A Korean Grammatical Borrowing in Early Middle Japanese Kunten Texts and Its Relation to the Syntactic Alignment of Earlier Korean and Japanese
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UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC Santa Cruz UC Santa Cruz Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Historical Development of Initial Accent in Trimoraic Nouns in Kyoto Japanese Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3f57b731 Author Angeles, Andrew Publication Date 2019 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INITIAL ACCENT IN TRIMORAIC NOUNS IN KYOTO JAPANESE A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in LINGUISTICS by Andrew Angeles September 2019 The thesis of Andrew Angeles is approved: _______________________________ Professor Junko Ito, Chair _______________________________ Associate Professor Ryan Bennett _______________________________ Associate Professor Grant McGuire _______________________________ Quentin Williams Acting Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Andrew Angeles 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................. v Abstract ...................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... xiv 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... -
Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis
MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master’s Thesis “Dating the split of the Japonic language family. The Pre-Old Japanese corpus” verfasst von / submitted by Patrick Elmer, BA MA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2019 / Vienna 2019 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 599 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Indogermanistik und historische degree programme as it appears on Sprachwissenschaft UG2002 the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Melanie Malzahn, Privatdoz. Table of contents Part 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 8 1.1 The Japonic language family .............................................................................................. 9 1.2 Previous research: When did Japonic split into Japanese and Ryūkyūan .......................... 11 1.3 Research question and scope of study .............................................................................. 15 1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 16 Part 2: Language data ................................................................................................ 19 2.1 Old Japanese ................................................................................................................... -
Chapter 14 Differential Subject Marking and Its Demise in the History of Japanese Yuko Yanagida University of Tsukuba
Chapter 14 Differential subject marking and its demise in the history of Japanese Yuko Yanagida University of Tsukuba The subject of various types of subordinate or nominalized clauses in Old Japanese (700– 800) is marked in one of three different ways: with the postpositional particle ga, no or zero. This paper argues that the opposition between case marked and unmarked subjects fit into cross-linguistically well attested patterns of differential subject marking (DSM). Follow- ing Woolford (2008), it shows that the syntactic and semantic characteristics of these case marking patterns reveal thatOJ displays two kinds of DSM effects which are associated with distinct grammatical levels. This paper also examines three possible scenarios for the loss of DSM, which occurred in Early Middle Japanese (EMJ 800–1200). TheOJ and EMJ data suggest that case systems do not simply shift from one alignment pattern to another, as sometimes assumed (cf. Harris & Campbell 1995: 258). Instead, the morphological features of individual case markers change incrementally over time, ultimately giving rise to global changes in the overall system. 1 Introduction Modern Japanese (ModJ) displays a straightforward nominative-accusative system. Tran- sitivity does not affect the case marking on the subject1 ( ). (1) Modern Japanese a. Taroo ga sake o non-da koto (transitive) Taroo nom sake acc drink-pst that ‘that Taroo drank sake’ b. sakura ga sai-ta koto (intransitive) cherry.blossom nom bloom-pst that ‘that Cherry blossoms bloomed’ In ModJ the case markers ga and o mark the subject and object respectively as gram- matical case markers; these particles display no semantic effects. -
Silva Iaponicarum 日林 Fasc. Xli/Xlii 第四十一・四十二号 Autumn/Winter 秋・冬 2014
