Prologue to a Biography
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Brexit, Devolution and Economic Development in 'Left-Behind' Regions
Brexit, devolution and economic development in ‘left-behind’ regions John Tomaney* and Andy Pike+ *University College London, +Newcastle University https://doi.org/10.18573/wer.231 Accepted: 03/12/18 Introduction attention of policymakers. provide a poor measure of Finally, the politics of local real economic conditions in The Brexit vote in the UK, and regional economic these places. Considering according to Andrés development are considered, their high dependence upon Rodríguez-Pose (2018), is including the kinds of incapacity benefits paid to an instance of the revenge of institutions are required to those classified as unable to the ‘places that don’t matter’. affect a new economic future seek work, Beatty and This expression of discontent in such disadvantaged Fothergill estimate the ‘real’ from places at the sharp end places1. unemployment rates in such of rising social and spatial places to be 7.5% of the inequalities has fostered the The regional political working age population in rapid rise of populism that is economy of de- spring 2017. challenging the hegemony of industrialisation neoliberal capitalism and Educational disadvantage is liberal democracy. This Beatty and Fothergill (2018) concentred in left-behind paper considers the estimate that 16 million places (Education Policy problems of these so-called people live in the former Institute, 2018). This ‘left-behind’ places – typically industrial regions of the UK – disadvantage takes complex former industrial regions. almost one quarter of the and varied forms. For Such places figured national population. While instance, the North East prominently not just among these regions have shared in region consistently has those that voted leave in the the rise in employment in amongst the best primary Brexit referendum in the UK, recent years, growth rates in school results in the country, but also among those who London and other cities have but the lowest average adult voted for Donald Trump in been three times faster. -
W. Arthur Lewis and the Dual Economy of Manchester in the 1950S
This is a repository copy of Fighting discrimination: W. Arthur Lewis and the dual economy of Manchester in the 1950s. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/75384/ Monograph: Mosley, P. and Ingham, B. (2013) Fighting discrimination: W. Arthur Lewis and the dual economy of Manchester in the 1950s. Working Paper. Department of Economics, University of Sheffield ISSN 1749-8368 2013006 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Sheffield Economic Research Paper Series SERP Number: 2013006 ISSN 1749-8368 Paul Mosley Barbara Ingham Fighting Discrimination: W. Arthur Lewis and the Dual Economy of Manchester in the 1950s March 2013 Department of Economics University of Sheffield 9 Mappin Street Sheffield S1 4DT United Kingdom www.shef.ac.uk/economics 1 Fighting Discrimination: W. -
From Manufacturing Industries to a Services Economy: the Emergence of a 'New Manchester' in the Nineteen Sixties
Introductory essay, Making Post-war Manchester: Visions of an Unmade City, May 2016 From Manufacturing Industries to a Services Economy: The Emergence of a ‘New Manchester’ in the Nineteen Sixties Martin Dodge, Department of Geography, University of Manchester Richard Brook, Manchester School of Architecture ‘Manchester is primarily an industrial city; it relies for its prosperity - more perhaps than any other town in the country - on full employment in local industries manufacturing for national and international markets.’ (Rowland Nicholas, 1945, City of Manchester Plan, p.97) ‘Between 1966 and 1972, one in three manual jobs in manufacturing were lost and one quarter of all factories and workshops closed. … Losses in manufacturing employment, however, were accompanied (although not replaced in the same numbers) by a growth in service occupations.’ (Alan Kidd, 2006, Manchester: A History, p.192) Economic Decline, Social Change, Demographic Shifts During the post-war decades Manchester went through the socially painful process of economic restructuring, switching from a labour market based primarily on manufacturing and engineering to one in which services sector employment dominated. While parts of Manchester’s economy were thriving from the late 1950s, having recovered from the deep austerity period after the War, with shipping trade into the docks at Salford buoyant and Trafford Park still a hive of activity, the ineluctable contraction of the cotton industry was a serious threat to the Manchester and regional textile economy. Despite efforts to stem the tide, the textile mills in 1 Manchester and especially in the surrounding satellite towns were closing with knock on effects on associated warehousing and distribution functions. -
From Scattered Data to Ideological Education: Economics, Statistics and the State in Ghana, 1948-1966
