The War Begins (16.1)

Name:______Class Period:______Date:______

Vocabulary:

Fort Sumter

border states

cotton diplomacy

Notes: Americans • Seven southern states seceded as Lincoln took office. Choose Sides • Lincoln refused to recognize secession and tried desperately to save the nation. • Confederate officials began seizing federal-mint branches, arsenals, and military posts. • For Sumter was a Federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina. • Confederate forces asked for its surrender. • Lincoln refused and sent ships with supplies. • Confederate cannons began firing on April 12, 1861.

• Fort Sumter fell 34 hours later.

• The Civil War began.

Reaction to • • Lincoln declared the South was in rebellion and asked state governors for Lincoln’s Call 75,000 militiamen; Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and states north of them rallied.

• Slave states of the Upper South—North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and

Arkansas—seceded.

Border states—Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri—were slave • states that did not join the Confederacy, but people were divided on the

war.

Western Virginia supported the Union and set up its own state government • as West Virginia in 1863.

• Northern • Population of 22 million Resources • Some 22,000 miles of railroad track

• More developed economy, banking system, and currency

• Strategy—General Winfield Scott planned to blockade southern ports and

to capture Mississippi River to divide the South.

• Southern • Strong military tradition that put many smart officers into battle. Resources • Advantages of fighting on home soil – only had to defend itself until the North grew tired of fighting. • Strategy—tried to win foreign allies through cotton diplomacy: idea that Britain would support Confederacy because it needed the South’s cotton.

• Volunteer armies would fight the battles. Thousands of men joined the armies. Preparing • Civilians helped those in uniform. for War • Raised money, ran hospitals, served as nurses • Sent supplies to troops • Both armies faced shortages of clothing, food, and weapons. • Volunteers had to learn the military basics of marching, shooting, and using bayonets.

2 Name:______Class Period:______Date:______

The War in the East (16.2)

Vocabulary:

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

First Battle of Bull Run

Robert E. Lee

Second Battle of Bull Run

Battle of Antietam

ironclads

Notes: War in • First major battle of Civil War in Virginia, in July 1861 Virginia – Union army of 35,000 under General Irvin McDowell • Bull Run/ – Confederate army of 22,000 under General Pierre G. T. Beauregard Manassas • Clashed at Bull Run Creek near Manassas – Additional 10,000 Confederates arrived – Confederate troops under General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson held against Union advance • Confederates counterattacked – Union troops retreated • Confederates won First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the first Battle of Manassas

• More Battles • General George B. McClellan was placed in charge of 100,000 soldiers, in Virginia called the Army of the Potomac. • McClellan launched an effort to capture Richmond called the Peninsular Campaign. Stonewall Jackson launched an attack towards Washington, preventing Union reinforcements. • Confederate army in Virginia was under the command of General Robert E. Lee. Lee attacked Union forces in series of clashes called Seven Days’ Battles and forced Union army to retreat in June 1862. • Lincoln ordered General John Pope to march to Richmond. • Jackson’s troops stopped Pope’s army before it met up with the other Union army. The Second Battle of Bull Run, or Second Battle of Manassas, was fought in August 1862; Confederates again forced a Union retreat.

3 Battle of • Confederate leaders wanted to follow Lee’s victories in Virginia with victory Antietam on northern soil. • Lee’s Confederate troops and McClellan’s Union army met along Antietam Creek in Maryland on September 17, 1862. • The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history, with more than 12,000 Union and 13,000 Confederate casualties. • Also called the Battle of Sharpsburg • It was an important victory for the Union, stopping Lee’s northward advance.

Breaking the • Union navy controlled the sea and blockaded southern ports. Union’s • The southern economy was hurt because the South was prevented from Blockade selling and receiving goods. • The Union’s • Some small, fast ships got through blockade, but the number of ships Naval entering southern ports was reduced from 6,000 to 800 a year. Strategy

• Clash of the • The Confederacy turned to a new type of warship—ironclads, or ships Ironclads heavily armored with iron. • The Confederacy Captured Union ship Merrimack, turned it into ironclad, and renamed it the Virginia. • Ironclads successfully attacked the wooden ships of the Union. • Met by a Union ironclad, the Monitor, in battle near Hampton Roads, Virginia, in March 1862 and it forced the Confederates to withdraw – Designed by John Ericsson – Had a revolving gun tower and thick plating • The Monitor’s success saved the Union fleet and continued the blockade.

