Aryan Race - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Aryan Race from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia

Aryan race - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race Aryan race From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Aryan race was a racial grouping commonly used in the period of the late 19th century to the mid 20th century to describe peoples of European and Western Asian heritage. It derives from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendants up to the present day constitute a distinctive race or subrace of the larger Caucasian race.[1]

While originally meant simply as a neutral ethno-linguistic classification, from the late 19th century onwards the concept of the Aryan race has been used by proponents of ideologically-motivated racism and white supremacism such as in doctrines of Nazism and neo-Nazism. Aryanism developed as a racial ideology that claimed that the Aryan race was a master race.

Contents

1 Origin of the term 2 19th-century physical anthropology 3 Indo-Aryan migration 4 Occultism 4.1 Theosophy 4.2 Ariosophy 5 Aryanism 5.1 Nazism 5.2 Italian Fascism 5.3 Neo-Nazism 5.3.1 Tempelhofgesellschaft 6 See also 6.1 Philosophical 6.2 Third Reich specific 6.3 Contemporaneous concepts of race 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links

Origin of the term

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The term Aryan originates from the Sanskrit word ārya, in origin an ethnic self-designation, in Classical Sanskrit meaning "honourable, respectable, noble".[3][4]

In the 18th century, the most ancient known Indo-European languages were those of the ancient Indo-Iranians. The word Aryan was therefore adopted to refer not only to the Indo-Iranian peoples, but also to native Indo-European speakers as a whole, including the Romans, Greeks, and the Germans. It was soon recognised that Balts, Celts, and Slavs also belonged to the same group. It was argued that all of these languages originated from a The earliest epigraphically-attested common root—now known as Proto-Indo-European—spoken by an ancient reference to the word arya occurs in people who were thought of as ancestors of the European, Iranian, and the 6th century B.C. Behistun Indo-Aryan peoples. The ethnic group composed of the Proto- inscription, which describes itself to Indo-Europeans and their modern descendants was termed the "Aryans". have been composed "in arya This usage was common among knowledgeable authors writing in the late [language or script]" (§ 70). As is also 19th and early 20th century. An example of this usage appears in The the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, the arya of the Outline of History, a bestselling 1920 work by H. G. Wells.[5] In that inscription does not signify anything influential volume, Wells used the term in the plural ("the Aryan peoples"), [2] but he was a staunch opponent of the racist and politically motivated but "Iranian". exploitation of the singular term ("the Aryan people") by earlier authors like Houston Stewart Chamberlain (see below) and was careful either to avoid the generic singular, though he did refer now and again in the singular to some specific "Aryan people" (e.g. the Scythians). In 1922 in A Short History of the World, Wells depicted a highly diverse group of various "Aryan peoples" learning "methods of civilization" and then, by means of different uncoordinated movements that Wells believed were part of a larger dialectical rhythm of conflict between settled civilizations and nomadic invaders that also encompassed Aegean and Mongol peoples inter alia, "subjugat[ing]"—"in The region Aria as depicted by form" but not in "ideas and methods"—"the whole ancient world, Semitic, Waldseemuller in 1507 Aegean and Egyptian alike".[6]

But in a climate of burgeoning racism it proved difficult to maintain such nuanced distinctions. Even Max Mueller, a linguist who wrote in 1888 that "an ethnologist who speaks of Aryan race, Aryan blood, Aryan eyes and hair, is as great a sinner as a linguist who speaks of a dolichocephalic dictionary or a brachycephalic grammar,"[7] was on occasion guilty of using the term "Aryan race."[8] So it was that despite the injunctions of writers like Wells, the notion of an Aryan race took root in mainstream culture.