SILVA IAPONICARUM 日林 FASC. XLI/XLII 第四十一・四十二号 AUTUMN/WINTER 秋・冬 2014 SPECIAL EDITION WOJTKOWIZNA 2013 edited by Adam Bednarczyk Posnaniae, Cracoviae, Varsoviae, Kuki MMXIV ISSN 1734-4328 2 Drodzy Czytelnicy. Niniejszy specjalny zeszyt Silva Iaponicarum 日林 zawiera artykuły powstałe po spotkaniu w trakcie Mi ędzynarodowych Studenckich Warsztatów Japonistycznych, które odbyły si ę w Wojtkowi źnie w dniach 15-20 kwietnia 2013 roku. Organizacj ą tego wydarzenia zaj ęli si ę studenci oraz kadra japonistyki Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. Poczynaj ąc od niniejszego zeszytu, wprowadzono zmiany w składzie rady naukowej oraz kolegium recenzentów naszego kwartalnika, d ążą c do ich umi ędzynarodowienia. Odpowiednie zmiany osobowe w składach tych ciał tudzie ż ostatnie zmiany wymogów publikacji artykułów w Silva Iaponicarum zostały równie ż uaktualnione w naszym serwisie internetowym. Kolejne zeszyty naszego kwartalnika planujemy wyda ć jako specjalny zeszyt filmowy oraz specjalny zeszyt po świ ęcony publikacjom doktorantów w dziedzinie japonistyki. Kolegium redakcyjne oraz uczestnicy wydarzenia Kraków – Pozna ń –Toru ń – Warszawa – Kuki grudzie ń 2014 3 Dear Readers, This special issue of Silva Iaponicarum 日 林 contains the contributions delivered after the Students’ International Japanese Studies Workshop held in Wojtkowizna on April 15-20, 2013. The workshop was organized by the students’ circle and the staff from the Japanese Language and Culture Center of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru ń. Starting from this fascicle, some changes in the Research Council and the Board of Reviewers have been introduced, with the aim of internationalization and standardization. Respective changes in the structure of these bodies as well as the recent changes concerning the requirements for new contributions to our quarterly have been updated also at our Web site. -
Origins of the Verbalizer Affixes in the Japonic Languages
ORIGINS OF THE VERBALIZER AFFIXES IN THE JAPONIC LANGUAGES Tyler Lau Advisors: Claire Bowern and Stephen R. Anderson May 1st, 2012 ABSTRACT The affix that verbalizes adjectives in the Japonic languages is traditionally viewed as deriving from one of two constructions: *ku a(r)-, an adverbializer + existential verb, or *-sa a(r)-, a nominalizer + existential verb (Martin 1987, Bentley 2001, Chamberlain 1895, etc.). However, Izuyama (1997) argues that this view is taken at face value and ignores phonological correspondences with the southern Japonic languages, notably Yaeyama and Yonaguni. She argues instead that the form originates in the completive forms of three or four reconstructed verbs *s(u), *k(u), *i(r ∼s), all meaning ‘to do’. In my work, I gathered comparative morphological and phonological evidence from wordlists, grammars and my own fieldwork with a speaker of Okinawan, to test these hypotheses. However, my findings also lead me to reject Izuyamas reconstruction of *i(r~s) as a valid reconstruction of ‘to do’ or as relevant to the verbalizer affix. Rather, I establish its origins in a Proto-Ryukyuan verb *er- ‘to get,’ descending from Proto-Japanese *e- that grammaticalized to attach to consonant-stem verbs, to create an inchoative or valency-changed class of vowel-stem verbs. I also tentatively reconstruct the verb ‘to do’ as *as-, a transitive form of the verb *ar- ‘to exist.’ In agreement with Izuyama, however, I found that there is ample evidence supporting the hypothesis that the verbalizer affix originates in the completive and/or past form of verbs meaning ‘to do’ and provide both comparative and theoretical evidence for this claim. -
A (More) Comparative Approach to Some Japanese Etymologies
chapter 6 A (More) Comparative Approach to Some Japanese Etymologies Thomas Pellard Chaque mot a son histoire! (‘each word has its own history’). Such was the battle cry of dialectologists and other partisans of the Wellentheorie against the sound laws defended by the Neogrammarians. Though few nowadays would deny the regularity of sound changes and the validity of the comparative method, it remains true that recovering the history of words is often akin to detective work, and that the above maxim seems to be valid in the domain of etymology. Studies on the genetic relationship of Japanese with other languages have usually been based on lexical evidence foremost, which obviously poses prob- lems if indeed each word has its own history.The search for external cognates of Japanese etyma cannot be limited to the comparison of attested written forms but requires a thorough reconstruction of the internal history of the languages involved as a preliminary step. In the Japonic domain, important advances have been made by JohnWhitman (e.g., 1985, 1990, 2008, Frellesvig &Whitman 2004, 2008a), whose work still forms the base of most studies on both the internal and external history of Japonic. It seems now widely accepted that the examination of the 8th century Old Japanese (oj) texts needs to be supplemented by taking into account the data from the different Japanese dialects as well as the Ryukyuan and Hachijō languages (Frellesvig & Whitman 2004, 2008a, Vovin 2010: 3–7, Whitman 2012: 25, Pellard 2008, 2013). Still, few works on Japanese etymology have tapped the rich mines of such “peripheral” data. -
