PIETER VAN DER HOUWEN AFRICAN TABLOID Europe 9,90 Euro | South Africa 150 Rand | UK 7,50 Pound | US 10,95 Dollar | China 70 Yuan AFRICAN TABLOID In 2012, I travelled to Guangzhou to research a documentary about the vibrant African community in this massive Chinese city. At any given moment there are upward of 250 000 Africans in Guangzhou, who spend $40 million a day on average. The intense interaction between the Africans and the Chinese was remar- kable; language barriers were overcome and business flourished. In this economic frenzy, it soon dawned on me that the Chinese and the Africans have something in common: they both have no sense of entitlement. They can never look towards a government for assistance or support – a trait not shared with Europeans, who (some might argue) have an over-developed sense of entitlement. I felt as if I were witnessing a global shift announcing a new social and economic order. This revelation led me to expand this pro- ject, documenting various migrant communities on four continents, which resulted in this publication. African Tabloid celebrates the adaptability and resilience of migrants. It is a testament to a new and inexorable process heralding a changing world – a world that Europe seems to have difficulty coming to terms with, as it is still preoccupied with its commanding past, but sadly has no idea of the shape of its immediate future. The wedding of Olumayowa Oyewole & Temitope Olaitan who returned to Lagos after thirteen years in Johannesburg. In 2010 I came across a startling statistic claiming that the defined geographically and escapes the categorization of “African amount of money send back to the African continent by African art”. This development might seem trivial but is in my opinion a migrants exceeds that of all Western aid. These so-called remit- harbinger of new perceptions of the African continent. tances are well targeted and are not subject to corruption as the The concept of “diaspora” has traditionally been connect- money flow remains in a closed circuit of trust, mainly between rel- ed to the dispersal of the Jews, thereby carrying a strong conno- atives. I was surprised to learn how well-kept a secret this statistic tation of suffering, loss and eventual return. In recent years the is. It did however trigger my interest and was the beginning of this concept has gained political currency, and a growing interest in ongoing project. diasporas as political mediators of development and peace buil- One of the biggest contradictions in this new globalized ding has emerged. The African Union considers diasporas to be the world is the tension surrounding migration. In a world where the sixth region of Africa. Globalisation has transformed political dy- mobility of capital, goods and information has been liberalized to namics and new patterns of human mobility have created global unprecedented levels hardly restrained by border formalities, the social networks. New political processes are rooted in communi- actual bodily movement of people is more curtailed than ever be- ties and networks that are not restricted by geographic location. fore. More and more people agree that fifty years of traditio- Migration dominates the political agenda, it has struck a vis- nal aid and development has not resulted in any significant poverty ceral cord among the electorate, and populist politicians are more reduction. This has triggered the recognition of the diaspora as a than willing to play into the fears that preoccupy the potential vot- significant development resource. The untapped potential within er. Fuelled by an accommodating media, migration has seized Eu- certain African migrant diasporas has been widely ignored. It has, rope’s imagination. However, in this frenzied debate focused sole- however, become evident that the economic, political and cultural ly on the legality of migrants, one thing is often ignored: the existing influence of the African diaspora is substantial. ‘legal’ African Diaspora. Once perceived as a straightforward ave- The objective of this publication is to put migration into a nue from departure to assimilation, migration is now recognized more realistic context. The images depict resilient and successful as a process in which migrants establish communities within a glo- migrants. The tabloid format was chosen to counter the numerous balised world as they continue to participate in cultural, economic tabloids that present an image of a so-called “tsunami” of African and political life in both their home and host countries. Money is immigrants heading towards Europe. sent ‘home’, along with political and democratic agendas. Social Africans carving out an existence in China are more re- media has created a platform where cultural ideas are communi- presentative of the new global order - one that differs specifically cated vigorously. It is undeniable that the African diaspora will be from the relationship between Africa and Europe, devoid of any pivotal in changing Western perceptions of