, 153–157 Oral leukoplakia (OL), 298, 1237, 1256 investigations, 138 color, 1257 medical consultation, 168 exophytic, 1258 medical history, 142 hairy, 1259 medical record, 138, 170 homogeneous, 1257, 1264 medical referral and consultation, 170 malignant transformation, 1256 patient encounter of elements, 140, 170 nodular, 1258 patient examination, 147–160 non-homogeneous, 1257, 1264 patient history, 139–147 verrucous, 1258 referral/consultation, 168–170 white-and-red lesion, 1258 review of systems, 143 Oral lichenoid lesions, 112, 429 risk assessment, 139, 170 Oral lichenoid reactions (OLR), 326, 1057, 1059–1061, self-examination, 153 1068 SOAP format, 170 Oral lichen planus (OLP), 263, 418, 420, 426, 429, 434, vital signs, 138 949, 1014, 1155–1157, 1255, 1266–1273, 1602, Oral melanoacanthoma, 1179 2202, 2205 Oral melanotic macule, 1178 assessment, 1067 Oral microbiome, 821–823 atrophic, 1055 Oral moisturization, 1510 bullous, 1055, 1266 Oral mouthwashes, 1510 clinicopathologic criteria, 1057 Oral mucosa, 47–53, 2202 erosive, 1055, 1266 Oral mucosal burning, 264 follow-up, 1074 Oral mucosal burns, 406 genetic background, 1045–1046 Oral mucosal immunity, 319 genetic polymorphisms, 1046 Oral mucosal melanocytes, 1167 histopathology of, 1058 Oral mucosal melanoma, 1410 HLA associations, 1045 Oral mucosal pallor, 1591 infectious agents, 1046 Oral mucosal screening, 1363 malignant transformation, 1061 Oral mucosal ulceration, 912 papular, 1055 Oral mucositis, 1728, 2197–2198 pathogenesis, 1045 Oral papillomas, 997 plaque-like, 1055, 1266 Oral penicillin, 875 predisposing factors, 1045 Oral pigmentation, 1610 prevalence, 1045 Oral post-inflammatory pigmentation, 1058 related inflammatory microenvironment, 1067 Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), 297, 346, reticular, 1055, 1266 1255–1279, 2194 scoring systems, 1057–1058 adjunctive tools, 1282 treatment, 1068 antioxidant, 1334 ulcerative, 1266 assessment, 1279–1304 viruses and, 1046 autofluorescence (AF), 1288 Oral liposarcoma, 729 biomarkers of, 1304–1308 Oral localized leukoplakia (OLL), 1057, 1234 brush biopsy, 1299, 1300 Oral LP, 1227 chemoprevention, 1310 Oral lubricants, 1512 cold steel, 1308 Oral malignant melanoma, 1167 computer-assisted analysis, 1299 Oral malodor, 267, 1721, 1723, 1727, 1729, 1730, 1732, cryosurgery, 1310 1734, 1736, 1740, 1743 cryotherapy, 1308 Oral medicine, 138 decision-making protocol, 1292 alcohol use disorder, 146 disease risk assessment, 1311 cranial nerve examination, 157–159 early disease detection and diagnosis, 1311 definitive diagnosis, 139 environmental and occupational factors, 1334 descriptive terminology for oral lesions, 162 ethnicity, 1335 diagnosis, 138, 162–168 exfoliative cytology, 1299 documentation, 170 exophytic lesion, 1338 Electronic health record (EHR), 138 extension for prevention, 1311 extra-oral examination, 147–153 fluorescence spectroscopy, 1288 2380 Index

Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) (cont.) clean margins, 1383 free radicals, 1334 complications, 1403, 1405 fruits, 1334 computerized tomography (CT), 1375 genetic predisposition, 1335 conventional, 1341 high-risk HPV, 1304 definition, 1311 laser therapy, 1308 diagnostic delay, 1361 laser vaporization, 1308 diet, 1318 liquid-based cytology, 1301 distant metastases (M), 1359 loss of autofluorescence (LAF), 1289 early stage diagnosis, 1361 loss of heterozygosity, 1306 early stage oral cancers, 1376 management of, 1308–1311 e-cigarette, 1319 minimal intervention dentistry, 1311 elective treatment, 1388 minimal intervention medicine, 1311 environment, 1318 minimally invasive treatment, 1311 epidemiology, 1313 mouthwash therapy, 1310 ethanol, 1325 multivitamins A, B, C, D and E, 1334 etiology, 1318 non-healing, 1336 extra-nodal extension (ENE), 1400 optical fluorescence imaging, 1288 free flap, 1387 optical imaging, 1288 free tissue transfer, 1387 oral brush biopsy, 1299 gender, 1315 oral cytology, 1299 gene expression, 1359 photodynamic therapy, 1310 genetic susceptibility, 1318 poor diet and nutritional deficiencies, 1334 high-risk HPV, 1408 radiation and sun exposure, 1333 HPV, 1359 reflectance spectroscopy, 1297 HPV-related OPSCC, 1409 reflectance visualization, 1284 HPV vaccination, 1409 salivary diagnostics, 1302, 1304 imaging, 1375 surgical excision, 1308 immunotherapy, 1401 tissue fluorescence, 1288 incidence, 1313 transepithelial biopsy, 1300 in-situ-hybridization, 1409 vegetables, 1334 involvement of the regional lymph nodes (N), 1359 vermillionectomy, 1310 locoregional disease recurrence, 1388 verruco-papillary, 1338 lymphoepithelioma, 1409 vital staining, 1284 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 1375 watch-and-wait protocol, 1310 male to female ratio, 1316 Oral potentially malignant lesions, 388 malignant neoplasm, 1311 Oral pressure therapy (OPT), 2252–2253 management of, 1370 Oral rinses, 1510 mandibulotomy, 1381 Oral saliva substitutes, 2094 marginal mandibulectomy, 1382 Oral sarcoidosis, 1493 marijuana use, 1322 Oral sequelae, 1511 maxillectomy, 1383 Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 1015, 1165–1166, microRNA, 1360 1238, 1240, 1241, 1602, 1723 microvascular reconstruction, 1387 acetaldehyde, 1325 mortality, 1313 adenosquamous, 1409 narghiles (waterpipes), 1319 adjuvant postoperative radiation, 1399 nivolumab, 1360 advanced stage oral cancers, 1376 occupation, 1318 age, 1315 open resection, 1378 alcohol, 1318, 1323 opportunistic screening, 1407 alcoholic mouthwash, 1326 oral carcinogenesis, 1319 areca nut/betel quid chewing, 1322 oral hygiene, 1408 areca nut, 1318 oral medicine specialist, 1405 basaloid, 1409 oral mucosal screening, 1363–1364 base of tongue, 1409 oropharynx, 1409 betel quid, 1322 p16, 1409 bidis, 1319 P16INK4A, 1359 chemotherapy, 1375, 1400 p53, 1359 cigarette smoking, 1319 paan, 1322 cigars, 1319 papillary, 1409 Index 2381

partial glossectomy, 1381 infective, 1015 PCR-based assays, 1409 inflammatory bowel disease (see Inflammatory bowel PDL-1, 1360 disease) pipes, 1319 micronutrient deficiency, 1033–1036 positron emission tomography (PET), 1375 neoplastic, 1015 prevalence, 1313 reactive oral ulcerations, 1013 prevention, 1360 recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 1015–1021 primary prevention, 1360 Oral ulcers (OU), 1542, 1545 prognosis, 1359, 1403–1407 Oral viral infections, 413 prognostic biomarkers, 1359 Orascoptic DK™, 1284 programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL-1), 1360 Orbital cellulitis, 2165 radial forearm with bone, 1387 Orbits, 58 radiation, 1394 Orcellex® Brush Oral Cell Sampler, 369, 1300 radiation therapy (RT), 1375 Orchitis, 94, 1002 radiotherapy, 1360 Orexin, 2220, 2225, 2226, 2260 reconstruction, 1386 Organoleptic measurement, 1735–1737 regional flap, 1386 Organoleptic scale, 1733, 1737–1738 rehabilitation, 1394 Organoleptic score (OS), 1735, 1739 reverse smoking, 1319 Organ preservation, 695 scapular, 1387 Organs, 1597 screening strategies, 1364 Organ transplantation, 1597 secondary prevention, 1360 Ornamental/intentional oral mucosal tattoos, 1201 selective dissection, 1390 Ornamental tattooing, 1201 selective neck dissection, 1389 Oro-antral communication, 2167 sentinel lymph node biopsy, 1392 Oroantral fistula, 924 sexual, 1408 Oro-buccal-lingual dyskinesia, 2152 site, 1317 Oro-cutaneous fistula, 861, 863 size of the primary tumor, 1359 Orofacial activities, 2283 skin graft, 1387 Orofacial clefts, 1647–1651 smokeless tobacco, 1321 Orofacial complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 2042 staging, 1370–1375 Oro-facial-digital syndrome, 1654 surgery, 1360, 1375, 1378 Orofacial dystonia, 2270 surgical reconstruction, 1386 Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG), 267, 391, 420, 422, 424, surgical resection, 1386 425, 428, 429, 1159–1161, 1687–1690 surveillance, 1403 Orofacial inflammation, 1751, 1752, 1755, 1767 tertiary prevention, 1361 Orofacial neurovascular pain, 1999 therapeutic biomarkers, 1360 Orofacial noxious inputs, 1766 TNM classification, 1359 Orofacial pain, 233, 1752, 1798, 1799, 1814, 2136 tobacco, 1318 acute pain, 2215 tobacco and alcohol use, 1325 ascending orofacial pain pathways, 1762 tobacco smoking, 1319 assessment of, 2230 tonsils, 1409 brainstem mechanisms, 2218–2220 transoral laser microsurgery, 1378 brainstem nociceptive neurons, 1755–1762 transoral robotic surgery, 1378 central causes, 231 treatment, 1375 chronic pain, 2215 tumor hypoxia, 1359 classification systems (see Classification systems, tumor stroma, 1360 orofacial pain) visual examination, 1407 clinical evaluation (see Clinical evaluation, orofacial waterpipe smoking, 1320 pain) Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), 267, 1238–1240, 1255, CNS nociceptive processes, modulation of, 2220 1273–1274, 1342 descending modulation, 1764 Oral tongue, 40 end-organ and peripheral causes, 230 Oral ulceration, 1546 etiology, 1820 recurrent, 263, 264 functional imaging and research, 234 Oral ulcerative disease history of, 1774–1779 Behçet syndrome, 1028 human brain function, 1763–1764 celiac disease, 1026 non-contrast CT/CBCT, 230 food allergy, 1031 peripheral mechanisms, 2217 immunological conditions, 1014–1015 post-contrast CT, 230 2382 Index

Orofacial pain (cont.) Osteoclast(s), 17 primary afferent neurons, 1752–1755 inhibition, 2175 sensory-discriminative and motivational and affective Osteogenesis imperfecta, 478, 1660 aspects of pain, 1762 Osteogenesis inhibitors, 1935 thalamocortical mechanisms, 2220 Osteoid osteoma, 562, 738 Orofacial Pain Guidelines, 2272 Osteolysis, 859 Orofacial pain management Osteoma, 561, 738 chronic (see Chronic orofacial pain management) Osteomyelitis, 215, 508, 858–862 peripheral and central mechanisms of primary chronic, 215 pain, 437–440 secondary chronic, 215 qualitatively, 441 Osteonecrosis, 216, 1614 quantitatively, 440 Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), 2198 Orofacial Pain Prospective Evaluation and Risk Osteons, 17 Assessment (OPPERA), 1871 Osteopenia, 110, 2142, 2176 Orofacial plasmacytosis, 1162 Osteopetrosis, 478 Orofacial soft tissues, 182 Osteoporosis, 4, 87, 110–111, 417, 446, 1615, 2142, 2176 Orofacial swelling, 1687 prophylaxis, 437 Orofacial tardive dyskinesia, 2274 Osteoporotic fractures, 110 Orogenital contact, 985 Osteoradionecrosis (ORN), 211, 365, 861–863, 1394, Oromandibular dystonia (OMD), 457, 1859, 2150, 2274 1588, 1618, 2198 Oromandibular myoclonus, 2290 Osteosarcoma, 582, 738 Oromucosal cannabinoids, 1872 Osteosclerosis, 859, 1791 Oro-nasal fistula, 890 Osteotomy, 1943, 1945 Oropharyngeal cancer, 294 Ostiomeatal complex, 920 clinical presentation, 681–682 Otalgia, 1688 epidemiology, etiology and pathology, 679–681 Otic ganglion, 29 investigations, 682 Otitis media, 926 treatment, 682–691 Otoscopic examination, 1782 Oropharyngeal candidosis, 429, 946, 947 Outer enamel epithelium, 11 Oropharyngeal carcinoma, 295 Ovarian cancer, 94 Oropharyngeal dysphagia, 99 Ovarian cysts, 94 Oropharyngeal mucosal plasmacytosis, 1162 Ovaries, 93 Oropharyngeal salivary gland tumors, 680 Overdose, 2196 Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma Oxazolidinones, 903 (OPSCC), 1408–1409 Oxcarbazepine, 448, 2022 Oropharynx, 40, 675, 1251, 1375 Oxiliplatin, 2199 Orthognathic surgery, 2261 Oximetry, 2290 Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst, 529 Oxycodone, 444 Orthopantomograph (OPG), 174, 205, 219, 2169 Oxygen desaturation, 2281, 2304 Orthopedic instability, 1791 Orthopedic stability, 1793 Osler–Rendu–Weber disease, 777 P Osler–Weber–Rendu disease, 1537 P16, 292, 297, 682 Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, 576, 1537 p16INK4A, 1356, 1359 Osmophobia, 1960 P2X3 receptor, 1845 Osseous dysplasia (OD), 610, 613 p53 protein, 1354, 1359 Ossification, 9 p63, 292 Ossifying fibromas (OF), 189, 543 Pachyonychia congenita 2, 1660 Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 609 Paclitaxel, 2198 Osteoarthritis (OA), 4, 111, 218, 225, 444, 1899, Paget’s disease of bone, 610 1911, 2142 Pagetoid, 771 imaging features, 226 bone, 611 pain, 443 spread, 1186 Osteoarthrosis, 111 Paget’s diseases, 263 Osteoblastoma, 564, 738 Pain, 235, 504, 2188, 2246, 2315 Osteoblasts, 17 associated with lung/mediastinal cancer, 2193 Osteocalcin, 611 associated with oral cancer, 2193–2194 Osteochondroma, 558, 738, 1943 behavior, 1776 Osteochondromatosis, 1893 biopsychosocial model of, 2216 Index 2383

