Codebook 2002 Chapel Hill Expert Survey

Home , Conservative Union, Country Party (Britain), Green League, Humanist Party (Italy), Liberal Union (Italy), National Rally (Belgium)

Funded by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill European Union Center for Excellence

Revised October 2008

The 2002_CHES_dataset_means.dta dataset provides data on party positioning on European integration for 171 parties in 14 EU member states (not Luxembourg) and nine prospective EU member states (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia). The survey was administered between September 2002 and April 2003 to 636 academics specializing in political parties or European integration in one of the countries considered. Two-hundred-thirty-eight surveys were completed, which amounts to a 37 percent response rate. The data collection team consisted of Erica Edwards, Moira Nelson, Liesbet Hooghe, Gary Marks, David Scott, Marco Steenbergen and Milada Vachudova. Please contact [email protected] or [email protected] for information on the reliability and validity of the survey.* This survey follows up on and complements earlier surveys conducted by Leonard Ray (1999) for the years 1984, 1988, 1992 and 1996, and by Gary Marks and Marco Steenbergen (2007) for 1999. The 1984-1999 dataset is available from http://www.unc.edu/~gwmarks. To facilitate merging the 2002 dataset with the combined Ray/Marks/Steenbergen dataset we made party id, party labels, and variable names for identical questions consistent across datasets. Where questions are not identical we use different variable names across datasets. This codebook should be read with the 2002_CHES_dataset_means.dta STATA data file. Please consult the two survey questionnaires—one for the EU-15 and one for Central and Eastern European countries—for full question format.

*In papers or publications that utilize this dataset users are asked to refer to the dataset as the 2002 Chapel Hill expert survey and cite documentation as follows:

Liesbet Hooghe, Ryan Bakker, Anna Brigevich, Catherine de Vries, Erica Edwards, Gary Marks, Jan Rovny, Marco Steenbergen (2010), "Reliability and validity of the 2002 and 2006 Chapel Hill expert surveys on party positioning", European Journal of Political Research 49: 687-703.

1 EASTWEST = 0: party from Central/Eastern Europe, 1: party from EU-15

EUMEMBER = 0: country of this party not an EU member in 2002, 1: country of this party an EU member in 2002

COUNTRY = unique identifier for each country

Country Country Countries Codes Abbreviation 1 BE Belgium 2 DK Denmark 3 GE Germany 4 GR Greece 5 ESP Spain 6 FR France 7 IRL Ireland 8 IT Italy 10 NL Netherlands 11 UK United Kingdom 12 POR Portugal 13 AUS Austria 14 FIN Finland 16 SV Sweden 20 BUL Bulgaria 21 CZECH Czech Republic 23 HUNG Hungary 24 LAT Latvia 25 LITH Lithuania 26 POL Poland 27 ROM Romania 28 SLOVAK Slovakia 29 SLOVEN Slovenia

