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CHAPTER 21 the Furnace of Civil War, 1861–1865

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CHAPTER 21 the Furnace of Civil War, 1861–1865 CHAPTER 21 The Furnace of Civil War, 1861–1865 PART I: REVIEWING THE CHAPTER A. Checklist of Learning Objectives After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe the consequences for both sides of the North’s defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run. 2. Outline Union’s original military strategy and how Lincoln was forced to adjust it during the course of the War. 3. Explain the critical importance of the failed Peninsula Campaign and the Battle of Antietam in changing the Civil War from a limited war for the Union into a total war against slavery. 4. Describe the role that African Americans played during the war. 5. Explain why the battles of Gettysburg in the East and Vicksburg in the West decisively turned the tide toward Union victory and Confederate defeat. 6. Describe the politics of the War in both North and South, and the end of the South’s hope for winning independence through a defeat of Lincoln in the election of 1864. 7. Describe the end of the war and list its final consequences. PART II: CHECKING YOUR PROGRESS A. True-False Where the statement is true, circle T; where it is false, circle F. 1. T F The South’s victory in the First Battle of Bull Run gave it a great advantage in morale during the first year of the Civil War. 2. T F General George McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign failed through a combination of his own excessive caution and Robert E. Lee’s vigorous attacks. 3. T F The failed Peninsula Campaign forced the Union to turn toward a total war designed to crush the entire South. 4. T F The Battle of Antietam was a turning point of the war because it prevented British and French recognition of the Confederacy and enabled Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. 5. T F Lincoln’s decision to turn the Civil War into a war to abolish slavery greatly enhanced his political standing in the North. 6. T F Black soldiers often faced execution as escaped slaves if they were captured during battle. 7. T F Lee’s invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863 was intended to win the war by encouraging the Northern peace movement and bringing foreign intervention on behalf of the Confederacy. 8. T F The Northern victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg effectively spelled doom for the Confederacy’s efforts to win its independence on the battlefield. 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 204 Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War, 1861–1865 9. T F In the final year of the conflict, Grant and Sherman waged a total war that aimed to destroy the South’s economy and morale as well as defeat its armies. 10. T F The Northern Democrats were deeply divided between War Democrats who supported the war effort and Peace Democrats who sought a negotiated settlement with the South. 11. T F At the Democratic party convention of 1864, the openly antiwar Copperheads enjoyed little influence. 12. T F A series of Union military victories just before the election of 1864 guaranteed Lincoln’s victory over McClellan and ended the South’s last hope. 13. T F Lee’s turn to defensive tactics in the last year of the war forced Grant into an offensive strategy that caused enormous casualties in direct frontal assaults on Confederate lines. 14. T F Lincoln’s assassination added to northern bitterness and determination to punish the South. 15. T F In terms of percentage of soldiers killed, the Civil War was the second deadliest war in American history after World War II. B. Multiple Choice Select the best answer and circle the corresponding letter. 1. A major effect of the First Battle of Bull Run was to a. convince the North that it would not be that difficult to conquer Richmond. b. increase the South’s already dangerous overconfidence. c. demonstrate the superiority of Southern volunteer soldiers over Northern draftees. d. cause a wave of new Southern enlistments in the army. e. lead Lincoln to consider abandoning Washington and moving the government elsewhere. 2. The primary weakness of General George McClellan as a military commander was his a. inability to gain the support of his troops. b. tendency to rush into battle with inadequate plans and preparation. c. lack of confidence in his own abilities. d. excessive caution and reluctance to use his troops in battle. e. tendency to rely on artillery and cavalry rather infantry troops. 3. After the failed Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln and the Union turned to a a. new strategy based on total war against the Confederacy. b. new strategy based on an invasion through the mountains of western Virginia and Tennessee. c. strategy of defensive warfare designed to protect Washington, D.C. d. reliance on the navy rather than the army to win the war. e. strategy based on encouraging political divisions within the South. 4. The Union blockade of Confederate ports was a. initially leaky but eventually effective. b. challenged by the powerful navies of Britain and France. c. immediately effective in capturing Confederate blockade-running ships. d. largely ineffective in shutting off the sale of Confederate cotton in Europe. e. more effective on the Atlantic coast than along the Gulf coast. 5. Antietam was one of the crucial battles of the Civil War because a. it ended any further possibility of Confederate invasion of the North. b. it was the last chance for the Confederates to win a major battle. c. it fundamentally undermined Confederate morale. d. the death of Lee’s greatest general, Stonewall Jackson, crippled his military effectiveness. e. it prevented British and French recognition of the Confederacy. 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War, 1861–1865 205 6. Officially, the Emancipation Proclamation freed only slaves a. who had fled their masters and joined the Union Army. b. under control of the rebellious Confederate states. c. in the Border States and in areas under Union Army control. d. in Washington, D.C. e. whose masters were loyal to the Confederacy. 7. The political effects of the Emancipation Proclamation were to a. bolster public support for the war and the Republican party. b. increase conflict between Lincoln and the radical wing of the Republican party. c. turn the Democratic party from support of the war toward favoring recognition of the Confederacy. d. weaken support for the Union among British and French public opinion. e. strengthen the North’s moral cause but weaken the Lincoln administration in the Border States and parts of the North. 8. The thousands of black soldiers in the Union Army a. added a powerful new weapon to the antislavery dimension of the Union cause. b. were largely prevented from participating in combat. c. were enlisted primarily to compensate for the military advantage that the South enjoyed because of slavery. d. saw relatively little direct military action during the war. e. were enthusiastic but relatively ineffective in combat. 9. Lee’s primary goal in invading the North in the summer of 1863 was to a. capture major Northern cities like Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. b. deflect attention from “Stonewall” Jackson’s movements against Washington. c. strengthen the Northern peace movement and encourage foreign intervention in the war. d. cut off Northern supply lines and damage the Union’s economic foundations. e. drive through to Canada and thus split the North in two. 10. Grant’s capture of Vicksburg was especially important because it a. quelled Northern peace agitation and cut off the Confederate trade route across the Mississippi. b. ended the threat of a Confederate invasion of southern Illinois and Indiana. c. blocked the French army in Mexico from moving to aid the Confederacy. d. destroyed Southern naval power. e. enabled the North to completely suppress the South’s cotton trade with Europe. 11. Lincoln dealt with the leading Copperhead, Clement Vallandigham, by a. banishing him to Canada. b. persuading the Democratic party to repudiate him. c. drafting him into the Union army. d. using Union troops to harass him into silence. e. convicting him of treason in a military tribunal and then shipping him to the South. 12. Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s vice-presidential running mate in 1864, was a a. Copperhead. b. War Democrat. c. conservative Republican. d. radical Republican. e. Peace Democrat. 13. Lincoln’s election victory in 1864 was sealed by Union military successes at a. Gettysburg, Antietam, and Vicksburg. b. the Wilderness, Lookout Mountain, and Appomattox. c. Bull Run, the Peninsula, and Fredericksburg. d. Mobile, Atlanta, and the Shenandoah Valley. e. Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, and Cold Harbor. 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 206 Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War, 1861–1865 14. Sherman’s march “from Atlanta to the sea” was especially notable for its a. tactical brilliance against Confederate cavalry forces. b. effective use of public relations to turn Southern sympathies against the Confederacy. c. brutal use of total war tactics of destruction and pillaging against Southern civilian populations. d. impact in inspiring Northern public opinion to turn against slavery. e. commitment to emancipate slaves and bring them into the Union army. 15. As the Democratic Party nominee in 1864, General George McClellan a. denounced Lincoln as a traitor and called for an immediate end to the war.
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