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Relationships Between the Stomach Wall of Mosquitoes and the Exogenous Development of Malaria

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Relationships Between the Stomach Wall of Mosquitoes and the Exogenous Development of Malaria Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1954 Relationships Between the Stomach Wall of Mosquitoes and the Exogenous Development of Malaria. Augustus Burns Weathersby Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Weathersby, Augustus Burns, "Relationships Between the Stomach Wall of Mosquitoes and the Exogenous Development of Malaria." (1954). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 8092. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/8092 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE STOMACH WALL OF MOSQUITOES AND THE EXOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT OF MALARIA A dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Keehanioal College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Zoology, Physiology, and Entomology by Augustus Burns Weathersby B* A., Louisiana S tate U niversity, 1958 M. S., Louisiana State University, 1940 May, 1964 UMI Number: DP69470 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. IJMI Dissertation Publishing UMI DP69470 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProOuest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 MANUSCRIPT THESES Unpublished theses submitted for the master’s and doctor’s degrees and deposited in the Louisiana State University Library are available for inspection# Use of any thesis is limited by the rights of the author# Bibliographical references may be noted, but passages may not be copied unless the author has given permission. Credit must be given in subsequent written or published work. A library which borrows this thesis for use by its clientele is expected to make sure that the borrower is aware of the above restrictions. LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 1 1 9 -a aokbqwlbdgment the Author wlahaa to expreaa hit aiaoere appreoiation to Dr* Clay a* Huff, guest committee member and advisor* for hi a corneal and guidance inthii study. Ha la Indebted to Dr* J, A* Roberta* Dr. H. J. Bennett* and Dr* 0* V* Boaeeall for helpful oritloiama and encouragements to the Sami ttedloal Research Institute Photo* graphic Laboratory for aid in preparing the illuatrationai and to Hlaa Taugl Shiroishi for aid in maintenance of the paraaite atralna* TABLE* OF CONTENTS PAGE I . INTRODUCTION . .............................. .......... X I I . MATERIALS AND METHODS................................................. 8 III. RESULTS...................................................................................... 1? (A) The Plasmodium gal linaoeum * Aedes aegypti *• Cuiex 'piplens combinations ....... 17 1. The susceptible host, Aedea aegypti . 17 2. Demonstration of the eotopic development of oocysts .................... ID 5. The refraotory host, Culex pipiena . 21 (B) The Plasmodium fallax - Aedes alboplctus - Culex pipienscombinations ••••... 24 1. The susceptible host, Aedes albopictus • 26 2. The refractory host, Culex pipiens . 27 XV. DISCUSSIGS.................................................................................28 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.................................................... 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................ 40 i l l LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. Comparison of the sporosoite development in salivary glands of susceptible Aedes aegypti end refraotory Culex pipiens, injected with various stages of the sexual cyole of Plasmodium gallinaoeum **•*«•* 45 II* Tabulation of infection in serial sections of sus­ ceptible Aedes aegypti which had been injected with g&metooytes from a bird infected with Plasmodium gallinaoeum ............................ *••*•*•*» 44 III* Comparison of the sporosoite development in salivary glands of susceptible Aedes alboplctus and refractory Culex pipiens, injected Wii'h various stages of the sexual cycle of Plasmodium fallax 46 i v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE 1. Vacuum flask for harvesting pupae . • . 46 2. ICioropipette needle for mosquito injections ...... 46 3. Apparatus for injecting mosquitoes . * ..........................* 4? 4. Injection of Aedes aegypti ........................ .. 46 6. Comparison of oocyst development in normally infected and injected mosquitoes ................ 49 6* Oooyst (8-day) near striated muscle .......... 50 7. Oooyst (Q-day) in striated muscle ............................ 50 8. Two oocysts (7-day) in thorax of Aedes aegypti . 51 9. Oocyst (7-day) in fat body in abdomen ......... 51 10. Oooyst (8-day) on ventral nerve ganglion ....... 52 11. Two oocysts (8-day) on salivary gland ......... 62 12. Oocyst (8-day) on traoheole and fat body ..........................65 15. Oocyst (8-day) on integument ............. 65 14* Oooyst (8-day) on ventral diverticulum ........ 54 15. Oocyst (8-day) on malpighian tubule ..........................54 16. Oocyst (8-day) in head, near osDoatidia ........ 66 17. Oocyst (8-day) in third segment of maxillary palp • . 56 18. Oocyst (8-day) in haemocoel of abdomen...................... 66 19. Oocyst (8-day) in fat body near traoheole . 56 v ABSTRACT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE STOMACH WALL OF MOSQUITOES AND THE EXOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT OF MALARIA Numerous species of mosquitoes are innately immune to certain malarial parasites, although they appear to be morphologically and biologically capable of serving as vectors* Earlier investigators traced the development of the parasite to its death in the stomach nail of refractory mosquitoes* In susceptible species, oocysts de- veloped only on the stomach! thus the stomach nail eras considered the critical tissue in determining the susceptibility of a species. This investigation has endeavored to determine whether or not the forces responsible for the development of the parasites in suscep* tible mosquitoes or for their death in refractory species were con* fined to the stomach wall* The critical stomach wall phase was bypassed by injecting the various exogenous stages (gametooytes, oocysts of various ages, and sporosoites) directly into the haemoooels of both susceptible and refractory mosquitoes* The criterion of development was the demon* stration of viable sporosoites in the salivary glands of the expert* mental mosquitoes* The infeotivity of the sporosoites was proved in susceptible vertebrate hosts* Serial sections were prepared from injected mosquitoes for demonstrating the sites of oooyst development, vi Two host-parasite combinations ware en^loyed so as to preelude results that applied to unique associations only. The exogenous stages of Plasmodium gallinaoeum, injected into the haemoooela of susceptible Aedes aegypti, developed and produced infective sporosoites in the salivary glands* Of the 2704 injected mosquitoes, 22*7 per oent of the 348 individuals that survived were infected* Mo infection resulted in 476 refractory Culex pipiens which survived from 6438 individuals injected with the same parasites* Yiable sporosoites were produced in 13*1 per oent of the salivary glands of 466 susceptible Aedes albopiotus which survived from 2404 individuals whioh were injected with the various exogenous stages of Plasmodium fallax* None of the 489 refractory Culex pipiens surviv­ ing from 2458 individuals injected with the same parasites were infected* Oocysts were demonstrated developing in all body regions and In most tissues of A* aegypti whioh were serially sectioned 7 and 8 days following haemoooel injections of P« gallinaoeum* This develop* ment was independent of the stomach wall* In view of these results it was concluded that the tissues of the stomach wall were not essential to the development of the para­ sites in the susceptible mosquitoesf neither were the forces that caused the death of the parasites in refractory species confined to the stomach wall* The tissues of the stomach wall were merely the first intimate relationship between the parasites and the mosquito* v i i INTRODUCTION The relationship* existing between a parasite and its host are as conplex as life itself* Any investigation direoted toward expos­ ing the factors involved In such an association is doubly complicated in that the fundamental biology of not one but two organisms* with all their complexities* must be analysed* The problem is further involved in that most combinations which are of concern to man are genealogically widely separated (Christophers* 1954)* It is diffi­ cult enough to study the biology of the host* but even the phases of life cycles are obsoure* and some are unknown* in many of our common and important endoparasitie organisms * Once a parasite has entered the host* its development* activities* physiological and chemical responses* and life cycle are
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