Thus in the 1944 edition of Rand McNally’s World Atlas, the Aryan race is depicted as one of the ten major racial groupings of mankind.[9] The science fiction author Poul Anderson (1926–2001), an anti-racist libertarian of Scandinavian ancestry, in his many novels, novellas, and short stories, consistently used the term Aryan as a synonym for Indo-Europeans. He spoke of the Aryan bird of prey which impelled those of the Aryan race to take the lead in developing interstellar travel, colonize habitable planets in other planetary systems and become leading business entrepreneurs on the newly colonized planets.[10]

Today the use of "Aryan" as a synonym for "Indo-European" or to a lesser extent for "Indo-Iranian" both in academia and in popular culture is obsolete, ideologically suspect, and politically incorrect. But the term may still occasionally appear in material that is based on older scholarship or written by persons accustomed to older usage. Thus in a 1989 article in Scientific American, Colin Renfrew uses the term "Aryan" as a synonym for "Indo- European".[11]

The term Indo-Aryan is still commonly used to describe the Indic half of the Indo-Iranian languages, i.e. the family that includes Sanskrit and modern languages such as Hindi, Urdu and Bengali.

19th-century physical anthropology

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In 19th century physical anthropology, represented by some as being scientific racism, the "Aryan race" was defined as the subgroup of the Caucasian (or Europid) race consisting of the native speakers of Indo-European languages descended from the original Proto- Indo-Europeans, that in modern times reside in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Anglo-America, Canada, Russia, South Africa, Latin America, Iran, Armenia, Maldives, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Northern India, and Nepal.[12]

The original 19th-century and early 20th-century use of the term Aryan referred to "the early speakers of Proto-Indo European and their descendents".[13][14] Max Müller is The 4th edition of Meyers Konversationslexikon (Leipzig, 1885-1890) shows often identified as the first writer to the Caucasian race (in various shades of grayish blue-green) as comprising speak of an Aryan "race" in English. In Aryans, Semites, and Hamites. Aryans are further subdivided into European his Lectures on the Science of Language Aryans and Indo-Aryans (the term "Indo-Aryans" was then used to describe in 1861[15] he referred to Aryans as a those now called Indo-Iranians). "race of people". At the time, the term race had the meaning of "a group of tribes or peoples, an ethnic group".[16]

When Müller's statement was interpreted to imply a biologically distinct sub-group of humanity, he soon clarified that he simply meant a line of descent, insisting that it was very dangerous to mix linguistics and anthropology. "The Science of Language and the Science of Man cannot be kept too much asunder ... I must repeat what I have said many times before, it would be wrong to speak of Aryan blood as of dolichocephalic grammar".[17] He restated his opposition to this method in 1888 in his essay Biographies of words and the home of the Aryas.[15]

Müller was responding to the development of racial anthropology, and the influence of the work of Arthur de Gobineau who argued that the Indo-Europeans represented a superior branch of humanity. A number of later writers, such as the French anthropologist Vacher de Lapouge in his book L'Aryen, argued that this superior branch could be identified biologically by using the cephalic index (a measure of head shape) and other indicators. He argued that the long-headed "dolichocephalic-blond" Europeans, characteristically found in northern Europe, were natural leaders, destined to rule over more "brachiocephalic" (short headed) peoples.[18]

The division of the Caucasian race into Aryans, Semites and Hamites is in origin linguistic, not based on physical anthropology, the division in physical anthropology being that into Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean. However, the linguistic classification of "Aryan" later became closely associated, and Arthur de Gobineau, one of the key conflated, with the classification of "Nordic" among some archaeologists formulators of the theory of the "Aryan and anthropologists. race" This claim became increasingly important during the 19th century. In the mid-19th century, it was commonly believed that the Aryans originated in the southwestern steppes of present-day Russia. However, by the late 19th century the steppe theory of Aryan origins was challenged by the view that the Aryans originated in ancient Germany or Scandinavia, or at least that in those countries the original Aryan ethnicity had been preserved. The German origin of the Aryans was especially

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promoted by the archaeologist Gustaf Kossinna, who claimed that the Proto-Indo-European peoples were identical to the Corded Ware culture of Neolithic Germany. This idea was widely circulated in both intellectual and popular culture by the early twentieth century,[19] and is reflected in the concept of "Corded-Nordics" in Carleton S. Coon's 1939 The Races of Europe.