4 Name:______Class Period:______Date:______

The War in the West (16.3)

Vocabulary:

Ulysses S. Grant

Battle of Shiloh

Siege of Vicksburg

Notes: Union • Ulysses S. Grant was commander of Union forces in West Strategy in – Bold and restless, he wanted to attack. the West • Western campaign focused on taking control of Mississippi River. – Would cut off eastern part of Confederacy from food sources in West. – Union could use bases along Mississippi to attack communication & transportation networks. • Grant’s Army of Tennessee captured Confederate forts on Tennessee and Cumberland rivers in February 1862. • Both sides claimed victory in bloody two-day Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, but Grant’s forces had driven Confederates back into Mississippi. – This win gave the Union greater control of the Mississippi River

• The Fall of • U.S. Navy moved upriver to meet Grant, who was moving down the New Orleans Mississippi. • First obstacle was the port of New Orleans—largest Confederate city and gateway to the Mississippi. • Fleet under Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans in April 1862. • He then took Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Natchez, Mississippi.

• Siege of • Farragut ordered surrender of strategic Vicksburg, Mississippi, in May Vicksburg 1863. • Location on 200-foot-high cliffs above the Mississippi made invasion nearly impossible. • Grant decided to starve the city into surrender; began Siege of Vicksburg in mid-May. • Facing starvation, city surrendered on July 4, 1863. • Capturing Vicksburg gave the Union total control of the Mississippi River

5 Struggle for • Union halted attempts by Confederate armies to control lands west of the the Far West Mississippi in Colorado and Arizona in 1861. • Confederates failed to take border state of Missouri, losing Battle of Pea Ridge in 1862. – Cherokee Native Americans aided the Confederates, hoping that they would give them greater freedom. • Pro-Confederate forces remained active in region throughout the war, forcing Union commanders to keep troops in area.

Summary (4-6 Sentences)

6 Name:______Class Period:______Date:______

Daily Life During the War (16.4)

Vocabulary:

Emancipation Proclamation

Copperheads

habeas corpus

Notes: Emancipation • Millions of enslaved African Americans were at the heart of the nation’s Proclamation bloody struggle. • Abolitionists wanted Lincoln to free the slaves. • Lincoln supported the abolition of slavery because he thought it would help the North win the war. • Lincoln found emancipation, or freeing of slaves, a difficult issue. – Did not believe he had constitutional power – Worried about the effects

• Lincoln • Democratic Party opposed Issues the • Abolitionists said war was pointless without freedom for African Proclamation Americans. • Lincoln worried about losing support for the war. • On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves only in areas controlled by Confederacy, effective January 1, 1863. • Lincoln waited for Union victory at Antietam to announce the E.P. because he wanted them to be in a position of strength.

• Reaction to • African Americans gave thanks & abolitionists rejoiced. the • Encouraged many enslaved African Americans to escape when Union Proclamation troops came near. • Loss of slaves crippled the South’s ability to wage war.

• African Americans volunteered to fight. African • The War Department gave contrabands, or escaped slaves, the right to join Americans the army in South Carolina. Participate • The mainly African American 54th Massachusetts Infantry was celebrated in the War for its bravery. • About 180,000 African Americans served with the Union army.

7 Growing • Many Northerners began to oppose the Civil War because they were upset Opposition by the length of the war and number of casualties.

• Copperheads • Copperheads were northern Democrats who began speaking against the war. • Many were midwesterners who sympathized with the South and opposed abolition. • Lincoln suspended habeas corpus, or protection against unlawful imprisonment, to jail the enemies of the Union.

• Northern • Critics erupted when Congress approved the draft, or forced military Draft service. For $300, men could buy their way out of service. For unskilled workers, this was a year’s wage. • Bloody rioting broke out in New York, killing 100 people. Life for Soldiers and • Civil War armies fought in ancient battlefield formations that produced Civilians massive casualties. • On the – Endless rows of troops fired directly at one another. Battlefield – Many men died to gain every inch of ground. • Doctors and nurses saved many lives. – They did not have medicines to stop infections. • The biggest killer in the war was disease, such as typhoid, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. • Prisoners of • Military prisoners on both sides lived in misery. War – They had little shelter, food, or clothing. – Starvation and disease killed thousands.

