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NASA SP-1012

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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION NASA SP·7012

THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS and CONVERSION FACTORS REVISION

E. A. MECHTL Y University of Illinois

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Scientific and Technical Information Office 1973 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D.C. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 72-600360

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, .... U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Price 50 cents, domestic postpaid; 35 cents, GPO Bookstore

Stock Number 3300-00482 .FOREWORD

The International System of Units, Systeme International d'Unites (designated SI in all languages), is the system of units of which has been adopted by 41 of the principal industrial nations of the world which are signatories to the Convention of the Meter. The 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th General Conferences on Weights and Measures (meeting in October of 1960, 1964, 1967, and 1971, respectively) have brought the International System of Units to a state of completeness and coherence which make it increasingly more attractive for all applications. The National Bureau of Standards 01 the United States announced in Administrative Bulletin 64-6 dated February 1964 that- Henceforth it shall be the policy of the National Bureau of Standards to use the units of the International System (SI), as adopted by the Eleventh General Conference on Weights and Measures ... , except when the use of these units would obviously impair communication or reduce the usefulness of a report to the primary recipients. A similar was enunciated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in NASA Policy Directive NPD 2220.4 dated September 14, 1970- Measurement values employed in NASA Technical Reports, Technical Notes, Technical Memoranda, Contractor Reports, and Special Publications shall be expressed in the International System of Units (SI). However, the Official-in-Charge of a NASA Headquarters Office or the Director of a NASA Field Installation retains the authority to waive the provisions of NPD 2220.4 in special cases. This document, NASA SP-7012, gives the names, symbols, and definitions of SI units, the values of physical constants expressed in SI units, and tables of numerical factors for converting miscellaneous units to SI units. It was first published in October 1964. A revised edition was pub­ lished in 1969 to include resolutions agreed to by members of the 12th and 13th General Confer­ ences, and new values of physical constants derived by Taylor, Parker, and Langenberg. The present edition incorporates material from the records of the 14th General Conference of 1971, but retains the 1969 values of physical constants. SP-7012 was originally compiled by Dr. E. A. Mechtly when he was employed as a physicist at the Marshall Space Flight Center. He is now an associate professor of at the University of Illinois in Urbana.

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III HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

The International System of Units evolved of Standards is a member of both the Com­ from the unit of , the meter, and the unit mittee and the General Conference. of , the , which were created by The Eleventh General Conference on Weights members of the Paris Academy of Sciences, and and Measures convened in Paris during October adopted by the National Assembly of France in 1960, with Dr. A. V. Astin representing the 1795. The meter, the kilogram, and several United States. At the Eleventh General Con­ other units came to be known as the metric ference, the of units (based on system of units. the meter, kilogram, second, , , The U.S. Congress legalized the use of the and ) was given the name "International metric system throughout the United States System of Units," and the abbreviation "SI" on July 28, 1866. The Act of 1866 reads, in in all languages. part, The Twelfth General Conference convened in Paris during October 1964. Among other It shall be lawful throughout the United States of actions, the Twelfth Conference redefined the America to employ the weights and measures of the word "liter" as a special name for the cubic metric system; and no contract or dealing, or pleading decimeter, and authorized temporary use of the in any court, shall be deemed invalid or liable to objec­ tion because the weights or measures expressed or "atomic second," but did not abrogate the referred to therein are weights or measures of the metric definition of the second, which is based on the system. of the . The Thirteenth Conference, meeting in Oc­ Effective on April 5, 1893, and subsequently, tober 1967, did abrogate the ephemeris defini­ all legal units of measure used in the United tion of the second, and replaced it with the States have been or are defined as atomic definition. Among the other actions of exact numerical multiples of metric units. The the Thirteenth Conference were a revision of establishing metric units as the ultimate the definition of the candela, a redesignation of base of all U.S. Customary Units is known as the unit of thermodynamic , the the "Mendenhall Order." T. C. Mendenhall was kelvin (K), and the addition of six denved units U.S. Superintendent of Standard Weights and to the international system. Measures in 1893. The Fourteenth General Conference, meeting A highly significant step in the establishment in October 1971, adopted the , symbol mol, of internationally uniform standard units of as an SI base unit, adopted the name , measurement was the signing of the Convention symbol Pa, for N/m2, and adopted the name of the Meter by the United States and sixteen , symbol S, for g-1 among 0ther actions. other nations on May 20, 1875. At the time of the Fourteenth Conference, 41 The Convention of the Meter provides for an nations were signatory to the Convention of International Bureau of Weights and Measures the Meter. on neutral ground at Sevres, near Paris, France; The Fifteenth General Conference is sched­ for an International Committee on Weights and uled for 1975, a century after the initial signing Measures; and for an international General of the Convention of the Meter. Conference on Weights and Measures. The func­ The International System of Units is recom­ tion of these organs is to devise, refine, and mended by members of the General Conference maintain precise internationally uniform stand­ on Weights and Measures for all scientific, ards of measure. The Committee, and Confer­ technical, practical, and teaching purposes ... ence voting members, are leading professional On the following pages are the names, sym­ metrologists (men who have made the science of bols, and definitions of SI units, the values of measurement their careers) and in many cases physical constants expressed in SI units, and are the dh'ectors of national bureaus of stand­ numerical factors for converting miscellaneous ards. The Director of the U.S. National Bureau units to SI units. 1 NAMES AND SYMBOLS OF SI UNITS

Quantity Name of Unit Symbol SI BASE UNITS length meter m mass kilogram kg time second s ampere A thermodynamic temperature kelvin K candela cd amO'.lnt of substance mole mol

SI DERIVED UNITS square meter m2 cubic meter m3 Hz S-1 mass density (density) kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 , meter per second m/s per second /s meter per second squared m/ squared rad/s2 N kg· m/s2 (mechanical stress) pascal Pa N/m2 kinematic viscosity square meter per second m2/s dynamic viscosity newton-second per square meter N·s/m2 , , quantity of heat J N·m W J/s quantity of electricity C A-s potential difference, V W/A electric field strength volt per meter Vim electric resistance n VIA capacitance F A-s/V magnetic Wb V-s H V-sf A magnetic flux density T Wb/m2 strength ampere per meter A/m magneto motive force ampere A 1m cd-sr candela per square meter cd/m2 Ix Im/m2 number 1 per meter m-1 entropy joule per kelvin J/K specific heat capacity joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg- K) thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin W/(m-K) watt per W/sr activity (of a radioactive source) 1 per second S-1

SI SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS plane angle radian rad steradian sr ...