Other anthropologists contested such claims. In Germany, Rudolf Virchow launched a study of craniometry, which prompted him to denounce "Nordic mysticism" in the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe, while Josef Kollmann, a collaborator of Virchow, stated in the same congress that the people of Europe, be they English, German, French, and Spaniard belonged to a "mixture of various races," furthermore declaring that the "results of craniology...[are] against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race" to others.[15]

Virchow's contribution to the debate sparked a controversy. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, a strong supporter of the theory of a superior Aryan race, attacked Josef Kollmann arguments in detail. While the "Aryan race" theory remained popular, particularly in Germany, some authors defended Virchow's perspective, in particular Otto Schrader, Rudolph von Jhering and the ethnologist Robert Hartmann (1831–1893), who proposed to ban the notion of "Aryan" from anthropology.[15]

Indo-Aryan migration

Models of the Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of prehistoric migrations of the early Indo-Aryans to their historically attested areas of settlement in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent and from there further across all of North India. Claims of Indo-Aryan migration are primarily drawn from linguistic[20] evidence but also from a multitude of data stemming from genetics,[21] Vedic religion, rituals, poetics as well as some aspects of social organization and chariot technology.

All discussion of historical Indo-Aryan migrations or Aryan and Dravidian races remains highly controversial in India to this day, and continues to "The Forenoon of Life - Aryans affect political and religious debate. Some Dravidians, and supporters of the entering India, 3500 B.C.", from Dalit movement, most commonly Tamils, claim that the worship of Shiva is a Hutchinson's History of the Nations, c.1910, an early 20th century portrayal distinct Dravidian religion going back to the Indus Civilization,[22] to be of "Aryan" migration. distinguished from Brahminical "Aryan" Hinduism. In contrast others[23] argue that no Aryan invasion or migration ever occurred,[24] asserting that Vedic beliefs emerged from the Indus Valley Civilisation,[25] which pre-dated the supposed advent of the Indo-Aryans in India, and is identified as a likely candidate for a Proto-Dravidian culture.

Some Indians were also influenced by the debate about the Aryan race during the British Raj. The Indian nationalist V. D. Savarkar believed in the theory that an "Aryan race" migrated to India,[26] but he didn't find much value in a racialized interpretation of the "Aryan race".[27] Some Indian nationalists supported the British version of the theory because it gave them the prestige of common descent with the ruling British class.[28]

Occultism

Theosophy

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The Theosophical movement, founded by Helena Blavatsky and Henry Olcott at the end of the nineteenth century, took inspiration from Indian culture, in this case, perhaps, from the Hindu reform movement the Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayananda. Blavatsky argued that humanity had descended from a series of "Root Races", naming the fifth root race (out of seven) the Aryan Race. She thought that the Aryans originally came from Atlantis and described the Aryan races with the following words:

"The Aryan races, for instance, now varying from dark brown, almost black, red-brown-yellow, down to the whitest creamy colour, are yet all of one and the same stock -- the Mme. Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott, a lawyer, Fifth Root-Race -- and spring from one single progenitor, agricultural expert, and journalist who covered (...) who is said to have lived over 18,000,000 years ago, and the Spiritualist phenomena. also 850,000 years ago -- at the time of the sinking of the last remnants of the great continent of Atlantis."[29]

Blavatsky used "Root Race" as a technical term to describe human evolution over the large time periods in her cosmology. However, she also claimed that there were modern non-Aryan peoples who were inferior to Aryans. She regularly contrasts "Aryan" with "Semitic" culture, to the detriment of the latter, asserting that Semitic peoples are an offshoot of Aryans who have become "degenerate in spirituality and perfected in materiality."[30] She also states that some peoples are "semi-animal creatures". These latter include "the Tasmanians, a portion of the Australians and a mountain tribe in China." There are also "considerable numbers of the mixed Lemuro-Atlantean peoples produced by various crossings with such semi-human stocks -- e.g., the wild men of Borneo, the Veddhas of Ceylon, most of the remaining Australians, Bushmen, Negritos, Andaman Islanders, etc."[31]

Despite this, Blavatsky's admirers claim that her thinking was not connected to fascist or racialist ideas, asserting that she believed in a Universal Brotherhood of humanity and wrote that "all men have spiritually and physically the same origin" and that "mankind is essentially of one and the same essence".[32] On the other hand, in The Secret Doctrine, Blavatsky states: "Verily mankind is 'of one blood,' but not of the same essence."