Vocalic Coalescence in Owari Japanese* Connor Youngberg [email protected]
SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 16 (2013) Vocalic Coalescence in Owari Japanese* Connor Youngberg [email protected] Keywords: Japanese, dialectology, phonology, Owari dialect, coalescence, Element Theory 1. Introduction Owari Japanese is a variety or dialect of Japanese spoken in western Aichi and southern Gifu prefecture in central Japan. More specifically, the variety is spoken in and between Nagoya city and Gifu city approximately covering a landmass which was once known as Owari province (Keshikawa 1983) until the Meiji political reforms in 1871. The dialect of Owari is mentioned often in literature discussing Japanese linguistics and phonology due to its marked vocalic system which includes [y] [ø] and [æ]. Here we examine Modern Japanese coalescence1 based on data collected by the author (see Appendix 1). Some examples are presented in (1) below. (1) Examples of Owari coalescence Owari Japanese Tokyo Japanese Gloss a. ræ:nen rainen ‘next year’ b. osö: oso-i ‘slow-PRES’ c. fury: furu-i ‘old-PRES’ These vowels are the product of coalescence, captured in this article as the combination of the unary features or Elements [A], [I] and [U]. The Owari dialect is well known for coalescence in Japan, most recently thanks to comedian Tamori using a mistaken pronunciation of a word imitating the coalescence and palatalization present in the dialect as his signature gag. Vocalic coalescence has been noted in the dialect previously (e.g. Keshikawa 1983) however raw data is scarce and deep investigations into the triggers and results are non-existent. Full English works relating to the Owari dialect are unavailable, with only small mentions in English. -
Adjectives and Adjectival Derivates in Miyako-Ryukyuan
Kwartalnik Językoznawczy 2015/1-2 DOI: 10.14746/kj.2015.1-2.1 Aleksandra Jarosz Adjectives and adjectival derivates in Miyako-Ryukyuan 1. Introduction Miyakoan, or Miyako-Ryukyuan, is a minority language of Japan curren- tly spoken by an estimated number of 12,000~22,000 people in the Miyako islands (for detailed estimates cf. Jarosz 2015: 161–162). It is a member of the Japonic language family with Japanese as its biggest and dominant representa- tive. Apart from Japanese, all Japonic languages – UNESCO/Moseley (2010) distinguishes seven such entities – are endangered and have no official status of minority languages on the level of state legislature. Indeed, in Japan these languages are still often labeled by default as hōgen, “dialects” of Japanese. Miyakoan belongs to the Sakishima/Southern subgroup of the Ryuky- uan group within the Japonic family, its closest relatives being the two Macro-Yaeyama (Pellard 2015) languages, Yaeyama and Yonaguni/Dunan. Like most Ryukyuan ethnolects, it is not a language used in literacy. It also has few written records from the pre-World War II period, which coincides with the pre-endangerment period in the history of the language. Although the number and quality of research and publications on Miyakoan has ra- pidly increased over the last decades and especially post-2000, both its documentation and description remain insufficient as evaluated by Aso, Shimoji and Heinrich (2014) with the employment of the UNESCO (2003) language vitality assessment scale. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a selected aspect of Miyakoan language system and in so doing, to disseminate results of this author’s re- search, providing non-specialists of Ryukyuan linguistics with an occasion to become familiar with a specific topic in Miyakoan studies. -
History Prehistory a Common Ancestor of Japanese and Ryukyuan
History Prehistory A common ancestor of Japanese and Ryukyuan languages or dialects is thought[by whom?] to have come to Japan with settlers from continental Asia or nearby Pacific islands sometime in the early- to mid-2nd century (the Yayoi period), replacing the languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants,[3] including the ancestor of modern Ainu. Very little is known about the Japanese of this period—there is no direct evidence, as writing had yet to be introduced from China so what can be discerned must be based on the reconstructions of Old Japanese.[citation needed] Old Japanese Page from Nihon Shoki A page from Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan), the second oldest book of classical Japanese history Main article: Old Japanese Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language. Through the spread of Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was imported to Japan. The earliest texts found in Japan are written in Classical Chinese, but they may have been meant to be read as Japanese by the kanbun method. Some of these texts show the influence of Japanese grammar, such as word order. In these "hybrid" texts, Chinese characters are occasionally used to phonetically represent Japanese particles. The earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters. The end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794. Old Japanese uses the Man'yōgana system of writing, which uses kanji for both phonetic and semantic values. From the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese has been reconstructed as having had 88 syllables. -