cancer pain management, 2194 Papillary squamous cell carcinoma, 1342, 1347, 1349 cognition, 1810 Papilledema, 1975, 1976 definition of, 2216 Papillomatous lesions, 283 drawing (see Body manikin) Papillomavirus, 765 duration, 1776 Papillon–Lefevre syndrome, 478 economic burden of, 2217 Papular erythematous plaques, 800 examination, 1782 Papulovesicular, 1679 flow, 1777 Parabrachial nucleus, 1751, 2225 general features of, 2215–2216 Paracetamol, 1677, 1678 genetic and environmental influences and risk factors, Paracetemol, see Acetaminophen 2216 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, 960 intensity, 1763, 1776 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 960 intracranial tumors, 2192 Paracrine, 1755 management, orofacial (see Orofacial pain Paradental cyst, 519 management) Paradoxical sleep, 2222 matrix, 235 Parafunctional activities, 2094 modulatory system, 1812 Parafunctional behaviors, 1804 onset, 1775 Parafunctional habits, 1668, 1777 orofacial pain (see Orofacial pain) Paraganglioma, 90, 671 perception, 1763 Parageusia, 2122 referral of, 2218, 2220 Parakeratinized epithelium, 47 sensory-discriminative, cognitive, affective Parakeratosis, 1048 (emotional), and motivational dimensions, 2216 Parakeratotic, 951 and sleep interactions, 2227, 2229, 2234 keratin, 793 social burden of, 2217 Paralysis, 890, 2126, 2128, 2130 source of, 1775 Paramyxoviruses, 1001 throbs, 1991 Paranasal sinuses, 920, 1977 treatment for oral mucosal conditions, 2204–2207 Paraneoplastic autoimmune multi-organ syndrome types in cancer patients, 2188 (PAMS), 2193 Painful nervus intermedius neuropathy, 2050 Paraneoplastic autoimmune multisystem syndrome attributed to herpes zoster, 2050 (PAMS), 331 Painful traumatic trigeminal neuropathy (PTTN), 458, Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP), 273, 1088, 1115 2032 characteristics, 1103 Painful trigeminal neuropathy, 2027 clinical features, 1104 Pain-related disability, 1803 diagnosis, 1105 Pain relief, 378 epidemiology, 1103 ladder, 2194 etiology and pathophysiology, 1104 Palate development, 8 pathologic features, 1105 Palatine foramen, 15 patient management, 1105 Palatine nerve, 29 Parapharyngeal space, 23 Palatine tonsil, 53, 56, 680 Paraprotein, 270 Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds, 56 Parasomnias, 2260 Palbociclib, 748 Parasympathetic activation, 1970, 1996 Palisaded basal cell layer, 529 Parasympathetic fibers, 29 Palisaded encapsulated neuromas, 660 Parasympathetic nerves, 1443 Palms and soles, 887 Parasympathetic outflow, 1969 Palpable lymph nodes, 185 Parasympathetic reflex, 1998 Palpable purpura, 1489 Parasympathetic stimulation, 1998 Palpation test, 843 Parasympathomimetics, 408, 2094 Palutumumab, 1401 Parathyroid(s), 88 Pancoast tumor, 2170 Parathyroid gland, 91–92, 610, 634, 660 Paneth-cell metaplasia, 1569 hyperplasia, 660 Panitumub, 1401 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 609 Papanicolaou method, 1299 Parenchymal destruction, 86 Papanicolau stain, 658 Parenteral transmission, 1002 Papilla, 346 Paresthesia, 121, 123, 378, 572, 663, 2089, 2147, 2169 Papillary-cystic histomorphologic configurations, 1475 sensory loss (see Sensory loss) Papillary dysplasia, 1342 Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, 878 Papillary projections, 1471, 1472 Parkes Weber syndrome, 576 2384 Index

Parkinsonism, 2154 dental history, 146–147 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 120, 124, 1500, 1858, 2086, dose equivalents for alcoholic beverages, 145 2110, 2119, 2155, 2274 family medical history, 144 Parosmias, 2115, 2117 gutkha, 145 Parotid, 1440, 1450 home care, 146 biopsy, 1450 illicit drug use, 146 duct, 1440, 1501 medical history, 141–144 saliva, 1448 non-medical use of prescription drugs, 146 tumors, 198 nutritional history, 147 Parotid glands, 29, 44, 1440, 1442, 1465, 1475 occupation, 144 biopsies, 1450 of present illness, 139 enlargement, 1493, 1498, 1501 oral habits, 146 swellings, 109 oral health-care provider, 141 Paroxysmal hemicrania (PH), 1958, 1970, 1984, 2021 Paan, 145 Paroxysmal pain, 1777 past medical history, 142 Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, 78 precipitating factors, 141 Partial thromboblastin time, 81 presenting concern of history, 139–141 Pastia’s lines, 926, 1675 psychological history, 144 Past medical history, 1778 relationship status, 144 Patch testing, 323, 1060 review of systems, 143 Patent ductus arteriosus, 75 risk assessment, 141 Pathergy, 1543 sexual history, 144 Pathogen, 938, 939 social history, 144–146 Pathogenesis, 971 submucous fibrosis, 145 Pathogenicity, 939 symptoms, 140 Pathogenic microorganism, 821 tobacco, 144–145 Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR), 942 Tobacco history, 145 Pathological fractures, 212 tobacco products, 145 Pathological staging, 302 travel history, 146 Pathologist, 280 visual analog/numerical rating scale, 140 information required, 281 Vitamin B12 deficiency, 147 Pathophysiology Patient-reported outcome measures, 1445 cervicogenic headaches, 1977 Pattern of invasion (POI), 302, 1344 CH, 1969 Pattern recognition, 1013 HC, 1971 Paucibacillary leprosy, 880 MOH, 1978 Paul Bunnell test, 991 orofacial pain, 1820 PD1, 773 PH, 1970 PD-L1, 749 short-lasting neuralgiform headache attacks, 1972 PD-L2, 750 Patient-controlled analgesia, 2198 Peau d’orange, 876 Patient education, 2164 Pediatric oral medicine Patient history, 257 benign tumors, 1694–1696 adverse reactions, 143 developmental anomalies (see Developmental aggravating/relieving factors, 141 anomalies) alcohol and the risk of oral cancer, 145 infectious disease (see Infectious disease) alcohol use, 145 informed consent, 1646 alcohol use disorder, 145 investigation, 1645 allergies, 143 malignant tumors, 1696–1698 anorexia nervosa, 147 medical history on pediatric patient, 1643–1644 betel quid, 145 medications, 1646 bidis, 145 non-infectious disease, 1681–1694 biographical data, 139 patient examination, 1644–1645 bulimia, 147 reactive lesions, 1668–1671 chief concern, 139 sleep disordered breathing in children, 1698–1708 cultural and religious beliefs, 144 suspected abuse, 1646 current medical diagnoses, 141 Pediatric sleep disordered breathing, see Sleep disordered current medications, 142–143 breathing in children dental caries, 147 Pembrolizumab, 750 dental erosion, 147 Pemphigoid, 290, 805, 1558 Index 2385

Pemphigus, 259, 803 Periodic limb movement (PLM), 2223, 2227, 2232, 2234, characteristics, 1087, 1554 2283 clinical features, 1093 disorder, 2260 diagnosis, 1095–1099 Periodontal abscess, 516 epidemiology, 1089 Periodontal condition, 1791 erythematosus, 804 Periodontal disease, 825–827, 1680, 1682–1683, 1722, etiology, 1090 1723, 1727, 1729, 1738, 1791 foliaceus, 290, 330, 803, 1087 and conditions, 1144 pathologic features, 1093–1095 Periodontal ligament, 50 pathophysiology, 1090–1093 Periodontal pathogens, 512 patient management, 1099–1103 Periodontal pocket, 514 vegetans, 1088, 1094 Periodontal probing test, 843 Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), 273, 274, 290, 330, 418, 437, Periodontal surgery, 81 875, 1014, 1016, 1158–1159, 1224, 1554, 2202, Periodontitis, 512–514, 825, 1576, 1577, 1723, 1728, 2204 1730 Pemphix, 803, 1087, 1554 Periodontium, 1144 Penciclovir, 415, 430, 988 Perioral dermatitis, 797 Penicillamine, 1060, 1112 Perioral erythema, 109 Penicillin, 403, 404, 877 Periostitis, 564, 859 Penicillin G, 900 Peripheral ameloblastoma (PA), 532, 1163 Pentoxifylline, 109, 1121 Peripheral and axial arthropathies, 1025 Pepsin, 100 Peripheral and/or central nervous systems, 2085 Percussion test, 843 Peripheral edema, 129 Percutaneous coronary intervention, 1530 Peripheral fibroma, 1148 Percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy, 2024 Peripheral giant cell lesions, 1149–1152 Periapical curettage, 853 Peripheral giant cell reparative granuloma, 601 Periapical granuloma, 506 Peripheral glycerol injection, 2024 Periapical infections, 838–842 Peripheral mechanisms, 2217–2218 Periapical osseous dysplasia, 613 Peripheral nerve sheath tumor, 665 Periapical pathology, 192 Peripheral neuropathy, 264 Periapical periodontitis, 505 Peripheral neurotoxicity, 2198 Periapical pocket cyst, 839 Peripheral sensitization, 440, 2008, 2141, 2161, 2189, Periapical radiograph, 843 2218 Periapical radiolucencies, 852 Peripheral small fibre neuropathy, 2162 Periapical surgery, 851–853 Peripheral small nerve fibers, 2086 Periapical true cyst, 839 Periplakin, 273, 1090, 1105 Periaqueductal gray (PAG), 1757, 1764, 1996 Peritonsillar abscess, 926, 1674 matter, 2225 Peritrabecular clefting, 613 Peri-articular cysts, 1925 Perivascular amyloidosis, 113 Pericardial disease, 1535 Perivascular distribution, 892 Pericardium, 54 Permeabilization, 945 Perichondral involvement, 697 Pernicious anemia, 95, 97, 115, 1589, 1590 Pericoronitis, 405, 854, 858 Peroxidase, 1049 Perifollicular oedema, 876 Persistent aura without infarction, 1964 Peri-lesional epithelium, 1092 Persistent dento-alveolar pain disorder (PDAPD), 1839, Peri-neural extension, 304 2098 Perineural inflammation, 2160 Persistent idiopathic dentoalveolar pain, 2062 Perineural invasion, 205, 680, 685, 2168 Persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP), 130, 2058, 2192 Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic (p-ANCA) Persistent mid-facial pain, 2165 antibody, 1545, 1569 Persistent orofacial pain, 1752, 1766, 1767 Perinuclear staining ANCA (pANCA), 276 Persistent pain, 1763, 2015, 2161, 2200 Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), 964 Personality change, 126 positive, 1475 Personalized medicine, 1837 stain/staining, 284, 961 approach, 2325 Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stain positive Persons who inject drugs (PWID), 1002 granule, 669 PET-CT, 180 Periodic breathing, 2257 OC-SCC, 204, 208 Periodic fevers with aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis ORN, 213 and cervical adenitis, 1693–1694 over CT, 208 2386 Index

