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Early coinage of the Roman Republic, 280 to 91 B.C.E.

Brennan, T. Corey https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/discovery/delivery/01RUT_INST:ResearchRepository/12643456130004646?l#13644607670004646

Brennan, T. C. (2005). Early coinage of the Roman Republic, 280 to 91 B.C.E. https://doi.org/10.7282/T3WH2N0Z

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RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESENTS

EARLY! COINAGE OFTHE ROMAN REPUBLIC

280 TO 91 B.C.E. EXHIBITION CURATED BY Fernanda H. Perrone Rutgers University_Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives with assistance from T. Corey Brennan Classics, Rutgers-New Brunswick Gary D. Farney History, Rutgers-Newark

WITH A CHECKLIST BY T. Corey Brennan

Published by Rutgers University Libraries Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, New Jersey Early Coinage of the Roman Republic 280-91 BCE

Preface

The Rutgers collection of Roman Republican coins housed in the Libraries' Special Collections and University Archives is remarkable for its comprehensiveness, historical value, and the fine condition of most of its individual pieces. It was in 2001 that an extraordinarily generous anonymous benefaction brought these coins to Rutgers. The gift of this collection-which had been acquired with an expert eye and much con­ tinued effort over many decades-almost overnight made the University an important locus for teaching and research in this area.

This exhibition, the first public display of the Rutgers coins, has as its major themes the evolution of the technical aspects of coinage in the earlier Republic, and political and social developments that are reflected in Rome's money during our chosen time period, which ends at 91 BC­ the start of Rome's "Social War" against its Italian allies, and with it, a new era in the coinage.

This checklist is aimed at non-specialists. For every coin in this exhibi­ tion there are two (abbreviated) references, to the fundamental works in this field: E.A. Sydenham, The Coinage of the Roman Republic (1952), and M.H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage (2 vols, 1974). For a general introduction to the field, there is much to be said for D.R. Sear, Roman Coins and their Values vol. I (5th edition, 2000), which features a well-organized type catalogue accompanied by excellent illustrations.

For the acquisition of the Rutgers collection, special thanks are owed to University President Richard L. McCormick, Marianne I. Gaunt, University Librarian, Ronald L. Becker, Head, Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA), and FAS Dean for Humanities Barry V. 2 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Qualls. Timothy S. Corlis (Head, Preservations, SCUA), Kristen St. John (now of UCLA), and Dr. Fernanda Perrone (Head, Exhibitions Program, SCUA) have seen to conservation issues. In addition, at vari­ ous stages Professor William E. Metcalf (Yale University) and Mr. Robert J. Myers offered expert advice, for which we are grateful.

A companion online Roman Republican Coins database is the work of Brian Hancock (now Systems Librarian, Montclair State University) and Dr. Jeffery A. Triggs (Applications Developer, Scholarly Communication Center), who have been aided by Rutgers graduate stu­ dents Samantha Doherty (formerly Philosophy, who provided much of the database content) and Kathleen J. Shea (Classics). Ms. Shea created most of the splendid photographs, including all seen in this checklist.

There would be no exhibition without the generous help of the New Jersey Council for the Humanities, and also the steadfast support of the Friends of the Library. Dr. Fernanda Perrone curated this exhbition, with basic help in the choice of items from Professor Gary Farney of the History Department of Rutgers-Newark (who selected about two-thirds of the coins shown here) and myself. Timothy Corlis imaginatively saw to the physical display of the coins. Rutgers undergraduate Valerie N. Addonizio (Douglass College '06) deserves full credit for her energy and initiative in assisting in almost all aspects of the exhibition, including the preparation of labels, ancillary materials, and much work for the check­ list (including cover design and the concordances at end).

It is the enormous fortune of Rutgers and its larger community that Professor E. Badian, John Moors Cabot Professor of History Emeritus in Harvard University, accepted our invitation to open the exhibition by delivering this year's Louis Faugeres Bishop Ill Lecture, choosing as his theme the development of Roman Republican coinage. Professor Badian also graciously shared with the Rutgers Libraries some of his own notes on the coin descriptions, which I draw on in this checklist.

I should emphasize however that any errors in fact or interpretation in this checklist, and its physical production, are my responsibility alone.

T. Corey Brennan Rutgers-NB Classics 3

Introduction: Some Practical Matters

1. How does the Roman system of names work?

The Roman (male) name usually consists of three elements: praenomen, nomen gentilicium, and cognomen.

PRAENOMEN: the "first name", normally abbreviated. A limited range were in general use in the Classical period, with the most frequent as follows:

A.= Aulus M. = Marcus Sex. = Sextus Ap. = Appius M'. = Manius Sp. (or S.) = Spurius C. = Gaius N. = Numerius T. = Titus Cn. = Gnaeus P. = Publius Ti. = Tiberius D. = Decimus Q. = Quintus V. = Vibius L. = Lucius Ser. = Servius

NOMEN GENTILICIUM: the family name (gens), normally ending in "-ius" (i.e., for men), and hereditary for men (and women), follows immediately after the praenomen.

COGNOMEN: Like the family names, cognomina (many of which started as nicknames, often derisive) were usually, though not always, hereditary; this element frequently served to distinguish various branches of a single (usually large) gens.

The Senate might also vote an extraordinary additional name (agnomen) to triumphing military commanders, derived from the area of their con- 4 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES quest (e.g., Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus).

In certain (especially official) contexts, a man's name might also include filiation and tribal designation:

FILIATION: On the coins, a man's immediate male ancestry is indicated by recording, immediately after the nomen, the father's praenomen and the abbreviation "f." (for filius = "son [of]"). Hence the signature of the moneyer of 137 BCE M.BAEBI. Q.F TAMPIL. (X.3, shown below) is to be expanded "Marcus Baebius, son of Quintus, Tamp(h)ilus".

TAMPIL. M.BAEBI. Q.F

If one should want to indicate one's ancestry back two generations, the abbreviation "n." (for nepos = "grandson [of]") is added: hence M. Baebius Q.f. Cn.n. Tamphilus = "Marcus Baebius, son of Quintus, grandson of Gnaeus, Tamphilus".

TRIBAL DESIGNATION: From about 160 BCE on, the full masculine name in formal documents regularly included the voting tribe in which the man was enrolled (at the time there were 35 in all). The tribal name, normally abbreviated to three letters, was usually recorded after the fili­ ation and before the cognomen: see Xll.23 (the moneyer A.MANLI.Q.F SER, 118-107 BCE) for a possible example. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 5

2. Who issued the coins in the Roman Republic?

The "Republican" period of Roman history extends from (traditionally) 509 BCE-the date when the Romans expelled their seventh king, Tarquin the Proud-to (on a generous reckoning) 31 BCE, the date when Octavian, the future Augustus, defeated Marc Antony in a naval battle off Actium, a promontory in the north of Acarnania (Greece).

It seems reasonable to suppose with M.H. Crawford that for much of the third century BCE it was Rome's censors-two senior magistrates elected (notionally) at five year intervals for an eighteen month term­ who selected the types of Rome's coinage and determined the denomi­ national structure. But certainly by ca. 200 BCE the Republic had shifted to a system of three moneyers (the tresviri monetales); where we can check, they are generally young men at an early stage of their polit­ ical careers. The reform came perhaps ca. 212 BCE, when we know that Rome initiated a major overhaul of the structure of its silver and bronze coinage (see VI and VII Introductions). There is no evidence that the monetales were elected; apparently one of the senior magistrates of a given year (perhaps one or both of the consuls) appointed them.

Here are the Roman magistracies that find most frequent mention in the pages that follow; the first three constitute the official career path ('cur­ sus honorum') of the classical Republic; the fourth, the Tribunate of the Plebs, properly was outside of it. All regular Roman magistracies except for the censorship had (officially) a one year term of office.

Consuls Instituted in (traditionally) 509 BCE, to replace the king as head of state, they were two in number; the praetorship was made a prerequi­ site for the consulship ca. 196. Eligibility for office (after 180 BCE) was 42 years of age. They gave their names to the year, with a term starting 15 March ca. 228-154; 1 January from 153 BCE. Commanders in major wars, their official power (after 327 BCE) could be extended past the year of the magistracy, for service only outside Rome.

Praetors One praetor (at least later, 'Urban') 366-ca. 244 BCE; two praetors ca. 244-229; four 228-198; six 197-81; eight 80-47; and then 16 6 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES by 44. The quaestorship was a prerequisite after 180 BCE. Like their senior colleagues the consuls, their official power also could be extended past the year of the magistracy. The urban praetor was, in the (quite common) absence of the consuls from the city, the chief magistrate in Rome. All praetors were potential military commanders, and as such were the magistrates regularly sent out to hold commands in the various overseas provinces. Eligibility for office (after 180) was 39 years of age.

Quaestors Eight quaestors in the mid-third century BCE; 20 after 81 BCE, when the qualifying age for office was fixed at 30. Their service might also be extended past the year of the magistracy. Two quaestors had charge of the aerarium ("treasury") in Rome. Others had certain minor responsibilities in Italy and acted as assistants, especially though not exclusively financial, to provincial commanders.

Tribunes of the Plebs Ten in number, restricted to plebeians. Candidates normally would be at least age 27. Tribunes were physically sacrosanct, but could act only within the boundary of Rome plus one mile. The tri­ bunes' personal "right of giving assistance" empowered them to protect any citizen from arbitrary punishment by a magistrate; this was extended into a right of veto on almost any official act. Tribunes proposed bills to and conducted non-capital trials before the Plebeian Assembly, and also (on petition to a senior magistrate) conducted capital trials in the Centuriate Assembly (composed of patricians and plebeians).

Fig. 1. Theoretical weights of bronzes down to the Second Punic War

Denomination Value mark Libra/ standard Reduced libral ( down to 269 BC) (269-217)

As I 1 lb.=324 gm. 10 oz.=265 gm.

Semis s l/2 lb.=162 gm. 132 gm. Triens **** 4 oz.=108 gm. 88 gm. Quadrans *** 3 oz.=81 gm. 66 gm. Sextans ** 2 oz.=54 gm. 44gm. Uncia * 1 oz.=27 gm. 22 gm. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 7

3. Bronze coin weights in the earlier Republic ( see Figs. 1-2)

Even the basic development of the Republican bronze coinage takes some effort to understand. A duodecimal system, originally based on a theoretical pound of 324 grams = 1 As (the "libral standard"), deter­ mined the weight of Rome's early bronze coins (see 11.1-3, 6-7). The Uncia (= 1/12 of an As, represented on the coinage by a single pellet) formed the basis of the system of representing marks of value.

By ca. 269 BCE Rome's bronze coinage saw a shift to a "reduced libral" standard where an As was reckoned at ca. 265 grams (see 11.4-5, 8-9). There it remained stabilized until ca. 217, when the financial pressures that arose from Rome's second war with Carthage (218-201 BCE, the Second Punic War) forced Rome to debase its silver coinage, and in turn introduce bronze coinage on the so-called "semilibral" standard.

In the bronze "semilibral" reduction (in force by November 217 BCE) the weights of the As and its subdivisions were halved. Further reduc­ tions rapidly followed (the "post-semilibral" standards) until ca. 212 BC when the As had plummeted to 44 grams. That had been the long tradi­ tional weight of the Sextans, and so is called the "sextantal standard".

Fig. 2. Theoretical weights of bronzesduring the Second Punic War

Semilibral Post-semilibral Sextantal (by Nov. 217) ( ca. 215-212) ( ca. 2JJ)

6 oz.=132 gm. 4 oz.=88 gm. > 2 oz.=44 gm. As 3 oz.=66 gm. 66gm. 44 > 33 gm. 22gm. Semis 44gm. 29 > 22 gm. 15gm. Triens 33 gm. 22 > 17 gm. II gm. Quadrans 22gm. 15>llgm. 7 gm. Sextans 11 gm. 7 > 5.5 gm. 4gm. Uncia 8 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES The Rutgers Exhibition

I. EARLIEST ISSUES (CAST BRONZE), DOWN TO EARLY THIRD CENTURY BC

Here we are properly in the era of pre-coinage. The Aes Rude ("uncoined bronze") piece (1.1) is simply an irregular lump of bronze of a type that Rome and its immediate neighbors used as currency in the first centuries of the Republic, no doubt with the aid of scales. Use of the cast bronze ingots known as Aes Signatum ("stamped bronze", 1.2) as currency may have extended down into the early years of Rome's first war with Carthage (264-241 BCE). For Aes Signatum, obverse and reverse types are generally identical or related. The theoretical weight standard was about 1600 grams(= five Asses); many surviving examples had been broken in antiquity, evidently to make fractional values.

1.1 AE (unworked) Aes Rude 5"' through 3,dcenturies BC Weight: 481 gm. Size: 78 x 65 x 24 mm.

1.2 AE (cast) Aes Signatum ca. 310-280 BC (photograph only, American Numismatic Society; accession number 1949.100.2) Branch or fish-bone / Branch or fish-bone Weight: 1111 gm. Size: 83 x 78 mm. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 9

II. AES GRAVE (CAST BRONZE) 280-226 BCE

Some of the principal attributes of Rome's earliest bronze issues (Aes Grave, literally "heavy bronze") are that they (I) are cast in circular form, (2) are valued by weight, (3) show a wide range of obverse and reverse designs (many seemingly random, but in the later period with higher denominations often showing deities), (4) prominently display the denominational value.

