The New World Order After 1945 Anthropologists, sociologists, politicians, lawyers, and students all gathered. The congress led Dusé Moha- med Ali, an Egyptian author, to establish The African During the World War Two, the Allies won the loyalty of Times and Orient Review (1912 – 1920). It is also the colonial population through the promise to accord claimed by some that the congress was the stimulus to them the right to self-determination, a promise already the foundation of the African National Congress (ANC) made during the First World War, and subsequently in South Africa in 1912. Among the intellectuals, broken. Despite the United Nations and ideologically writers, and activists in attendance were Syed Ameer mobilized talk of the Free World, even after 1945, this Ali, Thomas W. Arnold, Annie Besant, Mancherjee promise could only be redeemed through violence. The Merwanjee Bhownaggree, W.E.B. Du Bois, liberation movements drew on a history of ideas, at the G.K. Gokhale, J.A. Hobson, Margaret Noble, Brajen- center of which stood the possibility of the actual dranath Seal, Georg Simmel, and Mahatma Gandhi. realization of the universalist promise of modernity. While the Kongresshalle (Congress Hall) was being 1919 PARIS, FIRst PAN-AFRICAN CONGREss built in Berlin as a symbol of the liberal humanism of The Pan-African Congress was held in Paris from the capitalist West, representatives from twenty-nine February 19 to 22, 1919 to coincide with the Paris states as well as liberation movements met in the Peace Conference that followed the end of the First Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955 for the first World War. Africans and activists of African descent Afro-Asian Conference. Belittled by the West both then aimed to influence the political agenda of the Paris and today, the conference became the decisive Peace Conference since it would determine the politico-symbolic event of decolonization, which even political and economic future of all African and back then represented the majority of mankind on Caribbean colonies, as well as peoples of African earth. Bandung was the attempt to break through the descent in the Americas. There were at least fifty-seven colonial framework conditions of modernity and their delegates representing fifteen countries and colonies, implicit barbarism. The conference gave shape to a including Haiti, Liberia, the British West Indies, the vision of a pluralist, anti-colonial, and non-racist West African colonies, and the United States. At least modernity, which, against the background of the World nineteen of the delegates were from Africa. Although it War Two, the New World Order, and the nuclear threat, is often referred to as the First Pan-African Congress, postulated a universalism without alternative. actually, it was modeled on the Pan-African Confe- rence convened in 1900 by Henry Sylvester Williams, where W. E. B. Du Bois was one of the delegates. Conferences 1900 – 2002 1921 London, BRussEls, AND PARIS, SECOND PAN-AFRICAN CONGREss 1900 London, PAN-AFRICAN CONFERENCE The second Pan-African Congress was held in The conference was organized by Trinidadian Henry several sessions during August and September 1921 Sylvester Williams who was living in London. Some in three colonial centers, London, Brussels, and Paris. thirty delegates attended, mainly from England and There were 113 delegates, double the number that the West Indies, some Afro-Americans, but no one attended the 1919 conference. News reports estima- from the French-speaking colonies. Among those in ted that 1,000 people attended and, like the first attendance were W.E.B. Du Bois, the Abyssinian congress, participants were not exclusively African; Benito Sylvain, and F.S.R. Johnson of Liberia. European participation in Belgium was greater than African attendance. Colonial officials, academics, and 1911 London, FIRst UNIVERsal RacES CONGREss student groups also attended. Black organizations The Universal Races Congress, held in London over from three continents were represented: the National three days in June 1911 was organized by Gustav Association for the Advancement of Colored People Spiller and Felix Adler of the Ethical Culture Movement. (NAACP) of the United States, the African Progress After Year Zero. Geographies of Collaboration since 1945 Exhibition: 09 / 19 – 11 / 24, 2013 Haus der Kulturen der Welt Union (APU) from London, the National Congress of Chinese leader Sun Yat-sen delivered a speech on British West Africa (NCBWA) from the Gold Coast, Greater Asianism in Japan in 1924 in which he and the Liga Africana of Portugal. condemned the treatment of Asia by the West. In this collaboration the first Conference of Asian Peoples 1923 London AND LISBON, THIRD PAN-AFRICAN was organized in Nagasaki in 1926 and a second CONGREss Conference of Asian