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Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, São Paulo, 9: 143-161, 1999. DRESSEL 20 STAMPS FROM THE VERULAMIUM MUSEUM Pedro Paulo A. Funari* FUNARI, P.P.A. Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum. Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, São Paulo, 9: 143-161, 1999. RESUMO: Este artigo trata dos selos de ânforas Dressel 20 custodiados no Museu de Verulamium (Reino Unido). Após uma introdução às ânforas Dressel 20 e à cidade romana de Verulamium (hoje Saint Albans, Reino Unido), há um ca­ tálogo de 39 selos diversos, calcados pelo autor. Cada selo é referido à literatura anterior, às prováveis olarias produtoras béticas e a selos datados contextual- mente em outros lugares. Uma análise do tamanho dos selos e de sua cronologia é seguida de um estudo da origem das ânforas na Bética. O artigo conclui por enfatizar a importância de produzir catálogos de coleções de museus. UNITERMOS: Ânforas romanas - Dressel 20 - Bretanha Romana - Olarias na Bética - Tamanho dos selos - Inscrições latinas. Introduction ly found in British sites. Dressel 20 stamps found in Britain have been published since the Corpus Dressel 20 amphorae are a very common find in Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol: VII, in the last century Romano-British sites. These globular amphorae were (inscriptions in the number 1331) and M. Callender used to carry olive oil from the Southern Spanish (1965) was a pioneer in the publication of a province of Baetica (Clak-Maxwell 1899; Bonsor comprehensive catalogue of stamps found up to the 1931; Ponsich 1974, 1979). Its large body with 1950s. In the last three decides, there were a lot of handles and short neck ends in a basal knob. These stamps published in different papers, reports and amphorae, also known as Beltran V, Ostia I and books. However, there is still a lack of studies of all Callender II (Peacock & Williams 1986: 136-140), Dressel 20 stamps from specific sites. St. Albans is a are found in almost the whole Roman world. They case in point. Thanks to the Director of the were produced from the early Principate up to the Verulamium Museum, Dr. Chris Green, I was able mid third century AD (cf. map with potteries in to rub all the 49 Dressel 20 stored in that Museum Baetica). Dressel 20 amphorae usually bore and to study them in order to understand the inscriptions, tituli picti and stamps. Painted consumption of Spanish olive oil in that Roman town. inscriptions are not easily found because of their Verulamium (St.Albans) was not an unimpor­ difficult conservation in normal archaeological tant early Roman town: at the centre of the Catu- conditions. Stamps, on the other hand, are common­ vellauni territory, the Roman city developed with only peripheral military activity (Millett 1992: 77) and very soon it became a municipium ciuim ro- (*) Departamento de História, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciên­ manorum (Rivet 1975: 111; cf. Reynolds 1975: cias Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. 73; Tacitus, Ann., xiv,33). Verulamium was a large 143 FUNARI, P.P.A. Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum. Paulo, 9: 143-161, 1999. Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, I I i ^ 1. Cruz Verde 16. £1 Jadío 31. LaRaml»lilla 46. Cerro de los Pesebres 61. Villa seca 76. Malpica Sur 2. Villar de Brenes 17. Alamo Alto 32. El Marchante 47. Villadsneros 62. Dehesa de Arriba 77. M alpica 3. Los Zamorales 18. Lora del Rio 33. £1 Berro 48. Encinarejo Medio 63. Guadiato 78. Cortijo de ViUalata 4. Huertas de Alcolea 19. Corijo deMochal 34. Madre Viejal y II 49. Casa del Endnarejo 64. Almodovar 79. Las Valbuenas 5. Alcolea del Rio 20. Catria Alta 35. Los Sesenta 50. La Umbría de Moratalla 65. £1 Temple 80. Isla G rande 6. Gnadajoz 21. La Catrla 36. Caloqje Bajo 51. Casa del Guarda 66. Cortijo Nuevo 81. Tar ancón 7. Adelfa 22. Lora la Vieja 37. La Botica 52. La Corregidora 67. El Temple (El RodrlgnlDo) 82. Tesoriüo Doña M enda 8. Juan Barba 23. Huertas del Nlcaslo 38. El Tesoro 53. Soto del Rey 68. ElSodUo 83. Doña M enda 9. Mejía 24. Cortijo del Guerra 39. Embarcadero 54. Haza de los Ladeos 69. Curtió déla Reina 84. Las Animas 10. £1 Tesoro 25. Manuel Nieto 40. Peñaflor 55. Las Monjas 70. Palma del Río 85. Huerta de la Cueva 11. El Tejarülo 26. El Acebuchal 41. Huertas de Belén 56. Barranco del Picacho 71. Casas de Pisón 86. Palm orilla 12.Tostoneras 27. Haza de Olivo 42. El Romero 57. La DeheslDa 72. Madueño 87. Alcotrista 13.Arva 28. Cortijo de los Coroneles 43. Cortijo dd Romero 58. La Estrella 73. Tierras del Judio 88. San R afad 14. Azanaque-Castillejo 29. La Mayena 44. Isla de la Jurada 59. Cortijo dd Bramadero 74.LaG raja 89. San Bartolomé 15. La Estacada de Herrera 30. La María 45. Cerro délos Vuelos 60. Mlngaobez 75. Cortijo dd Judio 90. Las D dldas Sao 1998 Dressel 20 producing potteries in Baetica (after Carreras and tunari: z / j , ftg. J/). FUN ARI, P.P.A. Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum. Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, São Paulo, 9: 143-161, 1999. settlement, comparing favourably with such con­ Testaccio A,B,C etc = location at the Testac­ tinental sites as Avignon, Orange or Arles. The cio, implying specific dates. earliest town developed rapidly gaining a basilica Bo. = G. Bonsor, The archaeological expedi­ and forum, a theatre, hypocaust, and walls (Col- tion along the Guadalquivir, New York, 1931. The linwood & Myres 1963: 189 et passim ). Frere numbers refer to the catalogue of stamps. (1972, 1983) produced a comprehensive report of Call. = M. Callender, Roman Amphorae. Oxford, the archaeological work at Verulamium as well as 1965. The numbers refer to the catalogue of stamps. an historical account of its development from its Chic = G. Chic-Garcia, Epigrafìa anfórica de inception. Recent critical reappraisals of the evi­ la Bética. Seville, 1985. The numbers refer to the dence (Millett 1992: 69-71) do not change the fact quoted page. that Verulamium was an important Roman town Kilcher = S.Martin-Kilcher, Die römischen Am­ for the first two centuries of Roman rule in Britain. phoren aus Augst und Kaiseraugst. Augst, 1987. Verulamium town centre was vibrant and dynamic The numbers refer to the catalogue of stamps. during the first and second centuries and the adorn­ Liou = B. Liou, Inscriptions peintes sur am- ment of the city continued to the middle of the phores, Archaeonautica, 7: 55-141. third century (Millett 1992: 107, 134), exactly the Ostia III = Clementina Panella, Appunti su period when Dressel 20 were imported into the city. un gruppo di anfore di prima, media e tarda età This explains the number of Dressel 20 stamps imperiale (secoli I-V d.C.), Studi Miscellanei, 21, from the city (49) held at the Verulamium Museum, Ostia III: 463-633. one of the largest collections from Britain. The Po. = M. Ponsich, Implantation rurale antique recent publication of monographs on the overall sur le Bas-Guadalquivir, vol.I, Madrid, 1974; voi. consumption of olive oil in Britain (Funari 1996, II, Paris, 1979. The numbers refer to volume, page and number in the catalogue of sites. Carreras & Funari 1998) opens the way to the study Port-Vendres II = D. Colls et al., L ’épave Port- of specific towns and the aim of this paper is thus Vendres II et le commerce de la Be'tique a l’epo­ to collect the stamps stored at a local museum, que de Claude. Paris, 1977. producing a catalogue of stamps, and to interpret Remesal = J. Remesal, La annonna militaris the evidence available in the museum. Besides, the y la exportación del aceite hético a Germania. Ma­ stamps will be studied as an odd evidence on the drid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1986. olive oil consumption at Verulamium both in terms The numbers refer to the catalogue of stamps. of the importation from different potteries and Rodriguez-Almeida, Bolli = E. producing areas in Baetica and in terms of Rodriguez-Almeida, Bolli anforari di Monte consumption pattern changes in time. Testaccio, Bolletino Communale, 1977: 199-247. Verulamium I = Frere 1972. Verulamium II = Frere 1983. Catalogue of stamps Zevi = F. Zevi, Scavi ad Ostia, Notizie degli Scavi deUAntichit... Romana, 26, 1972: 404-432. The following abbreviations are used in the Amphora production centres are located on the catalogue: map. FP= Find Place. The stamps are classified by the Roman nomen, SP= Storage Place. usually the second letter of a set of three letters VM= Verulamium Museum (the letters and representing the Roman tria nomina. The names are numbers that follow the acronym refer to the data considered to refer to estate owners or to owners of written on the sherd). the olive oil inside the amphora. There are also the CD = Contextual date at Verulamium. names of potteries, usually explicitly referred to as OCD = Other Contextual Dates (dates from figlinae (“potteries”). After the name of the producing other sites). figlino there are also the names of the most probable DOC: Dated by Other Criteria (typopological regional centre in Baetica and finally the name of one ones and others). of the three conuentus or “counties” in which the CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, XV,2. Baetis Valley was administratively divided (Hispalis Size = Size of the stamp measured in Roman = Seville; Astigi = Écija; Corduba = Córdoba). These inches. data are studied in the latter part of this paper. 145 FUN A I. P.P. A. Dressel 20 Stamps from the Verulamium Museum. Rev. do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Sao Paulo, v: 143-161, 1999.
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