2 DEFINITIONS OF 51 UNITS

meter (m) (m) The meter is the length equal to 1 650 763.73 Le metre est la longueur egale a 1650763,73 in vacuum of the radiation cor-:­ longueurs d'onde dans Ie vide de la radiation responding to the transition between the levels correspond ant a la transition entre les niveaux 2 PIO and 5 do of the krypton-86 atom. 2 PIO et 5 do de l'atome krypton 86.

kilogram (kg) kilogramme (kg) The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal Le kilogramme est l'unite de masse; il est to the mass of the international prototype of egal a la masse du prototype international du the kilogram. (The international prototype of kilogramme. the kilogram is a particular cylinder of plat­ inum-iridium alloy which is preserved in a vault at Sevres, France, by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.)

second (s) seconde (s) The second is the duration of 9192631770 La seconde est la duree de 9 192631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the periodes de la radiation correspond ant a la transition between the two hyperfine levels of transition entre les deux niveaux hyperfins de the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. l'etat fondamental de l'atome de cesium 133

ampere (A) ampere (A) The ampere is that constant current which, L'ampere est l'intensite d'un courant con­ if maintained in two straight parallel conductors stant qui, maintenu dans deux conducteurs of infinite length, of negligible circular cross sec­ paralleles, rectilignes, de longueur infinie, de tion, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, section circulaire negligeable et places a une would produce between these conductors a force distance de 1 metre l'un de l'autre dans Ie vide, equal to 2 X 10-7 newton per meter of length. produirait entre ces conducteurs une forcE:' egale a 2XlO-7 newton par metre de longueur.

kelvin (K) kelvin (K) The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic tempera­ Le kelvin, unite de temperature thermody­ ture, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermo­ namique, est la fraction 1/273,16 de la tem­ dynamic temperature of the triple point of perature thermodynamique du point triple . de l'eau. candela (cd) candela (cd) The candela is the luminous intensity, in the La candela est l'intensite lumineuse, dans perpendicular direction, of a surface of la direction perpendiculaire, d'une surface de 1/600 000 square meter of a blackbody at the 1/600000 metre carre d'un corps noir a la temperature of freezing platinum under a temperature de congelation du platine sotm la pressure of 101 325 newtons per square meter. pression de 101325 newtons par metre carre.

3 mole (mol) mole (mol) . The mole is the amount of substance of a La mole est la quantite de matiere d'un system which contains as many elementary systeme contenant autant d'entites elementairel5 entities as there are carbon atoms in 0.012 kg qu'il y a d'atomes dans 0.012 kg de carbone 12. of carbon 12. The elementary entities must be Les entites elementaires doivent etre specifiees specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, et peuvent etre des atomes, des molecules, des electrons, other particles, or specified groups ions, des electrons, d'autres particules ou des of such particles. groupements specifies de telles particules.

newton (N) newton (N) The newton is that force which gives to a Le newton est la force qui communique a une mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter masse de 1 kilogramme l'acceleration de 1 per second per second. metre par seconde, par seconde.

joule (J) joule (J) The joule is the work done when the point of Le joule est la travail effectue lorsque Ie application of 1 newton is displaced a distance point d'application de 1 newton de force se of 1 meter in the direction of the force. deplace d'une distance egale a 1 metre dans la direction de la force.

watt (W) watt (W) The watt is the power which gives rise to Le watt est la puissance qui donne lieu a the production of energy at the of 1 joule une production d'energie egale a 1 joule par per second. seconde.

volt (V) volt (V) The volt is the difference of electric potential Le volt est la difference de potentiel electrique between two points of a conducting wire qui existe entre deux points d'un fil conducteur carrying a constant current of 1 ampere, when transportant un courant constant de 1 ampere, the power dissipated between these points is lorsque la puissance dissipee entre ces points equal to 1 watt. est egale a 1 watt.

ohm (n) ohm (n) The ohm is the electric resistance between L'ohm est la resistance electrique qui existe two points of a conductor when a constant entre deux points d'un conducteur lorsqu'une difference of potential of 1 volt, applied between difference· de potentiel constante de 1 volt, these two points, produces in this conductor a appliquee entre ces deux points, produit, dans current of 1 ampere, this conductor not being ce conducteur, un courant de 1 ampere, ce the source of any electromotive force. conducteur n'etant Ie siege d'aucune force electromotrice.

coulomb (0) coulomb (0) The coulomb is the quantity of electricity Le coulomb est la quantite d'ele<$'icite transported in 1 second by a current of 1 transportee en 1 seconde par un courant de 1 ampere. ampere.

4 farad (F) farad (F) The farad is the capacitance of a capacitor Le farad est la capacite d'un condensateur between the plates of which there appears a electrique entre les armatures duquel apparatt difference of potential of 1 volt when it is une difference de potentiel electrique de 1 volt, charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1 lorsqu'il est charge d'une quantite d'electricite coulomb. egale a 1 coulomb.

henry (H) henry (H) The henry is the inductance of a closed circuit Le henry est l'inductance electrique d'un in which an electromotive force of 1 volt is circuit ferme dans lequel une force electro­ produced when the electric current in the circuit motrice de 1 volt est produite lorsque Ie courant varies uniformly at a rate of 1 ampere per electrique qui parcourt Ie circuit varie uni­ second. formement a raison de 1 ampere par seconde.

weber (Wb) weber (Wb) The weber is the magnetic flux which, linking Le weber est Ie flux magnetique qui, traversant a, circuit of one , produces in it an electro­ un circuit d'une seule spire, y produirait une motive force of 1 volt as it is reduced to zero force electromotrice de 1 volt, si-on l'amenait a at a uniform rate in 1 second. zero en 1 seconde par decroissance uniforme.

lumen (lm) lumen (1m) The lumen is the luminous flux emitted in a Le lumen est Ie flux lumineux emis dans l'angle solid angle of 1 steradian by a uniform point solide unite (steradian), par une source ponctu­ source having an intensity of 1 candela. elle uniforme ayant une intensite lumineuse de 1 candela.

radian (rad) radian (rad) The radian is the plane angle between two Le radian est l'angle plan compris entre radii of a circle which cut off on the circum­ deux rayons qui, sur la circonference d'un ference an arc equal in length to the radius. cercle, interceptent un arc de longueur egale a celIe du rayon.

steradian (sr) steradian (sr) The steradian is the solid angle which, having Le steradian est l'angle solide qui, ayant son its vertex in the center of a sphere, cuts off an sommet au centre d'une sphere, decoupe sur la area of the surface of the sphere equal to that surface de cette sphere une aire egale a celle of a square with sides of length equal to the d'un carre ayant pour cote Ie rayon de la radius of the sphere. sphere.