EXPERT = number of experts who evaluated this party

YEAR = year for which party experts were asked to evaluate: 2002

PARTY_ID = unique identifier for each party

PARTY = party abbreviation

PARTYNAME1 = party name

PARTYNAME2 = English translation of party name

2 COUNTRY PARTY PARTY PARTYNAME1 PARTYNAME2 ID BE 102 PS Parti Socialiste Socialist Party (Walloon) 103 SP.A. Sociaal Progressief Alternatief Socialist Party (Flemish) 104 ECOLO Ecolo Ecolo (ecologist) 105 AGALEV Agalev Agalev (ecologist) 106 MR Mouvement Réformateur Reformist Movement 107 VLD Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten Flemish Liberals and Democrats 108 CDH Centre Démocrate Humaniste Christian Social Party 109 CD&V Christen-Democratisch & Vlaams Christian People's Party 110 NVA Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie New Flemish Alliance 112 VB Vlaams Blok Flemish Block DK 201 SD Socialdemokratiet i Danmark Social Democracy Party in Denmark 202 RV Radikale Venstre Radical Left-Social Liberal Party 203 KF Konservative Folkeparti Conservative People's Party 206 SF Socialistisk Folkeparti Socialist People's Party 211 V Venstre, Danmarks liberale parti Left, Liberal Party of Denmark 215 DF Dansk Folkeparti Danish People's Party GE 301 CDU Christlich-Demokratische Union Christian-Democratic Union 302 SPD Socialdemokratische Partei Social Democratic Party of Germany Deutschlands 303 FDP Freie Demokratische Partei Free Democratic Party 304 Grünen Bündnis 90/Die Grünen Alliance 90/The Greens 306 PDS Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus Party of Democratic Socialism 308 CSU Christlich Soziale Union in Bayern Christian Social Union in Bavaria GR 401 PASOK Panellinio Sosialistikó Kínima Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement 402 ND Néa Dimokratía New Democracy 403 SYN Synaspismós tīs Aristerás kai tīs Coalition of the Left and Progress Proódou 404 KKE Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas Communist Party of Greece ESP 501 PSOE Partido Socialista Obrero Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Español/Progresistas 502 PP Partido Popular People's Party 504 IU Izquierda Unida United Left 505 CiU Convergència i Unió Convergence and Union 506 PNV Euzko Alberdi Jeltzalea/Partido Basque Nationalist Party Nacionalista Vasco 507 EA Eusko Alkartasuna Basque Solidarity 513 BNG Bloque Nacionalista Galego Galician Nationalist Block 516 PA Partido Andalucista Andalusian Party 517 CC Coalicion Canaria Canarian Coalition FR 601 PCF Parti Communiste Français French Communist Party 602 PS Parti Socialiste Socialist Party 603 PRG Parti Radical de Gauche Left Radical Party 605 VERTS Les Verts The Greens 609 RPR Rassemblement pour la République Rally for the Republic 610 FN Front National National Front 613 UDF Union pour la Démocracie Française Union for the French Democracy 615 DL Démocratie Libérale Liberal Democracy

3 IRL 701 FF Fianna Fail Soldiers of Destiny 702 FG Fine Gael Family of the Irish 703 Lab Pairti Lucht Oibre Labour Party 705 GP Comhaontas Glas Green Party 706 PD Dan Pairti Daonlathach Progressive Democrats 707 SF Sinn Fein We Ourselves IT 802 DS Democratici di Sinistra Democrats of the Left 803 RC Rifondazione Comunista Communist Refoundation 805 AN Alleanza Nazionale National Alliance 811 LN Lega Nord League North/Northern League 814 CCD Centro Cristiano Democratico Christian Democratic Center 815 FI Forza Italia Forwards Italy 818 CDU Cristiani Democratici Uniti United Christian Democrats 819 Dem Democratici Democrats 823 PPI Partito Popolare Italiano Italian People's Party 825 RI Rinnovamento Italiano (Lista Dini) Italian Renewal (List Dini) 828 IdV Lista di Pietro-Italia dei Valori List Di Pietro-Italy of Values 829 UDEUR Unione Democratici per l'Europa Democrats Union for Europe NL 1001 CDA Christen Democratisch Appel Christian Democratic Appeal 1002 PvdA Partij van de Arbeid Labor Party 1003 VVD Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie People's Party for Freedom and Democracy 1004 D66 Democraten 66 Democrats 66 1005 GL Groen Links Green Left 1006 SGP Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij Political Reformed Party 1014 SP Socialistische Partij Socialist Party 1015 LPF Lijst Pim Fortuyn List Pim Fortuyn 1016 CU ChristenUnie Christian Union UK 1101 Cons Conservative Party Conservative Party 1102 Lab Labour Party Labour Party 1104 LibDem Liberal Democrats Liberal Democrats 1105 SNP Scottish National Party Scottish National Party 1106 Plaid Plaid Cymru Party of Wales POR 1201 CDU Coligação Democrática Unitária Unitarian Democratic Coalition 1202 CDS/PP Centro Democrático e Social/ Partido Democratic and Social Center/People's Popular Party 1205 PS Partido Socialista Socialist Party 1206 PPD/PSD Partido Popular Democrático/Partido Democratic People's Party/ Social Social Democrata Democratic Party AUS 1301 SPO Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs Social Democratic Party of Austria 1302 OVP Österreichische Volkspartei Austrian People's Party 1303 FPO Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs Freedom Party of Austria 1304 Grüne Die Grünen The Greens 1306 LIF Liberales Forum Liberal Forum FIN 1401 SDP Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue Social Democratic Party of Finland 1402 KOK Kansallinen Kokoomus National Rally 1403 KESK Suomen Keskusta Finnish Center 1404 VAS Vasemmistoliitto Left Alliance 1406 RKP/SFP Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue/ Svenska Swedish People's Party