PET-CT (cont.) Phonation, 57 salivary gland disease, 195 Phonophobia, 1960, 1987 vascularized scar, 210 Phosphatase and tensin homolog, 658 Petechiae, 85, 116, 129, 258, 261, 1536, 1593, 1594, 1674 Phosphate, 91 Petechial haemorrhages, 1168 Phospholipases (PL), 941 Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS), 1194, 1199, 1580, 1610 Phosphorylated ERK (pERK), 1757 PFAPA syndrome, 1546 Photodynamic therapy (PDT), 668, 1741 PHACE syndrome, 576, 1695 Photophobia, 1960, 1987 Phagocyte abnormalities, 1680 Photosensitizing medications, 787 Phagocytosis, 940, 947 Physical activity, 2164 Phagosomal maturation cycle, 911 Physical examination, 1960 Phantogeusia, 2122 Physical modalities, 1932 Phantom tastes, 2090 Physical therapy, 1967, 2129 Phantom toothache, 2061 Physical trauma, 1148 Phantom tooth pain, 2032 Physiologic pH, 1730 Phantosmia, 2109, 2112, 2115, 2117 Physiologic (“racial”) pigmentation, 1188 Phantosmic sensations, 2112 Phytocannabinoids, 454 Pharmacological approaches, 2232–2233 PI3K pathway, 748 Pharmacologically induced salivary compromise, 1607 Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, 1645 Pharmacological techniques, 1801 Picibanil, 395 Pharmacologic stimulation, 1506–1510 Piconaviridae, 1678 Pharmacologic treatment, 1965, 1969 Piezo channels, 1754 Pharmacology, 1813, 1814 Piezo receptors, 1751 Pharmacotherapeutic approaches, in oral medicine Pigmentation, 1180 antibacterials, 403–405 disorders, 784–788 antifungals, 408–413 Pigment deposition, 1176 antiseptics, 405–407 Pigmented villonodular synovitis, 738 antiviral agents, 413–415 PIK3CA, 745, 747, 1666 biologic agents, 426–429 Pilar cyst, 633 glucocorticoids, 415–421 Pilocarpine, 408, 1491, 1506, 1577, 1606 immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents, hydrochloride, 1604 421–426 Pilosebaceous, 774, 794 orofacial pain management, 437–461 Pimecrolimus, 421, 426, 797, 1070 salivary substitutes and sialogogues, 407–408 Pindborg tumor, 534 therapeutic protocols, 429–437 Pineal body, 88 Pharmacotherapy, 1967 Pingyangmycin, 389, 395 Pharyngeal arch, 473 Pink maculopapular rash, 991 Pharyngeal critical pressure, 1701 Piper betle, 1322 Pharyngeal gonorrhea, 894 Pit and fissure caries, 499 Pharyngeal mucosa, 58 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), 2093 Pharyngeal muscle(s), 2248, 2254 Pituitary, 1196 activity, 2307 adenomas, 1197 Pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy, 15 gland, 88, 93, 1194 Pharyngectomy, 694 Pizza burn, 1014 Pharyngitis, 991 Placodes, 8 Pharyngotympanic tube, 29 Plakoglobin, 1090 Pharynx, 8, 57, 675, 807 Planktonic, 943 Phasic contractions, 2282 Plaque-associated, 1144 Phenobarbital, 1614 Plaque-induced gingivitis, 509 Phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I), 884 Plaquenil, 1553 Phenotypes, 1822 Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), 588 Phenotypic switching, 940, 941 Plasma cell, 319, 892, 1049 Phenylbutazone, 1107 dyscrasias, 272 Phenylketonuria, 75 gingivitis, 325, 1161–1163, 1217 Phenytoin, 450, 1614 gingivostomatitis, 1161–1163, 1224–1226 Pheochromocytoma, 76, 90, 660, 1525 granuloma, 1226 Pheomelanin, 1177 proliferation, 1162 Philadelphia chromosome, 1583 Plasmacytoma, 592 Phleboliths, 576, 1664 Plasma extravasation, 1996 Index 2387

Plasma renin activity, 1579 Pomphylox dermatitis, 798 Plasticity, 1836 Pons, 2224, 2226 Platelet, 113, 1529, 1592 Poorly controlled DM, 1498 disorders, 1592–1594 Population based screening framework, 1364 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 1939 Porphyria cutanea tarda, 1047 Platinol, 695 Porphyromonas gingivalis, 512, 514, 825–827, 1681 Platinum derivatives, 2198 Portable sleep monitoring, 2290 Plectin, 1090, 1105 Port wine stain, 641, 1664 Pleomorphic adenoma, 198, 1463–1465 Posaconazole, 967 Pleomorphic lipomas, 658 Positional therapy, 2322, 2323 Pleural cavity, 54 Positive airway pressure (PAP), 1706 Pleural effusions, 902 Positron emission tomography (PET), 180 Plexiform neurofibromas, 667 headache, 249 Plexiform variant, 667 Posoconazole, 412 PLM, see Periodic limb movement (PLM) Post-contrast pachymeningeal enhancement, 1976 Ploidy, 1306 Post cricoid cancers, 679, 692 Plummer–Vinson syndrome, 692 Postdromal symptoms, 1960 PNET, 585 Posterior capsulitis, 1789 Pneumocystis pneumonia, 996 Posterior circulation dysfunction, 1973 Pocket epithelium, 514 Posterior hypothalamic activation, 1971 Podoplanin, 733 Posterior hypothalamic activity, 1971 POEMS syndrome, 595 Posterior hypothalamus, 1971 Poikilocytosis, 258 Posterior open bites, 2313 Poikiloderma, 810 Posterior superior alveolar nerve, 29 Polaprezinc, 2117, 2123 Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers, 29 POLG gene, 451 Post glucose challenge, 262 Polidocanol, 395 Post-herpetic neuralgia, 448, 989, 2028, 2160, 2206 Pollen food hypersensitivity syndrome, 1033 of nervus intermedius, 2050 Polycyclic amines, 1191 pain, 458 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 696, 1321 Post-infarction angina, 72 Polycystic ovarian syndrome, 94, 794 Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, 1192 Polycythaemia, 2257 Post-inflammatory pigment alteration (PIPA), 787 Polycythemia, 259 Post-menopause, 94 rubra vera, 259, 263 Post nasal drip, 1723 vera, 1581, 1588 Post-operative maintenance therapy, 85 Polyenes, 408, 412 Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, 926 Polyester suture, 373 Post-streptococcal reactive arthritis, 926 Polyglutamine-expanded proteins, 125 Post-stroke pain, 2141 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 108, 278, 291, 682, 987 Post-surgical CT/MRI, 209 Polymicrobial biofilm, 823 Post-surgical neuropathy, 2198 Polymicrobial communities, 823 Post-surgical pain, 2200 Polymicrobial nature of disease, 825 Postsynaptic, 1765 Polymodal nociceptors, 1752 Post-test probability, 257 Polymorphonucelar granulocytes, 1049 Postural instability, 124 Polymorphous adenocarcinoma, 1473–1474 Posture-dependent headache, 1976 Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, 1473 Post-viral upper respiratory tract infection, 2109 Polymporhic, 938 Potassium, 263 Polymyalgia, 109 hydroxide, 964 rheumatica, 266, 1975, 2146 permanganate, 989 Polymyositis, 275, 276 Potent, 419 Polyneuritis cranialis, 2118 Potentially neoplastic, 1163 Polyostotic, 610 Potent opioids, 2195 fibrous dysplasia, 612, 706 Poverty, 905 Polypharmacy, 1511 Povidone, 405, 406 Polyps, 2167 Povidone-iodine, 406 Polysaccharidic component, 966 Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), 1504 Polysomnography (PSG), 238, 1863, 1962, 2249, 2257, Prasugrel, 1538, 1539 2290, 2308, 2320, 2321, 2323 Pre-ameloblasts, 474 Polyurea, 93 Precipitant, 986 2388 Index

Precipitating factors, 1963 dystonia, 1862 Precision medicine, 304 effusion lymphoma, 588 Precision of surgical skills, 356 gingivostomatitis, 789 Precocious puberty, 94, 706 headache disorder, 2166 Pre-dentin, 11, 474 herpetic gingivostomatitis, 895, 1153 Prediction, 1763 hyperparathyroidism, 608 Prednisolone, 417, 418, 431, 434, 437, 807, 1072, 1110, hypogonadism, 94 1563, 1938, 2129 (idiopathic) thrombocytopenia, 1593 Prednisone, 1195, 1602 immunodeficiency (PID), 335 Prednsilone, 1121 intraosseous carcinoma, 546 Predromal symptoms, 1960 jaw bone lymphomas, 589 Pre-eclampsia, 89 lateral sclerosis, 121 Pre-epiglottic space, 696 occlusal trauma, 516 Prefrontal cortex (PFC), 1763, 2226 oral HSV infections, 2206 Pregabalin, 445, 448, 791, 2038, 2098, 2123, 2127, 2164 osteoarthritis, 1921 CTN, 2022 osteomyelitis, 862 Pregnancy-associated gingivitis, 509 pulmonary hypertension, 275 Pregnancy epulis, 1148, 1149 and recurrent herpes simplex infection, 430 Pregnancy related disorders, 69 sclerosing cholangitis, 1025 Premalignant cutaneous conditions, 765 syphilis, 886–887 Pre-menopause, 94 teeth, 10 Premenstrual syndrome, 1732 tumor (T-staging), 202 Premonitory, 1962 Primary persistent dentoalveolar pain (PDAP), 2062 phase, 1986 Primitive neural ectodermal tumor, 585 symptoms, 1969, 1987 Primitive streak, 5 Preoperative sclerotherapy, 647 Primordial odontogenic tumor, 537–539 Preoptic nucleus, 2225, 2226 Principal sensory nucleus (PrV), 1756 Pre-renal azotemia, 118 Prineural invasion, 2189 Prescription fluorides, 1510 Prion protein, 125 Pressure pain thresholds, 1837 Procainamide, 275 Presynaptic, 1765 Pro-carcinogenic compounds, 972 Pretest probability of disease, 257 Proctitis, 894 Pretracheal fascial layer, 54 Prodromal, 430 Pre-transplantation induction therapy, 85 symptoms, 988, 1969 Pre-trigeminal neuralgia, 2013 Progesterone, 93 Prevalence, 2215, 2224 Progression of episodic to chronic migraine, 1988 HC, 1958 Progressive bulbar palsy, 121 PH, 1958 Progressive multiple sclerosis, 121 short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache, 1958 Progressive muscular atrophy, 121 Preventive treatment of migraine, 1993 Progressive myositis ossificans, 1855 Prevertebral fascial layer, 54 Prohormone, 91 Prevotella intermedia, 514 Pro-inflammatory cytokines, 85, 103, 127, 440, 512, 1029, Prick testing, 324, 799 1532 Prilocaine, 2127 Pro-inflammatory T cells, 102 Primaquine, 270 Projection neurons, 1751, 1757 Primary, 1762 Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL), 283, 949, 1063, acute apical periodontitis, 839 1165, 1234, 1237, 1242, 1258 adrenal disease, 1579 Prolonged depression, 126 adrenal insufficiency, 1194, 1195 Propeptide, 611 afferent neurons, 2189 Proper oral hygiene, 907 ameloblastic carcinoma, 546 Prophylactic dental care, 866 amyloidosis (AL type), 2156 Prophylactic medication, 1993 biliary cholangitis, 276 Prophylactic therapies, 1970 biliary cirrhosis, 95, 98, 268, 275, 1048 Prophylactic treatment, 1965, 1993 bone lymphoma, 587 Propranolol, 674, 1696 chronic osteomyelitis (chronic non-suppurative Proptosis, 2168 osteomyelitis), 215 Prostaglandin, 442 cutaneous nocardiosis, 902 Prostaglandin E2, 424, 1845 dentin, 12, 489 Prosthetic cardiac valves, 1531 Index 2389