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5

491-050 0 - 73 - 2 SI PREFIXES

The names of multiples and submultiples of SI units may be formed by application of the prefixes:

Factor by which unit Prefix Symbol I is multiplied

101.2 tera T 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 102 hecto h 10 deka da 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro }J. 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p 10-15 femto f 10-18 atto a

_._----

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends the following rules for the use of SI prefixes: a) Prefix symbols are printed in roman (upright) type without spacing between the prefix symbol and the unit symbol. b) An exponent affixed to a symbol containing a prefix indicates that the multiple or sub-multiple of the unit is raised to the power expressed by the exponent,

Jor example: 1 cms =10-6 mS 1 cm-l = 102 m-l

c) Compound prefixes, formed by the juxtaposition of two or more SI prefixes, are not to be used. Jor example: 1 nm but not: 1 m~m

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has issued additional recommend a­ ti01S with the aim of securing uniformity in the use of units. According to these recommendations: a) The product of two or more units is preferably indicated by a dot. The dot may be dispensed with when there is no risk of confusion with another unit symbol Jor example: N· m or N m but not: mN ... b) A solidus (oblique stroke, I), a horizontal line, or negative powers may be used to express a derived unit formed from two others by division

Jor example: mis, m or m' S-1 s

6 c) The solidus must not be repeated on the same line unless ambiguity is avoided by parentheses. In complicated cQ,ses negative powers or parentheses should be used for example: m/s2 or m' S-2 but not: m/s/s m' kg/(S3. A) or m' kg·S-3. A-I but not: m' kg/s3/A

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7 UNITS OUTSIDE THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

The International Committee on Weights and Measures recognized in 1969 that users of SI units will also wish to employ certain other units which, although they are not SI units, are in widespread use. These units play such an important part that they must be retained for general use with the International System of Units. They are the following:

UNITS IN USE WITH THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

Name Symbol Value in SI unit

min 1 min=60 s h Ih =60 min=3 600 s d Id =24 h=86 400 s ° 1° = ('11"/180) rad minute l' = (1/60)°= ('11"/10 800) rad second " I" = (1/60): = ('11"/648000) rad liter 1 I = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m 3 t 1 t = 103 kg

It is likewise necessary to recognize, outside the International System, some other units which are useful in specialized fields of scientific research, because their values expressed in SI units ml.st be obtained by experiment, and are therefore not known exactly. They are the following:

UNITS USED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM WHOSE VALUES IN SI UNITS ARE OBTAINED EXPERIMENTALLY

Name Symbol Definition

eV (a) unified atomic mass unit (b) (c) (c) pc ( d)

(a) 1 electron volt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 volt in vacuum. (b) The unified atomic mass unit is equal to the fraction 71:2 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide 12 0. (c) The astronomical unit does not have an international symbol; abbreviations are used, for ~xample, AU in English, UA in French, AE in German, a.e.;rJ; in Russian, etc. The astronomical unit of distance is the length of the radius of the unperturbed circular of a body of negligible mass moving around the with a sidereal angular velocity of 0.017202098950 radian per day of 86400 ephemeris . In the system of astronomical constants of the International Astronomical Union the value adopted for it is: 1 AU = 149 600X 106 m. (d) 1 parsec is the distance at which 1 astronomical unit subtends an angle of 1 second of arc.

In 1969, the International Committee on Weights and Measures listed three additional ~lasses of non-SI units: (1) 12 units which may be used for a limited time, (2) 9 units preferably not used, and (3) 11 units to be avoided. These deprecated units and preferred SI units are discussed in The International System oj Units (SI), NBS Special Publication 330. Another useful guide is the Metric Practice Guide, ASTM publ. no. E380-72. 8 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

The following lists of physical constants are from the work of B. N. Taylor, W. H. Parker, and D. N. Langenberg (Reviews of Modern Physics, July 1969). Their least-squares adjustment of values of the constants depends strongly on a highly accurate (2.4 ppm) determination of elh from the ac Josephson effect in superconductors, and is believed to be more accurate than the 1963 adjustment which appears to suffer from the use of an incorrect value of the fine structure constant as an input datum. See also NBS Special Publication 344 issued March 1971.

Quantity Symbol Value Error Prefix Unit ppm ------Speed of in vacuum ______c 2.9979250 O. 33 X 108 m S-1 ______G 6.673 2 460 10-11 N m2 kg-2 Avogadro constant ______NA 6.022169 6. 6 1026 kmol-1 ______k 1. 380 622 43 10-23 J K-l Gas constant ______R 8.31434 42 103 J kmol-1 K-l Volume of ideal gas, standard conditions_ Vo 2.24136 ------101 m3 kmol-1 Faraday constant ______F 9.648670 5.5 107 C kmol-1 Unified atomic mass unit ______u 1. 660 531 6.6 10-27 kg ______h 6.626196 7.6 10-34 J s h/21r 1. 054 591 9 7.6 10-34 Js Electron charge_. ______e 1. 602 191 7 4.4 10-19 C Electron rest mass ______me 9.109558 6. 0 10-31 kg 5.485930 6.2 10-4 u Proton rest mass ______mp 1. 672 614 6. 6 10-27 kg 1. 007 276 61 0.08 ------u Neutron rest mass ______mn 1. 674 920 6.6 10-27 kg 1. 008 665 20 O. 10 ------u Electron charge to mass ratio ______elm. 1. 758 802 8 3.1 1011 C kg-1 Stefan-Boltzmann constant ______IT 5.66961 170 10-8 W m-2 K-4 First radiation constant ______21rhc2 3.741844 7. 6 10-16 Wm2 Second radiation constant ______hc/k 1. 438 833 43 10-2 mK Rydberg constant ______Roo 1. 097 373 12 0.10 107 m-1 Fine structure constant ______a 7.297351 1.5 10-3 a-I 1. 370 360 2 1.5 10+2 Bohr radius ______ao 5.291771 5 1.5 10-11 m Classical electron radius ______T. 2.817939 4. 6 10-15 m Compton of electron ______AC 2.4263096 3.1 10-12 m AC/21r 3.861592 3. 1 10-13 m Compton wavelength of proton ______AC.p 1. 321 4409 6. 8 10-15 m AC.p/21r 2. 103 139 6. 8 10-16 m Compton wavelength of ncutron ______AC.n 1. 319 621 7 6. 8 10-15 m Ac.n/21r 2.100243 6. 8 10-16 m Electron magnetic momenk ______jJ.e 9.284851 7. 0 10-24 J T-l Proton magnetic momenL ______jJ.p 1. 410 620 3 7. 0 10-26 J T-l ______jJ.B 9.274096 7. 0 10-24 J T-l I ______jJ.n 5.050951 10 10-27 J T-l , i of protons in H20 __ 'Y p 2.6751270 3.1 108 rad S-1 T-l 'Y' p/21r 4.257597 3.1 107 Hz T-l Gyromagnetic ratio of protons in H2 O 'Yp 2.675 1965 3.1 108 rad S-1 T-l ... corrected for diamagnetism of H2O. 'Y p/21r 4.257707 3.1 107 Hz T-l ______4>0 2.0678538 3. 3 10-15 Wb Quantum of circulation ______h/2me 3.636947 3.1 10-4 J s kg-1 him. 7.273894 3.1 10-4 J s kg-I