In this group, coins 11.2, 3, 6 (280-276 BCE, already showing denomina­ tion marks) belong to the same general issue, one which informs the types of several later issues (cf. 11.8, 269-266 BCE; 11.4, 241-235 BCE; and 11.9, 230-226 BCE). So Rome's conservatism in coin design can be seen already at this early date. The general issue that brings us 11.5 (265- 242 BCE) is the first to have a consistent reverse type-in this case, a six­ spoke wheel. These coins, which have close contacts with the traditional currency of central Italy, are thought of as primarily "domestic" issues; the independent Greek-speaking states of south Italy, with their own advanced coinage, scarcely will have accepted them

11.1 AE (cast) Semis 275-270 BCE Pegasus r., be!. S, all on raised disk/ Pegasus I., be!. S, all on raised disk Weight: 143.13 gm. Size: 54 mm. Sydenham 16; Crawford 18/2 10 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

ll.2 AE (cast) Quadrans 280-276 BCE R. hand, upright; to 1., (upwards) three pellets / two barley grains; between, (upwards) three pellets. Weight: 72.5 gm. Size: 40 mm. Sydenham 11; Crawford 14/4 ll.3 AE (cast) Sextans 280-276 BCE Scallop shell, seen from outside/ Caduceus. Weight: 48.8 gm. Size: 35 mm. Sydenham 12; Crawford 14/5 ll.4 AE (cast) Sextans 241-235 BCE Scallop-shell from outside, bel. two pellets / Caduceus between two pel­ lets, on r., sickle Weight: 38.9 gm. Size: 37 mm. Sydenham 48; Crawford 25/8 ll.5 AE (cast) Sextans 265-242 BCE Tortoise, [border of dots]/ Six-spoke wheel, line border. Weight: 37.9 gm. Size: 35 mm. Sydenham 63a; Crawford 24/7 Here the mark of value (two pellets) may be between the spokes of the wheel on reverse.

ll.6 ll.6 AE (cast) Uncia 280-276 BCE Knucklebone seen from outside; beside pellet / pellet Weight: 23.55 gm. Size: 27 mm. Sydenham 13; Crawford 14/6 EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 11

11.7 AE (cast) Uncia 275-270 BCE Barley-grain, beside pellet/ Same Weight: 30.5 gm. Size: 26 mm. Sydenham 20; Crawford 18/6

11.8 AE (cast) Uncia 269-266 BCE Knucklebone from outside, beside pellet/ Knucklebone from inside Weight: 22.2 gm. Size: 24 mm. Sydenham 36; Crawford 21/6

11.9 AE (cast) Uncia 230-226 BCE Knucklebone from outside, beside club / Knucklebone from inside, beside club Weight: 25.95 gm. Size: 28 mm. Sydenham 43, Crawford 27/10

III. PRE-DENARIUS STRUCK SILVER (DIDRACHM) AND BRONZE (LITRA) COINAGE 280-214 BCE

Rome modeled its earliest silver coins-the double drachma or Didrachm-on those of the Greek-speaking communities of southern Italy, apparently in an effort to facilitate commerce with non-Italian peoples. Crawford identifies the first of these, 111.1 and 111.2, as "military issues, produced in mints in South Italy in the course of the war against Pyrrhus"; but a somewhat later date (starting ca. 270 BCE) is not impos­ sible.

The so-called Quadrigati (111.4-5, named as such from the quadriga or four-horse chariot on the reverse) represent the last of Rome's Didrachm issues. They were first produced ca. 225 BCE, apparently in response to a major Gallic threat on Rome's northern frontier. By 214 BCE however they had become too debased to remain viable as currency-soon mak­ ing way for the introduction of a new system of silver coinage, that of the Denarius (VI).

The introduction of struck token Litra bronze coins (111.6-9), closely coordinated (unlike the cast bronze Aes Grave) with the export silver, presumably was aimed also at the south Italian market, where the value 12 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES of silver in relation to bronze was significantly less than in central Italy. Like the Didrachms, on the Litra coinage the initial reverse legend ROMANO was changed to the more assertive ROMA after the conclu­ sion of Rome's first war with Carthage in 241 BCE (see lll.8-9). lll.1 AR Didrachm 280-276 BCE Helmeted head of Mars I., bearded, beh. twig I Statue of horse's head r., on base ROMANO, beh. ear of wheat. Weight: 7.2 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 1; Crawford 13/1 lll.2 AR Didrachm 275-270 BCE Laureate head of Apollo I.; bef. ROMANO upwards, border of dots / Horse galloping r., ab. eight-pointed star, line border. Weight: 7.28 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 4; Crawford 15/la

lll.3 AR Didrachm 269-266 BCE Bust of Hercules r., club over shoulder, border of dots / Wolf suckling twins, in exergue ROMANO, line border Weight: 7.2 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 6; Crawford 20/1 The reverse image of the Wolf and Twins is the earliest distinc­ tively Roman type. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 13

III.4 AR Drachm 225-214 BCE (Quadrigatus) Conjoined heads of Dioscuri (?), border of dots/ Jupiter in quadriga I., driven by Victory, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.3 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 67; Crawford 30/2 (but may be 28/4) On obverse, the Dioscuri = the twin brothers Castor and Pollux, who had a temple in the south east corner of the Roman Forum, vowed to them after their appearance as horsemen to aid the Romans in the battle of Lake Regillus (traditionally dated 496 BCE).

III.5 AR Didrachm 225-214 BCE (Quadrigatus) Conjoined heads of Dioscuri (?), border of dots/ Jupiter in quadriga r., driven by victory, bel. ROMA raised on tablet, line border Weight: 5.9 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 65; Crawford 31/1

111.6AE (struck) Double Litra 275-270 BCE ??Apollo I Lion, walking r., spear in mouth, in exergue ROMANO Weight: 11.6 gm. Size: 21 mm. Sydenham 5; Crawford 16/la

IIl.7 AE (struck) (half) Litra. Before 269 BCE Helmeted head of Minerva I. / Horse, head r., beh. [R]OMAN[O] upwards. Weight: 5.3 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 3; Crawford 17/la 14 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES lll.8 AE (struck) (half) Litra 241-235 BCE Helmeted head of Mars r., border of dots/ Horse, head r., ab. club, beh. sickle. Below ROMA, line border Weight: 3.4 gm. Size: 16 mm. Sydenham 26; Crawford 25/3 lll.9 AE (struck) (half) Litra 230-226 BCE Helmeted head of Mars r., beh. club, border of dots/ Horse, galloping r., ab. club, bel. ROMA, line border Weight: 3.3 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 23a; Crawford 27/2

IV. BRONZE (CAST AND STRUCK) COINAGE 225-212 BCE

A standardized type-i.e., prow on reverse combined in many cases with the head of a particular deity on the obverse (here see IV.1-2)-is a hall­ mark of bronzes of the period 225-212 BCE. It may reflect an attempt to harmonize bronze and silver coinage; note the introduction also ca. 225 BCE of a new Didrachm type, the Quadrigatus (Ill.4-5). But after the outbreak with the war with Hannibal in 218 BCE, one can also find varied and distinctive (presumably military) types-such as the issue of 217-215 BCE that features on its various denominations a bull, Hercules fighting a centaur (IV.3), eagle (IV.4), and Sun (IV.5).

Soon after the outbreak of the Second Punic War-certainly by November 217 BCE-Rome significantly debased its Aes Grave coinage, halving the As in weight, to a "semilibral" standard. It then reduced the As further over a period of five years until it reached a mere two ounces, the long-traditional weight of the Sextans. In the exceedingly compli­ cated "semilibral" and "post-semilibral" era of Rome's bronze coinage (ca. 217-212 BCE), for the lower denominations struck pieces quickly came to supersede cast coins (see IV.3 and 7 for an early example of such an issue). EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 15

IV.1 AE (cast) Semis 225-217 BCE Laureate head of Saturn I., bel. S / Prow r., ab. S Weight: 118.56 gm.(= reduced libral standard). Size: 50 mm. Sydenham 73; Crawford 35/2

IV.2

IV.2 AE (cast) Triens 225-217 BCE Helmeted head of Minerva I., bel. four pellets/ Prow r., bel. four pellets Weight: 88.8 gm. (= reduced libral standard). Size: 45 mm. Sydenham 74; Crawford 35/3a

IV.3 AE (struck) Triens 217-215 BCE Head of Juno (?) r., scepter over I. shoulder, beh. four pellets, border of dots/ Hercules fighting Centaur (r.), beh. four pellets, line border Weight: 44.2 gm. (= semilibral standard). Size: 37 mm. Sydenham 93; Crawford 39/1 This Triens belongs to the first issue in which all of the bronze coins are struck (as opposed to cast); for lower denomination bronzes from this general issue, see IV.5-6.

IV.4 AE (struck) Sextans 217-215 BCE Wolf, r., suckling twins, in exergue two pellets? Border of dots / Eagle standing r., with flower in beak, I. two pellets, r. ROMA, line border Weight: 26.0 gm.(= semilibral standard). Size: 31 mm. Sydenham 95; Crawford 39/3 16 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

IV.5 AE Uncia (struck) 217-215 BCE Bust of Sol, facing forward, surrounded by rays, bel. 1. pellet, border of dots / Crescent, ab. two stars, between pellet, bel. ROMA, line border Weight: 16.4 gm.(= semilibral standard). Size: 25 mm. Sydenham 96; Crawford 39/4

IV.6 AE (struck) Semuncia 217-215 BCE Female bust r., with turreted crown, border of dots/ Horseman r., bel. ROMA, line border Weight: 6.6 gm.(= semilibral standard). Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 97; Crawford 39/5

IV.7 AE (struck) Quartuncia 217-215 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., border of dots/ Prow r., above ROMA, line border Weight: 3.3 gm.(= semilibral standard). Size: 16 mm. Sydenham 88; Crawford 38/8 The Quartuncia, the smallest Roman coin, was minted briefly during this "semilibral" period, but production proved impracticable with further weight reductions after 215 BCE. That the obverse goddess (here, and elsewhere) is Roma is generally assumed but unproven.

IV.8 AE (cast) As 215-212 BCE Laureate head of Janus/ Prow 1., ab. I Weight: 77.8 gm. (= post-semilibral, at the "Triental" standard). Size: 43 mm. Sydenham 101; Crawford 41/5a EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 17

IV.9 AE (cast) Semis 215-212 BCE Laureate head of Saturn I., behind S / Prow I., above S, line border Weight: 40.6 gm.(= post-semilibral, at the "Triental" standard). Size: 32 mm. Sydenham 102; Crawford 41/6a

IV.10 AE (struck) Triens 215-212 BCE? Helmeted head of Minerva r., ab. four pellets, border of dots / Prow r., bel. four pellets, ab. ROMA, line border Weight: 19.85 gm. (= post-semilibral, at the "Quadrantal" standard). Size: 29 mm. Sydenham 105; Crawford 41/7b This issue also includes a cast Triens (Sydenham 103; Crawford 41/7a).

IV.11 AE (struck) Sextans 215-212 BCE Head of Mercury r., beh. two pellets, line border/ Prow r., ab. ROMA, bel. two pellets, line border Weight: 13.4 gm.(= post-semilibral, at the "Triental" standard). Size: 37 mm. Sydenham 107; Crawford 41/9

IV.12 AE (struck) Semuncia 215-212 BCE Head of Mercury r., border of dots/ Prow r., ab. ROMA, line border Weight: 3.9 gm. (= post-semilibral, above "Triental" standard). Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 109; Crawford 41/11 18 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

V. 'VICTORIATE' (OR DRACHM) SILVER ISSUES 211-190 BCE

Nominally this denomination, whose introduction was roughly contem­ porary with that of the Denarius (for which see VI), was one-half of the Didrachm that Rome had issued in silver since ca. 280 BCE. The types remain standard throughout the period: head of Jupiter/ Victory crown­ ing trophy (hence 'Victoriatus')-and no mark of value. Each of the examples here seem to show mint marks of one sort or another-includ­ ing, for the later range, the moneyer's name (V.4-5).

The need for a silver Drachm issue parallel to the Denarius but simulta­ neously related to the coinage of Greek-speaking southern Italy evapo­ rated after ca.170 BCE, with the expansion of Roman influence.

V.1 AR Victoriatus 211-210 BCE Laureate head of Jupiter r., be!. L, border of dots/ Victory r. crowning trophy, be!. T, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.2 gm. Size: 18 mm. Mint location: Luceria (a Latin colony since 314 BCE) Sydenham 132; Crawford 98A/1a

V.2

V.2 AR Victoriatus 211-210 BCE Laureate head of Jupiter r. , border of dots/ Victory standing r., crown­ ing trophy, between Q, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 2.7 gm. Size: 9 mm. Mint location: Apulia Sydenham 115; Crawford 102/1 EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 19

V.3 AR Victoriatus 206-195 BCE Laureate head of Jupiter r., border of dots/ Victory r., crowning trophy, between dog r., in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 2.65 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 250; Crawford 122/1

V.4 AR Victoriatus 194-190 BCE Laureate head of Jupiter r., border of dots / Victory crowning trophy, between (in monogram) ME, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 2.9 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 318; Crawford 132/1 Crawford identifies the ME on reverse as referring to a Caecilius Metellus.

V.5 AR Victoriatus 194-190 BCE Laureate head of Jupiter r. , border of dots/ Victory standing r., crown­ ing trophy, between (in monogram) TAMP, in exergue ROMA, line bor­ der Weight: 1.82 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 336; Crawford 133/1 Issuer: TAMP= (Baebius) Tamp(hilus), perhaps M. Baebius Tamphilus, consul 181.