The London School of Economics and Political Science From Scattered Data to Ideological Education: Economics, Statistics and the State in Ghana, 1948-1966 Gerardo Serra A thesis submitted to the Department of Economic History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. London, January 2015. Declaration I, Gerardo Serra, certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis, including footnotes but excluding references, consists of 97,090 words. 2 Abstract This thesis analyses the contribution of economics and statistics in the transformation of Ghana from colonial dependency to socialist one-party state. The narrative begins in 1948, extending through the years of decolonization, and ends in 1966, when the first postcolonial government led by Kwame Nkrumah was overthrown by a military coup d’état. Drawing on insights from political economy, the history of economics and the sociology of science, the study is constructed as a series of microhistories of public institutions, social scientists, statistical enquiries and development plans. -
Urban Policy and New Economic Powerhouses
urban policy and new economic powerhouses Nicholas Falk looks at how we might develop an urban policy for the 21st century based on agglomeration economies, devolved power, and smarter growth that links development with transport Nicholas Falk Nicholas New housing at Paris Rive Gauche, a major regeneration scheme undertaken through public-private partnership The idea of a ‘Powerhouse for the North’, based transport and other infrastructure in the South, not on the value of joining up cities in Yorkshire and to mention funding social services, it is worth Lancashire, could be the big idea that urban policy considering the potential benefits from agglomeration, has so far lacked. However, as the ‘project’ is likely the impact of improved transport infrastructure, and to trail far behind commitments to upgrading the critical issue of where the funding is going to Town & Country Planning August 2015 335 come from. Without adequate answers to the very Each recession not only kills the vulnerable but different issues of managing growth in the South makes others more risk-averse. So where is the and securing regeneration in the North, urban (and growth of the ‘real economy’ going to come from, regional) policy will continue to be empty statements. and would it make any difference for a business to feel part of a wider Northern economy, as opposed The benefits of agglomeration to owing its loyalty to, say, Manchester or Hebden While the idea of ‘agglomeration economies’ is Bridge? centuries old, it was Professor Michael Porter from The most compelling argument is the ‘law’ put Harvard who brought it up to date, with his notion forward by the American physicist Dr Geoffrey of ‘clusters’; while Ed Glaeser has shown how West, who argues that each doubling of population ‘smart cities’, such as Boston and Milan, have made leads to a 15% increase in GNP per capita (and also the most of human capital.1 An attempt was made crime rates and other less positive effects). -
Development of the Polak Model
DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLAK MODEL WIOLETTA NOWAK INTRODUCTION Macroeconomic stability is very important for each economy because it constitutes the basis of sustainable economic growth and development. It means stable prices with a low level of inflation, a stable foreign exchange rate and balance of payments. The most important institution that provides financial support to countries which have problems with internal and external stability is the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Credits are issued after an analysis of the causes of internal and external deficits. The IMF approach to macroeconomic stabilization is based on a monetary approach to the balance of payments. The first IMF model designed for dealing with balance of payments disequilibrium was the Polak model on monetary programming. This model yields a policy package that must be implemented by countries receiving support. In other words, the Polak model is used as the foundation of the IMF’s credit arrangements. The model can be modified in various ways. The aim of this paper is to show the main modifications of the Polak model and their implications for the relevant fiscal and monetary policies. 1. THE POLAK MODEL J.J. Polak presented his model in 1957 in a paper titled Monetary Analysis of Income Formation and Payments Problems.1 The model indicates what macroeconomics policies are required to achieve a given set of outcomes. In other words, it determines policy targets consistent with explicit macroeconomic objectives. The standard Polak model is simple, with a very limited number of variables. It was designed to be usable in every developing country.2 It is therefore very compact, with minimum data requirements. -
The Reconstruction Era And