9 Unitless numerical ratios Value Error ppm I Prefix ----

(e2) kg/eV ______I 5.609538 4.4 1035 (e2) u/eV ______9.314812 5. 5 8 u/kg ______10 1. 660 531 6.6 10-27 (e2) mc/e V ______5.110041 3. 1 105 (e2) mp/e V ______9.382592 5. 5 108 (e2) mn/e V ______9.395527 eV/J ______5. 5 108 1. 602 191 7 4.4 10-19 (h-I ) eV/Hz ______- ______2.4179659 3.3 lOt( (he)-I eV m ______8.065465 3.3 105 (k-I ) eV/K ______1. 160485 42 104 (he) (eV m)-I ______1. 239 854 1 3. 3 10-6 (he) ll~/J------2.179914 7. 6 10-18 (he) ll~ leV ______- ____ --______- ______1. 360 582 6 3.3 101 (e) ll~ /Hz ______3.2898423 0.35 1015 (he/k) ll~ /K ______1. 578 936 43 105 mp/m ______e 1. 836 109 6. 2 1()3 ~e/~B------1. 001 159 638 9 O. 0031 ~~/~B------1. 520 993 12 O. 066 10-3 ~P/~B------­ 1. 521 032 64 0.30 10-3 ~/p/~n------­ 2.792709 6. 2 ~p/~n------2.792782 6. 2

Other important constants

71"=3.141 592653589 e=2.718 281 828 459 ~o=471"X 10-7 H/m (exact), permeability of free space = 1.256 637 061 X 10-6 H/m .o=~-le-2 F/m, of free space =8.854 185X 10-12 F/m

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10 CONVERSION FACTORS

The following tables express the definitions of miscellaneous units of measure as exact numerical multiples of coherent Sl units, and provide multiplying factors for converting numbers and miscel­ laneous units to corresponding new numbers and Sl units. The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. An asterisk follows each number which expresses an exact definition. For example, the entry" -02 2.54 *" expresses the fact that 1 =2.54X10-2 meter, exactly, by definition. Most of the definitions are extracted from National Bureau of Standards documents. Numbers not followed by an asterisk are only approximate representations of definitions, or are the results of physical . The conversion factors are listed alphabetically and by physical quantity. The Listing by Physical Quantity includes only relationships which are frequently encountered and deliberately omits the great multiplicity of combinations of units which are used for more specialized purposes. Conversion factors for combinations of units are easily generated from numbers given in the Alphabetical Listing by the technique of direct substitution or by other well-known rules for manipulating units. These rules are adequately discussed in many science and engineering textbooks and are not repeated here. ALPHABETICAL LISTING

To convert from to multiply by ______ampere ____ _ +01 1.00* ______coulomb ___ _ +011.00* abfarad ______farad ____ _ +091.00* ______henry ______-09 1.00* ______siemens +091.00* abohrn ______ohm_ -091.00* ______volt ___ _ -081.00* ______: ______metep __ _ +034.0468564224* angstrom ______meter ______-101.00* are ______metep ____ _ +021.00* astronomical unit (IAU) __ .______meter ______+11 1.49600 astronomical unit () ______meter ______+ 11 1.495 978 9 atmosphere ______newton/meter2 __ _ +051.01325* bar______newton/meter2 __ _ +051.00* barn ______metep ______-281.00* (petroleum, 42 gallons) ______meter" __ _ -01 1.589 873 ______newton/metep __ _ -01 1.00* board (I' X I' X I") ______meter" ______-032.359737216* British thermal unit: (1ST before 1956) ______joule ______+031.05504 (1ST after 1956) ______joule ______+03 1.055056 British thermal unit (mean) ______joule ______+03 1.055 87 British thermal unit (thermochemical) ______joule ______+03 1.054350 British thermal unit (390 F) ______joule______+03 1.05967 British thermal unit (600 F) ______joule ______+031.05468 bushel (U.S.) ______meter" __ _ -023.523907016688* cable ______meter ______+02 2.194 56* ... caliber______meter ______-042.54* (International Stearn Table) ______joule______+004.1868 calorie (mean) ______joule______~ ____ _ +004.19002 calorie (therrnochemical) ______joule______+004.184* calorie (150 C) ______joule______+004.18580

11 To convert from to multiply by calorie (20° C) ______~_ joule______+004.18190 calorie (kilogram, International Steam Table) _ joule_____ --_ - ---______+034.1868 calorie (kilogram, mean) ______joule__ - ______- ______+03 4.190 02 calorie (kilogram, thermochemical) ______joule______- ______~ _ _ _ _ _ +03 4.184* carat (metric) ______kilogram ______-042.00* (temperature) ______- _-_ -_ -- - kelvin ___ ------______tK =tc+ 273.15 centimeter of (0° C) ______newton/meter2 ______+031.33322 centimeter of water (4° C) ______newton/meter2 ______+019.80638 chain (engineer or ramden) ______meter ______+013.048* chain (surveyor or gunter) ______meter ______+01 2.011 68* circular miL ______meter2 ______-105.0670748 cord______meter - ______+003.6245563 cubit ______meter ______- 01 4.572* cup ______meter ______-04 2.365 882 365* ______disintegration/second______+ 10 3.70 * day (mean solar) ______second (mean solar) ______+048.64* day (sidereal) ______second (mean solar) ______+048.6164090 degree (angle) ______radian ______-021.7453292519943 denier (international) ______kilogram/meter ______- 07 1.00* dram (avoirdupois) ______kilogram______-03 1.771 845 195 312 5* dram (troy or apothecary) ______kilogram ______-033.8879346* dram (U.S. fluid) ______meter ______-063.6966911953125* ______newton______- 05 1.00*

electron volt ______joule______-19 1.602 191 7 ______------joule______- 07 1.00*

Fahrenheit (temperature) ___ _ kelvin ______tK= (5/9) (tp+459.67) Fahrenheit (temperature) ______Celsius ______tc= (5/9) (t p- 32) faraday (based on carbon 12) ______coulomb ______+049.64870 faraday (chemical)_ coulomb ______+049.64957 faraday (physical) ____ _ coulomb ______+049.65219 fathom ______meter ______+00 1.8288* fermi (femtometer) ______meter ______-151.00* fluid ounce (U.S.) ______metera ______-05 2.957 352 956 25* foot ______meter ______-013.048* foot (U.S. survey) ______meter ______+ 00 1200/3937* foot (U.S. survey) ______meter __ - ______-01 3.048 006 096 foot of water (39.2° F) ______newton/meter2 ______+032.98898 footcandle ______lumen/meter2 ______+01 1.076391 0 footlambert______candela/meter2 ______+ 00 3.426 259 free fall, standard ______meter/second2 __ + 00 9.806 65* furlong ______meter ______+022.011 68*