• Life as a • The war effort involved all levels of society. Civilian • Women and males too young or too old for military service worked in factories and farms. • Women were the backbone of civilian life on farms, performing daily chores usually done by men. • During the war many women provided medical care for soldiers injured in the war. – Union volunteer Clara Barton organized the collection of medicine and supplies for delivery to the battlefield. – In the South, Sally Louisa Tompkins established a small hospital that became a major army hospital.

Summary (4-6 Sentences)

8 Name:______Class Period:______Date:______

The War in the East (16.2)

Vocabulary:

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

First Battle of Bull Run

Robert E. Lee

Second Battle of Bull Run

Battle of Antietam

ironclads

9 Battle of • Confederate leaders wanted to follow Lee’s victories in Virginia with victory Antietam on northern soil. • Lee’s Confederate troops and McClellan’s Union army met along Antietam Creek in Maryland on September 17, 1862. • The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history, with more than 12,000 Union and 13,000 Confederate casualties. • Also called the Battle of Sharpsburg • It was an important victory for the Union, stopping Lee’s northward advance.

10 Name:______Class Period:______Date:______

The War in the West (16.3)

Vocabulary:

Ulysses S. Grant

Battle of Shiloh

Siege of Vicksburg

11 Struggle for • Union halted attempts by Confederate armies to control lands west of the the Far West Mississippi in Colorado and Arizona in 1861. • Confederates failed to take border state of Missouri, losing Battle of Pea Ridge in 1862. – Cherokee Native Americans aided the Confederates, hoping that they would give them greater freedom. • Pro-Confederate forces remained active in region throughout the war, forcing Union commanders to keep troops in area.

Summary (4-6 Sentences)

12 Name:______Class Period:______Date:______

The Tide of the War Turns (16.5)

Vocabulary:

Battle of Gettysburg

Pickett’s Charge

Gettysburg Address

William Tecumseh Sherman

total war

Appomattox Courthouse

Notes: Fredericksburg & Ambrose Attacks - Fredericksburg Chancellorsville • General Ambrose E. Burnside sent to replace McClellan as leader of Army of the Potomac. • Strategy: attack Richmond by way of Fredericksburg. • Burnside caught Lee by surprise but delays left Lee enough time to organize and entrench Confederate forces.

• The Union lost the battle and suffered heavy casualties. Hooker Attacks - Chancellorsville

• General Joseph Hooker sent to replace Ambrose as leader of Army of the Potomac.

• Strategy: outflank the Confederate army at Fredericksburg.

• Hooker instead hesitated and took a defensive position at Chancellorsville where Union forces were overwhelmed by both Lee and Stonewall Jackson.

• The Confederates win a major victory.

Battle of • Largest and bloodiest battle of Civil War Gettysburge • More than 51,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, captured, or went missing in three days.

• It was an important victory for the Union because it stopped Lee’s plan of invading the North.

First Day

• Lee’s forces were gathered at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on July 1, 1863.

• Ran into Union forces under General George G. Meade, beginning the Battle of Gettysburg

• Union took up defensive positions Second Day

• Lee ordered attack on Union troops on Little Round Top.

• Both sides fought viciously for control.

• Union forces held off Confederates.

13 Third Day - Pickett’s Charge • Lee planned attack on center of Union line. • General George Pickett led 15,000 men in Pickett’s Charge, a failed attack on Cemetery Ridge. • Lee began planning retreat to Virginia.

• Aftermath of • Gettysburg was turning point of war—Lee would never again attack in the Gettysburg North. • Some 23,000 Union and 28,000 Confederate casualties • Victory came the day before the Union capture of Vicksburg. • Britain and France refused to aid South after Gettysburg.

• Gettysburg • Lincoln gave speech called Gettysburg Address at dedication of battlefield Address cemetery. • He praised bravery of Union soldiers and renewed commitment to winning the war. • The Gettysburg Address was to remind Americans of the reasons that the Civil War was being fought.