4 folkpartiet 1408 VIHR Vihreät De Gröna Green League 1409 SKL Suomen Kristillinen Liitto Christian League of Finland SV 1601 Vp Vänsterpartiet Left Party 1602 SAP Arbetarepartiet-Socialdemokraterna Worker's Party-Social Democrats 1603 C Centerpartiet Center Party 1604 FP Folkpartiet Liberalerna People's Party Liberals 1605 M Moderata Samlingspartiet Moderate Rally Party 1606 KD Kristdemokraterna Christian Democrats 1607 MP Miljopartiet de Grona Environmental Party the Greens BUL 2001 NDSV Nacionalno Dviženie Simeon Vtori National Movement Simeon II 2002 ODS Obedineni Demokraticni Sili United Democratic Forces 2003 KzB Koalicija za Bălgarija Coalition for Bulgaria 2004 DPS Dviženie za Prava i Svobodi Movement for Rights and Freedoms 2005 G-VMRO Dviženie Gergiovden George’s Day Movement-VMRO 2006 KSII Koalicija Simeon II Coalition Simeon II CZECH 2101 CSSD Ceská strana sociálne demokratická Czech Social Democratic Party 2102 ODS Obcanská Demokratická Strana Civic Democratic Party 2103 KSCM Komunistická strana Cech a Moravy Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia 2104 KDU-CSL Krestanská demokratická unie- Christian Democratic Union - People's Ceskoslovenská strana lidová Party 2105 US-DEU Unie Svobody–Demokratická unie Freedom Union - Democratic Union HUNG 2301 MSzP Magyar Szocialista Párt Hungarian Socialist Party 2302 Fidesz-M Fidesz-Magyar Polgári Szövetség Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Party 2303 MDF Magyar Demokrata Fórum Hungarian Democratic Forum 2304 SzDSz Szabad Demokraták Szövetsége Alliance of Free Democrats 2305 MIEP Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja Hungarian Justice and Life Party 2306 CP Centrumpárt Centre Party LAT 2401 JL Jaunais Laiks New Era 2402 PCTVL Par Cilvēka Tiesībām Vienotā Latvijā For Human Rights in a United Latvia 2403 TP Tautas Partija People's Party 2404 LPP Latvijas Pirma Partija First Party of Latvia 2405 ZZS Zaļo un Zemnieku Savienība Green and Farmers' Union 2406 TB-LNNK Tēvzemei un Brīvībai/LNNK For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK 2407 LC Latvijas Ceļš Latvia's Way 2408 LSDSP Latvijas Sociāldemokrātiskā Strādnieku Latvian Social-Democratic Workers’ Partija Party