Prosthetic heart valve, 80, 1530 Psychological distress., 2174 Prosthetic rehabilitation, 1394 Psychological evaluation, 1778 Prosthetic valve endocarditis, 1532 Psychological issues, 2088 Prosthetic valve thrombosis, 1532 Psychological stress, 1018, 1046, 2087 Protean condition, 1494 Psychological trauma, 2174 Proteases, 87 Psychometric evaluations, 1833 Protective co-contraction, 1793 Psychophysiological disorders, 1777 Protective muscle splinting, 1854 Psychosocial, 2216, 2217, 2230, 2233 Proteinase 3 (PR3), 276 comorbidities, 2164 Protein kinase A (PKA), 1760, 1871 distress, 2175 Protein Kinase C (PKC), 1760, 1871 factors, 2172 Protein secretion, 1443 Psychosocial model Proteobacteria, 1024 assessment, 1805 Proteolysis, 440 interventions, 1814 Proteus infection, 504 Psychosomatic disorders, 2171 Proteus syndrome, 658 Psychosomatic pain, 2173 Prothrombin time (PT), 81, 261 Psychosomatic process, 1801 Proto-oncogenes, 969, 1184 Psychosomatization, 1046 Provisional diagnosis, 346 Psychotherapy, 2099 Provocation tests, 1849 PTCH gene, 522 Provoked epilepsy, 122 PTEN, 1184 Pruritus, 806, 1678 Pterygoid muscles, 23 Psammoma bodies, 545, 574 Pterygomaxillary fissure, 23 Psammomatous, 572 Pterygopalatine fossa, 24 Pseudoarthrosis, 667 Ptosis, 1989 Pseudoepitheliomatous, 804, 953 PTPN11, 670 epithelial hyperplasia, 669 Puberty, 786 hyperplasia, 282, 652, 892, 1653 Puberty-associated gingivitis, 509 Pseudogout, 1893 Pulmonary hypertension, 73, 74, 87 Pseudo-halitosis, 1720, 1727, 1733, 1735, 1742 Pulmonary nocardiosis, 901 Pseudo-horn cysts, 784 Pulmonary stenosis, 75 Pseudohyphae, 942, 943, 951 Pulmonary valve, 78 Pseudomass, 212 Pulpal hyperemia, 503 Pseudomembrane, 1676 Pulpal necrosis, 2145 Pseudomembranous, 1446 Pulp chamber, 50 candidosis (PC), 948, 1220 Pulpectomy, 505 variants, 951 Pulp hyperemia, 504 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 858 Pulpitis, 502, 835, 1992, 1999 Pseudopolyneuritic form, 121 Pulp necrosis, 504 Pseudo-seizure, 122 Pulp polyp, 504 Pseudostratified columnar cells, 36 Pulp sensibility tests, 843 Pseudotumor(s), 738 Pulsed dye lasers, 647, 674 cerebri, 1975 Pulse oximetry, 1703 Psoralen, 1603 Punch, 355, 359 Psoriasiform, 801 biopsy, 279, 356 Psoriasis, 423, 801–802 Pure menstrual migraine without aura, 1964 Psoriatic arthritis, 227, 1901 Purified protein derivative, 878 Psychiatric consultation, 679 Purple macule, 993 Psychiatric disorders, 2274 Purpura, 85, 261, 1536, 1593, 1594 anxiety, 126 Putrefaction, 1723, 1725, 1730, 1732 definition, 126 PUVA, 799 depression, 127 Pyoderma vegetans, 1161 eating disorders, 128 Pyogenic granuloma, 1148, 1164, 1694 oral manifestations, 130 Pyogenic streptococcus, 925 substance related disorders, 129–130 Pyomyositis, 1870 Psychoeducation, 128 Pyostomatitis vegetans (PyoV), 1025, 1161, 1494, 1571 Psychogenic pain, 2173 Pyriform fossa, 692 Psychological comorbidities, 2162, 2171 Pyriform sinus, 679, 681 Psychological disorders, 1046 Pyrophosphate analogues, 413, 414 2390 Index

Q Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 2220, 2221, 2223, Qat, 1332–1333 2224, 2226, 2227, 2274 Quadrivalent HPV vaccine, 691 Rapid maxillary expansion, 1706 Quality of life (QOL), 1767, 1801, 2189, 2216, 2217, Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test, 892 2221, 2309 Ras/MAP kinase pathway, 670 Quality of pain, 1776 Ravuconazole, 967 Quantiferon test, 259 Raynaud’s phenomenon, 809, 1494, 1550 Quantitative computed tomography, 110 Razoring of beard, 633 Quantitative sensory testing (QST), 1835, 2008, 2162, Rb gene, 680 2228 Rb protein, 1356 Questionnaire, 1727, 1733, 1742 RDC/TMD, 1799, 1800, 1802 Quiet phase, 2223 Consortium Network Workshop, 1948 Quinidine, 1611 Reactionary dentine, 833 Quorum sensing, 940, 944 Reactivation, varicella virus, 989 Reactive/frictional keratoses, 1237 Reactive arthritis, 1901 R Reactive gingival lesions, 1148–1152 Racial pigmentation, 1610 Reactive keratosis, 1214 Radial forearm, 1387 Reactive lesions Radiation focal reactive hyperplasia, 1669–1670 for head and neck cancer, 210, 1585 mucocoele, 1668–1669 and sun exposure, 1333 Riga–Fede disease, 1670 Radiation-induced carcinogenesis, 175 Reactive oral ulcerations, 1013–1014 Radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction, 1485 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 944, 969 Radiation therapy Reactive-protective mechanism, 2293 changes after, 211 Real time PCR, 291 oropharyngeal cancer, 682 Rebamipide, 1547 Radical neck dissection, 1388 Recalcitrant OLP, 424 radical/modified, 303 Receptor tyrosine kinases, 1354 Radicular cyst, 505, 506, 517 Recombinant desmoglein, 1091 Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, 95, 714, 1485, 1498 Reconstructive surgery, 79 Radiofrequency, 2024 Recreational drugs, 2278 ablation, 1666 Rectal prolapse, 129 Radiographic absorptiometry, 110 Rectus muscles, 58 Radiographs, 161 Recurrence, 1465 Radioisotope bone scans, 611 Recurrent angina pectoris, 73 Radiological investigation, 280 Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), 109, 328, 418, 420, Radiolucencies, 739 424, 426, 428, 429, 1015, 1017–1029, 1540, 1545, Radiolucent/radiopaque lesions, 1341 1551, 2202, 2205 Radionuclide isotope technetium-sodium (Tc99m) etiology, 431 pertechnetate, 1450 herpetiform, 431 Radiopacities, 739 major, 431 Radiotherapy, 2197 minor, 431 Ramon syndrome, 604 Recurrent aphthous ulceration, 1565 Rampant caries, 1605 Recurrent aphthous ulcers, 1093 Ramsey–Hunt syndrome, 989–991, 2050, 2129, 2161 Recurrent herpes labialis, 413, 430 Random glucose, 262 Recurrent meningeal branch, 29 Randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), 402, 430, 434, 457, Recurrent mouth ulcers, with no identified systemic cause, 461 259 RANKL, 609 Recurrent oral ulcerations (RAU), 1545 RANK-ligand inhibitors, 864, 2176 Recurrent oral ulcers (ROU), 1540 RANTES, 1053, 1054 Recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis, 1674 CCL5, 1051 Recurrent tumor and infection, 213 Ranula, 391, 632, 1459 Red blood cell, 114 plunging, 195 disorders, 1588 simple, 195 folate, 264 Raphe, 2220, 2225 Red flags, 2190 nuclei, 2220, 2225 Reduced enamel epithelium, 39 Rapid antigen detection test (RADT), 927 Reduced salivary flow, 1607 Index 2391

Reed-Sternberg cells, 116 Response rates, 2308 Referral of pain, 2218 Response to therapy, 257 Referred otalgia, 229, 681 Resting tremor, 124 Referred pain, 2137, 2169, 2193 Restless legs, 2260 Reflex, 1443, 1499 Restless leg syndrome (RLS), 2086, 2227 sympathetic dystrophy, 2042 Restlessness, 1989 Refractory oral MMP, 808 Restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP), 965 Refractory period, 1533, 2013 Rests of Malassez, 505 Refractory response, 1069 Rests of Serres, 1147 Regional craniocervical myalgia, 1844 Retapamulin, 875, 1673 Regional lymphadenopathy, 1673 Rete ridges, 1048 Regional syndrome, 109 RET gene, 661 Regular dental visits, 1490 Reticular formation, 2219, 2221, 2224 Regulatory T-cells (TReg), 102, 319 Reticular/keratotic (classic) oral LP, 1227 deficiency, 1598 Reticular lichen planus, 1212 Regurgitant, 1534 Reticular nucleus, 2225 Regurgitation, 79, 1533 Reticulocytes, 114 Reiter syndrome, 1901 Retinoblastoma gene protein, 297 Relapsing hepatitis, 105 Retinoblastoma syndrome, 582 Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, 121 Retinoids, 264, 766, 1072 Relaxation, 1812, 1814 Retinopathy, 88 techniques, 1965 RET mutation analysis, 715 training, 127, 1967 RET receptor tyrosine kinase, 660 Reliability, RDC-TMD, 1821 Retrocuspid papillae, 1668 Relocate salivary glands, 1512 Retrodiscal tissues, 1793 Remineralizing agents, 831 Retrodiscitis, 1789 Remission induction, 1100 Retrognathia, 2248, 2249 Remission maintenance, 1100 Retrograde axonal transport, 1677 Remitting subtype, 1971 Retrograde microbial colonisation, 1501 Remote control of a motorised system, 2321 Retronasal, 2108, 2118, 2122 Remotely controlled mandibular positioner, 2321 Retroperitoneal necrosis, 54 REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), 2226, 2260 Retropharyngeal abscess, 926, 1674 Renal biochemistry, 263 Retropharyngeal-danger-prevertebral spaces, 54 Renal diseases, 117–120 Retropharyngeal nodes, 55 Renal failure, 81, 266, 1731, 1741 Retropharyngeal space, 54 Renin, 117 Rett’s syndrome, 1862 angiotensin system, 75 Reversal reaction, 884 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, 71, 1526, 1608 Reverse cutting needle, 375 Reparative dentin, 12, 39, 489 Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, 291 Replacement therapy, 1036 Reversible pulpitis, 503, 835 Reproductive complications, 894 Reye’s syndrome, 1678, 1680 Reproductive organs, 88 Rhabdomyoma, 670–671, 1866 Request cytotoxic activity, 1051 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 586, 736–737, 1866–1867 Residual cyst, 507, 517–518 clinical-pathologic features, 1697–1698 Residual functional gland tissue, 1491 epidemiology, 1696 Residual salivary gland capacity, 1506 etiology and pathophysiology, 1696 Resolution symptoms, 1962 head and neck, 1697 Reso-Pac, 363 Rheumatic fever, 79, 1673 Respiratory disease Rheumatic heart disease, 926, 1534 asthma, 85 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 98, 99, 218, 265, 276, 326, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 86 407, 428, 444, 1048, 1491–1493, 1900, 2142 oral manifestations, 87 imaging findings in active, 227 Respiratory droplets, 910, 1677 and related joint diseases, 226 Respiratory effort related arousal (RERA), 2230, 2248 Rheumatoid factor (RF), 110, 275, 1491 Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma, 675 Rheumatologic conditions, 1540 Respiratory epithelium, 36–38 Rhinocerebral mucormycoses, 946 Respiratory infections, 99 Rhinomanometry, 2321 Respiratory muscle weakness, 2257 Rhinophyma, 796 Respiratory syncytial virus, 611 Rhinoplasty, 2111 2392 Index

Rhinorrhea, 1989, 2165 Saline, 281 Rhinosinusitis, 919, 1977, 2165 Saliva, 46, 1049, 1302 acute, 920–922 composition, 1440, 1453, 1486, 2090 chronic, 922–923 flow rate, 1440, 1442, 1446, 1447, 1504 maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin, 923–925 Orthana™, 407 Rhinosporidiosis, 675 salivary substitutes and oral lubricants, 407–408 Rhythm disorder, 77–78 serous, 407 Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA), 2281, sialogogues, 408 2283 visco-elastic, 407 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 291 Salivaomics, 1303 Ridley–Jopling classification, 880 Salivary, 1049 Rifampicin, 885, 913, 914 antibodies, 1049, 1099 Riga–Fede disease, 1670–1671 calculus, 1455 Rigid endoscopic examination, 679 cortisol, 1047, 1499 Rigid rod endoscope, 703 flow, 47, 1722, 1723, 1725, 1729, 1732 Riley–Day syndrome, 1670 flow rate, 2090 Rinsing, 378 high molecular weight proteins, 1500 Risk assessment, 257 hypofunction, 262 Risk factors, 2216, 2231 incubation test, 1735 Rituximab, 428, 805, 810, 1102, 1110, 1121, 1158, low molecular weight proteins, 1500 1159, 1161, 1491 mucin, 1722, 1729 Rivaroxaban, 82, 1531, 1538 scintigraphy, 1450–1451 RNA viruses, 996 stimulation, 919 Ro/SSA autoantibodies, 327 stones, 1455 Robin sequence, 1654 Salivary gland(s), 44, 1412 Rombo syndrome, 767 anatomy, 1440 Root agenesis/stunting, 1698 aplasia, 1503 Root canal treatment, 845 biopsy, 1448–1450 Root caries, 500 calculi, 918 Root dilacerations, 495 disease imaging, 192–201 Rosacea, 795 histology, 44–45, 1441–1442 Rose Bengal test, 1453 minor, 46–47 Rosette–like spaces, 537 neoplasms, 197, 680 Rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), 1757, physiology, 1442–1443 1764, 1766 stem cells, 1512 Rotator cuff syndrome, 109 tumors, 294, 1463 Rothmund–Thomson syndrome, 582 Salivary gland disorders and diseases Roughness, 943 autoimmune liver diseases, 1495–1497 Roxithromycin, 404 chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, 1494–1495 RPR test, 277 diagnostic workup (see Diagnostic workup, Rrythrocyte sedimentation rate, 877 salivary gland disorders) Rubella, 995 eating disorders, 1505–1506 Rubella infection, 75, 995 endocrine diseases, 1497–1499 Rubella virus (RV), 995 genetic disorders, 1503–1504 Rudimentary teeth, 489 hypersalivation, 1455 Running suture, 375 immune-mediated diseases, 1486–1494 Rushton bodies, 517 infectious diseases, 1500–1503 Ruxolitinib, 1603 local obstructive disorders, 1455–1463 Ryles tube, 702 malignant tumours, 1473–1485 medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD), 1453 S musculoskeletal disorders, 1497 S100, 291, 292, 669, 1187 neurological disorders, 1499–1500 Sabouraud dextrose agar, 964 salivary gland tumours, 1463–1473 Saccular aneurysm, 1974 Salivary gland dysfunction, 1602, 1604 Sacral ganglion, 1675 assessment, 1447 Saddle-nose, 891 radiation induced, 1485 Salicylates, 270, 442 salivary gland hypofunction (see Salivary gland Salicylic acid, 442 hypofunction) Index 2393