VI. EARLY SILVER DENARII AND GOLD ISSUES 211- 195 BCE

The institution of the silver Denarius denomination, a coin valued at 10 sextantal bronze asses, marked a wholesale reorganization of Rome's coinage. We see here the elimination of the Didrachm/Quadrigatus, and the introduction of a Drachm/Victoriatus (see V), and three new silver denominations: Denarius (IO Asses= value mark X), Quinarius (5 Asses = value mark V), and Sestertius (2.5 Asses = value mark IIS, i.e., two Asses and a Semis). The latter two denominations rapidly disappeared in the course of the Hannibalic War, but saw intermittent revivals in sub­ sequent centuries in the Republic. In this period the obverse type head of 'Roma' with value mark behind / reverse type Dioscuri riding right with leveled spears, below ROMA, is standard for Denarius, Quinarius and Sestertius alike. 20 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

The very short-lived gold issues shown here (Vl.1-2, 60-As and 20-As, each an explicitly military type) almost certainly should be attached to the new Denarius system. As it happens, gold coinage was never in com­ mon use in the Classical Republic. After a war series of 217-208 BCE (of which these are examples), minting of gold disappears until some special issues of the first half of the first century BCE (commemorating Sulla in the late 80s BCE, Pompey in 71 BCE), and then the Triumviral period.

Crawford dates the Denarius-based reform to ca. 211 BCE. More recently, W.T. Loomis has argued that the Denarius was introduced sometime between 215 and 211 BCE, a slightly broader range than Crawford's date. The main reasons for the innovation, explains Loomis, were (1) to stabilize the previously segregated silver (Didrachm) and bronze coinages, both of which had been seriously debased in the early years of the Second Punic War; (2) to unify those coinages for the first time in Rome's history, at an explicit exchange rate; and (3) to facilitate the use of both coinages with each other in the decimal system of Roman numerals. (The old Didrachm would have been worth 15 Sextantal Asses, the old Drachm 7.5.)

Before long, the Denarius denomination established itself as the basic unit of silver coinage in Rome, by 170 BCE making production of the Drachm ('Victoriatus') entirely otiose. In all, the Denarii system was to last in its essentials for four and a half centuries. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 21

VI.1 AYR 60-As from 211 BCE Helmeted head of Mars r., beh. VI (monogram) X, border of dots / Eagle r., on thunderbolt, be!. ROMA, line border Weight: 3.4 gm. Size: 15 mm. Sydenham 226; Crawford 44/2

VI.2 AYR 20-As 211-210 BCE Helmeted head of Mars r., beh, XX, border of dots/ Eagle on thunder­ bolt r., be!. ROMA, be!. ear of wheat, line border Weight: 1.42 gm. Size: 12 mm. Mint: Sicily Sydenham 234; Crawford 72/2

VI.3 AR Denarius 211-208 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots/ Dioscuri riding r., ab. (center) apex ( = priest's conical cap), (r.) hammer, be!. ROMA on tablet, line border Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 22 mm. Mint: perhaps central Italy Sydenham 149; Crawford 59/la

VI.4 AR Denarius 211-208 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots/ Dioscuri riding r., be!. caduceus (in exergue), line border Weight: 4.5 gm. Size: 21 mm. Mint: perhaps central Italy Sydenham 170; Crawford 60/la 22 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Vl.5 AR Denarius 211-210 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots/ Dioscuri riding r., bel. (r.) spearhead, (1.) ROMA in linear frame, line border Weight: 4.4 gm. Size: 23 mm. Sydenham 152; Crawford 83/2

Vl.6 AR Quinarius 211-210 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. V, border of dots/ Dioscuri galloping r., ab. two stars, beh. (r.) Roma monogram, bel. (in exergue) ROMA, line border Weight: 2.4 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 188; Crawford 84/2

Vl.7 AR Sestertius 211-208 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. Il.S, border of dots/ Dioscuri riding r., ab. two stars, bel. ROM[A] in linear frame, line border Weight: 1.0 gm. Size: 14 mm. Sydenham 142; Crawford 44/7= 44/2= 68/3

Vl.8 AR Quinarius 211-208 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. V, border of dots/ Dioscuri on horse­ back r., ab. two stars, beh. L, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 2.2 gm. Size: 18 mm. Mint: Luceria. Sydenham 176; Crawford 97/2 EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 23

VI.9 AR Quinarius 211-210 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. V, border of dots/ Dioscuri riding r., ab. two stars, bel. (r.) Q, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 2.4 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 181a; Crawford 102/2a Q on reverse is a mint mark; cf. the Victoriatus from this same issue (V.2).

VI.10 AR Denarius 206-195 BCE Helmeted head of Romar., beh. X, border of dots/ Dioscuri driving r., bel. bull butting I., below, between two horizontal lines ROMA, line border Weight: 3.6 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 281; Crawford 116/1a

VI.11 AR Denarius 206-195 BCE Helmeted head of Romar., beh. X, border of dots/ Dioscuri driving r., bel. sow r., below, in linear frame ROMA, line border Weight: 3.7 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 252; Crawford 121/2 24 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

VII. POST-REFORM STRUCK BRONZE 211-205 BCE

Starting in 211 BCE, the old cast Aes Grave ceases, giving way to bronze coinage that is exclusively struck between engraved dies. The production of bronzes was on the "sextantal" weight standard, based on an As of a theoretical weight of about 44 grams. From this point the bronze types were standardized, with the reverses showing a prow and the obverse a fixed roster of deities:

As= Janus Dextans (i.e., 10/12 of an As) = Ceres Semis = Saturn Quincunx (i.e., 5/12 of an As) = Apollo Triens = Minerva Quadrans = Hercules Sextans = Mercury Uncia = 'Roma' Semuncia = Mercury

Vll.1 AE (struck) Dextans 209-208 BCE? Head of Ceres r., beh. L, border of dots / Victory with (?) scepter in quadriga r., bel. ~Q_MA, in exergue S and four pellets, line border Weight: 12.4 gm. Size: 27 mm. Mint: Luceria Sydenham 308 var.; Crawford 99/2a EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 25

The Dextans was a short-lived denomination issued briefly by the wartime Luceria mint in the period immediately following the cur­ rency reform of ca. 212 BCE. See also VII.4 for the similarly short-lived Quincunx (an example minted at a markedly higher weight standard).

VII.2 AE (struck) Semis 211-205 BCE Laureate head of Saturn r., beh. S / Prow r., ab. flying Victory with wreath, S, line border? Weight: 18.4 gm. Size: 30 mm. Mint: central Italy (see on VI.3) Sydenham 148a; Crawford 61/3 Weight standard: As of about 54 grams, but Crawford notes the existence of a coincident "light series" of aes, of which this would seem to be an example.

VII.3 AE (struck) Semis 211-210 BCE Laureate head of Saturn r., beh. S / Prow r., ab. Q and S, anchor; bef. (r.) anchor, be!. ROMA, line border Weight: 14.2 gm. Size: 26 mm. Sydenham 301a; Crawford 86B/2 Issuer: Q = Q(uinctius?).

VII.4 AE (struck) Quincunx 211-208 BCE (possibly going later) Laureate head of Apollo r., beh. L, border of dots/ Dioscuri galloping r., ab. two stars, be!. ROMA, in exergue five pellets Weight: 25.34 gm. Size: 31 mm. Mint: Luceria Sydenham 179; Crawford 97/11

VII.5 AE (struck) Triens 211-208 BCE Helmeted head of Minerva r., ab. four pellets, border of dots / Prow r., beh. four pellets, ab. hammer and apex, be!. ROMA, line border Weight: 18.35 gm. Size: 28 mm. Mint: perhaps central Italy Sydenham 150b; Crawford 59/4

VII.6 AE (struck) Quadrans after 211 BCE Head of Hercules r., beh. three pellets, border of dots / Prow r., ab. ROMA, be!. three pellets, line border Weight: 10.4 gm. Size: 23 mm. Sydenham 143c; Crawford 56/5 26 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Vll.7 AE (struck) Sextans 211-206 BCE Head of Mercury r., ab. two pellets, border of dots/ Prow r., ab. ROMA, bel. two pellets, line border Sydenham 231d; Crawford 56/6 Weight: 6.3 gm. Size: 22 mm.

Vll.8 AE (struck) Sextans 211-208 BCE Head of Mercury r., ab. two pellets, border of dots / Prow r., ab. grain ear, beh. IC, bel. ROMA, line border Weight: 5.5 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 310d; Crawford 69/6b IC on reverse is a mint mark.

Vll.9 AE (struck) Semuncia 207 BCE Head of Mercury r. / Prow r., ab. cornucopiae, bel. (pseudo-exergue) ROMA Weight: 2.97 gm. Size: 16 mm. (Not in Sydenham); Crawford 58/9 The coin lacks a mark of value. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 27

VIII. EARLY DENARIUS AND POST-REFORM BRONZE COINAGE 189-158 BCE

Here silver and bronze issues alike follow the same lines of general devel­ opment, with purely anonymous issues giving way to types bearing sym­ bols, letters, monograms, and moneyer's names abbreviated or in full (here cf. VIII.I). By 170 BCE almost every issue shows a moneyer's sym­ bol or name (on the reverse). "Private" types extolling the moneyer's family also first appear in this period, pioneered by the bronze coinage of L. Mamilius between 189-180 BCE (Sydenham 369-369d; Crawford 149/la-5b).

The Denarii of the period show images of two basic types: 'Roma' head on obverse coupled with reverse depicting either the Dioscuri, or, start­ ing in the latter part of the 190s, Diana (Luna) in biga (= two horse char­ iot, for which see VIII.I and 3).

It was in this period (ca. 170 BCE) that Rome's other basic silver denom­ ination, the Drachm ('Victoriatus'), disappeared. Hoard evidence sug­ gests that the production of the Denarius itself was temporarily suppressed ca. 170 BCE, to be revived ca. 157 BCE.

VIII.I AR Denarius 189-180 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots / Diana (Luna) in biga r., bel. (r.) wren and TOD, bel. ROMA in linear frame, line border Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 345; Crawford 141/1 Issuer: TOD = Tod(us?). The presumed moneyer's name = "wren"; hence the bird on reverse.

VIII.2 AR Denarius 179-170 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots/ Dioscuri galloping r., bel. (r.) cornucopiae, ROMA in linear frame, line border Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 340; Crawford 157/l 28 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Vlll.3 AR Denarius 179-170 BCE Helmeted head of Romar., beh. X, border of dots / Diana (Luna) in biga driving r., bel. fly, bel. ROMA in linear frame Sydenham 322; Crawford 159/2 Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 20 mm.

Vlll.4 AE Triens 179-170 BCE Helmeted head of Minerva r., ab. four pellets/ Prow r., ab. ROMA, bef. fly, bel. four pellets, line border Weight: 7.03 gm. Size: 23 mm. Sydenham 324b; Crawford 159/5 Same issue as VIII.3 (also with fly on reverse).

VIII.5

Vlll.5 AE As 169-158 BCE Laureate head of Janus, ab. I, border of dots/ Prow r., ab. gryphon with hare's head, bel. [R]OMA, bef. I, line border Weight: 28.45 gm. Size: 34 mm. Sydenham 284; Crawford 182/2

Vlll.6 AE As ca. 169-158 BCE Laureate Janus head, ab. I/ Prow r., ab. wolf and twins, bel. ROMA Weight: 23.3 gm. (quite below the weight standard for this issue). Size: 32mm. Sydenham 297; Crawford 183/1 EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 29

VIII.7 AE As 169-158 BCE Laureate head of Janus, ab. I, [border of dots]/ Prow r., ab. butterfly on vine branch, bef. I, bel. [RO]M[A], line border Weight: 30.9 gm. Size: 32 m. Sydenham 296; Crawford 184/la

IX. LATER DENARIUS AND AFFILIATED ISSUES 157-138 BCE

In this period production of the Denarius resumed, with fuller expan­ sion of the moneyers' names (see IX.5 for a good early example), and also a third reverse type, Victory in a biga ("two horse chariot", for which see IX.1-2, 4, 11). This marks the first major iconographic inno­ vation for this denomination in almost four decades.

But soon the Denarius-the only silver coin Rome was minting at the time-shows a veritable explosion in reverse types, and in general a great degree of self-aggrandizement on the part of the moneyers involved. "From the idea of issues for which they were responsible", observes Crawford, "the moneyers seem gradually to have moved to the idea of issues that were theirs". But still they confined allusions to family history to the reverse of their coinage.

Toward the end of this period--ca. 141-the Denarius was revalued from ten Asses to sixteen. Production of actual bronze coinage declined in the second half of the second century, with outright suspension of the As, now on a sub-sextantal standard, from ca. 146 to ca. 113 BCE.

IX.1 AR Denarius 154 BC Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots/ Victory in biga r., bel. C.TAL (in monogram), in exergue four pellets, line border Sydenham 379; Crawford 202/la Weight: 3.7 gm. Size: 19 mm. Issuer: C.TAL = C. (Iuventius) T(h)al(na). This moneyer also issued a Denarius with a serrated edge (Sydenham 379a; Crawford 202/lb), Rome's first such coin, an experiment not to be repeated until the special Narbo issue minted in southern Gaul in 118 BCE (XII.1-4). 30 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

IX.2 AR Denarius 151 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots/ Victory in biga, driving r., be!. P.SVLA (in monogram), in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 386; Crawford 205/1 Issuer: P.SVLA = P. (Cornelius) Sul(l)a. Crawford identifies this Sulla as either paternal uncle or grandfather of the dictator.