the African continent. colonial hangover. This explains a slight emphasis of focus towards For example art produced from within the African diaspora isn’t the African migrants in China. HIDDEN TRUTH PIETER VAN DER HOUWEN Nigerian Priest Tobias Okoro, Pitlochry, Scotland. Scotland is a relatively new destination for African migrants. A steady influx of migrants started arriving around the beginning of this century. The major- ity has relocated to Scotland from England and has settled in Glasgow, Scotland’s largest city. ➜ GLAsGOW Nigerian Community Hall in Glasgow. ➜ Most Africans I meet find Glasgow less racist than the The UK is a favored destination for many migrants; the main large English cities down south. I find it hard to believe that racism reasons being the English language and, more importantly, a favora- is less prevalent amongst Glaswegians than amongst English urban- ble climate for entrepreneurs. I meet Bintu Summers in Parkhead, ites. Glasgow, once an industrial powerhouse and the second most one of the most deprived neighbourhoods in the East End of Glas- important city in the British Empire, went into complete economic gow. She is originally from Sierra Leone. Before arriving in Glasgow, meltdown in the early 1970s. The shipping industry (20% of all ships she spent five years in the Netherlands. At first she enjoyed the in the world were built in Glasgow) vanished within a decade. Glas- Netherlands, but after some time she realized that her possibilities gow in the 1980s is often compared to present-day Detroit after its were very limited. Through the diasporic network, she heard that massive automotive industry relocated to more labor competitive starting your own business was relatively easy in the UK. She now countries. Both cities have frequently been labeled “post-industri- owns her own hairdressing salon located in Parkhead, which she al apocalypses”. Glasgow has slowly recreated itself, but the scars runs with her Nigerian assistant Ruth, who specializes in cornrows are still visible and unemployment is high – not the most welcoming and hair extensions. environment for migrants. Glasgow, with its industrial past and subsequent economic However, research by the Migration Observatory at Oxford downfall, has always been a staunch socialist stronghold. The city’s University reveals that acceptance levels of migrants are signifi- hard line relationship with Westminster is best illustrated by an cantly higher in Scotland than in England. At a UK level, immigration event in 1980, when the Glasgow city council gave Nelson Mandela dominates the political agenda and for some time has been one of the key to the city. This outraged Margaret Thatcher, who still labe- the most salient issues in the media. The issue dominates all politi- led Mandela a terrorist, and she subsequently threatened to with- cal parties. This, however, is not the case in Scotland, where immi- draw government subsidies to Glasgow. In 1986, at the height of the gration has not (yet) permeated the political arena. The trajectory anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa, the undeterred Glasgow of racist rhetoric is from above to below. It seems that once pol- city council renamed St George’s Place to Nelson Mandela Place. iticians embrace populist slogans such as “British Jobs for British This was highly significant as “Nelson Mandela Place” then became people” (Gordon Brown 2009), it is then picked up and embel- the address of the South African Consulate, which was located lished by mainstream media and this inevitably gives the general there. public license to voice their own grievances. In their never-ending This is perhaps a captivating anecdote, but I seriously doubt it is quest for votes, most politicians’ only reaction to dissatisfaction the reason African migrants choose Glasgow as their final destina- amongst a potential electorate is to harden the rhetoric surround- tion upon arriving in the UK. I am, however, surprised that a group ing immigration, creating a vicious circle of visceral populism. This of young Congolese men I interview are aware of the story. They is not yet an issue in Scotland. have come to Glasgow by word of mouth, having heard that life Some theories suggest that the Scots hold the “English” here is relatively good in terms of acceptance. Migration doesn’t political establishment responsible for all social and political grie- seem to be a big issue, and many Glaswegians like to think that this vances, conveniently using Westminster as a deflector for internal welcoming attitude represents a moral high ground. I suspect that Scottish issues. Consequently, should Scotland become indepen- only independence will reveal Scotland’s true moral compass on dent, it could no longer blame Westminster, and therefore it would issues regarding the free movement of people. internalize its grievances, blaming the newcomer (and the migrant When we finish the interview, the Congolese have a question in particular) for all that is amiss in society.