(galileo) ______meter/second2______-021.00* gallon (U.K. liquid) ______metera ______-034.546087 gallon (U.S. dry) ______metera ___ _ -034.40488377086* gallon (U.S.liquid) ______meter3 ______- 03 3.785 411 784* gamma ______tesla ______-09 1.00* ______tesla ______-04 1.00* ______ampere turn ______-01 7.957 747 2 gill (U.K.) ______meter3 ______-04 1.420652 ... gill (U.S.) ______metera ______-04 1.182941 2 grad ______degree (angular) ______-019.00* grad ______radian ______-02 1.570 796 3 grain ______kilogram __ _ -056.479891* ______kilogram __ _ -031.00*

12 To convert from to muUiply by hand ______------meter -_ ------______- 01 1.016* ______-- --- _ ----- meter2 __ - - - _ - ______+04 1.00* hogshead (U.S.) ___ - ______-- meter3_ ------______-01 2.384 809 423 92* horsepower (550 foot lbf/second} ______watL ______+027.4569987 horsepower (boiler) ______- --- __ ----- watt_ ------_-- - ______+ 03 9.809 50 horsepower (electric) ______-- ____ --- -_ watt_ --- ____ -- __ -- ______+ 02 7.46* horsepower (metric) ______- ___ - _- -- __ watt_ ------_ - -______+ 02 7.354 99 horsepower (U.K.) ______- ---_ watt_ ------_- ______+02 7.457 horsepower (water) ______-- ___ ------watt_ ------______+ 02 7.460 43 hour (mean solar} ______second (mean solar} ______+033.60* hour (sidereal} ______second (mean solar} ______+033.5901704 hundredweight (long} ______kilogram ______+015.080234544* hundredweight (short} ______kilogram ______+014.5359237* inch______meter ______-022.54* inch of mercury (320 F} ______newtoD/meter2 ______+033.386389 inch of mercury (600 F} ______newton/meter2______+033.37685 inch of water (39.20 F} ______Dewton/meter2______+022.49082 inch of water (600 F} ______newton/meter2______+022.4884

kayser ___ ~ ______l/meter _____ . ______+02 1.00* kilocalorie (International Steam Table} ______joule ______+034.1868 kilocalorie (mean} ______joule ______+034.19002 kilocalorie (thermochemical} ______joule ______-t-034.184* kilogram mass ______kilogram ______+001.00* kilogram force (kgf) ______newton ______+ 00 9.806 65* kilopound force ______newton ______+ 00 9.806 65* kip ______newton ___ _ +034.448221 6152605* -knot (international) ______meter/second ______-01 5.144444444 lambert______candela/meter2 ______+ 04 1/-,,* . ______candela/meter2 ______+ 03 3.183 098 8 langley ______joule/meter2 ______+04 4.184* lbf ( force, avoirdupois} ______Dewton ______+004.4482216152605* Ibm (pound mass, avoirdupois) ______kilogram ______-01 4.535 923 7* league (U.K. Dautical} ______meter ______+035.559552* league (international nautical) ______meter ______. + 03 5.556* league (statute) ______meter ______+ 03 4.828 032* light year ______meter ______+ 15 9.460 55 link (engineer or ramden} ______meteL ______-013.048* link (surveyor or gunter} ______meter ______- 01 2.011 68* liter ______meter3 __ -______-03 1.00* lux ______lumen/meter2 ______+ 00 1.00*

______weber ______-08 1.00* meter ______wavelengths Kr 86 ____ _ +06 1.650 763 73* micron ______meter ______-06 1.00* mil ______-meter ______-052.54* (U.S. statute) ______meter ______+03 1.609 344* mile (U.K. nautical) ______meteL ______+03 1.853 184* mile (international nautical) ______meteL ______+031.852* mile (U.S. nautical) ______meter ______+03 1.852* ... millibaL ______newton/meter2 ____ _ +021.00* millimeter of mercury (00 C} ______newton/meter2 __ _ +02 1.333 224 minute (angle) ______.______radian ____ _ - 04 2.908 882 086 66 minute (mean solar) ______second (mean solar) ______+01 6.00* minute (sidereal} ______second (mean solar} ______+015.9836174 month (meancalendar} ______second (mean solar} ______+062.628*