IX.3 AE Triens 151 BCE Helmeted head of Minerva r., [ab. four pellets?], line border?/ Prow r., female head on stern, bef. four pellets, be!. ~OMA, ab. [P.]SVLA, line border Weight: 7.3 gm. Size: 23 mm. Sydenham 387b; Crawford 205/4 Issuer: see on IX.2. If the head above prow on reverse is that of Venus, as Crawford reasonably supposes, we have here an early example of a moneyer advertising his family's patron deity.

IX.4 AR Denarius 149 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots/ Victory holding whip on biga r., be!. (r., in monogram) NATTA, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.7 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 390; Crawford 208/1 Issuer: NATTA = (Pinarius) Natta. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 31

IX.5 AR Denarius 149 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots/ Dioscuri riding r., be!. (in monogram) C.IVNI.C.F., in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 29 mm. Sydenham 392; Crawford 210/1 Issuer: C.IVNI C.F = C. Iuni(us) C.f.

IX.6 AR Denarius 148 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., be!. LIBO (downwards), bef. X.,border of dots I Dioscuri riding r., be!. (r., in monogram) Q.MARC, in exergue ROMA, border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 395; Crawford 215/1 Issuer: Q. MARC LIBO = Q. Marc(ius) Libo. Note the unusual appear­ ance (for this time) of a border of dots on the reverse.

IX.7 AR Denarius 147 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. standing Victory and X, border of dots I Dioscuri galloping r., ab. two stars, be!. C. TER LVC, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 425; Crawford 217/1 Issuer: C. TER LVC = C. Ter(entius) Lu(canus). Perhaps the son of the senator Terentius Lucanus who was the master and, at least after 166 BC, patron of the playwright Terence ( = P. Terentius Afer). 32 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

IX.8 AR Denarius 146 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. dog walking (upwards), bef. X, border of dots I Dioscuri riding r., be!. (in monogram) C.ANTESTI, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 406; Crawford 219/la Issuer: C.ANTESTI = C. Antistius. This moneyer was also the last for many years to issue an As-a denomination which at that time had reached the "uncial" standard of less than an ounce.

IX.9 AR Denarius 145 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. donkey head bef. X, border of dots/ Dioscuri galloping r., be!. M.IVNI, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.6 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 408; Crawford 220/1 Issuer: M.IVNI = M. luni(us) (Silanus?), perhaps plebeian tribune by 123 BCE.

IX.10 AR Denarius 142 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef. X (under chin), beh. TRIGE (upwards), border of dots I Juno in quadriga r., beh. Victory holding crown, be!. C.CVR, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 436; Crawford 223/1 Issuer: C. CVR TRIGE = C. Curiatius Trigeminus, probably the ple­ beian tribune of 138 BCE, who died in office. Note the departure on reverse from the traditional Denarius types (Dioscuri, Luna or Victory). Another (younger) Curiatius Trigeminus mints in 135 BCE (X.7). EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 33

IX.11 AR Denarius 140 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots/ Victory in biga r., ab. FLAC, be!. C.VAL.C.F, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.6 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 440; Crawford 228/2 Issuer: C.VAL C.F FLAC = C. Val(erius) C.f. Flac(cus). The X as value mark behind 'Roma' on obverse is anachronistic since the Denarius had been retariffed ca. 141 BCE at sixteen asses; in fact, this moneyer also issued a Denarius with 'XVI' (Sydenham 441; Crawford 228/1).

IX.12 AR Denarius 138 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, all within laurel wreath/(?) Mars and (??) Nerio (i.e., the bride of Mars) in quadriga r., be!. CN GEL, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 434; Crawford 232/1 Issuer: CN. GEL= Cn. Gel(lius), perhaps the author who wrote a mas­ sive annalistic history of Rome, with great expansion of the early period.

IX.13 AR Denarius 138 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. X, border of dots/ Dioscuri r., be!. P. PAETVS, in exergue ROMA, line border [broad flan] Weight: 4.1 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 455; Crawford 233/1 Issuer: P. PAETVS = P. (Aelius) Paetus. 34 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

X. LATER DENARIUS AND AFFILIATED ISSUES 137-128 BCE

This period, starting with the extraordinary issues X.1 and X.2, marks a sea-change in the design of the Denarii, and indeed for ancient coinage in general. The Denarius of Ti. Veturius (X.1) is the first such issue not to feature the head of 'Roma' on the obverse. Henceforth it was now not just the reverse that was subject to experimentation. In addition, the reverse of Veturius' Denarius seems to offer one of the rare instances where the imagery of a coin diverges from extant literary sources.

The rapid rise in aggressively "private" types is often linked to a law of 139 BCE (the lex Gabinia) that provided for the secret ballot in popular elections, a reform that made it significantly more difficult for Rome's elite to control the citizen vote.

However development is a bit difficult to trace, since the chronology offered here (following Crawford) is not watertight. C.A. Hersh has argued on stylistic grounds that X.5 and 6 should be placed after X.7 and 8, and on the hoard evidence has questioned the date of X.15, which Crawford assigns to 130 BCE, placing this issue and also that of Xl.1, Xl.5-7, X.18 and Xl.8 (in that order) before X.13 and 14 (dated by Crawford to 131 BCE).

In this period the images that moneyers select show a marked emphasis on military virtue (with depictions of the "imperial" god Jupiter, Victory, etc.) to underline their fitness for office. They also sometimes use legends to identify figures represented (see X.2), a mannerism that lasts until 109 or 108 BCE.

X.1 AR Denarius 137 BCE Bust of Mars r., helmet adorned with plumes and crest, beh. X, Tl.VE (downwards), [border of dots] / Two soldiers facing, carrying spears, swords touching pig held by man kneeling between them, head turned 1., ab. ROMA, line border Weight: 4.2 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 527; Crawford 234/1 EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 35

Issuer: TI.VE = Ti. Ye(turius), perhaps (thus E. Badian) a son of Ti. Veturius Gracchi f. Sempronianus, augur from 174 BCE. Crawford sug­ gests that the obverse is meant to recall an ancestor, Ti. Yeturius Philo, priest of Mars (Flamen Martialis) starting in 204 BCE. He further argues that the reverse depicts an early or variant version of the story of the Caudine Forks debacle (321 BCE) in the Second Samnite War, where the ratification of the treaty that allowed a Roman army to escape alive was honored. If so, the scene would have a direct contemporary rele­ vance to the surrender treaty of 137 BCE that the consul C. Hostilius Mancinus had struck with the people of Numantia in Spain.

X.2 AR Denarius 137 BCE (image p. 72) Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef. X (under chin), beh. jug, [border of dots] / She-wolf r., nursing twins (Romulus on r.?) and looking back at them. Bef. SEX. PQ.[?M], beh. Faustulus leaning on staff r., right arm reaching upwards, [beh. f_OSTLVS]. In background, tree with birds, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 461 or 461a; Crawford 235/la Issuer: SEX. POM, usually assumed= Sex. Pom(peius), praetor by 121. The type is a "public" one, full of allusions to the Romulus myth. 36 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

X.3 AR Denarius 137 BCE (image p. 4) Helmeted head of 'Roma' I., bef. X, beh. TAMPIL. (upwards), border of dots / Apollo in quadriga r. with bow, arrows and (?) branch, be!. ROMA, in exergue M. BAEBI. Q.F, line border Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 489; Crawford 236/lc Issuer: M.BAEBI. Q.F TAMPIL. = M. Baebi(us) Q.f. Tamp(h)il(us). The head of 'Roma' on obverse is turned (unusually) left; the reverse shows the first appearance of Apollo on this denomination, with ROMA and moneyer's name here exchanging their usual positions.

X.4 AR Denarius 136 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef. X (under chin), beh. TRIO, line bor­ der within border of dots/ Dioscuri on horseback r., ab. two stars, be!., CN.LVCR, in exergue ROMA, line border within border of dots Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 450; Crawford 237/la Issuer: CN.LVCR TRIO= Cn. Lucr(etius) Trio, reviving the traditional Denarius type.

X.5

X.5 AR Denarius ?136 BCE Helmeted head of Romar., bef. -Xesymbol (below chin), beh. GRAGV (downwards), border of dots/ Jupiter in quadriga r., be!. L.ANTES (in monogram), in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 451; Crawford 238/1 Issuer: L.ANTES GRAGV = L. Antestius Gragulus. Here appears a new mark of value: ~ ("star") = X. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 37

X.6 AR Denarius ?136 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. wreath, [~ symbol], be!. ROMA, bor­ der of dots / Dioscuri riding apart, heads turned back, in exergue C.SERVEILI.M.F, border of dots Weight: 3.70 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 525; Crawford 239/1 Issuer: C.SERVEILI.M.F = C. Servili(us) M.f. Now ROMA moves to the obverse for the first time; the reverse shows a novel variation of the Dioscuri type, presumably (thus Crawford) an allusion to the moneyer's descent from P. Servilius Geminus ("twin"), consul 252 and II 248.

X.7 AR Denarius 135 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r. bef. X (below chin), beh. TRIG (upwards), [border of dots]/ [Diademed] Juno in quadriga r., [crowned by Victory], be!. C.CVR[.F], in exergue ROMA, line border Sydenham 459; Crawford 240/la Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 18 mm. Issuer: C.CVR F TRIGE = C. Curiatius F(ilius) Trigeminus, reproduc­ ing the type of IX.10, by the earlier Trigeminus (presumably this man's father, though striking just seven years previous). This coin and X.8 are the last in this period to use X as a valuation mark; but for a revival in the latter half of the 120s BCE see XI.13 and 14.

X.8 AR Denarius 135 BCE (image p. 38) Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. ROMA (downwards), bef. X (below chin), border of dots / Spiral column with togate statue on top and two bells, with two lions at base; behind each of lions, ears of wheat; on I. togate man holding loaves (or dish), his foot on modius (=grain mea­ sure); on r. togate man holding lituus ( = augur's staft); ab. C AVG (divided by togate statue on column), border of dots Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 463; Crawford 242/1 Issuer: C.AVG = C. (Minucius) Aug(urinus). The reverse type shows the Columna Minucia, allegedly a monument to L. Minucius Augurinus, said to have distributed grain in Rome at a reduced price at the time of a shortage in 440 BCE; family members (with perhaps the early third century BCE augur M. Minucius Faesus on right) flank the column, which is one of the earliest family monuments to appear on a coin. 38 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

X.9 AR Denarius 134 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. -Xesymbol, border of dots / Spiral col­ umn with statue [with staff] on top, two wheat ears at foot; on I. togate man holding loaves (or dish), his foot on modius; on r. togate man hold­ ing lituus; on I. (upwards) Tl.MINYCI, (downwards) AVGVRINI C.F, ab. ROMA (divided by column), border of dots Weight: 11.0 gm. Size: 23 mm. Sydenham 494; Crawford 243/1 Issuer: Tl.MINVCI AVGVRINI C.F = Ti. Minucius C.f. Augurinus, replicating iconography of X.8. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 39

X.10 AE Triens 133 BCE Head of Minerva r., border of dots / C.NVMITORI ab. prow r., bef. four pellets, bel. ROMA, line border Weight: 5.7 gm. Size: 21 mm. Sydenham 467a; Crawford 246/3 Issuer: C.NVMITORI = C. Numitori(us) C.f., who must be father of the C. Numitorius C.f. attested as senator in 101 BCE.

X.11 AE Quadrans 133 BCE Head of Hercules in boar skin r., beh. three pellets, border of dots/ [C.] NVMITRI (!)ab.prow r., bef. three pellets, bel. [ROMA] Weight: 3.04 gm. Size: 16 mm. Sydenham 467b; Crawford 246/4a Issuer: C.NVMITORI = C. Numitori(us) C.f. (see above on X.11). Possibly an (ancient) imitation of an official Roman issue.

X.12 AR Denarius 131 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef. (below chin)~ symbol, beh. flamen's cap, border of dots / Mars in quadriga r., bel. (in monogram) L.POST.ALB, in exergue ROMA, border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 472; Crawford 252/1 Issuer: L.POST ALB= L. Post(umius) Alb(inus). The apex (conical cap) on obverse as well as the whole reverse type commemorates (indirectly) his father, L. Postumius Albinus, consul 154 and Flamen Martialis (priest of Mars). The moneyer himself was later Flamen (of Mars? Or of Quirinus = the deified Romulus?).

X.13 AR Denarius 131 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bel. (r.) ~ symbol, beh. wreath, border of dots I Victory in quadriga r., bel. L.OPEIMI, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 473; Crawford 253/1 Issuer: L.OPEIMI = L. Opimi(us), consul 121, and perhaps brother of M. Op(e)imius, moneyer in same year (X.14). 40 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

X.14 AR Denarius 131 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. [~ symbol], beh. tripod, [border of dots]/ Apollo in biga r., quiver hanging from shoulder, about to shoot arrow, be!. M.OPEIM[l], in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 16 mm. Sydenham 475; Crawford 254/1 Issuer: M.OPEIMI = M. Opimi(us), on whom see X.13.

