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The Tennessee State Tigerbelles 1944‐1994. (2009) Directed by Dr SALISBURY, TRACEY M., Ph.D. First to the Finish Line: The Tennessee State Tigerbelles 1944‐1994. (2009) Directed by Dr. Tom Martinek. 260 pp. The purpose of this study was to examine the history and analyze the influence of the women’s track and field team at the historically black college, Tennessee State University located in Nashville, Tennessee. The study was divided into three major sections. The first part examined the founding, early development and growth of the TSU women’s track and field program beginning in 1944. The second section examined the social changes and transformations of the TSU track and field program and its athletes during the heart of the civil rights and women’s movements of the 1960s and 1970s. The third section examined the decline in the TSU track and field program during Coach Edward Temple’s last years as head coach, particularly examining how and why the Tigerbelles program lost its athletic dominance during this time period. Additionally, this third part reflected on the historical legacy and influence of the Tigerbelles and the renewed efforts to return the TSU track and field program to its past glory under the last Temple-era Olympian, Chandra Cheeseborough. FIRST TO THE FINISH LINE: THE TENNESSEE STATE TIGERBELLES 1944‐1994 by Tracey M. Salisbury A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Greensboro 2009 Approved by ____________________________________ Committee Chair ©2009 by Tracey M. Salisbury “To Mom – For Everything. For all the love, the support, the “Ole Sis Goose” and the “Pinch-on-It” Money. It was all greatly appreciated. I love you. Thanks.” ii APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of The Graduate School at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Committee Chair____________________________________ Committee Members____________________________________ ____________________________________ _____________________________________ ____________________________ Date of Acceptance by Committee ____________________________ Date of Final Oral Examination iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: SEARCHING FOR THE TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY TIGERBELLES AND THEIR UNIQUE PLACE IN SPORT HISTORY…….……...……….……………1 II. THE EARLY YEARS (1912-1950)……..……………………...…...….….50 III. THE ED TEMPLE WAY (1950-1959)……….………………....................79 IV. THE GOLDEN AGE (1960-1968)…………………………………….….138 V. THE FORGOTTEN TIGERBELLES (1950-1994)……..…..…….….…...171 VI. THE END OF AN ERA (1969-1994)…………………………….………202 VII. CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………….…………236 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………..…....………..249 APPENDIX A. LETTER TO PROSPECTIVE SUBJECT……………..……………...270 iv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: SEARCHING FOR THE TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY TIGERBELLES AND THEIR UNIQUE PLACE IN SPORT HISTORY To be a “Tigerbelle” is to be something very, very special. It requires more than just being a member of the women’s track team at Tennessee State University. A Tigerbelle has to excel, not only on the track, but in the classroom and in her everyday living. Earl Clanton III, former sports information director at Tennessee State, is the man credited with naming the school’s women’s track team “Tigerbelles.” But it was Coach Ed Temple who set the standard under which a girl can properly be called a “Tigerbelle.” Not only is being a “Tigerbelle” special, its an honor and a testimonial to having been the best.1 F.W. Williams, The Tennessean When examining the history and influence of women’s collegiate sports teams in the twentieth century it would be extremely difficult to find any women’s athletic program that could rival the national and international success of the historically black college Tennessee State University (TSU) women’s track and field program. Under the long-term leadership of head coach Edward Temple, the talented and versatile athletes that competed for TSU became world renowned by their collective team nickname, the Tigerbelles. From the early 1950s until the late 1970s, Tennessee State University (TSU) produced world-class women’s collegiate track and field teams, including several of the greatest individual track and field athletes in American and Olympic sports history. 1 Dwight Lewis and Susan Thomas, A Will To Win (Tennessee: Cumberland Press, 1983) p.113. 