13 To convert from to muUiply by nautical mile (intemational) ______~_ meteL ______+031.852* nautical mile (U.S.) ______meter ______+031.852* nautical mile (U.K.) ______meter ______+031.853184* ______ampere/meter ______+01 7.957 7472 ounce force (avoirdupois) ______newton ______-012.780 1385 ounce mass (avoirdupois) ______kilogram ______-02 2.834 952 312 5* ounce mass (troy or apothecary) ______kilogram ___ - _-_ - ______-023.11034768* ounce (U.S. fluid) ______meter'! ______-05 2.957 352 956 25* pace ______meter ______-017.62* parsec (IA U) ______meter ______+163.0857 pascaL ______newton/meterll ______+001.00* peck (U.S.) ______meter'! ______-038.809767541 72* pennyweight ______kilogram ______-03 1.555 173 84* perch ______meter ______+005.0292* phoL______lumen/meter2______+041.00 pica (printers) ______meter ______-034.2175176* pint (U.S. dry) ______meterS ______-045.506 104713575* pint (U.S. liquid) ______meterS ______-044.73176473* point (printers) ______meter ______-043.514 598* ______newton second/meter2 ______•. __ -01 1.00* pole ______meter ______+005.0292* pound force (lbf avoirdupois) ______newton ______+004.448 221 615 260 5* pound mass (Ibm avoirdupois) ______kilogram ______-01 4.535 923 7* pound mass (troy or apothecary) ______kilogram ______-013.732417216* ______newton ______-01 1.38254954376* quart (U.S. dry) ______meter3______-031.101220942715* quart (U.S. liquid) ______meterS ______-049.4635925 rad (radiation dOde absorbed) ______joule/kilogram ______-021.00* Rankine (temperature) ______kelvin ______tK = (5/9)tR rayleigh (rate of emission)______l/second meter2 ______+101.00* rhe ______meter2/newton second ______+01 1.00* rod ______meter __ +005.0292* ______coulomb/kilogram ______-042.57976* rutherford ______disintegration/second ______+06 1.00* second (angle) ______radian ______-064.848 136 811 second (ephemeris) ______second ______+00 1.000000000 second (mean solar) ______second (ephemeris) ______Consult American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac se30nd (sidereal) ______second (mean solar) ______-019.9726957 s3ction ______meter2 ______+062.589988110336* scruple (apothecary) ______kilogram ______-031.2959782* shake ______second ______-081.00 skein ______meter ______+02 1.097 28* ______kilogram ______+011.45939029 span ______meter ______-01 2.286* statampere ______ampere______-10 3.335 640 ______coulomb______-10 3.335 640 statfarad ______farad______-12 1.112 650 ... stathenry ______henry ______+ 11 8.987 554 ______ohm______+ 11 8.987 554 statute mile (U.S.) ______meter ______+031.609344* statvoIL ______volt ______.______+02 2.997 925 ______meterS ______+00 1.00*

14 To convert from to multiply by ___ _ candela/meter2_ ---_ ---_ --_ _ _ _ _ +04 1.00 stoke ______meter2/second ______-041.00* tablespoon ______meter" __ _ -05 1.478 676 478 125* teaspoon ______meter" ____ _ -064.928 921 593 75* ton (assay) ______kilogram __ -02 2.916 666 6 ton (long) ______---_ -_ kilogram __ +03 1.016 046 908 8* ton (metric) ______kilogram __ _ +031.00* ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) ______joule ______+094.20 ton (register) ______meter" - -- +00 2.831 684 659 2* ton (short, 2000 pound) ______kilogram ______+02 9.071 847 4* tonne ______kilogram __ +031.00* torr (0° C) ______newton/meter2 __ +021.33322 township ______meter2 __ _ +07 9.323 957 2 unit pole ______weber ______-07 1.256637 yard ______meter ______-01 9.144* year (calendar) ______second (mean solar) ______+073.1536* year (sidereal) ______second (mean solar) ______+073.1558150 year (tropical) ______second (mean solar) ______+07 3.155 692 6 year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12 ______second (ephemeris) __ _ +07 3.155692 597 47* year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12 _____ second __ +073.15569259747

LISTING BY PHYSICAL QUANTITY

ACCELERA nON foot/second2______meter/second2_ ---_------013.048* free fall, standard ______meter/second2______+009.80665* gal (galileo) ______meter/second2___ _ -021.00* inch/second2______meter/second2_ -022.54*

AREA acre ______meter2 ___ _ +034.0468564224* are ______meter!__ _ +021.00* barn ______meter2 ______-281.00* circular mil ___ _ meter2 ______-105.0670748 foot2 ______meter2 __ _ -029.290304* hectare __ meter2 ____ _ +041.00* inch2__ meter2 __ _ -046.4516* mile2 (U.S. statute) __ _ meter2 ____ _ +062.589988 110336* section______meter2 ____ _ +062.589988 110336* township ______meter2 ____ _ +07 9.323 957 2 yard2 ______meter2 __ _ -01 8.361 273 6*

DENSITY -- gram/centimeter"______kilogram/meter" ______+031.00* Ibm/inch3 __ kilogram/meter" ______+042.7679905 Ibm/foot3 -- _ -- kilogram/meter" ____ _ +01 1.601 846 3 slug/foots ___ _ kilogram/meter" ______+025.15379

15 To convert from to muUiply by

ENERGY British thermal unit: (1ST before 1956) ______joule______+031.05504 (1ST after 1956) ______joule______+03 1.055056 British thermal unit (mean) ______joule______+03 1.05587 British thermal unit (thermochemical) ______joule______+03 1.054350 British thermal unit (390 F) ______joule ______+03 1.05967 British thermal unit (600 F) ______joule______+03 1.05468 calorie (International Steam Table) ______joule ______+004.1868 calorie (mean) ______joule ______+004.19002 calorie (thermochemical) ______joule______+004.184* calorie (150 C) ______joule______+004.18580 calorie (200 C)-- ______- - __ -- - joule______+004.18190 calorie (kilogram, International Steam Table) _ joule __ _ +034.1868 calorie (kilogram, mean) ______joule______+034.19002 calorie (kilogram, thermochemical) ______joule ______+034.184* electron volt ______joule __ _ -19 1.602 191 7 erg ______joule ______-07 1.00* foot lbf ______joule______+001.3558179 foot poundaL ______joule ______-024.214 011 0 joule (international of 1948) ______joule ______+00 1.000 165 kilocalorie (International Steam Table) ______joule______+034.1868 kilocalorie (mean) ______joule______+034.19002 kilocalorie (thermochemical) ______joule______+034.184* kilowatt hour ______joule______+063.60* kilowatt hour (international of 1948) ______joule ______+063.60059 ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) ______joule______+094.20 watt hour ______joule______+033.60*

ENERGY f AREA TIME Btu (thermochemical)ffooV second ______wattfmeter2 ______+041.1348931 Btu (thermochemical)ffoot2 minute ______wattfmeter2 ______+021.8914885 Btu (thermochemical)ffoot2 hour ______wattfmeter2 ______+003.1524808 Btu (thermochemical)finch2 second______watt/meter2______+061.6342462 calorie (thermochemical)fcm2 minute ______wattfmeter2 ______+026.973 333 3 erg/centimeter2 second ______wattfmeter2______-03 1.00* wattfcentimeter~ ______wattfmeter2______+04 1.00*

FORCE dyne ______newton ______-051.00* kilogram force (kgf) ______newton ______+00 9.806 65* kilopond force ______~ newton ______+00 9.806 65* kip ______newton ______+03 4.448 221 615 260 5* lbf (pound force, avoirdupois) ______newton ______+004.448221 6152605* ounce force (avoirdupois) ______newton ______-01 2.780 138 5 pound force, lbf (avoirdupois) ______newton ______+004.448221 615 260 5* poundal ______newton ______-01 1.38254954376*

LENGTH -- angstrom ______meter_ -10 1.00* astronomical unit (IAU) ______meter ______+11 1.49600 astronomical unit (radio) ______meter ______+ 11 1.495 978 9 cable ______meter ______+022.194 56*