X.15 AR Denarius ?130 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. ~ symbol, around (clockwise) M. ACILIVS. M.F. between two rows of dots/ Hercules, with club and tro­ phy, in quadriga r., in exergue ROMA, border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 511; Crawford 255/1 Issuer M. ACILIVS. M.F. = M. Acilius M.f. The choice of Hercules on reverse may allude to M.' Acilius Glabrio, consul 191 BCE, who after defeating Antioch us Ill in Greece at Thermopylae and taking Heracleia, sacrificed to Hercules at Oeta, held to be the site of his pyre.

X.16 AR Denarius 129 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef rr.-,beh. anchor, border of dots/ Venus in biga r., being crowned by Cupid, ab. ROMA, be!. SEX.IVLI, in exer­ gue CAISAR, line border Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 476; Crawford 258/1 Issuer: SEX.IVLI CAISAR = Sex. lulius Caesar, praetor 123. "The reverse type alludes to the descent of the lulii from Venus by way of EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 41

Aeneas and Ascanius-Iulus", points out Crawford, arguing further that "the anchor on the obverse ... should be regarded as referring to Aeneas' arrival in Italy from overseas". For a similar type by a member of the Julian family, see XIII.8.

X.17 AR Denarius 129 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. -Xesymbol, [border of dots]/ Helmeted rider holding spear, r., beh. Macedonian helmet with goat's horns, bel. Q.PILIPYS, in exergue ROMA, border of dots Weight: 2.8 gm. Size: 18 mm Sydenham 477; Crawford 259/1 Issuer: Q.PILIPVS = Q. (Marcius) P(h)ilip(p)us, apparently grandson of Q. Marcius Philippus (consul II 169), who fought against Perseus in the Third Macedonian War. Hence perhaps the reverse type; or the allusion (also?) is to the Macedonian monarch Philip V, and thence to the mon­ eyer's cognomen. See also XII.10.

X.18 AR Denarius ?128 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. wreath, bel. ROMA, border of dots/ Victory in biga r., bel. ear of wheat, in exergue T.CLOVLI, line border Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 516; Crawford 260/1 Issuer: T.CLOVLI = T. Clouli(us), copying the obverse type of X.6. This coin (unusually for this period) omits a mark of value-unless it is con­ cealed on reverse, construed as the spokes of the chariot wheel. The ear of wheat refers to distributions of grain. 42 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

XI. LATER DENARIUS AND AFFILIATED ISSUES 128-119 BCE

The chronology of the earlier part of this period is uncertain, since cer­ tain issues that Crawford has attached to 128 and 126 BCE (XI.l and 5- 8) may fall a few years earlier (see above, X Introduction). It would be good to have greater precision, not least because the moneyer responsi­ ble for Xl.5, C. Cassius, in addition to a remarkably strident "personal" Denarius type, also introduced two (unique) oddball denominations, a bronze 'Dodrans' (9/12 of an As) and 'Bes' (8/12 of an As) (Sydenham 503, 504; Crawford 266/2, 266/3).

But starting in 124 BCE it does seem that we see a shift from "personal" types to "public" imagery, lasting down to 115 BCE. Also from 124 BCE we find random oscillation on Denarii of the "star" X value symbol (i.e., -Xe)and X (compare the exactly contemporaneous XI.11 and 13)-or no mark of value (XI.15).

XI.l AR Denarius ?128 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. -Xesymbol, border of dots/ Goddess (Pax?), in biga, driving r., bel. elephant's head with bell attached, further bel. ROMA, line border Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 496; Crawford 262/1 Issuer: anonymous (most unusually for this period), but should be a Caecilius Metellus (the future consul 119? or 117?). The elephant's head on the reverse (indirectly) commemorates the victory of L. Caecilius Metellus (consul 251) over the Carthaginians at Panormus in 250 BCE, and the capture of the enemy commander Hasdrubal's elephants.

Xl.2 AR Denarius 127 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef. (below chin) -Xesymbol, beh. ROMA (upwards), border of dots / Macedonian shield, decorated with ele­ phant's head, around M.METELLVS Q.F., laurel-wreath border Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 480 var.; Crawford 263/la var. Issuer: M.METELLVS Q.F. = M. Caecilius Q.f. Q.n. Metellus, consul 115. The shield and laurel-wreath on the reverse of the coin allude to the EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 43

XI.2

Macedonian victory in 148 BCE of the moneyer's father, Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus (praetor 148, consul 143); for the elephant's head see on XI.1. This is an early example of a moneyer's commemoration of his family history-indeed, of a man still alive, since the decease of Macedonicus came only in 115 BCE.

XI.3 AR Denarius 127 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef. -Xesymbol, beh. lituus, bel. ROMA, border of dots / Horseman with shield inscribed M and spear fighting horseman who has lost his shield and is wielding sword, whip on ground between them, in exergue C.SERVEIL, line border Weight: 3.99 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 483; Crawford 264/1 Issuer: C.SERVEIL = C. Servil(ius) (Vatia?). Crawford suggests that the obverse (i.e., the lituus, or augur's stall) and reverse (with shield inscribed 'M') commemorate the moneyer's ancestor, M. Servilius Pulex Geminus, consul 202, and accomplished at single combat.

XI.4 AR Denarius 127 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. ROMA (downward), bef. Q.MAX (upwards), -Xesymbol, border of dots / Cornucopiae (upwards) across center of thunderbolt, border of fruits and cereals Weight: 3.84 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 478; Crawford 265/1 Issuer: Q.MAX = Q. (Fabius) Max(imus), most probably Eburnus, con­ sul 116. The reverse type resembles bronzes of Valentia (so Sydenham), and alludes to victories of Q. Fabius Servilianus (consul 142) in Spain. 44 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Xl.5 AR Denarius ?126 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. ~ symbol, voting urn; border of dots / Libertas carrying pileus (freedman's cap) and vindicta (rod of enfran­ chisement) in quadriga r., beh. C.CASSI, in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 4.0 gr Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 502; Crawford 266/1 Issuer: C.CASSI = C. Cassi(us) (Longinus?, the consul 96?), commemo­ rating the actions of a living relative, i.e., L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla (consul 127, perhaps his father) as tribune 137 BCE. The urn (obverse) and Libertas (reverse) refer to Ravilla's voting law (lex Cassia tabellaria), which introduced the secret ballot to almost all popular trials.

Xl.6 AE Triens ?126 BCE Helmeted head of Minerva r., ab. four pellets, border of dots/ Prow r., bef. four pellets, ab. T. Q, be!. ROMA, line border Weight: 17.08 gm. Size: 28 mm. Sydenham 506a [var.?]; Crawford 267/3 var. Issuer: T. Q = T. Q(uinctius?) (Flamininus?), if so, probably a son of T. Quinctius Flamininus, consul 123.

Xl.7 AE Quadrans ?126 BCE Head of Hercules in lion's skin r., beh. three pellets, border of dots / Prow r., ab. T. Q, be!. ROMA, bef. three pellets, line border Weight: 3.38 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 506b; Crawford 267/4 Issuer: T. Q = T. Q(uinctius?) (Flamininus?); see above on XI.6. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 45

XI.8 AR Denarius ? 126 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. ~ symbol, border of dots/ Q. Fabius Pictor seated I. on chair, wearing cuirass and helmet, holding apex (con­ ical cap) in r. hand and spear in I. hand, beh. shield inscribed QVI I RIN; N.FABI (upwards); bef. PICTOR (downwards), in exergue ROMA, line border Weight: 3.76 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 517; Crawford 268/la Issuer: N.FABI PICTOR = N. Fabi(u)s Pictor, depicting his presumptive grandfather, Q. Fabius Pictor (praetor in 189 BCE, as well as Flamen Quirinalis). E. Badian points out that the legend on the reverse on shield should be expanded QVIRIN(i); thus the depiction is of the Flamen sit­ ting in the arma Quirini ("arms of Quirinus", i.e., the deified Romulus), presumably in preparation for the festival of the Quirinalia, celebrated annually on 17 February.

XI.9 AR Denarius ? 126 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. ~ symbol, bel. M, border of dots/ Q. Fabius Pictor seated I. on chair, wearing cuirass and helmet, holding apex in r. hand and spear in I. hand, beh. shield inscribed QVI I RIN, bef. PICTOR, beh. N.FABI (upwards), in exergue ROMA, ab. M, line bor- der ..... Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 517a; Crawford 268/lb Issuer: see above on XI.8. This is the first use of control letters (to iden­ tify dies) on the Denarius coinage. 46 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Xl.10 AR Denarius 125 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef. ~, beh. ROMA (downwards), border of dots / Jupiter with thunderbolt in biga of elephants 1., Victory with wreath flying r. above, in exergue C.METELLVS, border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 485; Crawford 269/1 Issuer: C.METELLVS = C. (Caecilius) Metellus (Caprarius), consul 113, censor 102. For the reverse iconography (commemorating an ances­ tor's victory in the First Punic War) see on Xl.1.

Xl.11 AR Denarius 125 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. LAECA (downwards), bef. -Xesymbol, border of dots / Libertas r. in quadriga, holding rod and pileus; ab. Victory flying 1., with wreath, bel. M.PORC, in exergue ROMA, line bor­ der Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 513; Crawford 270/1 Issuer: M.PORC LAECA = M. Porc(ius) Laeca. The reverse type, holds Crawford, refers to the (second century BCE) Porcian laws on provoca­ tio (i.e. appeal of a magistrate's verdict in a criminal trial); see Xll.16.

Xl.12 AR Denarius (mule) 124 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. (downwards) LAECA, bef. -Xesymbol, border of dots/ Jupiter with scepter and thunderbolt on quadriga r., bel. rostrum (ship's beak), in exergue Q.FABI, border of dots Weight 3.3 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 513/532; Crawford 270/273 EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 47

Issuer(s): see on XI.11 and XI.13, with this hybrid coin combining an obverse and reverse die from each of their issues.

XI.13 AR Denarius 124 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef. LABEO (upwards), beh. ROMA (downwards), X under chin, border of dots/ Jupiter in quadriga r., hold­ ing scepter and thunderbolt, be!. rostrum (?), in exergue Q.FABI, border of dots Weight: 3.92 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 532; Crawford 273/1 Issuer: Q.FABI LABEO = Q. Fabi(us) Labeo, reviving X as a value mark on the obverse. If it is a rostrum (ship's beak) on the reverse, the allusion is probably to the naval victories and triumph (189-188 BCE) of Q. Fabius Labeo (later consul 183 BCE).

XI.14 AR Denarius 120 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. ROMA (downwards), border of dots / Victory in quadriga carrying palm branch, ab. wreath, be!. X, in exer­ gue M.TVLLI, border of dots Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 21 mm. Sydenham 531; Crawford 280/1 Issuer: M.TVLLI = M. Tulli(us), perhaps the father of M. Tullius Decula (consul 81 BCE). Note (anachronistic) X mark of value on reverse, and the unusual wreath above horses; but in general this revives the iconography of earlier "public" types.

XI.15 AR Denarius 119 BCE Head of Janus laureate, around M.FOVRI.L.F (counterclockwise), bor­ der of dots / Female figure standing I. crowning trophy and carrying scepter, beh. ROMA (upwards), carnyx I. of trophy, shield r. of trophy, in exergue PHLI, border of dots Weight: 3.78 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 529; Crawford 281/1 Issuer: M.FOVRI.L.F PHLI = M. Furi(us) L.f. Ph(i)l(us), presumably son of the consul 136. On the reverse note the full-figure 'Roma' (the first on the coinage of the Republic), and the carnyx (Celtic war horn), which indicates that the trophy at right is Gallic; no doubt the type alludes to the recent (120 BCE) triumphs over the Gallic Allobroges and Arverni. 48 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

XII. LATER DENARIUS AND AFFILIATED ISSUES 118-107 BCE

The foundation of the new Roman colony of Narbo (= modern Narbonne) in Gaul in 118 BCE (Xll.1-4) was accompanied by the mint­ ing of a most unusual serrated Denarius issue. The coins show that the colonial commissioners (Jlviri coloniae deducendae) for Narbo, L. Licinius Crassus (later consul 95) and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (con­ sul 96), employed five junior associates as moneyers; presumably the law establishing the colony gave the commissioners the authority to mint. This type of administrative group is unparalleled for the Republic, as is the probable purpose of the issue, namely to finance the colonial foun­ dation. As it happens, the Narbo coins are one of precisely two for the second century for which we independently have a reasonably secure date: see XIV.3 for the other (100 BCE). Most of the other issues for this sub-period admit only approximate dating in a two-year range; but note Xll.23 for a more extreme example.

Starting in 116 or 115 BCE we see a resurgence of "personal" types, some spectacular (e.g., Xll.6 and 8), and on the whole marked by a forceful approach to family commemoration (for a more subtle excep­ tion, see the obverse of Xll.11). We also see in this period-which saw its share of military crises, especially in the Gallic north-the Senate having quaestors step in to act as moneyers (Xll.6, 11, 18, cf. 13). Here we also perhaps find the first appearance of the legend 'ex argento pub­ lico' ("from the public silver"), which C.T. Barlow has persuasively inter­ preted as a sign that the Romans were drawing from a special reserve EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 49 fund, the sanctius aerarium, technically restricted for use in Gallic emer­ gencies: see XII.14 (112 or 111 BCE), also XIII.11, XIV.I.