Facing History and Ourselves is an international educational and professional development organization whose mission is to engage students of diverse backgrounds in an examination of racism, prejudice, and antisemitism in order to promote the development of a more humane and informed citizenry. By studying the historical development of the Holocaust and other examples of genocide, students make the essential connection between history and the moral choices they confront in their own lives. For more information about Facing History and Ourselves, please visit our website at www.facinghistory.org. Copyright © 2015 by Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Facing History and Ourselves® is a trademark registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. The photograph used in the background of our front cover depicts the African American and Radical Republican members of the South Carolina legislature in the 1870s. South Carolina had the first state legislature with a black majority. This photo was created by opponents of Radical Reconstruction, and intended to scare the white population. See Lesson 8, “Interracial Democracy” for suggestions about how to use this image in the classroom. Photo credit: Library of Congress (1876). ISBN: 978-1-940457-10-9 Acknowledgments Primary writer: Daniel Sigward This publication was made possible by the support of the Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation. Developing this guide was a collaborative effort that required the input and expertise of a variety of people. Many Facing History and Ourselves staff members made invaluable contributions. The guidance of Adam Strom was essential from start to finish. Jeremy Nesoff played a critical role through his partnership with Dan Sigward and, along with Denny Conklin and Jocelyn Stanton, helped to shape the curriculum by providing feedback on numerous drafts. -
The Polak Model: an Application
Chapter 7 WORKSHOP 5 The Polak Model: An Application Since the early 1950s, economists and policymakers have been increas- ingly preoccupied with the problems of inflation and balance of pay- ments disequilibria. Their preoccupation has led to new approaches to monetary analysis.1 In this period, there has been a gradual evolution of the so-called monetary approach to the balance of payments, the third major approach; the two best-known earlier approaches are the elasticity (neoclassical) approach and the income absorption (neo- Keynesian) approach.2 1 M. W. Holtrop, "Method of Monetary Analysis Used by De Neder- landsche Bank," Staff Papers, Vol. 5 (February 1957), pp. 303-15; Paolo Baffi, "Monetary Analysis in Italy," Staff Papers, Vol. 5 (February 1957), pp. 316— 22; Ralph A. Young, "Federal Reserve Flow-of-Funds Accounts," Staff Papers, Vol. 5 (February 1957), pp. 323-41; Earl Hicks, Graeme S. Dorrance, and Gerard R. Aubanel, "Monetary Analyses," Staff Papers, Vol. 5 (February 1957), pp. 342-433; and Harold M. Knight, "A Monetary Budget," Staff Papers, Vol. 7 (October 1959), pp. 210-23. 2 Of several attempted reconciliations of the elasticity and absorption approaches, particular mention may be made of S. C. Tsiang, "The Role of Money in Trade Balance Stability: Synthesis of the Elasticity and Absorption Approaches," American Economic Review, Vol. 51 (December 1961), pp. 912-36. 154 ©International Monetary Fund. Not for Redistribution The Polak Model: An Application—Workshop 5 It has often been pointed out that each of the three approaches could in principle produce the right answers if it were correctly applied, that is to say, if proper allowance were made for all the repercussions throughout the economy of the change whose effect is being analyzed. -
In Praise of Polak, but Fifty Years Is Enough Ben Fine
G-24 Policy Brief No. 12 In Praise of Polak, But Fifty Years Is Enough Ben Fine It is fifty years since Jean-Jacques Polak published world level) or that output is fixed (at full his classic article “Monetary Analysis of Income employment). In practice, not without justification, Formation and Payments Problems” in the IMF financial programming is heavily associated with the Staff Papers. This paper provided the theoretical ideology of monetarism because of the pessimistic basis for the IMF’s financial programming, and stance taken on productive potential. continues to do so today. This is remarkable in and It has targeted balance of payments and/or of itself. The world economy has gone through fiscal deficits with shifting instruments across major changes over this period, as have countries and over time as fixed exchange rates corresponding fashions within economic theory as have given way to floating exchange rates, and triumphant Keynesianism gave way to varieties of control of inflation and liberalization of money monetarism in the wake of the collapse of the post- markets have been emphasized more or less to suit. war boom. Today, for example, the IMF is more likely to We also have had fifty years of development advise appreciation of the exchange rate to bring economics, during which there have also been down inflation in middle-income countries than to shifting and competing perspectives from address foreign or fiscal deficits, although these modernization through the Washington consensus remain a priority for low-income countries, and beyond, to notions of the developmental state, especially in Africa. -
Peru: Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies, 1930-1980