16 To convert from to mul1iply by caliber ______------meteL ------______-04 2.54* chain (surveyor or gunter) ______meter ______+012.011 68* chain (engineer or ramden) ____ ------meter ------______+01 3.048* cubit ______- __ ------meter ------______- 01 4.572* fathom ______- _ ------meter ------______+00 1.8288* fermi (femtometer) ______meter ______-151.00* foot ______meter ______-01 3.048* foot (U.S. survey) ______meter ______~ ______+001200/3937* foot (U.S. survey) ______meter ______-013.048006096 furlong ______------meter ------______+02 2.011 68* hand ______------meter ------_____ -01 1.016* inch ______------meter ------______- 02 2.54* league (U.K. nautical) ______meter ______+035.559552* league (international nautical) ______- _ -_- ___ meter ------______+ 03 5.556* league (statute) ______meter ______+034.828032* light year ______meter ______----______+159.46055 link (engineer or ramden) ______- _ -- - - -.- ___ meter ------_ _ _ __ -01 3.048* link (surveyor or gunter) ______- _ ------__ meter ------______-01 2.011 68* meter ______- _____ - _ -_ wavelengths Kr 86 ______+06 1.650 763 73* micron ______meter - _-_ -- - - - _ -- - _ -______- 06 1.00* miL ______meter ______- ___ - _ -______- 05 2.54* mile (U.S. statute) ______meteL ______+031.609344* mile (U.K. nautical) ______------_ - meter------______+03 1.853 184* mile (international nautical) ______meter - _ -_ -_- ____ - - _ -______+03 1.852* mile (U.S. nautical) ______meter- ______+031.852* nautical mile (U.K.) ______meter ______+031.853184* nautical mile (international) ______meter- ______+031.852* nautical mile (U.S.) ______meter ______+031.852* pace ______meter- ______-01 7.62* parsec (IAU) ______meter ______+163.0857 perch ______meter ______+005.0292* pica (printers) ______meter ______- 03 4.217 517 6* point (printers) ______meter ______~ ____ -043.514598* pole ______meter- ______+00 5.0292* rod ______meter ______+005.0292* skein ______meter ______+ 02 1.097 28* span ______meter ______-01 2.286* statute mile (U.S.) ______meter ______+031.609344* yard ______meter ______-01 9.144*

MASS carat (metric) ______kilogram ______-042.00* gram (avoirdupois) ______kilogram ______-031.7718451953125* gram (troy or apothecary) ______kilogram______-03 3.887 934 6* grain ______kilogram______-05 6.479 891* gram______kilogram ______- 03 1. 00* hundredweight (long) ______kilogram ______+015.080234544* hundredweight (short) ______kilogram ______+014.5359237* kgf second2 meter (mass) ______kilogram ______+009.80665* kilogram mass ______kilogram______+00 1.00* Ibm (pound mass, avoirdupois) ______kilogram ______-014.5359237* -- ounce mass (avoirdupois) ______kilogram ______-022.8349523125* ounce mass (troy or apothecary) ______kilogram ______-023.11034768* pennyweighL ______kilogram ______-031.555173 84* pound mass, Ibm (avoirdupois) ______kilogram ______-014.5359237* 17 To convert from to multiply by pound mass (troy or apothecary) ______kilogram ______-013.732417216* scruple (apothecary) ______kilogram ______-031.2959782* slug ______kilogram ______+011.45939029 ton (assay) ______kilogram ______-022.9166666 ton (Iong) ______kilogram ______+031.0160469088* ton (metric) ______kilogram ______+031.00* ton (short, 2000 pound) ______kilogram ______+029.0718474* tonne ______kilogram_ -- ______+ 03 1.00*

POWER Btu (thermochemical)/second ______- ____ _ watt ______.____ _ + 03 1.054 350 264 488 watt ______Btu (thermochemical)/minute ____ -- ______+01 1.7572504 watt ______calorie (thermochemical)/se::ond ___ - ______+004.184* calorie (thermochemical) /minute ______watL ______-026.973 333 3 watt ______foot lbf/hour ______- ____ _ -043.766 161 0 watt ______foot lbf/minute ______- 02 2.259 696 6 watt ______foot lbf/second ______+001.3558179 watt ______horsepower (550 foot Ibf/second) ______+027.4569987 watt ______horsepower (boiler) ______- ____ _ +039.80950 watt ______horsepower (electric) ______+027.46* watt ______horsepower (metric) ______+027.35499 watt ______horsepower (U.K.) ______+027.457 watt ______horsepower (water) ______+027.46043 kilocalorie (thermochemical) /minute ______watt ______+01 6.9733333 kilocalorie (thermochemical) /second ______watt ____ _ +034.184* watt (international of 1948) ______watt __ +00 1.000 165

PRESSURE atmosphere ______newton/meter2______+05 .1.013 25* baL ______newton/meter2______+05 1.00* barye ______newton/meter2______-01 1.00* centimeter of mercury (0° C) ______newton/meter2______+031.33322 centimeter of water (4° C) ______newton/meter2______+019.80638 dyne/centimeter2______newton/meter2______- 01 1.00* foot of water (39.2° F) ______newton/meter2______+032.98898 inch of mercury (32° F) ______newton/meter2______+033.386389 inch of mercury (60° F) ______newton/meter2______+033.37685 inch of water (39.2° F) ______newton/meter2______+022.49082 inch of water (60° F) ______newton/meter2______+ 02 2.4884 kgf/centimeter2 ______newton/meter2______+04 9.806 65* kgf/meter2______newtonfmeter2 ______+009.80665* Ibf/foot2 ______newton/meter2______+01 4.788 025 8 Ibf/inch2 (psi) ______newton/meter2______+036.8947572 millibaL ______newton/meter2______+02 1.00* millimeter of mercury (0° C) ______newton/meter2 ______+02 1.333 224 pascaL ______newtonfmeter2 ______+ 00 1.00* psi (lbf/inch2) ______newton/meter2______+036.8947572 torr (0' C) ______newtonfmeter2 ______+02 1.333 22 ... SPEED foot/hour __ _ meter/second ______- 05 8.466 666 6 foot/minute ______meter/second ______-035.08* foot/second ______meter/second ______-013.048* inch/second ______meter/second______-022.54*

18 To convert from to multiply by kilometer/hour ______-- ~ _ meter/second______-01 2.777 777 8 knot (international) ______meter/second ______-015.144444444 mile/hour (U.S. statute) ______meter/second______-014.4704* mile/minute (U.S. statutJ) ______meter/second ______+012.68224* mile/second (U.S. statute) ______meter/second______+031.609344*