XII.1 AR Denarius Serratus 118 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. ROMA,~ symbol (all downwards), bef. M.AVRELI, border of dots/ Bearded warrior in biga holding vari­ ous objects and throwing spear, beh. SCAVRI, in exergue L.LIC.CN.DOM, border of dots Weight: 3.7 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 523; Crawford 282/1 Issuer: M.AVRELI SCAVRI = M. Aurelius Scaurus, with associates: cf. L. Cosconius (XIl.2), C. Malleolus, L. Pomponius (XII.3) and L. Porcius Licinus (XIl.4). Scaurus was perhaps quaestor in Asia in the late second century BCE.

XII.2 AR Denarius Serratus 118 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., around (counterclockwise) L.COSCO.M.F, border of dots / Bearded warrior in biga holding various objects and throwing spear, in exergue L.LIC.CN.DOM, border of dots Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 521; Crawford 282/2 Issuer: L. COSCO M.F. = L. Cosco(nius) M.f. (with associates).

XII.3 AR Denarius Serratus 118 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., around (counterclockwise) L.POMf.'ON CNF~ symbol, border of dots/ Bearded warrior in biga holding carnyx and throwing spear, in exergue L.LIC.CN.DOM, border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 522; Crawford 282/4 Issuer: L.POMPON CN.F = L. Pompon(ius) Cn.f. (with associates).

XII.4 AR Denarius Serratus 118 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., around L.PORCI. LICI ~ symbol, border of dots / Warrior in biga with shield and carnyx, throwing spear, riding r., in exergue CN.DOM, border of dots Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 520; Crawford 282/5 Issuer: L.PORCI. LICI = L. Porci(us) Lici(nus) (with associates). 50 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Xll.5 AR Denarius 118 or 117 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. ~ symbol, border of dots/ Victory in quadriga r., bearing wreath, bel. ROMA, in exergue Q.MAR.CF.LR, border of dots Weight: 3.77 gm. Size: 15 mm. Sydenham 541; Crawford 283/la Issuers: Q.MAR.CF.LR = Q. Mar(cius) (?), not admitting close identifi­ cation; names of other (two) colleagues-supplemented e.g., C. (F(abius) and L. R(oscius)-are quite uncertain.

Xll.6 AR Denarius 116 or 115 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef. EX S.C., beh. ROMA, ~ symbol (downwards), border of dots/ Horseman (horse rearing) 1., beh. forelegs P, rider carries sword and (enemy) head, bel. M.SERGI, in exergue SILVS, border for dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 534 = 544; Crawford 286/1 Issuer: M.SERGI SILVS = M. Sergi(us) Silus, minting as Q(uaestor) EX S( enatus) C( onsulto) (= "quaestor by decree of the Senate"). The reverse should portray his ancestor M. Sergius Silus, praetor 197, who in his youth fought left-handed after having lost his right hand in battle.

Xll.7 AR Denarius 115 or 114 BCE Head of 'Roma' r. in winged (Corinthian) helmet, beh. X, bel. RC>_JY:l[A], border of dots/ Helmeted 'Roma', spear in r. hand, sitting r. on shield, bef. she-wolf r. nursing twins, bird on each side, border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 21 mm. Sydenham 530; Crawford 287/1 EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 51

The anonymous issue, and emphasis on "public" imagery, is remarkable for this era. The reverse type was later revived on an Imperial Aureus of Titus (77-78 CE).

XII.8 AR Denarius 114 or 113 BCE Laureate 'Roma' bust r. with triple necklace and diadem, bef. ROMA (upwards, spaced), beh. ~ symbol, border of dots / Three arches inscribed 1 E P, supporting equestrian statue with spear and cuirass [wearing wreath], around MN.AE[M]ILIO (tiny 0), border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 554; Crawford 291/1 Issuer: MN.AEMILIO = M.' Aemilius Lepidus, possibly son of M. Lepidus, consul 126 BCE. The reverse shows (most likely) an aqueduct, namely the one begun by the censors M. Aemilius Lepidus and M. Fulvius Nobilior in 179/178 BCE-and completed in 144/143 BCE by the praetor 144 Q. Marcius Rex, in spite of some powerful opposition by another M. Aemilius Lepidus.

XII.9 AR Denarius 113 or 112 BCE Helmeted 'Roma' bust I., with shield and spear, ab. crescent facing upwards, bef. ~ symbol, beh. ROMA (upwards), border of dots / Two togate voters on bridge, one placing ballot in cista (basket), the other receiving ballot from man below; ab. [P].NERVA, in background two bars (barrier) and top bar with tablet inscribed P (initial of tribe voting), border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 548; Crawford 292/1 Issuer: P.NERVA = P. (Licinius) Nerva. On the obverse, suggests Crawford, the crescent above the head of 'Roma' recalls Diana. 52 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

XII.to AR Denarius 113 or 112 BCE Head of Philip V r. wearing diadem and royal Macedonian helmet, bel.

XII.11 AR Denarius 113 or 112 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., under chin X, beh. ROMA (downwards), torque forming border I Horseman, shield prominent, charging I, ab. r. Q, be!. L.TORQVA, in exergue EX.S.C., border of dots Weight: 3.89 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 545; Crawford 295/1 Issuer: L.TORQVA = L. (Manlius) Torquatus; he strikes as quaestor EX S(enatus) C(onsulto) ("on decree of the Senate"). The torque on obverse is an allusion to ancestor T Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus over a Gaul in single combat in (traditionally) 361 BCE.

XII.12 AR Denarius (brockage) 112 or 111 BCE Helmeted head of Mars r., ab. ~ symbol, bef. (Cn.) BLASIO.CN.F I mirror image of obverse ···························· Weight: 4.08 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 561; Crawford 296/1a EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 53

Issuer: (Cn.) BLASIO.CN.F. = Cn. (Cornelius) Cn.f. Blasio. When mint­ ing this issue a struck coin had lodged itself in the upper (=reverse) die, causing an incuse impression of the obverse on the reverse of the next blank placed between the dies.

XII.13 AR Denarius 112 or 111 BCE Bust of Hercules, head I., with club; border of dots/ Two horses gallop­ ing I., with rider on nearer; be!. rat(?) between TI Q., in exergue D.S.S., [border of dots] Weight: 3.86 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 563; Crawford 297/lb Issuer: TI Q.= Ti. Q(uinctius?) or Q(uinctilius?), evidently copying the legend TI Q on reverse from that of XI.6. D.S.S. = D(e) S(enatus) S(ententia) = "by decree of the Senate".

XII.14 AR Denarius 112 or 111 BCE Bust of Apollo (?) I., with thunderbolt; beh. (in monogram) AP, border of dots / Two figures (Lares) r., each with staff, one stroking a dog between them, above \'.t1_l~;a_11__<1_111 __ t()_11_g~, on. I. (in monogram) LA, on r. (in monogram) PRE, in exergue L.CAESI, border of dots Weight: 3.98 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 564; Crawford 298/1 Issuer: L.CAESI = L. Caesius, perhaps identical with L. Caesius C.f., praetor by I 04, or alternately his son. Crawford suggests for the mono­ grams (obverse) AP(ollo) and (reverse) LA(res) PR(a)E(stites) ("guardian Lares"). But the obverse may rather show the Latin deity Veiovis, which implies expansion of the monogram to (ex) A(rgento P(ublico), "from the public silver" (on which see XII introduction).

XII.15 AR Denarius 111 or 110 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. square device, border of dots/ Victory in triga r., in exergue [A].J;>,CL.T.MANL.Q.V~,border of dots Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 570; Crawford 299/la Issuers: AP.CL. = Ap. Cl(audius) (Pulcher), praetor 89 and consul 79; T.MANL = possibly T. Manl(lius) (Mancinus), tribune 107, unless the monogram is indeed T.MAL, i.e., T. Mal(oleius) or T. Mal(lius); QVR = (probably) Q. Ur(binus). Note the (rare) triga (= three horse chariot). 54 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Xll.16 AR Denarius 110 or 109 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., bef. X, beh. P.LAECA (downwards), ab. ROMA, border of dots/ Imperator I., stretching right hand over head of togatus on his I., who raises r. hand in appeal, on r., lictor with rods, in exergue PROVOCO, [border of dots] Weight: 3.6 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 571; Crawford 301/1 Issuer: P.LAECA = P. (Porcius) Laeca, plebeian tribune before 90 BCE. The reverse depicts the appeal (provocatio) of a civilian against a military commander, which one of the Porcian laws of the second century BCE had made possible (cf. also Xl.11).

Xll.17 AR Denarius 109 or 108 BCE Radiate head of Sol r., under chin X, border of dots/ Diana (Luna) in biga r., ab. crescent moon and three stars, be!. star, MN.AQVIL, in exer­ gue ROMA, border of dots Weight: 3.6 gm. Size: 15 mm. Sydenham 557; Crawford 303/1 Issuer: MN.AQVIL = M.' Aquillius, probably the consul 101. For the Sun motif, see also the roughly contemporaneous Xll.23.

Xll.18 AR Denarius 109 or 108 BCE 'Roma' head with decorated helmet r., beh. ~ symbol, ab. ROMA, bef. CERCO (upwards), border of dots/ Oared galley r., ab. Q.LVTATI I Q, around oak wreath, border of dots Weight: 3.58 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 559; Crawford 305/1 EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 55

Issuer: Q.LVTATI CERCO = Q. Lutati(us) Cereo, minting as quaestor. The reverse alludes to the victory of C. Lutatius Catulus (consul 242) at the Aegates Islands in 241 BCE, which ended the First Punic War.

XII.19 AR Denarius 108 or 107 BCE Bust of Victory r., under chin ~ symbol, border of dots / Mars I. lean­ ing on spear, carrying trophy; beh. grain-ear, bef. apex, L.VALERI FLACCI (downwards), border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 565; Crawford 306/1 Issuer: L.VALERI FLACCI = presumably L. Valerius L.f. L.n. Flaccus, consul 100 BCE (and if so, monetalis at a relatively advanced stage of his career). The apex (priest's conical cap) on the reverse commemorates the moneyer's father, a Flamen of Mars (and consul 131 BCE).

XII.20 AR Denarius 108 or 107 BCE Diademed head of Pietas r., beh. PIETA~, bel. (under chin) Q, border of dots / Anapias or Amphinomus running r., carrying his father, beh. M.HERENNI (downwards), border of dots Weight: 3.86 gm. Size: 16 mm. Sydenham 567; Crawford 308/la Issuer: M.HERENNI = M. Herennius, later consul 93 BCE. Note the position of the control mark (Q) on obverse. The reverse shows the story of the brothers Anapias and Amphinomus of Catania (Sicily), renowned for their filial piety in rescuing their parents from an eruption of Mt. Etna by carrying them on their shoulders. 56 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Xll.21 AR Denarius Serratus (mule) 108 or 107 + 81 BCE Diademed head of Pietas r., beh .. PIETA[S], border of dots / Ploughman with team of oxen I., ab. XVIII, border of dots Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 56la-744; Crawford 308/lb-378/la This coin is a hybrid combining an obverse and reverse die that belong to different issues. Issuer(s) = M. Herennius, later consul 93; and C. Marius C.f. Capito (moneyer in 81 BCE). XVIII on reverse= control numeral.

Xll.22 AE Uncia 108 or 107 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. single pellet, border of dots / Double cornucopiae, on I., ROMA (downwards), border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 16 mm. Sydenham 568b; Crawford 308/4b This anonymous piece may belong to the issue of M. Herennius (see Xll.20-21).

Xll.23 AR Denarius 118 to 107 BCE Head of 'Roma' with plumed helmet r., beh. SER (downwards), bef. ROMA (upwards), border of dots / Sol in quadriga facing, between stars. On I. (top) X, on r. (top) crescent, be!. A.MANLI.Q.F beneath waves (?), border of dots Weight: 3.9 gm. Size: 22 mm. Sydenham 543; Crawford 309/1 Issuer: A.MANLI.Q.F SER = A. Manli(us) Q.f. Ser(gia?, i.e., showing tribal affiliation) or Ser(gianus?, i.e., showing adoptive status), possibly the legate (of praetorian rank) active in the Numidian War 107-105 BCE. See also Xll.17 for the Sol/Luna motif.

Xlll. LATER DENARIUS AND AFFILIATED ISSUES 106-101 BCE

In 106 BCE the moneyer L. Cornelius Scipio Asiagenes introduced the practice of serration seen in the extraordinary Narbo issues (Xll.1-4) into the mainstream of Roman coinage. At the end of this period we find that "personal" types take a surprising new direction, specifically the commemoration of one person who was very much living-C. Marius, who held six consulships in the period 107-100 BCE-by several people EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 57 unrelated to him (XIII.10-13, an assortment of victory types of increas­ ing specificity).

XIII.I AR Denarius Serratus 106 BCE Laureate head of Jupiter I., beh. E (with dot), border of dots/ Jupiter in quadriga r., holding scepter and hurling thunderbolt, in exergue L.SCIP.ASIAG, border of dots Weight: 3.82 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 576; Crawford 311/la Issuer: L.SCIP.ASIAG = L. Cornelius Scipio Asiagenes (Asiaticus), con­ sul 83 BCE. On obverse, note control mark 'E' behind Jupiter.

XIII.2 AR Denarius Serratus 106 BCE Laureate head of Jupiter I., under chin T (with dot), border of dots / Jupiter in quadriga r., holding scepter and hurling thunderbolt, in exer­ gue L.SCIP.ASIAG, border of dots Weight: 3.86 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 576a; Crawford 311/lb Issuer: see on XIII.I. On obverse, note control mark 'T' before Jupiter.