Salivary gland hypofunction, 407, 1439–1440, 1497, SDS-polyacrylamide gel, 291 1510, 1605 Sebaceous adenocarcinoma, 1481–1483 cancer therapy, 1485 Sebaceous glands, 17, 774 causes, 1440 Sebaceous hyperplasia, 774 epidemiology, 1443 Seborrheic dermatitis, 797 oral candidosis, 1511 Seborrheic keratoses, 783 radiation therapy, 1485 Secondary, 1762 treatment, 1506 acute apical periodontitis, 839 Salivary gland-sparing radiation regimens, 1485 adrenal disease, 1579 Saliva substitutes, 1510, 1512 ameloblastic carcinoma, 546 Salted fish, 703 amyloidosis (AA type), 1497, 2156 Salt split skin, 289, 1117 candidosis, 1069 substrate, 1118 chronic osteomyelitis (chronic suppurative Sandpaper feel, 926 osteomyelitis)., 215 Sanger sequencing, 746 dentin, 39, 489 SAPHO syndrome, 860 dystonia, 1862 Saprophytic fungi, 955, 964 headache, 1957, 1960 Sarcoid granulomas, 268 hyperparathyroidism, 609 Sarcoidosis, 268, 274, 327, 363, 1493, 1689, 2158–2160, hypertension, 76 2168 hypogonadism, 94 Sarcomas, 723 immunodeficiency, 336 Satellite cells, 1751 impetiginisation, 792 Satellite glial cells, 1755 infection, 988 Sativex, 454 insufficiency, 1195 Saucerisation, 859 occlusal trauma, 516 Saw-tooth rete ridges, 1058 osteoporosis, 110 Scalp, 17 SS, 1493, 1494 Scalpel, 355 synovial chondromatosis, 560 biopsy, 356 syphilis, 887–888 blade, 361 thrombocytopenia, 1593 Scalp pain, 2145 trigeminal neuralgia, 2009 Scarlatina, 926 pain, 1752 Scarlet fever, 1674–1675 primary tumors, 1064 Scarring, 378, 874, 1109, 1678, 1685 Secreted aspartic proteinases (SAPs), 941 alopecia, 1116 Secretory carcinoma, 1478 Schirmer’s test, 1453 Secretory IgA, 1049, 1485, 1504 Schizophrenia, 2153 Segmental infantile hemangioma, 1695 Schnederian papillomas, 706 Segmental mandibulectomy, 1382 Schöbinger classification, 1667 Seizures, 1613 School sores, 791 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 1617 Schwann cells, 663, 879, 1653 Selective neck dissection, 303 Schwannoma, 571, 663–665 Selective norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor Scintigraphic (technetium-99m) imaging, 1911 antidepressants, 1979 Scleroderma, 99, 1494, 1602 Selective serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, Scleroderma–myositis, 276 2098 Sclerosants, 650 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), 1609, Sclerosing agents, 1910 1854, 2098, 2154, 2278, 2294 Sclerosis multiplex, 98 Selective tooth agenesis, 478, 483 Sclerotherapy, 389, 395, 645, 1666, 1667 Self-efficacy, 1807, 1812, 2164 lymphangiomas, 650 Self-examination, 781 Sclerozing agents, 647 Self-induced vomiting, 1505 Sclerozing cholangitis, 276 Self-limiting illness, 878 Sclerozing odontogenic carcinoma, 542, 546 Self-management, 1808, 1814, 2164 Scratches, 873 Self-titration, 2322 Scratching, 1678 Sella turcica, 36 Screening, 1802, 1805 Senile dementia, 125 tests, 1499 Sensitivity, RDC-TMD, 1821 Scurvy, 113 Sensitization, 1760 SDB, see Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) Sensitization of the CNS, 2164 2394 Index

Sensitized nociceptors, 2008 Sexual intercourse, 681 Sensorineural, 2110, 2112, 2116 Sexually transmitted infection Sensory abnormalities, 2161 gonorrhea, 893 Sensory changes, 2015 syphilis (see Syphilis) Sensory-discriminative aspect of pain, 1751, 1762 Sexual promiscuity, 886 Sensory loss, 2124 SF 12 v2, 2224 clinical-pathologic features, 2125–2126 SF 36, 2224 epidemiology, 2124 SH3BP2, 604 etiology, 2124 Shallow ulceration, 1679 pathophysiology, 2124–2125 Shallow ulcers, 1676 patient management, 2126–2127 Sharpey’s fibers, 502 Sensory nerve fiber, 2189 Shear stress, 75 Sensory neural ganglia, 1675 Shingles, 989, 1677, 2027, 2206 Sensory neuropathies, 2147 Short-lasting neuralgiform headache attacks, 1972 Sensory receptors, 3 Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks, Sensory trick, 2151 1958, 1971 Septic arthritis syndrome, 894 with autonomic symptoms (SUNA), 1972 Septicemia, 904 with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT), Septoplasty, 2111 1972, 2021 Sequential (SEQ) technique, 1398 Short synACTHen test, 269, 418 Sequestectomy, 861 Short tau inversion recovery (STIR), 710 Sequestration, 859 Short-term alleviation, 1510 Serology, 320–321, 1452 Shoulder function, 679 Seronegative inflammatory arthritis, 1926 Siadenoma papilliferum, 1472 Seronegative spondylarthropathies, 227 Sialadenitis, 194, 915, 1485, 1500, 1605 Seropurulent nasal discharge, 908 Sialadenosis, 1498 Serosanguinous fluid, 602 Sialectasis, 196, 1450 Serosanguinous nasal discharge, 908 Sialendoscopy, 1452 Serotonin (5-HT), 112, 443, 445, 1765, 1766, 1845, 2153, Sialochemistry, 1453 2164, 2218, 2220, 2226 Sialoendoscopy, 385, 386 receptor, 455 Sialogogic agents, 1577 Serotonin nordrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), Sialogogues, 408 445–446 Sialography, 193, 277, 386, 1450 Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), salivary gland disease, 197 1609, 1872, 1935, 1965 Sialolith, 385, 1459 Serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitors, 1979 Sialolithiasis, 194, 915, 1003, 1455–1459 Serotonin synaptic reuptake, 445 Sialometry, 1453, 2093 Serotonin transporter gene, 2019 Sialo-odontogenic cyst, 528 Serotonin transporters, 112 Sialorrhea, 122, 125, 1439, 1455 Serotypes, 941 Sialosis, 195 Serous acini, 1441 Sibutramine, 1610 Serous saliva, 407 Sicca-like symptoms, 1003 Serum amyloid A, 268 Sickle cell anemia, 259, 2144–2145 Serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), 259, 268 Sickle cell disease, 113, 259, 1590 Serum antibodies, 1099 Sickle cell toothache, 2145 Serum autoantibodies, 1452 Sickle cell trait, 259, 1590 Serum calcium, 715 Sickle crises, 2144 Serum creatinine, 118, 423 Side effects, 405, 408, 409, 411, 413, 418, 420, 425, 441, Serum ferritin, 115 445, 446, 450, 456, 460, 461 Serum folate, 264 of fluconazole, 411 Serum iron, 115 of glucocorticosteroids, 418 Serum total bilirubin, 1600 of itraconazole, 411 Severe aphthous ulcer, 1019 of lamotrigine, 451 Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 335 of oxcarbazepine, 448 Severe hyposalivation, 1510 of topiramate, 452 Severely dysplastic, 782 Side-locked migraine, 1986 Sex hormone, 15 Silgard, 691 Sex industry, 886 Silicosis, 268 Sexual dimorphism, 15 Silk Road, 1540 Index 2395

Silk Route, 1029 management of orofacial pain, 2232 Silk suture, 373 modulatory processes, 2226–2227 Silver, 1202, 1612 movement disorder, 2232 Silver nitrate, 362 napping and chronic pain, 2223 Simple bone cyst (SBC), 601 neural circuits, 2224 Simple interrupted sutures, 375, 376 non-restorative sleep, 2223 Simple running sutures, 375 onset, 2221, 2223, 2224 Simultaneous integrated boost (SIB), 1398 paralysis, 2260 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 744, 1356 quality, 1777, 2256–2257 Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), short/long sleepers, 2223 180 sleep cycles and sleep arousal, 2221–2223 Sinonasal cylindrical cell carcinoma, 675 Sleep bruxism, 457, 1862, 2222, 2227, 2230, 2231, 2233 Sinonasal disease, 2165–2168 behavioral medicine, 2291 Sinonasal malignancy, 192 circadian manifestations, 2271 Sinonasal mucosal melanomas, 709 classification, 2272–2273 Sinonasal papillomas, 674–675, 706 clinical diagnostic criteria, 2289–2291 Sino-orbital region, 562 definitions, 2271 Sinus bradycardia, 129 etiology, 2279–2282 Sinusitis, 919 oral appliances, 2291–2293 Sinus node dysfunction, 78 pathophysiology, 2282–2283 Sinus rhythm, 1533 prevalence, 2275–2276 Sips of water, 1491, 1510 risk factors, 2277–2279 Sirolimus, 1602 signs, 2284–2288 Sistrunck technique, 637 and sleep disorders, 2283 Site of pain, 1775 symptoms, 2288–2289 Sjögren-like disease, 2201 and temporomandibular disorders, 2276 Sjögren’s syndrome, 4, 95, 98, 196, 259, 262, 264, 271, and tooth wear, 2276 274, 276, 327, 363, 947, 1002, 1003, 1048, Sleep disorder(s)2214, 2221–2224, 2226, 2228, 2233, 1486–1491, 1602, 2086, 2091 2246 Skeletal muscle, 52 bruxism, 2261 atrophy, 87 insomnia, 2258 Skeletal striated muscle, 670 narcolepsy, 2260 cells, 736 OSA (see Obstructive sleep apnea) Skin, 1375 parasomnias, 2260 cancers, 765–774 periodic breathing, 2257–2258 lesions, 1116 periodic limb movement disorder, 2260 prick tests, 324 sleep hypoventilation, 2256 rash, 1679 Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), 2227, 2231, 2233, surveillance, 781 2234, 2247, 2278, 2283 Skin-to-skin contact, 880 Sleep-disordered breathing imaging, 237–243 Skip lesions, 2147 Sleep disordered breathing in children SKT11 (LKB1) gene, 1199 clinical features, 1701 Skull, 13 diagnosis, 1703–1704 base causes, 230 patient management, 1704–1708 base tumors, 705 prevalence, 1698 Sleep, 2229–2230 risk factors and causes, 1699–1701 aids, 2234 spectrum of, 1698 apnea, 88, 2228, 2230, 2233 Sleep disturbance, 2164 apnea-related headache, 2230 assessment of orofacial pain, 2230–2232 arousals, 1863, 2222, 2227, 2232 management of orofacial pain, 2232 assessment of orofacial pain, 2230 Sleepiness, 2231 breathing disorders, 2223 Sleeping C-fiber, 2008 debt, 2244 Sleep-related movement disorders, 2273 disturbances, 2089 Slit-like vascular spaces, 1412 duration, 2223 Slow blood flow, 641 fragmentation, 2304 Slow-flow malformations, 1661 habits, 2231 Small airways disease, 86 hypoventilation, 2247, 2256, 2257 Small cell osteosarcoma, 585 insomnia, 2224 Small fiber neuropathy, 2085, 2148 2396 Index