Peoples took place in Shanghai in The third meeting of the congress in Lisbon was more 1927. But the Japanese Pan-Asianism soon turned out successful. Eleven countries were represented there, to be inspired by Japanese imperialism, as Japan and especially Portuguese Africa. The Liga Africana imagined the larger Asian zone to be led by the was in charge. Japanese emperor. These ambitions became most “The great association of Portuguese Negroes with apparent when Japan attacked China in 1937 in the headquarters at Lisbon which is called the Liga violent Sino-Japanese War that would become part of Africana is an actual federation of all the indigenous the Second World War. As Japan lost credibility, the associations scattered throughout the five provinces of idea of Pan-Asianism died with it. Portuguese Africa and representing several million individuals. (…) This Liga Africana which functions at 1927 NEW YORK, FouRTH PAN-AFRICAN CONGREss Lisbon in the very heart of Portugal, so to speak, has a IN HARLEM commission from all the other native organizations and Delegates from America and ten foreign countries knows how to express to the Government in no were present, but direct African participation lagged ambiguous terms but in a highly dignified manner all behind other countries. America participated with 208 that should be said to avoid injustice or to bring about delegates from twenty-two American states; Africa the repeal of harsh laws. That is why the Liga Africana was represented by delegates from the Gold Coast, of Lisbon is the director of the Portuguese African Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria. Chief Amoah III of movement; but not only in the good sense of the word, the Gold Coast spoke; the American anthropologist but without making any appeal to violence and without Melville Jean Herskovits, then of Columbia University, leaving constitutional limits.” W. E. B. Du Bois, “The and the author John Vandercook were on the program. Pan-African Movement”, in Colonial and Coloured The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) movement in the Unity. A Programme of Action. History of the Pan-Afri- United States declined for at least three reasons, can Congress, ed. George Padmore (London: Ham- among which a primary reason was its finances. mersmith Bockshop Ltd, 1963 [1947]), 22. Without adequate funding, PAC activists could not lobby for its issues, recruit new membership, fund 1926 NAGasaki, CONFERENCE OF ASIAN PEOPLES meetings, or publish its material. Inadequate resour- The conference was organized by the Pan-Asiatic ces were mainly divided between two ideologically Society. There were approximately 100 attendees and opposed diaspora groups: those of the Du Boisian addresses were given by the King of Afghanistan, the PAC movement and those who supported Garveyism President of Turkey, the Shah of Persia, Mahatma and the international agenda of the Universal Negro Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru of India, among others. Improvement Association (UNIA), a Black Nationalist organization. The momentum of the PAC movement 1927 SHANGHAI, CONFERENCE OF ASIAN PEOPLES did not return until 1945 when the pan-Africanist Pan-Asianism had a very specific dynamic. As early as journalist George Padmore, and activists Kwame 1860, Japan had aimed to unite a series of countries in Nkrumah and Ras Makonnen, along with other Asia to ward off European imperialism under the individuals, convened the Fifth Pan-African Congress slogan “Asia for the Asians.” Japan had won the in London. Russo-Japanese War in 1906 and was regarded as the one country in Asia that had managed to protect its 1927 BRussEls, INTERnational CONGREss autonomy. It was also Japan that had proposed an AGainst Colonial OPPREssion AND IMPERIALISM anti-discrimination law at the 1919 Paris Peace The League against Imperialism was founded in Egmont Conference for which the Jamaican Pan-Africanist Palace in Brussels, Belgium, on February 10, 1927, in Marcus Garvey had praised Japan as an ally. In the the presence of 175 delegates, 107 of whom came from creation of a “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”, thirty-seven countries under colonial rule. Delegates Japan saw India and China as its main partner allies. attended from the African National Congress (ANC) in India was the large colony of the British, and the South Africa, the Intercolonial Union, and the Human Chinese were suffering from the British opium trade Rights League, among other organizations. Individuals which led to opium wars in the nineteenth century. included notable politicians, political activists, intellectu- After Year Zero. Geographies of Collaboration since 1945 Exhibition: 09 / 19 – 11 / 24, 2013 Haus der Kulturen der Welt als, and writers, such as MessaIi Hadj, Henri Barbusse,