XIII.3 AR Denarius Serratus 106 BCE Laureate head of Jupiter I., border of dots I Jupiter in quadriga r., hold­ ing scepter and thunderbolt, ab. K, in exergue L.SCIP.ASIAG, border of dots Weight: 3.86 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 576b; Crawford 311/lc Issuer: see on XIII.I. Here the control mark 'K' is on reverse. 58 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Xlll.4 AR Denarius Serratus 106 BCE Laureate head of Jupiter I., border of dots/ Jupiter in quadriga r., with scepter [and thunderbolt], in exergue L.SCIP.ASIAG, border of dots Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 576c; Crawford 311/1e Issuer: see on Xlll.1. No control mark.

Xlll.5 AR Denarius Serratus 106 BCE Heads of Penates I., laureate, bef. DP [P] (downwards), border of dots I Two soldiers holding spears facing each other and pointing at sow on ground between them, ab. L., in exergue C.SVLPICI.C.F, border of dots Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 572; Crawford 312/1 Issuer: C.SVLPICI.C.F, = C. Sulpici(us) C.f. Obverse legend D.P.P. = D(ei) P(enates) P(ublici), a rare instance of a monogram identifying a deity. Crawford holds that the coin commemorates Aeneas' landing at Lavinium (in Latium, 30 km south of Rome)-home of the Sulpician family-and the myth of the later foundation of Alba Longa.

Xlll.6 AR Denarius 105 BCE Head of Juno Sospita in goat skin r., beh. l.S.M.~_(downwards), border of dots/ Bull charging r., ab. E, be!. L.THORIVS, in exergue BALBVS Weight: 3.84 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 598; Crawford 316/1 Issuer: L.THORIVS BALBVS = L. Thorius Balbus, later legate in Spain 79 BCE. The obverse refers to the cult of Juno Sospita at Lanuvium, his EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 59 place of origin; 'E' is a control mark; I.S.M.R. = I(uno) S(ospita) M(ater) R(egina) (= "Juno Sospita Mother Queen"). The bull on reverse (Latin 'taurus'), suggests Crawford, may allude to the moneyer's name.

XIIl.7 AR Denarius ?104 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' I., beh. L.SAT, border of dots / Helmeted head of 'Roma' I., beh. R, border of dots Weight: 3.88 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 579; Crawford 317/l Issuer: L.SAT = L. Appuleius Saturninus, quaestor sometime before 104 BCE (thus E. Badian), tribune of the plebs 103 and 100; H.B. Mattingly has argued for moving this coin to 101 BCE. Note the most unusual near-duplication of obverse on reverse; the R on reverse = control letter.

XIII.8 AR Denarius 103 BCE Head of Mars with plumed and crested helmet I., bef./ab. M, beh. CAE­ SAR (downwards), border of dots I Venus in biga of Cupids I., holding scepter; ab. M, bel. Cupids' lyre, in exergue L.IVLI L.F Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 17 mm. Sydenham 593a; Crawford 320/1 Issuer: L.IVLI L.F = L. Iuli(us) L.f. (Sex.n.) (Caesar) (consul 90 BCE). Mon obverse and reverse = control mark. Reverse type (cf. also X.16) refers to the claims of the Iulii to descend from Venus through Ascanius/Iulus. 60 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Xlll.9 AR Denarius 102 BCE Bust of Ceres with crown of wheat-ears 1., beh. F, bel. CJEICIAN (upwards), border of dots/ Yoke of oxen 1., ab. Q, in exergue L.CASSI, border of dots Weight: 3.95 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 594; Crawford 321/1 Issuer: L.CASSI CJEICIAN = L. Cassi(us) Caeician(us), commemorat­ ing the foundation of the temple of Ceres by Sp. Cassius as consul II 493; obverse 'F' and reverse 'Q' are control marks.

Xlll.10 AR Denarius 102 BCE Bust of Cybele with veil and turreted crown r., beh. K (with three dots), border of dots/ Victory with goad in biga r., bef. horses' front legs stork, in exergue C.FABI.C.F, border of dots Weight: 3.91 gm. Size: 22 mm. Sydenham 589; Crawford 322/la Issuer: C.FABI.C.F = (probably) C. Fabius C.f. Hadrianus, praetor by 84 BCE. The (obv.) Cybele and (rev.) Victory are "Marian" themes, while the bird (rev., apparently a buteo, a kind of falcon) may be the moneyer's (dubious) claim to descent from the patrician Fabii Buteones. Obverse (Greek) 'K' (with dots) is a control mark; denominational mark (:Xesymbol) seems to be in chariot wheel on reverse.

Xlll.11 AR Denarius 101 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. PY (downwards), laurel border / Victory with whip in biga r., ab. RVF, in exergue M.LVCILI, border of dots EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 61

Weight: 4.0 gm. Size: 22 mm. Sydenham 599; Crawford 324/1 Issuer: M.LVCILI RVF = M. Lucili(us) Ruf(us), with apparently another "Marian" victory type. PY on obverse = (ex) A(rgento) PV(blico ), for which see XII Introduction.

XIII.12 AR Denarius 101 BCE Helmeted head of 'Roma' r., beh. F (with dot)/ Triumphator (Marius?) in quadriga r., holding staff; on r. horse, small rider carrying laurel branch, ab. Q, in exergue C.FVNDAN Weight: 1.9 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 583; Crawford 326/1 Issuer: C.FVNDAN = C. Fundanius, striking as quaestor. On obverse 'F' with dot is control mark; in the triumphal scene on reverse the young rider on the near horse may be Marius' son (now age 8).

XIII.13 AR Quinarius 101 BCE Head of Jupiter, laureate, r., beh. T with dot, border of dots / Victory with palm branch r., crowning trophy, beh. trophy, kneeling prisoner I., beh. carnyx; on r., C.FVNDA (upwards), in exergue Q, border of dots Weight: 1.88 gm. Size: 14 mm. Sydenham 584; Crawford 326/2 Issuer: see on XIII.12. This revives a denomination not seen since ca. 208 BCE (see VI.6, 8-9), but with types reminiscent of the old "Victoriate" (for which see V.1-5). On the reverse the carnyx identifies the trophy (and prisoner) as Gallic-an allusion to one or both of Marius' victories over the Cimbri and Teutones in 102 and 101 BCE. 62 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

XIV. LATER DENARIUS AND AFFILIATED ISSUES 100-LATE 90S BCE

In the early years of this decade we see the continuation of "Marian" issues (for which see XIII.10-13), in both implicit and explicit form (compare XIV.1 and 4). But in general the coin issues of the 90s down to the start of the Social War (91 BCE) are sparse. The chronology for this sub-period is somewhat uncertain, for several issues assigned by Crawford to the middle 90s BCE (XIV.5-8) may indeed date to later in the decade, as H.B. Mattingly has argued.

XIV.1 AR Denarius 100 BCE Bust of Minerva 1., wearing Corinthian helmet and aegis, beh. RVLLI (upwards), border of dots / Victory in biga r. holding palm, below horses' feet P, in pseudo-exergue P.SERVILI.M.F, border of dots Weight: 3. 72 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 601; Crawford 328/1 Issuer: P.SERVILI.M.F RVLLI = P. Servili(us) M.f. Rullus, surely the father of the P. Servilius Rullus, the plebeian tribune who introduced a notorious land bill in 63 BCE. On reverse P = (ex) (argento) P(ublico), for which see XII Introduction. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 63

XIV.2 AR Denarius (brockage) 100 BCE Bust of Minerva I., wearing Corinthian helmet, beh. RVLLI (upwards), border of dots/ mirror image of obverse Weight: 3.92 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 601; Crawford 328/1 Issuer: see on XIV.I; also XII.12 for another "brockage".

XIV.3 AR Denarius 100 BCE Head of Saturn r., beh. harpa (sickle), ab. crescent(?), around (separated by harpa) PISO.CAEPIO.Q. (counterclockwise), border of dots/ Two men seated I., the first one with head turned round to see the second, between ears of wheat, in exergue AD.FRV.EMV EX.S.C, border of dots Weight: 3.8 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 603a; Crawford 330/1b Issuers: PISO = (L.) (Calpurnius) Piso (Caesoninus) (praetor ??90); CAEPIO = (presumably) (Q.) (Servilius) Caepio, praetor 91. Crawford must be right that this is a joint issue of the urban and Ostian quaestors; since Caepio is known to have been quaestor 100 BCE, the date is secure, The reverse, which bears an unusually specific legend ("for the purchase of grain, by decree of the Senate") and shows an idealized view of the two quaestors at work with Rome's grain supply, demonstrates that this issue was minted for an extraordinary purchase of wheat.

XIV.4 AR Quinarius 98 BCE Laureate head of Jupiter r., bel. K (with dot), line border / Victory r. crowning trophy with carnyx r. of it; bel. trophy, seated prisoner; in cen­ ter T.CLOVLI (downwards), in exergue Q Weight: 1.8 gm. Size: 15 mm. Sydenham 586a; Crawford 332/1b Issuer: T.CLOVLI = T. Clouli(us), a known Marian partisan striking (apparently) as a quaestor. On obverse 'K' with dot is a control mark; on the reverse the carnyx shows that the trophy is Gallic-an allusion to the recent victories of Marius. 64 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

XIV.5 AR Denarius ?97 BCE Laureate head of Apollo r., around L.POMPON.MOLO (counterclock­ wise), border of dots I Numa Pompilius holding lituus on I. side of altar, on r., attendant with goat, in exergue NVMA.POMPIL, border of dots Weight: 3.7 gm. Size: 20 mm. Sydenham 607; Crawford 334/1 Issuer: L.POMPON.MOLO = L. Pompon(ius) Molo, placed by Mattingly in 93 or 91 BCE. The reverse alludes to the alleged descent of the Pomponii from Pompo, son of Numa. This is the first of Rome's kings other than (the infant) Romulus to be depicted on a coin; others would follow in the period down to 49 BCE.

XIV.6 AR Denarius ?96 BCE Laureate head of Apollo r., bef. A.ALB.S.F (upwards), beh. L.METEL (downwards), border of dots I 'Roma' seated I. on shields, holding spear and sword and crowned by Victory behind; bef. C.MALL (downwards), in exergue ROMA, border of dots Weight: 3.78 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham 611; Crawford 335/la Issuers: A.ALB.S.F = A. (Postumius) S(p.)f. Alb(inus); L.METEL = L. (Caecilius) Metel(lus), praetor 71; C.MALL = C. (Publicius) Mall(eolus), presumably the quaestor of 80. This college of moneyers (for which see also XIV.7-8) may indeed date to 93 or 92 BCE, as H.B. Mattingly has forcefully argued. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 65

XIV.7 AR Denarius ?96 BCE Head of Mars, with crested and feathered helmet, r., bef. ~ symbol, ab. hammer, border of dots I Naked soldier standing I., holding spear with foot on cuirass; bef. trophy, beh. prow, above it C.MAL (upwards), bor­ der of dots Weight: 3.95 gm. Size: 18 mm. Sydenham 615; Crawford 335/3b Issuer: see XIV.6 (also on the date). Note on obverse revival of~ sym­ bol as Denarius mark of value. L. Pedroni argues that the reverse type depicts a statue restored in the late 90s BCE, and thus commemorates the moneyer's putative ancestor, the consul 232 BCE M. Publicius Malleolus.

XIV.8 AR Denarius ca. 96 BCE Laureate head of Apollo r., be!. X, beh. star (eight points?), be!. R, bor­ der of dots / Dioscuri I., holding spears, watering their horses (at the fountain of Juturna), be!. crescent, in exergue A.-ALBINVS.S.F, border of dots Weight: 3.88 gm. Size: 19 mm. Sydenham; 612c; Crawford 335/I0b Issuer: see XIV.6(also on the date). On obverse R =ROMA.The reverse shows Castor and Pollus watering their horses at the Lacus Iuturnae, a spring in the Roman Forum, after their fabled intervention at the battle of Lake Regillus (traditionally 496 BCE); the moneyer's putative ances­ tor, A. Postumius Albinus Regillensis, as dictator had secured victory for Rome in that battle. 66 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Appendix: Additional References and Concordances

1. Additional references

Dates for coin issues, explanations of coin types, and identification of moneyers in the previous pages generally follow those of M.H. Crawford in his 1974 Roman Republican Coinage. But below I have registered instances where I (1) have followed Crawford particularly closely (usu­ ally on controversial matters); or (2) have diverged from Crawford in favor of another authority; or (3) think that Crawford might be supple­ mented. Full references for Crawford, Sear and Sydenham can be found in the Preface (pp. 1-2 above); other citations should be intelligible as they stand.

Introduction Pp. 3-4 on the Roman name, see (most usefully) A.E. Gordon, Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy (1983) 17-33. Pp. 5-6: on the censors, see especially Crawford I pp. 42-43; the sketch of the Republican career path derives from T.C. Brennan in H.l. Flower (ed.), Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic (2004) 61-65. Pp. 6-7: charts after Sydenham p. xv; figures after Crawford II 590-597. On the chronology of semilibral and post-semilibral reductions: Crawford I pp. 43-46, II pp. 596 and 627 n. l; H.B. Mattingly, Numismatic Chronicle 1977 p. 203.

Rutgers Exhibition 1.2 Crawford II p. 716 suggests 260 BCE as a terminus for Aes Signatum.