LITH 2501 LSDP Lietuvos socialdemokratų partija Lithuanian Social Democratic Party 2502 NDP Naujosios demokratijos partija New Democratic Party 2503 LRS Lietuvos rusų sąjunga Lithuanian Russian Union 2504 NS Naujoji sajunga New Union 2505 LLS Lietuvos liberalų sąjunga Lithuanian Liberal Union 2506 TS Tėvynės sąjunga Homeland Union 2507 LVP Lietuvos valstiečių partija Lithuanian Peasant Party 2508 LKDP Lietuvos krikščionys demokratai Lithuanian Christian Democrats 2509 LCS Lietuvos centro sajunga Center Union of Lithuania 2510 NKS Nuosaikiuju konservatoriu sajunga Moderate Conservative Union 2511 LLRA Lietuvos lenkų rinkimų akcija Election Action of Lithuania's Poles 2512 LLS Lietuvos laisvės sąjunga Lithuanian Freedom Union 2513 JL-PKS Lietuviu Nacionaline Partija-"Jaunoji Young Lithuania-New Nationalists and Lietuva" Political Prisoner's Union 2514 MKDS Moderniųjų krikščionių demokratų Modern Christian-Democratic Union sąjunga POL 2601 SLD Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej Alliance of Democratic Left 2602 UP Unia Pracy Union of Labour 2603 PO Platforma Obywatelska Citizen's Platform 2604 S Samoobrona Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej Self Defense of the Polish Republic 2605 PiS Prawo i Sprawiedliwość Law and Justice 2606 PSL Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe Polish People's Party 2607 LPR Liga Polskich Rodzin League of Polish Families 2608 AWSP Koalicja Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność Coalition Electoral Action Solidarity of Prawicy the Right 2609 UW Unia Wolności Freedom Union ROM 2701 PSD Partidul Social Democrat Social Democratic Party 2702 PUR Partidul Umanist din Romania Humanist Party of Romania 2703 PRM Partidul România Mare Party of Great Romania 2704 PD Partidul Democrat Democratic Party 2705 PNL Partidul Naţional Liberal National Liberal Party 2706 UDMR Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din Hungarian Democratic Alliance of România Romania 2707 CDR 2000 Convenţia Democrată Română 2000 Democratic Convention of Romania 2000 SLOVAK 2801 LS-HZDS Ludová strana-Hnutie za demokraticé People's Party-Movement for a Slovensko Democratic Slovakia 2802 SDKU Slovenská demokratická a krestanská Slovak Democratic and Christian Union unia 2803 Smer Strana Smer-Tretia Cesta Party Direction-Third Way 2804 SMK Strana madarskej koalície- Magyar Party of the Hungarian Coalition Koalíció Pártja 2805 KDH Kresťanskodemokratické hnutie Christian Democratic Movement 2806 ANO Aliancia Nového Občana Alliance for a New Citizen 2807 KSS Komunistická strana Slovenska Communist Party of Slovakia 2808 PSNS Pravá Slovenská národná strana Right Slovak National Party 2809 SNS Slovenská národná strana Slovak National Party 2810 HZD Hnutie za demokraciu Movement for Democracy SLOVEN 2901 LDS Liberalna Demokracija Slovenije Liberal Democracy of Slovenia

6 2902 SDSS Socialdemokratska Stranka Slovenije Social Democratic Party of Slovenia 2903 ZLSD Združena lista socialnih demokratov United List of Social-Democrats 2904 SLS-SKD SLS + SKD Slovenska Ljudska Stranka Slovenian People's Party + Slovenian Christian Democrats 2905 NSI Nova Slovenija-Kršcanska ljudska New Slovenian Christian People's Party stranka 2906 DeSUS Demokratična stranka upokojencev Democratic Party of Retired People of Slovenije Slovenia 2907 SNS Slovenska Nacionalna Stranka Slovenian National Party 2908 SMS Stranka Mladih Slovenije Party of the Slovenia Youth

VOTE = vote percentage received by the party in the national election most prior to 2003. When vote information is not available for separate coalition partners, vote percentage is calculated on basis of the proportion of seats held by the coalition partner in parliament.

VOTE1 = vote percentage received by the party or the coalition in the national election most prior to 2003. When vote information is not available for separate coalition partners, vote percentage is based on the overall coalition vote.