Small round cell tumors, 708, 712 Solitary plasmacytoma(s), 593 Small white opaque vesicles, 1677 of bone, 593 Smear layer, 847 Somatic pain, 1832 Smell, 38, 1977 Somatic symptom, 1805 loss, 2109, 2116, 2118 disorder, 2174 Smell disorders, 2108–2109 Somatization, 1778, 1833, 2088, 2230, 2274 clinical-pathologic features, 2112–2115 Somatoform, 1833 epidemiology, 2109–2110 disorder, 128, 1806, 1807, 1833, 2175 etiology, 2110–2112 pain disorder, 2088 pathophysiology, 2112 Somatosensory cortex, 1766 patient management, 2115–2117 Sonic tongue brush, 1739 Smokeless tobacco, 696, 1321 Sonidegib, 768 keratosis, 1212–1214, 1264 Son-of-sevenless (SOS-1), 1146 lesions, 1213 Sore throat, 1673, 1679 Smoker’s melanosis, 1191, 1192 Sore tongue, 1409, 2083 Smoke screen, 612 Sotalol, 1527 Smooth muscle actin (SMA), 292, 655 Sotradecol, 650 Smooth muscle antibodies, 275 Source of pain, 1775 Smooth surface caries, 500 SOX10, 786 Snail-track ulcers, 1571 Spasm, 1978 Sneddon-Wilkinson Syndrome, 804 Specific IgE serum testing, 799 Sneezing, 907, 910 Specificity, RDC-TMD, 1821 Sniffin Sticks test, 2115 Specimen pot, 281 Sniff test, 1736 Speckled leukoplakia, 1234, 1266 SNOOP, 1960 Speckled leukoplakias, 970 Snoring, 2247, 2308, 2311, 2325 SPECT bone radio-isotope, 205 Snowflake calcifications, 537 SPECT-CT, osteomyelitis, 215 Soap-bubble configuration, 543 Speech, 1394, 2317 Social burden of pain, 2217 Sperm, 94 Social context, 2171 Sphenoidal sinus, 36 Social phobia, 127 Sphenoid bone, 23 Social support, 679 Sphenoid sinusitis, 2165 Sociocultural therapies, 130 Sphenopalatine artery, 60 Socratic questioning, 1811 Spider nevi, 776 Sodium, 263 Spinal accessory nerve, 40 bicarbonate, 989 Spinal cord, 2226 channel, 52, 2229 Spinal dorsal horn, 437, 2218, 2220, chloride, 289 2227, 2229 hyaluronate, 388 Spinal tract nucleus, 2218, 2219 hyaluronic acid, 1938 Spindle cell carcinoma, 1347 lauryl sulfate, 1018, 2094 Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma, 733 retention syndrome, 1504–1505 Spindle cell hemangioma, 1694 tetradecyl sulphate, 395 Spindle cell lipomas, 658 valproate, 451–452 Spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma, 1349 Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 846 Spindle-shaped cells, 1697 Soft end feel, 1788 Spirochetes, 515 Soft tissue lesions, 365 Spitting method, 1447 Soft tissue lymphomas, 587 Spitzoid melanoma, 773 Soft-tissue malignant tumors, 1866 Splenic villous lymphoma, 270 Soft tissue neoplasms, 294 Splint therapy, 1908 Solar cheilosis, see Actinic cheilitis (AC/actinic Spondyloarthropathy, 272, 1936 cheilosis) Spondylolisthesis, 109 Solar keratosis, 1275 Spongiosis, 875 See also Actinic keratosis Spongiotic, 1109 Solar lentigo, 771, 783 dermatitis, 800 Solar radiation, 770 Spontaneous pain, 1760, 2196 Solid histomorphologic configurations, 1475 Spontaneous SAH, 1974 Solid pattern, 1475 Sporangiospores, 964 Solitary bone cyst, 601 Spray and stretch, 1978 Index 2397

Squamoproliferative, 770 Stress-reduction, 1810 Squamous cell carcinoma, 192, 201, 279, 283, 679, 768, Striated ducts, 45, 1442, 1450 1048, 1230, 1233, 1238, 1240, 1242, Strictures, 100, 1117 1463, 2194 Stroke, 81, 120, 123–124, 2138, 2140–2141 Squamous epithelial dysplasia, 1338 Stuffy nose, 881 Squamous metaplasia, 1460 Sturge–Weber syndrome, 576, 641, 646, 1664 Squamous odontogenic tumor, 533 Styloid process, 23 Squamous papilloma, 295, 997 Stylomastoid foramen, 19 Stabilization splint, 2291 Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), 809, Stag horning, 1688 1228, 1550 Staging of primary tumor, 201 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 123, 1973, 1974 Staging PET, 773 Sub-articular marrow oedema, 1928 Standardised questionnaires, 1445 Subchrondal bone, 1896 Staphylococcus aureus, 791, 793, 858, 873, 876, 916, Subclavian vein, 56 1672, 1870 Subcorneal vesicles, 804 Staphylococcus epidermis, 858 Subcutaneous fat, 903 Starvation, 1506 Subdural hematoma, 1973 Status migrainosus, 1964 Subepidermal disorder, 1086 Steady pain, 1777 Subepidermal vesicle, 806 Steatohepatitis, 108 Subepithelial clefts, 1087 Steatosis, 108 Sub-epithelial conjunctival fibrosis, 1115 Stellate reticulum, 11, 532 Sub-fulminant hepatitis, 105 Stem cell therapy, 1512 Subgingival plaque, 823 Stenosed bicuspid aortic valves, 1534 Subgingival scaling, 81 Stenoses, 1117 Sub-glottis, 675 Stensen’s duct, 1440 Subjective adherence, 2318 Stereotactic radiosurgery, 705 Subjective assessment, 1445 Sternocleidomastoid, 53, 1785 Sublingual caruncle, 1441 muscle, 56, 60 Sublingual glands, 1440, 1442, 1448 Steroid mouthrinses, 1070 Subluxations, 1890, 1897, 1903 Steroid potency, 418 Submandibular duct, 1441 Steroid sparing immunosuppressants, 809 Submandibular glands, 1441, 1448, 1450, 1465 Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), 272, 428, 429, 446, Submandibular lymphadenopathy, 1571 451, 875, 1106, 1232, 1690 Submandibular nodes, 56 Stewart–Treves-syndrome, 734 Submandibular space, 54 Stimulated whole saliva, 1447–1448 Submental nodes, 55 Stimulate methods, 1512 Submucosa, 49 Stochastic carcinogenic effect, 175 Submucosal biopsy, 365 Stock (off-the-shelf) devices, 1947 Submucosal bulge, 680 Stomatitis areata migrans, 1224 Subnucleus caudalis, 1845, 1847, 2218, 2220, 2227 Stomatodynia, 1831, 2082 Subnucleus interpolaris, 1847 Stomatopyrosis, 420, 2082 Subnucleus oralis, 1847 Stomodeum, 8 Sub-Saharan Africa, 905 STOP-BANG, 2093, 2249 Substance-induced disorders, 129 STOP-Bang questionnaire, 2231, 2232 Substance P (SP), 112, 1752, 1755, 1760, 1846, 1847, Stork bite, 1664 1995, 2086 Stratum intermedium, 11 Substance related disorders, 129 Strawberry gingivitis, 1161 Substance use disorders, 129 Strawberry hemangioma, 1694 Substantia nigra, 124 Strawberry tongue, 926, 1692 Subtotal tonsillectomy, 1706 Streptoccocus pyogenes, 1674 Succedaneous permanent teeth, 10 Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, 1674 Succinimide, 1107 Streptococci mutant, 498 Succinyl-CoA, 263 Streptococci sobrinus, 498 Sucrose assimilation, 938 Streptococcus mutans, 828 Suction method, 1447 Streptococcus pyogenes, 791, 873, 925, 1672 Sudan red stain, 658 Streptomyces aureofaciens, 424 Sudden cardiac arrest, 78 Streptomyces noursei, 412 Sugar-free products, 1491, 1506 Streptomyces tsukubaensis, 425 Sugarless gum, 1606 2398 Index

Sulcular/junctional epithelium, 1684 Symmetric benign masseteric hypertrophy, 200 Sulcus terminalis, 40, 52 Sympathetic dysfunction, 1969, 1970, 1996 Sulfapyridine, 437, 1120 Sympathetic nerve(s), 1443 Sulfasalazine, 269, 421 fiber, 2189 Sulphide monitoring, 1735 Sympathetic nervous system, 90 Sulphonamides, 1107 Symptomatic epilepsy, 122 Sulphur granules, 898, 899, 902 Symptomatic sleep bruxism, 457 Sumatriptan, 1972 Symptomatology, 1832 Sun avoidance, 787 Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90R), 2093 Sun-burst, 568 Symptom-dominant disorders, 2175 Sun exposure, 1177 Syncope, 74, 78, 122 Sun-sensitive complexion, 765 Syndromic dental disorder, 479 Superficial chemical desquamation, 1211 Synergistic interaction, 943 Superficial dermatophyte infection, 793 Synkinesis, 2051 Superficial mucoceles, 2201 Synovectomy, 561, 739, 1942 Superficial skin infection, 876 Synovial chondroid nodules, 560 Superficial spreading melanoma, 1185, 1186 Synovial chondromatosis, 559, 738, 1893, 1904 Superficial temporal artery, 62, 1975 Synovial fluid, 1921 Superior alveolar nerve, 2167 Synovial sarcoma, 586, 738 Superior lateral pterygoid, 1786 Synovitis, 225, 1899 Superior salivatory nucleus (SSN), 1998 Synthetic polyglycolic acid sutures, 373 Supernumerary cusps, 891 α-Synuclein, 124 Supernumerary teeth, 5, 478 Syphilis, 144, 403 Supernumerary tooth, 484 acquired, 886 Superoxide dismutase 1 mutation, 122 congenital, 891 Supertasters, 2056 serology, 277 Supplemental teeth, 489 Syphilitic glossitis, 1332 Suppurative bacterial infection Syphilitic leukoplakia, 890 actinomycosis, 895 Systemic adverse effects, 431 nocardiosis, 900 Systemic antibiotics, 847 Suppurative lymphadenitis, 792 Systemic anti-inflammatory agents Suprabasal clefts, 1087 colchicine, 424 Supragingival biofilm, 823 dapsone, 424 Supragingival plaque, 829 tetracyclines, 424–425 Supraglottis, 675 thalidomide, 425 Supraorbital nerve, 24 Systemic benzodiazepines, 2099 Supratrochlear nerve, 24 Systemic corticosteroids, 806, 1072, 1099 Supraventricular arrhythmia, 1533 Systemic disease, 1047, 2155, 2177 Supraventricular arrhythmias, 78 Systemic emboli, 1532 Surface diameter, 302 Systemic immunosuppressive agents Surgical debridement, 859, 904 CsA, 422 Surgical excision, fibroma, 652 cyclophosphamide, 422 Surgical exploration, 917 MMF, 423 Surgical margin, 285 MTX, 423 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER), Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 1404 (SIRS), 855 Suture(s), 362, 378 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 98, 99, 118, materials, 372 263, 271, 275, 276, 407, 422, 425, 809, techniques, 375 1228, 1493 Suturing forceps, 377 characteristics, 1548 Swab technique, 1447 Systemic oral retinoids, 770 Swage, 374 Systemic pathology, 69 Swallowing difficulties, 1455 Systemic retinoids, 775, 1610 Sweat glands, 52 Systemic salivary stimulants, 2094 Sweet syndrome, 1543 Systemic sclerosis, 98, 275, 276, 327 Swelling, 378 Systemic sialogogues, 408 Sydenham's chorea, 926 Systemic steroids, 808, 1068 Symbiotic microorganism, 821 Systemic treatment, 1120 Symblepharon, 1115 Systolic pressure, 75 Index 2399

T imaging, 217–229 Tabasco sauce, 2095 psychosocial subtyping, 1833–1834 Tabes dorsalis, 890 RDC-TMD to DC-TMD, 1828–1831 Tachycardias, 78, 1536 Temporomandibular joints (TMJ), 10, 30, 85, 148, 386, Tacrolimus, 411, 412, 421, 425–426, 434, 797, 1070, 560, 1752, 1847, 1978, 2314 1152, 1156, 1160, 1602, 1606 arthralgia, 1978 Taenia solium, 1867 bilateral ankylosis, 1942 Talon cusp, 492 capsule, 31 Tannerella forsythia, 512, 825, 826 classification, 1930 Tapentadol, 444 concepts, 1948 Tapeworm, 1867 congruency, 30 Tapioca pudding, 649 early osteoarthritic changes, 1941 Tardive dyskinesias (TDs), 1864, 2152 evaluation, 1789 Targeted gene therapy, 1203 histology, 31 Tartrazine, 1687 history, 1779 Taste, 38, 1506 management scheme, 1930 alterations, 1576, 2090 muscles of mastication, 31 buds, 51 osteoarthritis, 441 disturbance, 267 prevalence, 1920 loss, 2089 region, referred pain to, 229 perception, 52 Scale, 1779 receptors, 52 sounds, 1790 Taste disorders, 2117 superior joint space, 1940 clinical-pathologic features, surgery, 1942–1943 2121–2123 total joint replacement devices, custom, 1945 epidemiology, 2117–2118 total joint replacement devices, stock, 1945 etiology, 2118–2120 Temporomandibular joints (TMJ) arthritic conditions pathophysiology, 2120–2121 classification of, 1920 patient management, 2123 signs, symptoms and imaging, 1932 Taurodontism, 495 surgical management of, 1947 Taxanes, 2198 Temporomandibular joints (TMJ) arthritis Taxonomic group, 964 high-inflammatory, 1925 Taxonomy, 1822, 1829, 1837–1839 new diagnostic criteria for, 1948 Taxotere, 695 Temporomandibular joints (TMJ) disorders, TBI, see Traumatic brain injury (TBI) 1831–1832 T categories, 1375 in childhood, 227 T-cell lymphomas, 588 Tendonitis, 1978 T cells, 1049 Tension-neck syndrome, 109 T-cytotoxic (TC) cells, 318 Tension-type headache (TTH), 1957, 1962, 1966, 1967, Tearing, 1991 1977, 1978, 1986, 2165 Techmedica, 1948 chronic, 1967 99m Technetium-99m ( Tc), 180 frequent episodic, 1967 Tegmental nucleus, 2225 infrequent episodic, 1967 Telangiectasias, 776–777, 809, 1550 Tensor tympani, 29 Telangiectatic osteosarcoma (tOS), 600 Tensor veli palatine, 29 Temporal artery, 1975 Teratogenic agents, 630 biopsy, 1975, 2147 Teratogenic effects, 425 Temporal behavior, 1776 Teratomas, 630 Temporal bone, 23 Terfenadine, 411 Temporalis flaps, 1909 Teriparatide, 111, 1617 Temporalis muscle, 23, 31, 1784 Terminally ill patients, 1486 Temporalis tendonitis, 1785 Terminal sulcus, 9 Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), 457, 1765, Tertiary dentin, 489 1779, 1791, 1798, 1800, 1807, 1808, 1823, Tertiary syphilis, 888 1828, 1844, 1975, 1978, 2174, 2192, 2214, Testes, 94 2215, 2218, 2221, 2228, 2233, 2270, 2276, Testosterone, 93, 94 2288, 2314 Tetracyclines, 403, 405, 421, 424, 426, 806 common manifestations, 1978 hydrochloride, 426 and headache, 1978 rinse, 1546 2400 Index

Tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC), 454 Thyroid disease, 94–98, 1047, 1962 Tetralogy of Fallot, 75 classification, 96–97 TG, see Trigeminal ganglion (TG) Thyroid follicular cells, 95 T1 glottic cancer, 698 Thyroid function test, 705, 713 T2 glottic cancer, 698 Thyroid gland, 88, 634 Th17, 1092 Thyroid hormone, 406 Thalamocortical, 2219, 2220, 2225, 2229 Thyroiditis, 95 mechanisms, 2220 Thyroid neoplasms, 182 Thalamus, 2219, 2221, 2225, 2226 Thyroid peroxidase, 68, 95 Thalassemia, 259 Thyroid screen, 1962 Thalassaemia syndromes, 112 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 95, 714 Thalidomide, 75, 421, 425, 1547 Thyrotropin releasing hormone, 95 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), 744 Thyroxine, 95 T-helper (TH) cells, 318 Tic convulsif, 2013 Therabite, 1933 Tic douloureux, 2013 Therabite jaw exercising device, 1933 Tics, 1862 Thermal lesions, 1014 Timing of sleep, 2245 Thermocoagulation, 381, 647 Timolol maleate, 674 Thiazolidinediones, 1578 Tinea, 793 Thigmotropism, 942 Tinea barbae, 793 ThinPrep™, 369 Tinea faciei, 793 Thin-walled bullae, 1093 Tinel’s sign, 2037, 2052 Thioguanine nucleotides, 269 Tissue autofluorescence, 1288 6-Thioguanine nucleotides (6-TG), 269 Tissue biopsy, 324 Thionamides, 95 Tissue damage, 2202 Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), 259, Tissue hypoxia, 504 268, 421 Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), 1053 Third molar extractions, 2034 Tissue processing, 286 Thoracic malignancy, 2169–2170 Tissue specimens, sampling of, 284 Thorax, 53 Tissue tropism, 997 Thorium dioxide, 707 Tizanidine, 1853 Thorotrast, 707 T lymphocytes, 318 Three-dimensional imaging, 62, 2305 TMD, see Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) Throat infections, 55 TMJ, Inc., 1947 Thrombin inhibitors, 81 TNF-α, see Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) Thrombin time, 262 Tobacco, 144–145, 679, 1066 Thrombocytopenia, 81, 113, 1581, 1592, 1593, and alcohol use, 1325 1600, 2143 cessation, 679 Thrombocytopenic patient, 1594 consumption, 1353 Thromboembolic events, 82, 1530 smoke/smoking, 692, 696, 1191, 1319–1320 Thromboembolic stroke, 2140 workers, 1334 Thromboembolism, 114 Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), 1321 Thrombogenic mechanism, 113 Tocilizumab, 1548 Thrombolytic therapy, 245 Toenails, 1193 Thrombophilia, 113 Togaviridae, 995 Thunderclap headache, 245, 1974 Toll-like receptors, 1762 Thymic dysfunction, 1598 Tolonium chloride, 1284 Thymine, 291 Toluidine blue, 279, 350, 356 Thyroglobulin, 97, 721 Tolypocladium inflatum, 422 autoantibodies, 95 Tongue, 40–43, 50 Thyroglossal duct, 9, 634 base tumors, 2168 Thyroglossal duct carcinoma, 636 biofilms, 1722 Thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDC), 182, 634 brushes, 1739 Thyroid, 57 coating, 1722, 1728, 1729, 1740 Thyroid carcinoma, 712–713 crenations, 43 clinical presentation, 713 indentation, 2285 investigations, 713–715 scrapers, 1739 treatment, 715–721 stabilizing appliance, 2315 Thyroid C cells, 660, 661 Tongue-tie, 41, 1654 Index 2401

Tonic contractions, 2282 Toxic megacolon, 1569 Tonsil hypertrophy, 1699 Toxic multinodular goitre, 95 Tonsillar fossa, 681 Toxins, 904 Tonsillar tissue, 52 Toxoplasma gondii, 278, 1015 Tonsillectomy, 1694 Toxoplasmosis, 278 Tonsillotomies, 1706 TP53, 747, 1354, 1356 Tonsils, 53, 681 Trabeculae, 110 malignancies of, 1251 Tracheostomy, 858 Toothache, 585 Tracheostomy tube, 702 Toothache-like pain, 1989 Tramadol, 443, 2040, 2164 Tooth agenesis, 12, 474, 483 Tranexamic acid, 1539 Tooth ankylosis, 50 Transcortin, 415, 417 Tooth clenching, 2230 Transcriptomes, 306 Tooth decay, 496 Transcutaneous electrical nerve, 1778 Tooth eruption, 478 Transdermal fentanyl, 2198 Tooth formation, 473–478 Transesophageal echocardiography, 81 Tooth grinding, 2271, 2273, 2276, 2277, 2294 Transference relationship, 2100 Tooth-like structures, 540 Transferrin saturation, 264 Tooth loosening, 585 Transformation rate, 301 Tooth mobility, 580 Transglutaminase-IgA (tTG-IgA), 1564 Tooth morphology, 13 Transglutaminase (tTG), 1026 Tooth Mousse, 1511 Transient ischaemic attacks, 2140 Tooth pain, 2289 Transient ischemic attack, 123 Tooth pulp, 1755 Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), 1751, Tooth wear, 2276–2277, 2284 1754, 1755 Topical aloe vera, 1156 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M Topical anesthetics, 2160, 2198 member 8 (TRPM8), 1754 Topical anti-inflammatory agents, 426 Transient receptor potential vanniloid channel type Topical antimicrobial agents, 875 1 (TRPV-1), 459, 1751, 1755, 1845, 1871, 2086, Topical chemotherapy, 770 2100 Topical clonazepam, 2162 Transient tic disorder, 1862 Topical corticosteroids, 807, 1068, 1192, 1563, 1689, 1694 Transillumination test, 843 Topical cyclosporine, 425 Translocation, 294 Topical fluorides, 1510, 1607 Transmucosal fentanyl, 2196 Topical immunosuppressive agents Transmural inflammation, 1568 CsA, 425 Transoral laser surgery (TOLS), 685 pimecrolimus, 426 Transoral removal, 386 tacrolimus, 425 Transoral robotic surgery (TORS), 685 Topical lidocaine, 1872 Trapezius, 53, 1785 Topical pimecrolimus, 426, 1156 Trauma, 94, 378, 1047, 1180, 1192, 1898, 1991 Topical sialogogue, 408 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 2229, 2283 Topical steroids, 1068 Traumatic fibroma, 651, 657 Topical treatment, 1119 Traumatic intracranial hematoma, 1973 Topiramate, 452, 1970, 1972 Traumatic neuroma, 659 CTN, 2022 Traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia Tori/Torus, 188, 2286 (TUGSE), 1671 Torus mandibularis, 15 Traumatic ulcers, 1340 Total body irradiation, 1485 Treacher Collins, 1647 Total glossectomy, 1381 Treatment, 1979, 2216, 2229, 2231, 2234 Total iron, 264 Treg, 749 Total iron binding capacity (TIBC), 264 Treponema denticola, 512, 825, 826, 832 Total joint replacement (TJR), 1943, 1947 Treponemal antibody, 277 Total laryngectomy, 694 Treponemal chemiluminescent assay, 277 Total thyroidectomy, 716 Treponemal enzyme immunoassay, 277 Tourette disorder, 1862 Treponemal tests, 892 Toxic adenoma, 95 Treponema pallidum, 277, 886, 1015 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 272, 446, 450, 451, Tretinoin, 1072 1106, 1232, 1690, 2023 Trial triptan treatment, 1993 Toxicity, 1400 Triamcinolone, 269, 1160, 1606 2402 Index

Triamcinolone acetate, 1939 Triggers, 1958, 1963 Triamcinolone acetonide (TA), 420, 431, 1069, 1546 areas, 2012 Triamcinolone hexacetonide, 1939 point injections, 1978 Trichiasis, 1115 Triglycerides, 264 Trichilemal cyst, 633 Triiodothyronine, 95 Trichloroacetic acid, 776 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 902 Tricho-dento osseous syndrome, 495 Trimethylaminuria, 1731 Trichomonas, 1107 Triptans, 1992, 1993 Tricuspid atresia, 75 Trismus, 1239, 1602, 2142, 2154, 2168 Tricuspid regurgitation, 1534 Trisomy 13, 75 Tricuspid stenosis, 1534 Trisomy 18, 75 Tricuspid valve, 78 Trisomy 21, 75, 1660 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 445, 458, 1609, 1854, trkB receptors, 1762 1965, 2039, 2098, 2160, 2294 Trochlear nerve, 1779 Trigeminal afferents, 1752 Trolab, 1068 Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs), 1958, 1962, Tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA), 1845 1971, 1984, 1988, 2021, 2193 Trotter’s syndrome, 2190–2191 prevalence, 1958 TRP channels, 1754 Trigeminal-autonomic reflex, 2166 TrPs, 1850 Trigeminal brain stem nuclei, 1752 TRPV1, see Transient receptor potential vanniloid channel Trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclear complex (VBSNC), type 1 (TRPV-1) 1847, 2218, 2220, 2227, 2229 TRPV2, 1751, 1754 Trigeminal ganglion (TG), 789, 1751, 1752, 1754–1755, TRPV3, 1754 2218, 2219 TRPV4, 1754 Trigeminal motor nucleus, 1757 Trunk, 1124 Trigeminal nerve, 24, 246, 709, 989, 1751, 1752, 1755, Trypsin, 100 1756, 1766, 1767, 1780, 1978, 2119, 2124, 2126, Tryptase, 1053 2191, 2216, 2217, 2219 TTH, see Tension-type headache (TTH) mandibular division, 29–30 T1/T2-weighted, 178 maxillary division, 28 Tubal tonsils, 56 ophthalmic division, 24 Tuberculin skin test, 913 root ganglion, 2161 Tuberculoid pattern, 884 Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), 121, 445, 446, 448, 451, 457, Tuberculosis, 268, 274, 910, 1503 459, 1972, 2086, 2192, 2215, 2229 Tuberculous osteomyelitis, 913 classical, 2011 Tuberculous pyomyositis, 1869–1870 definition, 2009 Tuberculous ulcers, 1340 idiopathic, 2009 Tuberculum impar, 9 multiple sclerosi, 2016 Tuberomammillary nucleus, 2225 secondary, 2009, 2015 Tubular hypertrophy, 118 Trigeminal neuropathic pain, 1766 Tubular pattern, 1475 Trigeminal neuropathy, 1755, 2147 Tubulointerstitial fibrosis, 118 Trigeminal nociceptive inputs, 1757 Tufted angiomas, 673 Trigeminal nociceptive reflexes, 1757 Tumoral melanosis, 788 Trigeminal nucleus caudalis, 1978, 1997 Tumor hypoxia, 1359 Trigeminal post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), 2030 Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, 690 Trigeminal primary afferent neurons, 1752–1754, 1759 Tumor infiltration, 2169 Trigeminal sensory neuropathy, 2147, 2157 Tumor microenvironment., 2189 Trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC), 1756, 1758 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), 272, 1532, 1937 Trigeminal spinal nucleus (SpV), 1756 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), 422, 425, 1018, Trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), 1751, 1756, 1026, 1048, 1050, 1053, 1055, 1762 1760, 1762, 1765, 1767 antagonists, 1031 Trigemino-autonomic reflex, 1971, 1972 TNF-α inhibitors, 429, 1074 Trigemino-autonomic symptoms, 1986, 1987, 1991 Tumor node-metastasis (TNM) staging system, 302, 1184, Trigeminocervical interneuronal connections, 2052 1371 Trigeminoparasympathetic reflex (TPR), 1999 Tumor recurrence, 209 Trigeminothalamic tract, 439 Tumors Trigeminovascular, 1971 in major salivary glands, 193 Trigeminovascular system, 1963, 1969, 1970, 1995 of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, 705–712 Trigger points (TrPs), 1844 of nose and paranasal sinuses, 706 Index 2403