3 9. Sources of Base Money Growth, 1945–1949 ......................................................................23 10. Velocity of Money & Private Sector Credit Growth, 1942–1958 .....................................24 11. Exchange Rates, Jan 1949–June 1950 ...............................................................................25 12. Savings – Investment Balance ...........................................................................................27 13. Total Imports and Real Exchange Rate Index, (1934=100) ..............................................35 14. Cost of Living & Nominal Exchange Rate, 1950–59 ........................................................35 15. Sources of Base Money Growth, 1950–59 ........................................................................37 16. Velocity of Money & Private Sector Credit Growth, 1959–1969 .....................................39 17. RER Index & Average Monthly Imports, 1957–1968 .......................................................44 18. Sources of Base Money Growth, 1962–1967 ....................................................................45 19. Economic Growth & Inflation Rates, 1968–1980 .............................................................47 20. Total Imports and Real Exchange Rate Index (Index, 1934=100) ....................................50 21. Sources of Base Money Growth, 1969–74 ........................................................................52 22. Monthly Exchange Rate Devaluation, Jan. 1977–Dec. 1980 ............................................55 -
The Birth of a Politician: Harold Wilson and the Bonfires of Controls, 1948-9
Citation: Irving, H (2014) The birth of a politician: Harold Wilson and the bonfires of controls, 1948-9. Twentieth Century British History, 25 (1). 87 - 107. ISSN 0955-2359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hws044 Link to Leeds Beckett Repository record: https://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/id/eprint/2324/ Document Version: Article (Updated Version) The aim of the Leeds Beckett Repository is to provide open access to our research, as required by funder policies and permitted by publishers and copyright law. The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis. Each thesis in the repository has been cleared where necessary by the author for third party copyright. If you would like a thesis to be removed from the repository or believe there is an issue with copyright, please contact us on [email protected] and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis. The Birth of a Politician: Harold Wilson and the Bonfires of Controls, 1948‐9 Abstract: This article uses a detailed examination on the 1948 and 1949 Bonfires of Controls to reassess Harold Wilson’s development as a politician and examine the broader relationship between popular politics and economic policy. Whilst acknowledging the continued importance of the latter within Wilson’s self‐ identification as a modernising ‘specialist’, it contends that these events are best viewed as representing the birth of a professional politician. -
Gender and the Development Agenda: Female Agency and Overseas Development, 1964-2018
Gender and the Development Agenda: female agency and overseas development, 1964-2018. Helen Ette | [email protected] | 160212420 | BA History | Supervisor: Dr Martin Farr Introduction Development: a token department for token women? Mainstreaming Women’s Rights With 2018 marking the centenary of the Representation of Discussion of Gender and International Development Judith Hart: ‘When I first went to the House of Commons, 100 the People Act 1918, the history of women in British politics 90 women were expected to concern themselves only with welfare 80 has been of particular public interest. Despite their 70 matters. The breakthrough into economics and foreign affairs 60 presence since its 1964 creation, the influence and 50 has only occurred during my time.’ 40 30 experience of women in the Department for International Press Releases on India visit July 1977, HART 07/02 Hart Papers, People’s History 20 10 Museum, Manchester. 0 Development (DFID) lacks scholarly attention. My project 1997 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018 provides a novel perspective to contemporary themes of Number of references to ‘women and girls’ and ‘international development’ in the House of Commons since the creation of DFID gender, diversity, and political agency. Valerie Amos: ‘I don’t consider development per se to be a • Millennium Development Goal Three, 2000-2015 feminine or feminist subject if you look at the elements of it …. • International Development (Gender Equality) Act, 2014 History of Female Cabinet Members since 1929 I know that there are notions around philanthropy … and that • Sustainable Development Goal Five, 2016-2030 women warped issues around concerns about family, women, Digital, Culture, Media, and Sport Changing language of women’s rights Leader of the House of Commons and girls, but I think it would be very simplistic to talk about Leader of the House of Lords development as a ‘female’ subject.’ ‘Family planning’ & ‘population control’ ‘poverty reduction’ Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs Interview by Helen Ette, 7 September 2018.