Ill Introduction: on the repetition of Didrachm types in this period, Crawford II pp. 714-715. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 67

III.1-2 see Crawford I p. 713 ("military issues"); but for a date ca. 270 BCE see H.B. Mattingly, Numismatic Chronicle 1977 p. 202. 111.3on the Wolf and Twins, Crawford II p. 714. 111.7 for an association however with silver didrachm 111.1, see C.A. Hersh, Numismatic Chronicle 1977 p. 27.

IV Introduction: on military motifs in the earlier Second Punic War bronze issues, Crawford II pp. 719-720. IV.I on the prow reverse, Crawford II p. 718 n. 6. IY.3 in general on this issue see Crawford II p. 720.

V Introduction: Crawford Ip. 3, II p. 715 on the debased Quadrigatus. Y.l on the mint mark(s), Crawford I pp. 188-189. V.4 on the putative moneyer, Crawford Ip. 209.

VI Introduction: on the date of the Denarius, Crawford I pp. 24-35; W.T. Loomis, "The Introduction of the Denarius", in R.W. Wallace and E.M. Harris (eds.), Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360-146 B. C., in honor of E. Radian (1996) 338-355. VI. I on the type, Crawford II p. 720. VI.3 for the central Italian mint, Crawford I pp. 161-164. VI.8 see Crawford I pp. 183-187 on the wartime mint at Luceria.

VII Introduction: see Sear pp. 189-190 on the bronze types. VII.2 see Crawford I p. 164 on this coin's (light) weight standard.

IX Introduction: on the growing "entitlement" of moneyers in this era, Crawford II p. 726. On the ability to date Denarius issues from ca. 157- 31 BCE see H.B. Mattingly, Numismatic Chronicle 1977 p. 203. IX.2 identification of moneyer, Crawford I pp. 249-250. IX.6 see Sear p. 91 no. 90 on the obverse. IX.3 Crawford II p. 727 for the possibility that it is Venus on rev. prow. IX.7 see further Sydenham p. 49 on the flying Victory crowning the head of 'Roma' (with further parallels and valuable general remarks). IX.11 Sear p. 93 no. 104 on the value mark.

X Introduction: for the types of 137 BCE as a "paradigm shift" see A. Meadows and J. Williams, Journal of Roman Studies 91 (2001) 38. 68 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Departure of Veturius' type from literary sources: Crawford II 712 n. 1. On the indirect effects of the lex Gabinia see Crawford II p. 728. Suggestions for a revised chronology of the period: C.A. Hersh, Numismatic Chronicle 1977 pp. 24-27. X.1 on the iconography, see, in addition to Crawford I pp. 255-267, A.M. Burnett, Numismatic Chronicle 1977 p. 44. X.2 see Crawford I pp. 267-268 for more detail on the iconography. X.3 cf. Sear p. 95 no. 113. X.4 see Sear p. 95 no. 114 on this revival of the tradional Denarius type. X.5 Sear p. 96 no. 115 on the introduction of the new Denarius mark of value (but interpreting it as a monogram 'XVI'). X.6 Crawford I p. 271 on the choice of reverse type; cf. also Sear p. 96 no. 116. X.7 on the family relationship of the two Curiatii Trigemini minting in this era, see Crawford I p. 272. X.8 Sydenham p. 54 on the iconography of the reverse. X.10 for the date of C. Numitorius C.f. Lem. (attested as senator not in 129 but 101 BCE), cf. T.C. Brennan, The Praetorship in the Roman Republic (2000) 348 n. 80 (citing previous bibliography) and 671-673. X.12 Crawford Ip. 281, cf. II 729f on the commemorative iconography. X.15 Crawford II p. 727 for selection of reverse type. X.16 Crawford I p. 284 on obverse and reverse types. X.17 Crawford I p. 285 on the reverse type. X.18 Crawford II p. 729 on the reverse type.

Xl.2 Crawford Ip. 288 on the "family" type; cf. also Sear p. 99 no. 139. Xl.3 Crawford I p. 289 on the obverse and reverse types. XI.4 Sydenham p. 57 for the connection with the coins of Valentia. Xl.5 Crawford Ip. 290 on the choice of obverse and reverse types, also suggesting he is perhaps son of C. Cassius Longinus (consul 123 BCE). Xl.6 on the moneyer, see Crawford Ip. 291; on the family background, E. Badian, Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971) 102-111. Xl.8 the whole explanation of the reverse type is derived from E. Badian, Papers of the British School at Rome 52 (1984) 58 n. 21; on the control letters, see also Sear p. 100 no. 144. Xl.11 on the allusion to the Porcian laws, see Crawford Ip. 293. Xl.13 on the value mark, see Sear p. 101 no. 148. Xl.15 Crawford I p. 297 on the reverse type. EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 69

XII Introduction: see Crawford Ip. 30 with II p. 730 for the years 116- 115 BCE as a turning point in representations of ancestral achievement. On the "public silver", see C.T. Barlow, American Journal of Philology 98 (1977) 290-302, esp. 296. XII.7 for the revival of the reverse type, see Sear p. 104 no. 164. XII.8 Crawford I pp. 305-306 on the momeyer and reverse type. XII.9 Crawford II p. 725 on the obverse crescent. XII.10 see further Crawford I pp. 307-308 on the reverse iconography. XII.14 for obverse 'Apollo', see Crawford Ip. 312; for Veiovis, Sydenham p. 76, supported by R.E.A. Palmer, Roman Religion and Roman Empire (1974) 42-45, 208. XII.15 for QVR = Q. Ur(binius), Crawford Ip. 313; for 'Urbinus', see T.R.S. Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic III (1986) 209. On the rarity of the triga, see Sear p. 176 no. 106 (citing one other Republican example, from 79 BCE).

XIII Introduction: on the "mainstreaming" of the serrated Denarius, Crawford I p. 70. XIII.3 see further C.A. Hersh, Numismatic Chronicle 1977 p. 29 (Crawford 311/ld is same grouping as this coin). XIII.5 Crawford I p. 320 on the commemorative type. XIII.6 for the bull on reverse, Crawford Ip. 323, II 719 n. 8 XIII.7 on the date, H.B. Mattingly, Numismatic Chronicle 1977 205f; on the unusual twinning of obverse/reverse, Sear p. 109 nos. 194-195. XIII.9 Crawford I p. 326 on the commemorative obverse and reverse. XIII.10 on the obverse and reverse types, see the discussion by Crawford at I pp. 326-327, cf. II p. 730.

XIV Introduction: on the chronology of the 90s BCE (suggesting that some issues should be downdated to later in the decade), see H.B. Mattingly, Numismatic Chronicle 1977 204. XIV.3 on the date, moneyers and reverse type, Crawford I pp. 330-331. XIV.4 on the "Marian" nature of this type, see Crawford Ip. 332. XIV.7 the interpretation is that of L. Pedroni, Ancient History Bulletin 16 (2002) 175-181; cf. also Sear p. 113 no. 216 on the mark of value. XIV.8 Crawford I p. 335 on the reverse type. 70 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

2a. Concordance: Sydenham-Rutgers exhibit (coins illustrated in bold) 1 lll.l 143c Vll.6 395 lX.6 516 X.18 572 Xlll.5 3 lll.7 148a Vll.2 406 lX.8 517 XLS 576 Xlll.l 4 III.2 149 VI.3 408 IX.9 517a XI.9 576a? XIII.2 5 III.6 150b VII.5 425 IX.7 520 XII.4 576b XIII.3 6 lll.3 152 Vl.5 434 lX.12 521 Xll.2 576c Xlll.4 11 ll.2 170 Vl.4 436 lX.10 522 Xll.3 579 Xlll.7 12 II.3 176 VI.8 440 IX.II 523 XII.1 583 XIII.12 13 II.6 179 VII.4 450 X.4 525 X.6 584 XIII.13 16 ll.1 181a Vl.9 451 X.5 527 X.1 586a XlV.4 20 11.7 188 Vl.6 455 lX.13 529 Xl.15 589 Xlll.10 23a III.9 226 VI.I 459 X.7 530 XII.7 593a XIII.8 26 III.8 231d VII.7 461a X.2 531 XI.14 594 XIII.9 36 11.8 234 Vl.2 463 X.8 532 Xl.13 598 Xlll.6 43 ll.9 250 V.3 467a X.10 534= 599 Xlll.11 48 II.4 252 VI.I I 467b X.11 544 XII.6 601 XIV.1 63a II.5 281 VI.JO 472 X.12 541 XII.5 601 br. XIV.2 65 lll.5 284 Vlll.5 473 X.13 543 Xll.23 603a XlV.3 67 lll.4 296 Vlll.7 475 X.14 545 Xll.11 607 XlV.5 73 IV.I 297 VIII.6 476 X.16 548 XII.9 611 XIV.6 74 IV.2 301a VII.3 477 X.17 551 XII.JO 612c XIV.8 88 lV.7 308v. Vll.l 478 Xl.4 554 Xll.8 615 XlV.7 93 lV.3 310d Vll.8 480 Xl.2 557 Xll.17 95 IV.4 318 V.4 483 XI.3 559 XII.IS 96 IV.5 322 VIII.3 485 XI.JO 561hr. XII.12 97 lV.6 324b Vlll.4 489 X.3 56la- 101 lV.8 336 V.5 494 X.9 744 Xll.21 102 IV.9 340 VIII.2 496 XI.I 563 XII.13 105 IV.JO 345 VIII.1 502 XI.5 564 XII.14 107 lV.11 379 lX.l 506a Xl.6 565 Xll.19 109 lV.12 386 lX.2 506b Xl.7 567 Xll.20 115 V.2 387b IX.3 511 X.15 568b XII.22 132 V.1 390 IX.4 513 XI.I I 570 XII.15 142 Vl.7 392 lX.5 513- 571 Xll.16 532 Xl.12 EARLY COINAGE OF THE REPUBLIC 71

2b. Concordance: Crawford-Rutgers exhibit (coins illustrated in bold) 13/1 III. I 61/3 VIl.2 235/la X.2 287/1 XII.7 14/4 11.2 69/6b VIl.8 236/lc X.3 291/1 XII.8 14/5 11.3 72/2 Vl.2 237/la X.4 292/1 Xll.9 14/6 11.6 83/2 VI.5 238/1 X.5 293/1 XII.IO 15/la 111.2 84/2 Vl.6 239/1 X.6 295/1 XII.I I 16/la III.6 86b/2 Vll.3 240/la X.7 296/lbr. Xll.12 17/la III.7 97/2 VI.8 242/1 X.8 297/1 b XII.13 18/2 11.1 97/11 VII.4 243/1 X.9 298/1 XII.14 18/6 11.7 98a/Ja V.l 246/3 X.10 299/Ja XII.JS 20/1 III.3 99/2a VII.I 246/4a X.11 301/1 XII.16 21/6 11.8 102/1 V.2 252/1 X.12 303/1 Xll.17 24/7 11.5 102/2a VI.9 253/1 X.13 305/1 XII.18 25/3 III.8 116/Ja VI.JO 254/1 X.14 306/1 XII.19 25/8 11.4 121/2 VI. I I 255/1 X.15 308/la Xll.20 27/2 III.9 122/1 V3 258/1 X.16 308/1 b- 27/10 11.9 132/1 V4 259/1 X.17 378 XII.21 30/2 Ill.4 133/1 V.5 260/1 X.18 308/4b XII.22 31/1? 111.5 141/1 VIII.I 262/1 XI.I 309/1 XII.23 35/2 IV! 157/1 VIII.2 263/lav. XI.2 311/la XIII.I 35/3a IV2 159/2 VIII.3 264/1 XI.3 311/lb XIII.2 38/8 IV.7 158/5 VIII.4 265/1 XI.4 311/lc XIII.3 39/1 IV.3 182/2 VIll.5 266/1 Xl.5 311/Je XIII.4 39/3 IV4 183/1 VIII.6 267/3 XI.6 312/1 XIIl.5 39/4 IVS 184/la VIII.7 267/4 XI.7 316/1 XIII.6 39/5 IV.6 202/Ja IX.I 268/la Xl.8 317/1 XIIl.7 41/Sa IVS 205/1 IX.2 268/lb Xl.9 320/1 XIII.8 41/6a IV.9 205/4 IX.3 269/1 XI.IO 321/1 XIII.9 41/?b IV.IO 208/1 IX.4 270/1 XI.II 322/la XIII.IO 41/9 IV II 210/1 IX.5 270-273 Xl.12 324/1 XIII.I I 41/11 IV.12 215/1 IX.6 273/1 XI.13 326/1 XIII.12 44/2 vu 217/1 IX.7 280/1 XI.14 326/2 XIII.13 44/7 VI.7 219/la IX.8 281/1 XI.IS 328/1 XIV.I 56/5 Vll.6 220/1 IX.9 282/1 XII.I 328/1 br. XIV.2 56/6 VIl.7 223/1 IX.JO 282/2? XII.2 330/1 b XIV3 58/9 VII.9 228/2 IX.II 282/4 XII.3 332/lb XIV4 59/la Vl.3 232/1 IX.12 282/5 XII.4 334/1 XIV.5 59/4 Vll.5 233/1 IX.13 283/la XII.5 335/1 a XIV6 60/la VI.4 234/1 X.1 286/1 Xll.6 335/3b XIV? 335/l0b XIV.8 72 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

Notes

X.2 AR Denarius SEX. POM. 137 BC (seep. 35) Cover design by Valerie N. Addonizio '06