FAMILY= this classification is primarily based on Hix and Lord (1997), except that confessional and agrarian parties are included in separate categories. Family association for parties in Central/Eastern Europe is based primarily on Derksen classification, triangulated by a) membership or affiliation with European and EU party associations, and b) self-identification. 1 = radical right 2 = conservatives 3 = liberal 4 = Christian-democratic 5 = socialist 6 = radical left 7 = green 8 = regionalist 9 = no family 10 = confessional

GOVT = government participation in 2002 0 = party not in government in 2002 0.5 = party in government for part of 2002 1 = party in government in 2002

7 Entries for the questions on the pages that follow are, unless otherwise indicated, the mean of expert responses for a particular party.

POSITION = overall orientation of the party leadership towards European integration in 2002 (Q1 of the party survey) 1 = Strongly opposed to European integration 2 = Opposed to European integration 3 = Somewhat opposed to European integration 4 = Neutral, no stance on the issue of European integration 5 = Somewhat in favor of European integration 6 = In favor of European integration. 7 = Strongly in favor of European Integration

STD_POSITION = standard deviation among experts placing this party on position (Q1).

PRO_ANTI = EU position (Q1) recoded into trichotomous variable 1 = anti European integration (3.5 or less on Q1) 2 = neutral on European integration (between 3.51 and 4.5 on Q1) 3 = pro European integration (4.51 or higher on Q1)

SALIENCE2 = the relative importance of this issue in the party’s public stance in 2002 (Q2) 1 = European integration is of no importance at all 2 = European integration is of little importance 3 = European integration is of some importance 4 = European integration is of great importance

EP = position of the party leadership in 2002 on strengthening the powers of the European Parliament (Q3) 1 = strongly opposes expanding EP powers 2 = opposes expanding EP powers 3 = somewhat opposed to expanding EP powers 4 = neutral towards expanding EP powers 5 = somewhat in favor of expanding EP powers 6 = favors expanding EP powers 7 = strongly favors expanding EP powers 8 = party has not taken a position (coded as missing)

INTMARK = position of the party leadership in 2002 on the internal market (Q4) 1 = strongly opposes expanding EU powers on the internal market : 7 = strongly favors expanding EU powers on the internal market 8 = party has not taken a position (coded as missing)

EMPLOY = position of the party leadership in 2002 on EU employment policy (Q5) 1 = strongly opposes EU employment policy : 7 = strongly favors a common employment policy 8 = party has not taken a position (coded as missing)

8 AGRI = position of the party leadership in 2002 on EU’agricultural spending (Q6) 1 = strongly opposes EU agricultural spending : 7 = strongly favors EU agricultural spending 8 = party has not taken a position (coded as missing)

COHESION = position of the party leadership in 2002 on EU cohesion policy (Q7) 1 = strongly opposes EU cohesion policy : 7 = strongly favors EU cohesion policy 8 = party has not taken a position (coded as missing)

ENVIRON = position of the party leadership in 2002 on EU environmental policy (Q8) 1 = strongly opposes EU environmental policy : 7 = strongly favors EU environmental policy 8 = party has not taken a position (coded as missing)

ASYLUM = position of the party leadership in 2002 on a common policy on asylum (Q9) 1 = strongly opposes a common policy on political asylum : 7 = strongly favors a common policy on political asylum 8 = party has not taken a position (coded as missing)

FOREIGN = position of the party leadership in 2002 on a common foreign and security policy (Q10) 1 = strongly opposes EU foreign and security policy : 7 = strongly favors EU foreign and security policy 8 = party has not taken a position (coded as missing)

For EU-15 parties: ENLARGW = position of the party leadership in 2002 on enlargement (Q11) 1 = strongly opposes accession of large wave : 7 = strongly favors accession of large wave 8 = party has not taken a position (coded as missing)

For CEE-applicants: ENLARGE = position of the party leadership in 2002 on EU membership (A11) 1 = strongly opposes major domestic reforms to qualify for EU membership : 7 = strongly supports major domestic reforms to qualify for EU membership 8 = party has not taken a position (coded as missing)

DISSENT2 = internal dissent or conflict in the party on European integration in 2002 1 = party is completely united : 10 = party is extremely divided

9 DISSEP through DISSENLW/DISSENLE = has this issue caused divisions within the leadership in 2002? (Q13a—Q13h) # = number of experts checking this issue

LRGEN = position of the party in 2002 in terms of its broad ideological stance, where 0 indicates that a party is at the extreme left of the ideological spectrum, 10 indicates that it is at the extreme right, and 5 means that it is at the center (Q14).