Blavatsky connects physical race with spiritual attributes constantly throughout her works:

"Esoteric history teaches that idols and their worship died out with the Fourth Race, until the survivors of the hybrid races of the latter (Chinamen, African Negroes, &c.) gradually brought the worship back. The Vedas countenance no idols; all the modern Hindu writings do".[33]

"The intellectual difference between the Aryan and other civilized nations and such savages as the South Sea Islanders, is inexplicable on any other grounds. No amount of culture, nor generations of training amid civilization, could raise such human specimens as the Bushmen, the Veddhas of Ceylon, and some African tribes, to the same intellectual level as the Aryans, the Semites, and the Turanians so called. The 'sacred spark' is missing in them and it is they who are the only inferior races on the globe, now happily -- owing to the wise adjustment of nature which ever works in that direction -- fast dying out. Verily mankind is 'of one blood,' but not of the same essence. We are the hot-house, artificially quickened plants in nature, having in us a spark, which in them is latent".[34]

According to Blavatsky, "the MONADS of the lowest specimens of humanity (the "narrow-brained" savage South-Sea Islander, the African, the Australian) had no Karma to work out when first born as men, as their more favoured brethren in intelligence had".[35]

She also prophesies of the destruction of the racial "failures of nature" as the future "higher race" ascends:

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"Thus will mankind, race after race, perform its appointed cycle-pilgrimage. Climates will, and have already begun, to change, each tropical year after the other dropping one sub-race, but only to beget another higher race on the ascending cycle; while a series of other less favoured groups -- the failures of nature -- will, like some individual men, vanish from the human family without even leaving a trace behind".[36]

The second subrace of the Fifth or Aryan root race, the Arabian, is regarded by Theosophists as one of the Aryan subraces. It is believed by Theosophists that the Arabians, although asserted in traditional Theosophy to be of Aryan (i.e., Indo-European) ancestry, adopted the Semitic language of the people around them who had migrated earlier from Atlantis (the fifth or (original) Semite subrace of the Atlantean root race). Theosophists assert that the Jews originated as an offshoot of the Arabian subrace in what is now Yemen about 30,000 BC. They migrated first to Somalia and then later to Egypt where they lived until the time of Moses. Thus, according to the teachings of Theosophy, the Jews are part of the Aryan race.[37]

Samael Aun Weor published a book in 1967 retitled in 2008 The Doomed Aryan Race in which he asserted that the Aryan "Root Race" is doomed to be destroyed by hydrogen bombs unless the people of the Aryan race learn tantric yoga.[38]

Ariosophy

Guido von List (and his followers such as Lanz von Liebenfels) later took up some of Blavatsky's ideas, mixing her ideology with nationalistic and fascist ideas; this system of thought became known as Ariosophy. It was believed in Ariosophy that the Teutonics were superior to all other peoples because according to Theosophy the Teutonics or Nordics were the most recent subrace of the Aryan root race to have evolved.[39] Such views also fed into the development of Nazi ideology. Theosophical publications such as The Aryan Path were strongly opposed to the Nazi usage, attacking racialism.

Aryanism

Nazism

The ideology of Nazism was based upon the conception of the Aryan race being a master race. The Nazi conception of the Aryan race arose from earlier proponents of a supremacist conception of the race as described by racial theorist figures such as Arthur de Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain. The Nazis were divided on some parts of the constitution of the Aryan race.

Nazi racial theorist Hans F. K. Günther identified the Aryan race in Europe as having five subtype races: Nordic, Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine, and East Baltic.[40] Günther applied a Nordicist conception that Nordics were the highest in the racial hierarchy amongst these five Aryan subtype races.[40] In his book Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (1922) ("Racial Science of the German People"), Günther recognized Germans as being composed of all five Aryan subtypes, but emphasized the strong Nordic heritage amongst Germans.[41] He defined each racial subtype according to general physical appearance and their psychological qualities including their "racial soul" - referring to their emotional traits and religious beliefs, and provided detailed information on their hair, eye, and skin colours, facial [41] structure. He provided photographs of Germans identified as Nordic in Adolf Hitler. places like Bedan, Stuttgart, Salzburg, and Schwaben; and provided photographs of Germans he identified as Alpine and Mediterranean types, especially in Vorarlberg, Bavaria, and the Black Forest region of Baden.[41] Nazi Führer Adolf Hitler read Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes that influenced his racial policy, and with Nazi backing, Günther attained a