stroma, 1357 narrowing, 1699 of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 737 Upper cervical spinal cord (C1-C2), 1751, 1756, 1760, Tumor suppressor, 1354 1762, 1765, 1767 Tumor suppressor genes (TSG), 969 Upper CH, 1989 Tumor suppressor protein p16, 297 Upper respiratory tract infections, 1725 Tumors within the nasal cavity/nasopharynx, 231 Urea, 263 Turbinectomy, 2111 Uremia, 113 Turner syndrome, 75, 94 Uremic breath, 1731 Two sub-categories, 1971 Uremic stomatitis, 119 Type 1 diabetes, 89, 1574 Urethritis, 894 Type 1 DM, 1497 Urinary catecholamines, 2282 Type 1 plasminogen deficiency, 1147 Urinary hydroxyproline, 611 Type 2 diabetes, 89, 1574 Urinary incontinence drugs, 1609 Type 2 DM, 1498 Ursodeoxycholic acid, 1604 Type II autoimmune disorder, 1090 Ursodiol, 1604 Type IV immunologically cell-mediated disorder, 1131 Urticaria, 270 Type VII collagen, 807, 1112, 1127 Urticarial patches, 806 Typical migraine headache, 1964 USP6, 599 Tyrosine kinase A (trkA), 1760 Uterus, 93 Tzanck, 1555 UVA/B therapy, 799 UVA1 therapy, 799 Uveitis, 1025, 1540, 1543 U UV-exposure, 811 Ubiquitin ligase, 680 Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, 1706, 2256, 2323 Ubiquitous organisms, 948 Uvulopalatoplasty, 2256 UCTD, see Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) UICC TNM Clinical Classification, 1371 V Ulceration, 100, 1394, 1602 Vaccination, 908, 2161 Ulcerative colitis (UC), 101, 332, 1021, 1025, 1048, 1495, Vaccine-based immunotherapy, 1401 1567 Vacuolar degeneration, 1048 Ulcerative oral LP, 1227 Vacuolated macrophages, 1669 Ultradian rhythm cycle, 2222 Vagal maneuvers, 78 Ultra-fast cine MRI, OSA, 242 Vaginal intercourse, 893 Ultrasonography, 119, 1451 Vagoglossopharyngeal neuralgia, 2045 Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology Vagus nerve, 2193 (US guided FNAC), 182, 192 Valaciclovir(Valacyclovir), 415, 430, 790, 988, 1110, Ultrasound (US), 174, 177, 372, 633, 918, 2129, 2147 1153, 1602, 2129 with color Doppler, 182, 186 HZ, 2029 with FNAC, 206 Valganciclovir, 415, 993 salivary gland disease, 192, 196, 197, 200 Validated questionnaires, 1445 TMJ, 222 Validity, RDC-TMD, 1822 Ultraviolet A irradiation, 1603 Valomaciclovir, HZ, 2029 Ultraviolet damage, 1191 Valproic acid, 1614 Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), 275, Valsalva maneuver, 57, 1975, 1976 276 Valve annulus, 1534 Unicameral bone cyst, 601 Valve apparatus, 1534 Unicystic ameloblastoma, 532 Valve leaflets, 1534 Unilateral pain, 1990 Valve replacement, 79 Unilateral swelling and/or pain, 194 Valvular heart disease, 78–81, 1530, 1531 Unilocular lesion, 606 Valvular insufficiency, 79 Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), 1371 Valvular lesions, 1544 University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test Valvular stenosis, 78 (UPSIT), 2115 Valvuloplasty, 79 Unmyelinated C fiber, 2085 Vancomycin, 856, 904 Unremitting subtype, 1971 van der Woude syndrome, 1647, 1654 Unstable angina, 81, 2137 Vandetanib, 1401 Unstimulated whole saliva flow rate, 1447 Vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1), 2189 Upper airway, 2247, 2248, 2256 van Leeuweonheok, A., 822 2404 Index

Varicella, 1677 Ventricular septal defect, 75 pneumonia, 1678 Ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, 78 vaccine, 2029 Ventrobasal complex, 2220 Varicella zoster virus (VZV), 297, 321, 333, 413, 415, 790, Ventrolateral midbrain, 1971 984, 988, 1015, 1677, 2027, 2206 Ventroposterior nucleus, 2220, 2225 Varices, 43 Venules, 641 Varicocele, 94 Verapamil, 1970 VariZIG, 2030 Vermilionectomy, 767 Vascular adhesion molecules, 1050 Vermilion zone, 52 Vascular anastomosis, 59 Vermillionectomy, 1310 Vascular anomalies, 1660, 1661 Verocay bodies, 572, 661, 665 Vascular cell adhesion molecules, 1532 Verruca vulgaris, 295, 1341 Vascular disease, 2247 Verruciform hyperplasia, 283 Vascular dissection, 2138 Verruciform lesions, 283, 302 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 671 Verrucopapillary feature, 1349 inhibitors, 864 Verruco-papillary lesions, 1340 receptor inhibitors, 1401 Verrucous carcinomas, 201, 283, 1338, 1342, 1347–1349 Vascular epulis, 516 Verrucous hyperplasia, 1338, 1342 See also Gingival epulides Verrucous leukoplakia, 1215, 1234, 1338, 1341 Vascular lesions, 365, 382, 394 Vertebral artery dissection, 2140 Vascular malformations, 183, 394, 639–648, 1661–1664, Vertical fissures, 1571 2168 Vertical mattress suture, 376 high flow, 184 Vertical transmission, 891, 996 Vascular parkinsonism, 124 Vertigo, 121 Vascular resistance, 1525 Verucca vulgaris, 997 Vascular risk factors, 1973 Very-high potency, 419 Vascular sclerosis, 641 Very potent, 419 Vascular tumors, 183, 1660 Vesicles, 988, 1679 Vasculitic renal diseases, 118 Vesicular rash, 1677, 2160 Vasculitis, 276, 1161, 1692, 2145 Vesiculation, 986 Vasoconstrictor assay, 418 Vesiculobullous conditions, 391 Vasoconstrictors, 1529 Vesiculobullous diseases, 2204 Vasodilatatory effect, 1995 Vesiculo-bullous disorders, 279, 288 Vasodilators, 71 Vestibular schwannomas, 233 Vaso-occlusive, 2144 Vestibulocochlear nerve, 1781 Vasopressin, 71 Vi/Vc transition region, 1756 Vasoreactivity, 2055 Vicryl Rapide, 373 VBSNC, see Trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclear Vicryl sutures, 372 complex (VBSNC) Videofluoroscopic swallowings, 99 Vc, see Trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) Videostroboscopy, 697 VCAM, 2055 Vimentin, 669 VCAM-1, 1131 Vinblastine, 655 V600E BRAF mutation, 778 Vinca plant alkaloids, 2198 Veins, 641 Vincent infection, 516 Velopharyngeal airway, 2305, 2307 Vincent’s sign, 859 VELscope®, 352, 1289, 1290 Vincristine, 1696, 2198 Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test, 277, Violent behaviour, 126 892 Viral infections, 294, 1153–1155, 1672, 1676, 1677, 2206 Venereal diseases, 403 Viremia, 1679 Venlafaxine, 445, 1965, 1967, 2127 Virulence, 938, 939 Venous lakes, 776 Viruses, 1046 Venous malformations, 184, 641, 1664–1665 transcriptionally active, 294 Venous thromboembolism, 1530 Viscerocranium, 14 Venous thrombosis, 123 Visco-elastic saliva, 407 Ventilation, 57 Viscous saliva, 1504 Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), 406 Vismodegib, 768 Ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM), 1751, Visual analogue scale (VAS), 1445, 2012 1757, 1762, 1766 Visual aura, 1986 Ventricular remodeling, 71 Vital pulpotomy, 505 Index 2405

Vital signs, 138 WDR neurons, see Wide dynamic range blood pressure, 159 (WDR) neurons heart rate, 160 Wegener’s granulomatosis hypertension, 160 sarcoidosis, 914 hypertensive urgency, 160 See also Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) temperature, 160 Western Blotting, see Immuno-blotting Vitamin and mineral deficiencies, 2091 Wharton’s duct, 1441 Vitamin B12, 115, 1034, 1590 Wheat, 1687 deficiency, 125, 147, 263 White blood cell Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), 1966 disorders, 1581 Vitamin B3, 786 neoplasms, 1582 Vitamin D3, 448 Whiteheads, 794 Vitamin D, 117, 786 White light, 349 Vitamin deficiencies, 1504 illumination, 350 Vitamin E, 1510 White radiating keratotic striae, 1550 Vitamin K, 1537 White sponge nevus, 949, 1211, 1681–1684 antagonists, 82, 1531 White spot lesion, 501 Vitiligo, 97, 784, 881 White striations, 1602 ViziLite Plus™, 1285 White tongue coating, 926 ViziLite Pro, 1289 Whole exomes, 306 ViziLite™, 1284, 1285 Whole-exome sequencing, next generation, 1353 V nerve compression, 232 Wickham striae, 1056 Vocal cords, 692 Wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons, 1751, 1758, 1759, Voice box, 57 1762, 2218, 2220 Voice changes, 1409 Widespread myalgia, 1844 Voice evaluation, 679 Wild type TP53, 1354 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 1722, 1725, 1732, Withdrawal, 130 1735, 1738 WNT10A, 485 Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), 1722, 1723, 1727, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, 78 1728, 1730, 1732, 1733, 1735, 1738, 1740, 1742 Work-related accident, 2247 Volkmann’s canal, 858 World Health Organisation (WHO) Voltage gated sodium channel 1.8 (Nav 1.8), 2086 classification, 1473 Volume rendering software, 243 classification of head and neck tumors, 1265 Volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), 1394 Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO), 1313 Vomiting, 1569 European Region, 1313 von Ebner’s glands, 52, 1442, 1443 leukoplakia definition, 1256 Vo neurons, 1756 South-East Asia Region, 1313 von Frey threshold, 2204 Written consent, 348 von Recklinghausen disease, 665 von Willebrand disease, 82 Voriconazole, 413 X Voxel-based morphometry (VBM), 182 Xanthan gum, 1510 Vretinoid vitamins, 1310 Xanthelasma, 775–776 Vulpian-Bernhardt syndrome, 121 Xanthelasma palpebrum, 775 Vulvodynia, 2089 Xanthine oxidase, 269 Vulvovaginal–gingival syndrome, 424 Xanthoma, 775 Vulvovaginal gingival variant of lichen planus, 272 Xantine oxidase, 421 VZV, see Varicella zoster virus (VZV) Xeroderma pigmentosum, 766, 767, 1335 Xerogenic, 946 medications, 1453, 1486, 1511 W Xerosis, 1115 Waldeyer’s ring, 56, 587, 637, 1584 Xerostomia, 407, 937, 1002, 1394, 1440, 1445, 1453, Wall stress, 75 1486, 1489, 1497, 1498, 1505, 1511, 1576, 1577, Warfarin, 81, 405, 412, 421, 1537, 1539 1607, 2090, 2162 Warthin-Starry silver stain, 878 assessment, 1445 Warthin’s tumor (adenolymphoma), 198, 1465 causes, 1440 Warts, 1155 epidemiology, 1443 Waterpipe smoking, 1320–1321 medication intake with age and gender, 1445 Wax, 286 prevalence, 1443 2406 Index

Xerostomia (cont.) Ziehl-Neelsen stain, 884, 913 radiation therapy, 1485 Zika Virus (ZIKV), 1004 treatment, 1506 Zinc, 267, 1036, 2117, 2121, 2123 X-linked cleft palate syndrome, 1654 lactate, 1740 X-linked hypophatasia, 495 sulfate, 1547 Xylene, 286 Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome, 1256 Zoledronic acid, 865 Y Zoonotic disease, 877 Yeates drains, 857 Zoster sine herpete, 2028 Yellowish papules, 775 Zygoma, 19 Yoga, 2233 Zygomatic bone, 23 Zygomatic nerve, 29 Z Zygomaticofacial nerve, 29 Zellweger spectrum disorder, 484 Zygomaticotemporal nerve, 29 Zidovudine, 1611 Zygomycosis, 955