LRECON = position of the party in 2002 in terms of its ideological stance on economic issues (role of government in economy), where 0 indicates that a party is at the extreme left of the ideological spectrum, 10 indicates that it is at the extreme right, and 5 means that it is at the center (Q15).

GALTAN = position of the party in 2002 in terms of its ideological stance on democratic freedoms and rights (role of government in life choices), where 0 indicates that a party is at the extreme left of the ideological spectrum, 10 indicates that it is at the extreme right, and 5 means that it is at the center (Q16).

STD_LRGEN = standard deviation among experts placing this party on Q14, Q15, and Q16 respectively STD_LRECON STD_GALTAN

LR_GEN = position of the party in 2002 in terms of its broad ideological stance on a scale from 0 to 1. Values of LRGEN (Q.14) standardized to values between 0 and 1.

RADRT CON LIB CD SOC dummies (0,1) for party families RADLEFT (based on FAMILY) GREEN REG CONFESS AGRARIAN NOFAMILY

AUS BUL BE CZECH DK HUNG ESP LAT FIN LITH FR POL dummies (0,1) for nationality of party GER ROM (based on COUNTRY) GR SLOVAK IRL SLOVEN IT NL POR SW UK

10 References

Edwards, Erica E. 2008. “Products of Their Past? Cleavages and Intra-Party Dissent over European Integration,” unpublished ms.

Marks, Gary (ed.) 2007. "Estimating Error in Measures of Party Positioning: Expert, Manifesto and Survey Data Compared," Electoral Studies 26, 1:1-141.

Marks, Gary, Liesbet Hooghe, Marco Steenbergen and Ryan Bakker. 2007. “Crossvalidating Data on Party Positioning on European Integration: A Comparison of Manifesto and Expert Data,” Electoral Studies, 26, 1: 23-38.

Marks, Gary, Liesbet Hooghe, Moira Nelson, Erica Edwards. 2006. “Party Competition and European Integration in East and West: Different Structure, Same Causality,” Comparative Political Studies, 39, 2: 155- 75.

Netjes, Catherine and Harmen Binnema. 2007. "The Salience of the European integration issue: Three Data Sources Compared." Electoral Studies, 26, 1: 39-49.

Steenbergen, Marco, and Gary Marks. 2007. “Evaluating Expert Judgments,” European Journal of Political Research, 46, 3: 347–366.

Whitefield, Stephen, Milada Vachudova, Marco Steenbergen, Robert Rohrschneider, Gary Marks, and Liesbet Hooghe. 2005. “Comparing Expert data on Central and Eastern European Parties Positioning,” Electoral Studies, 26, 1: 50-61.

Further references:

Budge, Ian. 2001. “Validating Party Policy Placements.” British Journal of Political Science 31: 210-223.

Budge, Ian, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Volkens, Judith Bara. 2001. Mapping Policy Preferences : Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments, 1945-1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Castles, Francis G., and Peter Mair. 1984. “Left-Right Political Scales: Some 'Expert' Judgments.” European Journal of Political Research 12 (1): 73-88.

Huber, John, and Ronald Inglehart. 1995. “Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies.” Party Politics 1: 73-111.

Laver, Michael, and John Garry. 2000. “Estimating Policy Positions from Political Texts.” American Journal of Political Science 44, 3: 619-34.

Laver, Michael, Kenneth Benoit, and John Garry. 2003. “Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data.” American Political Science Review 97, 2: 311-37.

Ray, Leonard. 1999. “Measuring Party Orientations toward European Integration: Results from an Expert Survey.” European Journal of Political Research 36: 283-306.