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position in the anthropology department at the University of Jena in 1932 where Hitler attended Günther's inaugural lecture at Jena.[42]

Günther distinguished Aryans from Jews, and identified Jews as descending from non-European races, and particularly what he classified as the Near Asian race (Vorderasiatische) more commonly known as the Armenoid race, and said that such origins rendered Jews as fundamentally different and incompatible with Germans and most Europeans.[43] This association of Jews with the Armenoid type had been utilized by Zionist Jews who claimed that Jews were a group within that type.[44] He claimed that the Near Eastern race descended from the Caucasus in the fifth and fourth millennia BC, and that it had expanded into Asia Minor and Mesopotamia and eventually to the west coast of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.[43] Aside from ascribing Armenians and Jews as having Near Eastern characteristics, he ascribed them to several other contemporary peoples, including: Greeks, Turks, Syrians, and Iranians.[45] In his work Racial Characteristics of the Jewish People, he defined the racial soul of the Near Eastern race as emphasizing a "commercial spirit" (Handelgeist), and describing them as "artful traders" - a term that Gunther ascribed as being used by Jewish racial theorist Samuel Weissenberg to describe contemporary Armenians, Greeks, and Jews.[43] Günther added to that description of the Near Eastern type being commercially spirited and artful traders, that the type held strong psychological manipulation skills that aided them in trade.[43] He claimed that the Near Eastern race had been "bred not so much for the conquest and exploitation of nature as it was for the conquest and exploitation of people".[43]

Hitler's conception of the Aryan Herrenvolk ("Aryan master race") explicitly excluded the vast majority of Slavs, regarding the Slavs as having dangerous Jewish and Asiatic influences.[46] The Nazis because of this declared Slavs to be untermenschen (subhumans).[47] Exceptions were made for a small percentage of Slavs who were seen by the Nazis to be descended from German settlers and therefore fit to be Germanised to be considered part of the Aryan master race.[48] Hitler described Slavs as "a mass of born slaves who feel the need of a master".[49] Hitler declared that because Slavs were subhumans that the Geneva Conventions were not applicable to them, and German soldiers in World War II were thus permitted to ignore the Geneva Conventions in regards to Slavs.[50] Hitler called Slavs "a rabbit family" meaning they were intrinsically idle and disorganized.[51] Nazi Germany's propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels had media speak of Slavs as primitive animals whom were from the Siberian tundra who were like a "dark wave of filth".[52][53] The Nazi notion of Slavs being inferior was part of the agenda for creating Lebensraum ("living space") for Germans and other Germanic people in eastern Europe that was initiated during World War II under Generalplan Ost, millions of Germans and other Germanic settlers would be moved into conquered territories of Eastern Europe, while the original Slavic inhabitants were to be annihilated, removed, or enslaved.[54] Nazi Germany's ally the Independent State of Croatia rejected the common conception that Croats were primarily a Slavic people and claimed that Croats were primarily the descendents of the Germanic Goths.[55] However the Nazi regime continued to classify Croats as "subhuman" in spite of the alliance.[56] Nazi Germany's policy changed towards Slavs in response to military manpower shortages, in which it accepted Slavs to serve in its armed forces within occupied territories, in spite of them being considered subhuman, as a pragmatic means to resolve such manpower shortages.[56] Hitler often doubted whether Czechs were Aryan or not, he said in his table talk "It is enough for a Czech to grow a moustache for anyone to see, from the way the thing droops, that his origin is Mongoloian.[57] The question of whether Italians were Aryan enough was questioned by the Nazi racial theorists, Hitler viewed northern Italians as strongly Aryan but not southern Italians. The Nazis viewed the downfall of the Roman Empire as being the result of the pollution of blood from racial intermixing, claiming that Italians were a hybrid of races, including black African races. Hitler even mentioned his view of the presence of Negroid blood in the Mediterranean peoples during his first meeting with Mussolini in 1934.[58]

