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Telecommunications Technology and the Socialization of Black Americans: Issues, Concerns and Possibilities

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Telecommunications Technology and the Socialization of Black Americans: Issues, Concerns and Possibilities DOCUMENT RESUME ED 096 988 IR 001 169 AUTHOR Johnson, Robert C., III TITLF Telecommunications Technology and the Socialization of Black Americans: Issues, Concerns and Possibilities. INSTITUTION Washington Univ., St. Louis, Mo. Program in Technology and Human Affairs. REPORT NO VU-THA-74/7 PUB DATE Sep 74 NOTE 363p.; Master's Thesis, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri EDRS PRICE MF-$0.75 HC-$17.40 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *African American Studies; *Black Community; Cultural Background; Educational Technology; Literature Reviews; Masters Theses; Media Research; Media Technology; *Negro Attitudes; Negro Education; Negro Leadership; Perception; Power Structure; *Public Policy; Self Concept; Socialization; Socioeconomic Influences; *Telecommunication ABSTRACT A study was made to explore and to assessthe understanding and perceptions of communications technologyheld by the lay black community and black professionaleducators and to examine the implications of their perceptions and understandingfor social policy. The methodological approach consistedof a:(1) black FP educational historiography; (2) review of the literature; (3) analysis of the proceedings and reports of national,regional and local conferences on the needs and directions ofblack education; (4) survey research; and (5) the useof the scenario. Among the findings were:(1) there has been and is abusive use oftechnology on Blacks; (2) schools are now viewed as both a friend and foe;(3) black education has not been developed by Blacks themselves;and (4) Blacks generally have favorable attitudes toward educationaltechnology, -but are unaware of its vastpotential and dangers. It is recommended that:(1) Blacks establish their own communicationsmedia data banks and informational systems; and (2) Blacks affectthe staffing, programing, policies and development of white-controlled media and institutions of technology in order to mitigate or negatetheir adverse, inverse relations with Blacks. (WCM) 'WASHINGTONUNIVERSITY PROGRAM IN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN AFFAIRS AND BLACK STUDIE3 PROGRAM REPORT NO. THA 74/7 SEPTEMBER, 1974 TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY AND THE SOCIALIZATION OF BLACK AMERICANS: ISSUES, CONCERNS AND POSSIBILITIES ROBERT C. JOHNSON, III 4m. 0 IIVASHINGTONUNIVERSITY/ST. LOUIS/MISSOURI 63130 I Cep PROGRAM IN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN AFFAIRS e--r% ,) AND (iN BLACK STUDIES PROGRAM 4.0 WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI 63130 I P Report Number THA74/7 September, 1974 TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY AND THE SOCIALIZATION OF BLACKAMERICANS: ISSUES, CONCERNS AND POSSIBILITIES S DEPARTMENT OF HEM TN EDUCATION i WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ROBERT Cs JOHNSON, III EDUrTION H.%DOCUMEN HAS BEEN REPRO Do( ED f AA( ft v AS 6 660M THE PiNSON Ok ORGANIAT.ONON.G.64 ATINGITPC.64T' f>6vii N Ok OPINIONS cr AIF t) 00144:0NI( F%.Alt,i RI Put Sf N r Otl 1e.A1NA,,)0,4AlINV11(1 II 01 Mit AT .314 (11q Pot ,( V Thisreport was taken froma thesisprepared for the Master of Artsdegree in Technology andHuman Affairs. The views expressed in this report arethose of the author anddo not necessarily representthose of the Program- in Technology andHumanAffairs or the Black StudiesProgram of Washington University. Acknowledgements I am indebted to manypeople for making thisstudy a reality. For their help indisseminating the surveyquestion- relatives naires to their friends,colleagues, acquaintances, who made and to strangers, Iwould like to thank the persons Chapter 9 possible andthe thesis moreauthentic and more reflective of the viewsof the black communitythan I alone to could have. My humble andappreciative gratitude goes out question- everyone whotook the time andeffort to complete a naire and to thesebrothers and sisters inparticular: Mr. John Brown Ms. Bernice Kennedy Ms. Sharon Butler Ms. Josephine Lockhart Ms. Cynthia Cosby Ms. Tommye Morishita Mr. John Epps Ms. Mary Simmons Ms. Hattie Euell Pam and Steve Ulis (Sukari's parents) Mr. Arnell Johnson Ms. Clore Williams Ms. Semantha Kendall and to members ofthe Black Studiesfaculty, staff and classes in no at WashingtonUniversity. These persons' assistance way connotesacceptance of nor agreementwith the analyses, views and ideas I presentwithin the text of thiswork. For the yeoman typingtask that they competently performed under a pressingtime schedule, I am verygrateful especially, to Ms. Robin Scott;to Ms. CarolPerry; and, most iii to Ms. Cynthia Cosby, who typed the bulk of the manuscript. I must acknowledge the invaluable research assistance that Mr. John Brown, Ms. Deborah Caldwell, and Ms. Everline Cornell gave me in preparing tt..1 research questionnaires for data processing and computer analysis. I am also most appreciative of the assistance provided me by Drs. Robert P. Morgan, Walter W. Hudson, and Robert L. Williams, who served as thesis advisors. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER 1 I. INTRODUCTION Purpose of Study 1 Scope of Study 3 Research Questions and Epistemo- logical Concerns 5 Methodological Approach 7 Organization of the Study 8 2. SOME THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVESAND DEFINITION OF TERMS 12 Black Education 13 Toward A Definition 14 Education 17 Educational Complex 22 Black Education, EducationalComplex,and Development of the BlackCommunity 25 3. A BRIEF EDUCATIONAL HISTORYOF AFRO- AMERICANS 28 Black Educational Historiography 28 The History 32 Slavery 39 The American Civil War 46 Reconstruction: 1867-1876 50 The Freedmen's Bureau 51 Southern ReconstructionGovernment 53 v. CHAPTER PAGE Post-Reconstruction: 1877-1954 56 Conclusions 62 4. RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EDUCATION OF BLACK PEOPLE 65 Integration, Desegregation, Segregation 66 Compensatory Education and the Cult of Cultural Deprivation 79 Jensenism 84 Jensenism and Compensatory Education 95 Community Control and Other Accounta- bility Strategies 97 Black Studies 107 Independent Black Educational Institutions 110 Conclusions 119 5. INNOVATION IN FORMAL SCHOOLING ANDSOCIAL CHANGE IN THE UNITED STATES 121 Structure, Size and Control of the American School System 121 Recent Calls for Change in American Schooling 125 Nature and Likeliness of Educational Change In the United States 127 Is Change Change' 135 6. TECHNOLOGY, BLACK AMERICANS AND THE AMERICAN PUBLIC 136 Technology and Science, Genocide, and the Black Community 136 vi. PAGE CHAPTER Communications Media andBlacks 144 Technology and theAmerican Public 1S9 172 7. TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION Conceptual and DefinitionalProblems 172 178 The Technologies ' lications Some of the Educational 183 Of Technology Techno- Educational Telecommunications 186 logy Networks 189 "Media and theDisadvantages' Problems and Issues inthe Use of Tech- nology in Education,with Particular Reference to BlackAmericans 190 TECHNOLOGY: THE LITERA- 8. BLACK EDUCATION AND AND SELECTED PROJECTS TURF, CONFERENCES, 197 AND INSTITUTIONS Literature Search as Methodology 197 199 The Literature 229 Conferences 236 Summary TECHNOLOGY: THE SURVEY 9. BLACK EDUCATION AND 242 RESEARCH Methods and Procedures 243 248 Results 28S Discussion vii. CHAPTER PAGE 10. BLACK EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY: A SCENARIO 292 A Utopian Viewpoint 297 A Dystopian View 308 11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 311 Conclusions 311 Recommendations 315 Summary 322 BIBLIOGRAPHY 324 Black Education and Socialization (Current) 326 Black Educational Historiography 33]. Black History (General) 333 Education 335 Technology 341 Other 350 APPENDIX A: Survey Questionnaire 351 APPENDIX B: Survey Instructions for Disseminators 360 APPENDIX C: Frequency Distributions and Other Descriptive Statistics for Black Respondents 362 APPENDIX D: Frequency Distributions and Other Descriptive Statistics for All Respondents 412 APPENDIX E: Respondents' Comments on Quescion- naire and Topics Covered in It 463 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Recent Trends and Developments in the Schooling Component of Black Sociali- zation 67 2.. The Structure of Education in the United States 124 TABLE PAGE XI I. A.Ivocac Scalc a1 ntaoo0 272 XVII. Advocacy Scale 1-,ySo, 27S XVIII. Advocacy Scale Ly Occupation 274 XIX. Advocacy Scale by 27f XX. Advocacy Scale by P;Jcst ocr.ree or Diploma Held 278 XXI. Opinion of Technology by Race 280 XXII. Advocacy Scalc Lv :lace 281 XXIII. Aware of Technology in Education by Race 282 XXIV. School Satisfaction Scale by Race 283 XXV. Summary Table of Statistics From Stepwise Multiple Regression, Predicting Advocacy of Technology Utilizations in Black Education 289 XXVI. Summary Table of Statistics from Stepwise Regression, Prcdicting Opinion of Techno- logy in Pducation of Flack Children 290 Y. LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. Some White Groups and OrganizationsInfluencing The Education of Blacks Prior to andDuring The First Part of the 20th Century 64 II. Changes Listed According to Date ofOrigin, Source Rating of Success and Focus of Change 128 III. Journal of Negro Education Articles Devoted To or Containing Extensive References to Educational Technology or the Communications Media, 1963-1973 209 TV. Respondents' Listing of Places Where Techno- logy and Media Are Used in Education 253 V. Respondents' Listing of Devices, Machines, Programs, etc. That They Would Find Useful In the Education of Black Children 256 VI. Opinion of Technology by School Satisfaction Scale 257 VII. Opinion of Technology by Awarenessof Techno- logy in Education 259 VIII. Opinion of Technology by Advocacy ofTechno- logy Use 260 IX. Opinion of Technology by Parenthood 262 X. Opinion of Technology by Highest Degree or Diploma Held 263 XI. Opinion of Technology by Occupation 264 XII. Opinion of Technology by Sex
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