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Cruz Ruiz, G. I..Pdf INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO INTEGRAL REGIONAL UNIDAD OAXACA MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Especialidad en Patrones y Procesos para la Biodiversidad del Neotrópico T E S I S “ESTUDIO ECOLÓGICO DE LA COMUNIDAD DE PECES EN LA SUBCUENCA RÍO ATOYAC-PASO DE LA REINA, OAXACA, MÉXICO” PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE: MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS PRESENTA: GABRIEL ISAÍAS CRUZ RUIZ DIRECTOR: DR. EMILIO MARTÍNEZ RAMÍREZ SANTA CRUZ XOXOCOTLÁN, OAXACA, MÉXICO. JUNIO DEL 2012. 2 3 DEDICATORIA A mi esposa y mi hijo. A mi padre y madre. A mis hermanos. Amig@s y Compañer@s. Y… A los futuros Maestr@s en Ciencias. 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al CONACYT, por el apoyo con la beca y de esta manera poder terminar la Maestría en Ciencias. Y al Programa Institucional de Formación de de Investigadores (PIFI-SIP) por el apoyo dado durante la Maestría. Al IPN-CIIDIR-OAXACA, por permitirme seguir con mi preparación profesional. En cuyas instalaciones (principalmente en el área de Acuacultura) me permitieron terminar y llevar a cabo este trabajo de investigación. Al Comité Tutorial, por apoyarme durante los seminarios de la Maestría en mejorar el trabajo de tesis. Dicho comité se conformó por: Dr. Emilio Martínez Ramírez (CIIDIR-OAX), Dr. Marcelo U. García Guerrero (CIIDIR-OAX), M. en C. Carlos R. Bonilla Ruz (CIIDIR-OAX), M. en C. Héctor S. Espinosa Pérez (IB-UNAM) y Dr. Alfonso A. González Díaz (ECOSUR-San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas). Al comité revisor y jurado de examen, por las críticas finales para mejorar el trabajo final de la tesis. Dicho comité estuvo conformado por: Dr. Emilio Martínez Ramírez (CIIDIR-OAX), Dr. Marcelo U. García Guerrero (CIIDIR-OAX), Dr. Miguel Á. Briones Salas (CIIDIR-OAX), Dr. Rodolfo A. Solano Gómez (CIIDIR-OAXACA) y M. en C. Héctor S. Espinosa Pérez (IB-UNAM). Así también, agradezco ampliamente al Dr. José Luis Chávez Servia (CIIDIR-OAXACA) por asesorarme en cuestiones estadísticas uni y multivariada; y a la Dra. Demetria Mondragón (CIIDIR-OAXACA), por las críticas y sugerencias para el trabajo de tesis. 5 RESUMEN Este estudio tiene por objetivo determinar la composición, diversidad íctica y analizar qué factores ambientales responsables de la variación de la comunidad de peces en la subcuenca río Atoyac-Paso de la Reina. Para esto se llevo a cabo dos estudios: primero se realizó el estudio taxonómico, para conocer los peces continentales que habitan la zona, mediante la consulta de registros del período 2008-2009 en la Colección de Peces Continentales del CIIDIR-OAX, se obtuvo que en la subcuenca se distribuyen 22 especies, pertenecientes a 20 géneros, 15 familias y siete ordenes, de las cuales 21 son nativas y una exótica. Se determinó cuatro nuevos registros de especies continentales (Caranx caninus, Centropomus robalito, Dactyloscopus amnis y Trinectes fonsecensis) para la subcuenca río Atoyac-Paso de la Reina, Oaxaca. La familia Poeciliidae fue las más diversa en cuanto a número de especies y la más abundante. Con base a la clasificación ecológica de los peces se determinó que las especies que tienen mayor ocurrencia y abundancia son peces propiamente dulceacuícolas como Astyanax fasciatus, Poecilia sphenops, Poeciliopsis fasciata, Poeciliopsis gracilis, Profundulus balsanus y Cichlasoma trimaculatum, sin embargo se observó la presencia de 15 especies de origen marino. En el segundo estudio se analizó la variación espacio-temporal de la comunidad de peces mediante el análisis de curvas de acumulación de especies, composición, abundancia (en términos de densidad y biomasa), índice ecológicos (diversidad, equidad y dominancia) e identificar qué factores medioambientales influyen en su distribución mediante la aplicación de métodos de ordenación y clasificación; como resultados se observó que de acuerdo al modelo de Clench se logró registrar 90% de la riqueza ictiofaunística, la variación espacial mostró que la mayor composición ictiofaunística se presenta en las zonas bajas hacia la desembocadura del río y durante la época de secas, el mismo patrón se identificó para los atributos de abundancia y los índices ecológicos; finalmente con base a los análisis de ordenación y clasificación se identificó que las especies más importantes en determinar la variación ictiofaunística, está dada por especies dulceacuícolas (Profundulus balsanus, Cichlasoma trimaculatum, Astyanax fasciatus, Poecilia sphenops y Poeciliopsis fasciata) y algunas especies marinas y/o estuarino-lagunares (Awaous banana, Agonostomus monticola, Atherinella guatemalensis y Dormitator latifrons), mientras que las variables ambientales más importates que influyen en tal distribución es explicada por: la altitud, temperatura ambiental, sustrato canto rodado y el uso de la vegetacion como refugio para los peces. Palabras clave: ictiofauna continental, diversidad, estructura, relación especie-ambiente. 