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Créditos fotografías: Grupo de Estudio Relacion Parásito-Hospedero. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Diversidad de los hemoparásitos Plasmodium y Haemoproteus en algunas especies de aves de los Andes colombianos Angie Daniela González Galindo Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Área Curricular de Biología Bogotá, Colombia 2013 Diversidad de los hemoparásitos Plasmodium y Haemoproteus en algunas especies de aves de los Andes colombianos Angie Daniela González Galindo Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Magister en Ciencias - Biología Director: Nubia Estela Matta Camacho Ph.D. Codirector: Luis Fernando García Pinzón Ph.D. Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Área Curricular de Biología Bogotá, Colombia 2013 Picaflor I Se escapó el fuego y fue llevado por un movimiento de oro que lo mantuvo suspendido, fugaz, inmóvil, tembloroso: vibración erectil, metal: pétalo de los meteoros . Siguió volando sin volar concentrando el sol diminuto en helicóptero de miel, en sílaba de la esmeralda que de flor a flor disemina la identidad del arcoiris . Al sol sacude el tornasol la suntuaria seda suntuosa de las dos alas invisibles y el más minúsculo relámpago arde en su pura incandescencia, estático y vertiginoso . Pablo Neruda 4 Diversity of blood parasites Plasmodium and Haemoproteus in some species of Colombian Andean birds Acknowledgements I am very grateful to my family, for their contribution in time and resources, for helping me, for supporting me. I give special thanks to my advisor professor Nubia Matta, for the opportunity to belong to her research group; where I grew personally and intellectually. Thank too, for her endless support and advices. I want to thank to my co-advisor Luis Fernando García, for his significant assistance with this research. Thank you very much, partners belonging at “host-parasite relationship study group” GERPH, and the others residents of lab 126, especially to Ingrid Lotta and Sebastian Mantilla. Thank too, to Paola Quiroga and Tatiana Tovar from Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca. I am grateful to Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Departamento de Biología for allowing and providing me professional formation. I enjoyed their excellent teachers, grants and labs. I want to thank to professor Luis Carlos Montenegro, for helping me during my studies. I want to thank to Unidad Administrativa Especial de Parques Nacionales Naturales for allowing the access at the sampling localities, as well as at Machete and Avellaneda families, for their support in the field. Thank too, to all birds sampled and blood parasites found. Finally I want to thank the funding support of COLCIENCIAS Project no. 359-2011 “First steps for incrimination of a possible vector of Leucocytozoon in Colombia”, ECOPETROL project no. 138-09 "Biodiversity of avian haemoparasites and their possible vector in the Otun lake: National Natural Park Los Nevados" and Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bienestar de Facultad project UGP164 “Study of biodiversity of avian haemoparasites in the Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Bogotá campus”. Content List of tables .................................................................................................................... 8 List of figures .................................................................................................................. 9 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 11 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 12 Main objective ............................................................................................................. 12 Specific objectives ................................................................................................... 12 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 13 References .................................................................................................................. 14 Literature review ........................................................................................................... 17 Life cycle ..................................................................................................................... 17 Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships ................................................................... 18 Topics on avian haemosporidians ............................................................................... 20 Pathogenicity ........................................................................................................... 20 Ecology .................................................................................................................... 20 Sexual selection ....................................................................................................... 21 Conservation ............................................................................................................ 21 Host-parasite relationship ........................................................................................ 22 Phylogeography ....................................................................................................... 23 References .................................................................................................................. 23 1. Chapter I. Avian haemosporidians from Neotropical highlands: evidence from morphological and molecular data .............................................................................. 30 1.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 31 1.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 32 1.3 Materials and methods ...................................................................................... 32 1.3.1 Ethics and sampling permits .......................................................................... 32 1.3.2 Study area, samples and blood film examination ........................................... 33 1.3.3 DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing ..................................... 34 6 Diversity of blood parasites Plasmodium and Haemoproteus in some species of Colombian Andean birds 1.3.4 Phylogenetic analysis .................................................................................... 34 1.4 Results .............................................................................................................. 35 1.4.1 Morphological analysis .................................................................................. 35 1.4.1 Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome b lineages ............................................ 41 1.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 44 1.6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 47 1.7 References ....................................................................................................... 47 1.8 Appendix ........................................................................................................... 52 2. Chapter II. Description and molecular characterization of Plasmodium (Novyella ) unalis sp. nov. from the Great Thrush ( Turdus fuscater ) in highland of Colombia ....................................................................................................................... 54 2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 55 2.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 55 2.3 Materials and methods ..................................................................................... 56 2.3.1 Study area ..................................................................................................... 56 2.3.2 Samples and blood films examination ........................................................... 57 2.3.3 DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing ..................................... 57 2.3.4 Phylogenetic analysis .................................................................................... 58 2.4 Results .............................................................................................................. 58 2.4.1 Description .................................................................................................... 59 2.4.2 Remarks ........................................................................................................ 62 2.4.3 Phylogenetic relationships of parasites .......................................................... 63 2.4.4 Taxonomic summary ..................................................................................... 64 2.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 65 2.6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 69 2.7 References ....................................................................................................... 69 3. Chapter III. Identification of Plasmodium (Haemamoeba ) lutzi (Lucena, 1939) from Turdus fuscater
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