Contents More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65320-6 - A History of the Japanese Language Bjarke Frellesvig Table of Contents More information Contents List of tables, maps and fi gures page xvii Acknowledgements xx List of abbreviations xxi Introduction 1 Part I Old Japanese 1 Early writing in Japan and Old Japanese sources 11 1.1 Writing 11 1.1.1 Introduction of writing in Japan 11 1.1.2 Writing in Japanese 12 1.1.2.1 Logographic versus phonographic writing 12 1.1.2.2 Adaptation of Chinese script 12 1.1.2.3 Logographic writing of Japanese 13 1.1.2.4 Phonographic writing of Japanese 14 1.1.2.5 Man’yǀgana 14 1.1.2.6 Senmyǀ-gaki 16 1.1.3 Problems of decipherment 17 1.1.3.1 Polyvalence and equivalence 17 1.1.4 Reading tradition 18 1.1.5 Rebus writing 18 1.1.6 Examples 18 1.2 Sources 20 1.2.1 Japanese words in foreign sources 20 1.2.2 Early inscriptions, wooden tablets and archival records 21 1.2.3 Eighth-century texts 22 1.2.3.1 Poetry 23 1.2.3.2 Prose 24 1.2.3.3 Others 25 2 Phonology 26 2.1 Kǀ-rui and otsu-rui syllables 26 2.1.1 Co1 versus Co2 30 2.1.2 Phonetic reconstruction and phonemic interpretation 30 2.1.3 Sound values 31 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65320-6 - A History of the Japanese Language Bjarke Frellesvig Table of Contents More information viii Contents 2.1.4 Phonemic interpretation 31 2.1.5 Neutralization 33 2.2 Consonants 34 2.2.1 Obstruents 34 2.2.2 Tenues versus mediae; medial voicing and prenasalization 34 2.2.3 Non-sibilant versus sibilant obstruents -
The Comparative Study of the Japonic Languages Thomas Pellard
The comparative study of the Japonic languages Thomas Pellard To cite this version: Thomas Pellard. The comparative study of the Japonic languages. Approaches to endangered lan- guages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, documentation and revitalization, National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Aug 2018, Tachikawa, Japan. hal-01856152 HAL Id: hal-01856152 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01856152 Submitted on 9 Aug 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The comparative study of the Japonic languages NINJAL International Symposium Approaches to endangered languages in Japan and Northeast Thomas Pellard Asia: Description, documentation and revitalization, Tachikawa: 6–8 August 2018 CNRS,CRLAO [email protected] Why do we compare? (5) The goal of comparative linguistics is and has always been to explain languages and their evolution (1) Goals and methods of science Another and not less important reason, which makes a • to advance our understanding of the world critical comparison of the Sanskrit with its -
6 X 10.Long New.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65320-6 - A History of the Japanese Language Bjarke Frellesvig Table of Contents More information Contents List of tables, maps and fi gures page xvii Acknowledgements xx List of abbreviations xxi Introduction 1 Part I Old Japanese 1 Early writing in Japan and Old Japanese sources 11 1.1 Writing 11 1.1.1 Introduction of writing in Japan 11 1.1.2 Writing in Japanese 12 1.1.2.1 Logographic versus phonographic writing 12 1.1.2.2 Adaptation of Chinese script 12 1.1.2.3 Logographic writing of Japanese 13 1.1.2.4 Phonographic writing of Japanese 14 1.1.2.5 Man’yǀgana 14 1.1.2.6 Senmyǀ-gaki 16 1.1.3 Problems of decipherment 17 1.1.3.1 Polyvalence and equivalence 17 1.1.4 Reading tradition 18 1.1.5 Rebus writing 18 1.1.6 Examples 18 1.2 Sources 20 1.2.1 Japanese words in foreign sources 20 1.2.2 Early inscriptions, wooden tablets and archival records 21 1.2.3 Eighth-century texts 22 1.2.3.1 Poetry 23 1.2.3.2 Prose 24 1.2.3.3 Others 25 2 Phonology 26 2.1 Kǀ-rui and otsu-rui syllables 26 2.1.1 Co1 versus Co2 30 2.1.2 Phonetic reconstruction and phonemic interpretation 30 2.1.3 Sound values 31 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65320-6 - A History of the Japanese Language Bjarke Frellesvig Table of Contents More information viii Contents 2.1.4 Phonemic interpretation 31 2.1.5 Neutralization 33 2.2 Consonants 34 2.2.1 Obstruents 34 2.2.2 Tenues versus mediae; medial voicing and prenasalization 34 2.2.3 Non-sibilant versus sibilant obstruents