1 Over a forty-four year period, the Coach Temple-led TSU Tigerbelles won thirty- four Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) national team championships including a remarkable string of twelve straight titles from 1955 to 1968.2 Tennessee State University Tigerbelle squads dominated track and field competitions equally, winning sixteen indoor championships and thirteen outdoor championships, including five junior championships.3 With small teams, a rigorous training schedule, and athletes capable of participating in multiple events, Temple created a winning formula that transformed a virtually unknown black college in Nashville, Tennessee into the home of the most prominent and successful collegiate track and field program in the world. On the international stage, starting in 1951, the TSU Tigerbelles began competing in the Pan American Games, collecting thirty medals throughout the entire course of Temple’s coaching era.4 During Temple’s tenure as head coach, not only did TSU teams succeed in Pan American Games competition, forty Tennessee State University Tigerbelles represented their home university in Olympic competitions, thirty-five athletes competing for the United States and five other team members representing their native countries of Panama, Jamaica, Bermuda, and Trinidad.5 These athletes won a total 2 Ed Temple, Only The Strong In Heart Survive (Tennessee: Broadman Press, 1980), p.21. 3 Bob Burns, Olympic Golden Moments: The Story Of The Tigerbelles (Missouri: Sprenger McCullough & Co, 2004), p. 109. 4 Lewis and Thomas, p. 296-7. 5 Gail Dent, NCAA Hall of Champions to honor Olympic-Decorated Tennessee State Tigerbelles Track Program, September 30 and October 1, During Circle City Class Week, NCAA news release, September 21, 2004, p. 1-2. 2 of twenty-seven Olympic games medals, fifteen gold medals, eight silver medals and four bronze medals.6 From 1952 to 1968, Tigerbelles were major players on the U.S. Olympic teams with TSU team members dominating the 100-meter races with three consecutive Olympic titles, the 200 meter races with two consecutive Olympic titles, as well as making up the majority of five straight medal-winning Olympic 4 x 100 and 4 x 400 relay teams. Overall, from 1943 until 1994, the Tennessee State University track and field program amassed thirty-one Olympic medals, counting the twenty-seven medals earned by Tigerbelles and the four medals that were won by non-Tigerbelle TSU track and field athletes. Standout collegiate long jumper and Olympic hopeful, Ralph Boston, trained with Coach Temple and serve as a big brother and mentor to several teams of Tigerbelles. Boston won three medals, a gold, silver, and a bronze, at the 1960, 1964, 1968 Olympics respectively.7 Additionally, Ms. Audrey Patterson was the only Tennessee State University athlete to win an Olympic medal in track and field and not be coached by Ed Temple. She was also the first TSU athlete to ever win an Olympic medal earning the bronze medal at the 1948 Olympics in the 200 meters. Numerous TSU Tigerbelle athletes have broken, set, and held individual collegiate, American, World, and Olympic track and field records. Many of these records are still held by Tigerbelles today. They have earned and received several significant 6 Matt Fulks, Behind The Stats: Tennessee’s Coaching Legends (Nashville: Eggman Publishers, 1996), p. 217. 7 Arthur R. Ashe, Jr., A Hard Road To Glory: Track and Field (New York: Amistad, 1988), p. 87-89. 3 sporting honors and accolades from the prestigious Sullivan Award to numerous Hall of Fame inductions. As Sports Illustrated magazine dubbed them in the 1960s, the TSU Tigerbelles were “the Notre Dame of women’s track and field.”8 The Tigerbelles were legendary trailblazers for all female athletes, but they would also become extraordinary symbols of achievement and determination for African American women athletes. Long-term TSU Tigerbelle head coach, Edward Temple is one of the most respected and honored coaches in track and field history. As a former standout collegiate athlete, academic scholar and educator, he valued both athletics and education very early in his career. Temple served as head coach of the U.S. Women’s team for the European Tours (1958, 1960, 1970), Pan American (1959, 1975) and Olympic games (1960, 1964) as well as being named head coach of the entire U.S. Olympic team in 1980, the year the Americans would boycott the Moscow games.9 As sportswriter Matt Fulks observed, “not only is Temple often thought of as the best women’s track coach in the world, he could also be thought of as a visionary, with his stress on grades and gender equity.10 The meteoric rise and athletic dominance of the Tennessee State University Tigerbelles is a remarkable achievement considering that not only did this program develop within a small historically black college in the segregated South, but throughout the program’s history, the team was regularly under-funded, saddled with substandard 8 Carole A. Oglesby, Encyclopedia of Women and Sport in America (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998), p. 277. 9 Fulks, p. 216. 10 Ibid, p.207 4 training facilities,
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