6 SUMMARY This study aims to determine the composition, fish diversity and analyze the environmental factors responsible for the variation of the fish community in the Atoyac-Paso de la Reina sub-river. This was held to two studies: first taxonomic study was performed to know the freshwater fish that inhabit the área, by consulting records of 2008-2009 in the Inland Fish Collection CIIDIR-OAX, was obtained in sub-river are distributed 22 species belonging to 20 genera, 15 families and seven orders, of which 21 are native and exotic. It identified four new records of continental species (Caranx caninus, Centropomus robalito, Dactyloscopus amnis and Trinectes fonsecensis) for Atoyac-Paso de la Reina sub-river, Oaxaca. The Poeciliidae family was the most diverse in terms of number of species and the most abundant. Based on the ecological classification of the fish was determined that the species with higher occurrence and abundance are freshwater fishes Astyanax fasciatus, Poecilia sphenops, Poeciliopsis fasciata, Poeciliopsis gracilis, Cichlasoma trimaculatum and Profundulus balsanus, however, there was the presence of 15 species of marine origin. In the second study analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of the fish community by analyzing the curves of accumulation of species, composition, abundance (in terms of density and biomass), ecological index (diversity, evenness and dominance) and identify which certain environmental factors influencing its distribution by applying management methods and classification, as results showed that according to Clench model is able to record 90% of ichthyofaunistic richness, spatial variation showed that most ichthyofaunistic composition is presented in the lowlands to the mouth of the river during the dry season, the same pattern was identified for attributes in abundance and ecological indices, and finally based on the classification and ordination analysis identified that the most important species in determining the change ichthyofaunistic, is given by freshwater species (Profundulus balsanus, Cichlasoma trimaculatum, Astyanax fasciatus, Poecilia sphenops and Poeciliopsis fasciata) and some marine species and / or estuarine-lagoon (Awaous banana, Agonostomus monticola, Atherinella guatemalensis and Dormitator latifrons), while important environmental variables that influence this distribution is explained by: altitude, temperature, substrate boulder and use of vegetation as a refuge for fish. Key Word: ichthyofauna continental, diversity, structure, species-environment relationship. 7 CONTENIDO RESUMEN .......................................................................................................................... 6 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 7 ÍNDICE DE CUADROS. ................................................................................................... 10 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS. ..................................................................................................... 13 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ........................................................................................... 16 A) JUSTIFICACIÓN. ................................................................................................ 19 B) DESCRIPCIÓN DEL ÁREA DE ESTUDIO. .......................................................... 20 CAPÍTULO I. ESTUDIO TAXONÓMICO ........................................................................ 25 1.1 INTRODUCCIÓN. ............................................................................................. 26 1.2 OBJETIVOS. ...................................................................................................... 28 1.3 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. ............................................................................. 28 1.3.1 Consulta de la Colección de Peces Continentales del CIIDIR OAXACA IPN. ....... 28 1.3.2 Ictiofauna de la subcuenca río Atoyac-Paso de la Reina. .................................. 28 1.3.2.1 Listado de especies. ......................................................................... 28 1.3.2.2 Clasificación ecológica. ..................................................................... 28 1.3.2.3 Clasificación taxonómica. .................................................................. 29 1.3.2.4 Descripción de las especies. ............................................................... 29 1.4 RESULTADOS. ................................................................................................... 30 1.4.1 Registros en la Colección de Peces Continentales
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