TEMPERATURE Celsius __ _ kelvin ______tK=tC+ 273.15 Fahrenheit __ _ kelvin ______tK = (5/9) (t F +459.67) Fahrenheit ___ _ Celsius ______tc= (5/9) (tF - 32) Flankine ______kelvin ______tK = (5/9)tn

TIME day (mean solar) ______second (mean solar) ______+048.64* day (sidereal) ______second (mean solar) ______+048.6164090 hour (mean solar) ______second (mean solar) ______+033.60* hour (sidereal) ______second (mean solar) ______+033.5901704 minute (mean solar) ______second (mean solar) ______+016.00* minute (sidereal) ______second (mean solar) ______+015.9836174 month (mean calendar) ______second (mean solar) ______+062.628* second (ephemeris) ______second ______+001.000000000 second (mean solar) ______second (ephemeris) ______Consult American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac second (sidereal) ______second (mean solar) ______- 01 9.972 695 7 year (calendar) ______second (mean solar) ______+073.1536* year (sidereal) ______second (mean solar) ______+ 07 3.155 815 0 year (tropical) ______second (mean solar) ______+073.1556926 year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12_ .. __ second (ephemeris) ______+073.15569259747* year 1900, tropical, Jan., day 0, hour 12 _____ second ______+073.15569259747

VISCOSITY centistoke ______meter2/second ______- 06 1.00* stoke ______meter2/second ______-04 1.00* foot2/second ______meter2fsecond ______-02 9.290 304* centipoise ______newton second/meter2______- 03 1.00* Ibm/foot second ______newton second/meter2______+001.4881639 lbf second/foot2______newton second/meter2______+014.7880258 poise ______newton secondfmeter2 ______- 01 1.00* poundal second/foot2______newton secondfmeter2 ______+00 1.488 163 9 slug/foot second ______newton second/meter2______+014.7880258 rhe ______meter2fnewton second ______+01 1.00*

VOLUME acre foot ______meterll . ______+03 1.233481 83754752* barrel (petroleum, 42 gallons) ______meterll ______-01 1.589873 board foot ______meterll ______-032.359737216* bushel (U.S.) ______meterll ______-023.523907016688* ______meterll ______+00 3.624 556 3 ~ cup ______meterll ______-042.365882365* dram (U.S. fluid) ______meterll ______-063.696691 195 3125* fluid ounce (U.S.) ______meterll ______-052.95735295625* foot3 ______meterll ______-022.831 6846592*

19 To convert from to muUiply by gallon (U.K. liquid) ______:. __ metetl ______-034.546087 gallon (U.S. dry) ______metetl ______-034.40488377086* ,gallon (U.S. liquid) ______metetl _ -- ______-03 3.785 411 784* gill (U K.) ______metetl - - - - _-- - ______- 04 1.420 652 gill (U.S.) ______metetl ______-04 1.182 941 2 hogshead (U.S.) ______metetl ______-012.38480942392* inch3 ______- ______metetl ______- 05 1.638 706 4* liter ______metetl ______- 03 1.00* ounce (U.S. fluid) ______metetl ______-052.95735295625* peck (U.S.) ______metetl ______-03 8.809 767 541 72* pint (U.S. dry) ______metetl ______-04 5.506 104 713 575* pint (U.S. liquid) ______metetl ______- 04 4.731 764 73* quart (U.S. dry) ______metetl ______-03 1.101 220 942 715* quart (U.S. liquid) ______metetl ______- 04 9.463 529 5 stere ______metetl ______+00 1.00* tablespoon ______metetl ______-05 1.478 676 478 125* teaspoon ______metetl ______-064.92892159375* ton (register) ______metetl ______+00 2.831 684 659 2* yard3 ______metetl ______- 01 7.645 548 579 84 *

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20 BIBLIOGRAPHY

JUDSON, L. V.: Units of Weight and Measure. NBS TERRIICN, J.: News from the Bureau International des Misc. Publ. 233, U.S. Dept. Com., Dec. 20, 1960. Poids et Mesures. Metrologia, vol. 8, no. 1, 1972, JUDSON, L. V.: Weights and Measures Standards of the p.32. United States, a Brief History. NBS Misc. Publ. The International System of Units (SI). A translation 247, U.S. Dept. Com., Oct. 1963. of "Le Systeme International d'Unites (SI)" edited MECHTLY, E. A.: The International System of Units, by C. H. Page and P. Vigoureux. National Bureau of Physical Constants, and Conversion Factors, Reviscd. Standards Special Publication 330, 1972. NASA SP-7012, 1969. ANON.: Definitions of Basic SI Units. Metrologia, vol. MOREAU, H.: The Twelfth General Conference of 4, no. 3, 1968, p. 147. Weights and Measures. Metrologia, vol. 1, no. 1, ANON.: Corrigendum Notice. Metrologia, vol. 5, no. 1, Jan. 1965, p. 27. Jan. 1969, p. 33. TAYLOR, B. N.; W. H. PARKER; AND D. N. LANm;N­ ANON.: Proces-Verbaux Comite International des Po ids BERG: Determination of elh, Using Macroscopic et Mesures. Gauthier-Villars & Cie (Paris), Oct. 29, Quantum Phase Coherence in Superconductors: 1946. Implications for Quantum Electrodynamics and the ANON.: Metric Practice Guide E380-72, American Fundamental Physical Constants, Reviews of Mod­ Society for Testing and Materials, June 1972. ern Physics, vol. 41, no. 3, July 1969, pp. 375-490. ANON.: General Physical Constants. NBS Special TAYLOR, B. N.; W. H. PARKER; AND D. N. LANGEN­ Publication 344, March 1971. BERG: The Fundamental Constants and Quantum ANON.: Units and Systems of Weights and Measures. Electrodynamics. Academic Press, 1969. Their Origin, Development, and Present Status. TERRmN, J.: Scientific Metrology on the International NBS Letter Circ. LC 1035, Jan. 1960. ANON.: NBS Interprets Policy on SI Units. NBS Tech. Plane and the Bureau International des Poids et News Bull., vol. 52, no. 6, June 1968, p. 121. Mesures. Metrologia, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan. 1965, p. 15. ANON.: Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Onzieme TERRmN, J.: News From the International Bureau of Conference Generale des Poid" et Mesures. Gauthier­ Weights and Measures. Metrologia, vol. 4, no. 1, Villars & Cie (Paris), 1960. (Available as NASA TT Jan. 1968, p. 41. F-217.)

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