Union • Lincoln was impressed with Grant’s victories; gave him command of Union Campaigns army. Cripple the – Grant forced Lee to fight series of battles in Virginia that stretched Confederacy Confederate soldiers and supplies to limit. • Wilderness • Wilderness Campaign: series of battles designed to capture Confederate Campaign in capital of Richmond, Virginia, in 1864. the East – Grant kept moving toward Richmond but suffered huge casualties. – Failure to capture Richmond by election of 1864 distressed Lincoln.

• Sherman • Lincoln needed victory for Union army to help him win reelection in 1864. Strikes the • General William Tecumseh Sherman’s campaign to destroy South’s South railroads and industries provided Lincoln his victory. • Sherman’s 100,000 troops marched south from Tennessee in spring of 1864 to capture Atlanta, Georgia, in September, and Savannah in December. • Sherman practiced total war, destroying civilian and economic resources, in the hope of ruining the South’s economy and ending its ability to fight. He hoped this would speed the end of the war.

The South • Grant broke through Confederate defenses at Petersburg, Virginia, and Lee Surrenders retreated to Richmond on April 2, 1865. • Fighting • Grant surrounded Lee’s army. Ends • Lee surrendered to Grant at the small town of Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, on April 9, 1865. • The Effects • Civil War had deep and long lasting effects. of the War • Almost 620,000 Americans killed • The South’s defeat ended slavery. • Majority of former slaves, however, had no homes or jobs. • Southern economy was in ruins. • Tremendous amount of hostility remained. • Questioned how the United States could be united again.

14 Name:______Class Period:______Date:______

Rebuilding the South (17.1)

Vocabulary:

Reconstruction

Ten Percent Plan

Wade-Davis Bill

Thirteenth Amendment

Freedman’s Bureau

Andrew Johnson

Notes: Reconstruction • Reconstruction: the process of readmitting the former Confederate states Begins to the Union; lasted from 1865 to 1877 • The South had been severely damaged by war—cities, towns, and farms had been ruined. • Many southerners faced starvation. • Banks failed, and merchants went bankrupt.

• Lincoln’s • The Ten Percent Plan offered amnesty, or official pardon, to southerners. Plan • Southerners had to swear allegiance to the Union and agree that slavery was illegal. • New state governments could be formed once 10 percent of voters had made these pledges. • Lincoln wanted to restore order quickly.

• Wade-Davis • Congressional Republicans’ alternative to Lincoln’s plan Bill • To be readmitted, a state had to ban slavery, and a majority of adult males had to take a loyalty oath. • Only southerners who swore they had never supported the Confederacy could vote or hold office. • Lincoln refused to sign the bill into law.

Freedom for • One thing Republicans agreed on was abolishing slavery. African • Lincoln urged Congress to propose the Thirteenth Amendment. Americans • Made slavery illegal in the United States • The amendment was ratified, and took effect on December 16, 1865.

15 • Slavery Ends • Newly freed slaves faced many changes. – Married couples could legalize their marriages. – Families searched for members who had been sold away. – Many moved from mostly white counties to places with more African Americans. • Freed people demanded same economic and political rights as white citizens. – Many former slaves wanted their own land to farm. – Many white planters refused to surrender their land. – The U.S. government returned land to its original owners.

• Freedman’s • Established by Congress in 1865 Bureau • Provided relief for freed people and certain poor people in the South • Distributed food and provided education and legal help • Established 3,000 schools and several universities

• President Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865. President • Vice president Andrew Johnson became president. Johnson’s Reconstruction • Johnson’s Reconstruction plan was similar to Lincoln’s, but included the Plan need for wealthy southerners and former Confederate officials to receive presidential pardons in order to receive amnesty.

• Johnson appointed a temporary governor to lead each state. • New State • States were required to revise their constitutions and declare that secession Governments was illegal. • States had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment and refuse to pay Confederate debts. • All southern states except Texas had created new governments by 1865. • Johnson declared the Union to be restored, but Congress refused to readmit southern states into the Union because too many newly elected representatives had been leaders of the Confederacy.

16 Name:______Class Period:______Date:______

The Fight Over Reconstruction (17.2)

Vocabulary:

Black Codes

Radical Republicans

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Fourteenth Amendment

Reconstruction Acts

Fifteenth Amendment

Notes: Opposition • New state legislatures approved by President Johnson began passing laws to President to deny civil rights to African Americans. Johnson • Every southern state passed Black Codes, laws that greatly limited the • Black Codes freedom of African Americans. • African Americans organized to oppose the codes.

• Radical • Black Codes angered many Republicans, who felt the South was returning Republicans to its old ways. – Most Republicans were moderates who hoped the South would not have to be forced into following the laws. • Radical Republicans took a harsher stance, wanting the government to force change in the South. – Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and Charles Sumner of Massachusetts were leaders. – Radical Republicans, like the moderate Republicans, believed the Black Codes were cruel. – Unlike the moderates, they wanted the federal government to be more involved in Reconstruction.

Fourteenth • Radicals urged Congress to pass a bill giving the Freedmen’s Bureau more Amendment power. • Johnson vs. – Johnson vetoed the bill because he said Congress could not pass laws Congress until all southern states were back in Congress and stated it was unconstitutional. • Republicans passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. – Johnson again used his veto power. – Congress overrode Johnson’s veto. – Republicans feared that the Act might be overturned. • Republicans then proposed the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866.

17 • Defined all people born or naturalized in United States, except Native Americans, as citizens. • Guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law. • Said states could not “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” • Banned many former Confederate officials from holding state or federal offices. • Made state laws subject to federal court review. • Gave Congress the power to pass any laws needed to enforce the amendment. • The amendment was a key issue in the 1866 congressional elections. Riots and violence occurred. The Republicans won a commanding two-thirds majority in the House and Senate, giving them the power to override any presidential veto.

Congress • The elections of 1866 gave Republicans a two-thirds majority in Congress. Takes • They passed the first of several Reconstruction Acts in 1867. Control of • The laws divided the South into five military districts with a military Reconstruction commander in control of each. • The military would remain in control of the South until southern states rejoined the Union.

• President on Impeachment Trial • Congress passed laws limiting President Johnson’s power because he opposed the Republican led Reconstruction Acts. • Johnson broke the law when he fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. • The House of Representatives voted to impeach the president. Impeachment is the process used by the legislative body to bring charges of wrongdoing against a public official. • The Senate did not convict Johnson, but his power was greatly reduced. • Johnson decided not to run for reelection in 1868.

• Election of • The war hero General Ulysses S. Grant was elected president. 1868 • He appealed to northern voters. His slogan was “Let Us Have Peace.” • Hundreds of thousands of African Americans also voted for Grant since he was from the “party of Lincoln.” • African American votes helped Grant win a narrow victory.

Fifteenth • Wanted to protect their Reconstruction plan as more southern states Amendment rejoined the Union. • Proposed the Fifteenth Amendment in 1869.

• Went into effect in 1870. • Guaranteed African American men the right to vote.

Summary (4-6 Sentences):

18 Name:______Class Period:______Date:______

The Fight Over Reconstruction (17.3)

Vocabulary:

Ku Klux Klan

Compromise of 1877

segregation

Jim Crow laws

Plessy v. Ferguson

sharecropping

Notes: Opposition • Republicans controlled most southern governments but were unpopular to President with white southerners. Johnson – Northern-born Republicans who moved south after the war were • Black Codes called carpetbaggers. – White southern Republicans were called scalawags. • African Americans: largest group of southern Republican voters – Hiram Revels was first African American in U.S. Senate. • Radical • Reconstruction state governments provided money for many new Republicans programs. – Helped establish public schools; built hospitals; passed laws against discrimination; constructed railroads and bridges.

• Created by group of white southerners in Tennessee in 1866 • Secret society opposed to civil rights, particularly suffrage, for African Americans • Used violence and terror against African Americans • Local governments did little to stop the violence, so Congress passed laws that made it a federal crime to interfere with elections or to deny citizens equal protection under the law.

Fourteenth Amendment • Johnson vs. Congress

Summary (4-6 Sentences):

Congress Takes Control of Reconstruction

• President on Trial

• Election of 1868

Fifteenth Amendment