German Interior Ministry official Albert Gorter drafted an official definition of the Aryan Race for the new Civil Service Law that included European Aryans and Asian Aryans of the subtype race known as Irano-Afghan;this definition was unacceptable by the Nazis.[59] However Achim Gerke revised Gorter's draft of the Civil Service Law by removing such contemporary Asian people from the definition of the Aryan race, as they were considered too foreign to be connected with the Aryan race as in Europe.[59] The Nuremberg race laws of 1935 classified as "racially acceptable" people with "German or related blood" [59] all persons wishing to be a citizen of the Reich had

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to provide proof of their Aryan ancestry by acquiring an Aryan certificate.[60] The term remained in constant flux and nations such as Finns or Hungarians were often excluded by Nazis as Aryans.[59]

The idea of the Northern origins of the Aryans was particularly influential in Germany. It was widely believed that the "Vedic Aryans" were ethnically identical to the Goths, Vandals and other ancient Germanic peoples of the Völkerwanderung. This idea was often intertwined with antisemitic ideas. The distinctions between the "Aryan" and "Semitic" peoples were based on the aforementioned linguistic and ethnic history. A complete, highly speculative theory of Aryan and anti-Semitic history can be found in Alfred Rosenberg's major work, The Myth of the Twentieth Century. Rosenberg's account of ancient history, melded with his racial speculations, proved to be very effective in spreading racialism among German intellectuals in the early twentieth century, especially after the First World War.

Semitic peoples came to be seen as a foreign presence within Aryan societies, and the Semitic peoples were often pointed to as the cause of conversion and destruction of social order and values leading to culture and civilization's downfall by proto-Nazi theorists such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain.

These and other ideas evolved into the Nazi use of the term "Aryan race" to refer to what they saw as being a master race, which was narrowly defined by the Nazis as being identical with the Nordic race, followed by other sub-races of the Aryan race. They worked to maintain the purity of this race through eugenics programs (including anti-miscegenation legislation, compulsory sterilization of the mentally ill and the mentally deficient, the execution of the institutionalized mentally ill as part of a euthanasia program).

Heinrich Himmler (the Reichsführer of the SS), the person ordered by Adolf Hitler to implement the Final Solution, or The Holocaust,[61] told his personal masseur Felix Kersten that he always carried with him a copy of the ancient Aryan scripture, the Bhagavad Gita because it relieved him of guilt about what he was doing – he felt that like the warrior Arjuna, he was simply doing his duty without attachment to his actions.[62]

Italian Fascism

In a 1921 speech in Bologna, Mussolini stated that "Fascism was born... out of a profound, perennial need of this our Aryan and Mediterranean race". [63][64] In this speech Mussolini was referring to Italians as being the Mediterranean branch of the Aryan Race, Aryan in the meaning of people of an Indo-European language and culture.[65] Italian Fascism emphasized that race was bound by spiritual and cultural foundations, and identified a racial hierarchy based on spiritual and cultural factors.[65] While Italian Fascism based its conception of race on spiritual and cultural factors, Mussolini explicitly rejected notions that biologically "pure" races existed though biology was still considered a relevant factor in race.[66]

Italian Fascism strongly rejected the common Nordicist conception of the Aryan Race that idealized "pure" Aryans as having certain physical traits that were defined as Nordic such as blond hair and blue eyes.[67] The antipathy by Mussolini and other Italian Fascists to Nordicism was over the existence of what they viewed as the Mediterranean inferiority complex that they claimed had been instilled into Mediterraneans by the propagation of such theories by German and Anglo-Saxon Nordicists who viewed Benito Mussolini. Mediterranean peoples as racially degenerate and thus in their view inferior.[67] Mussolini refused to allow Italy to return again to this inferiority complex, initially rejecting Nordicism.[67] However traditional Nordicist claims of Mediterraneans being degenerate due to having a darker colour of skin than Nordics had long been rebuked in anthropology through the depigmentation theory that claimed that lighter skinned peoples had been dipigmented from a darker skin, this theory has since become a widely accepted view in anthropology.[68] Anthropologist Carleton S. Coon in his work The races of Europe (1939) subscribed to depigmentation theory that claimed that Nordic race's light-coloured skin was the result of depigmentation from their ancestors of the Mediterranean race.[69]

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In the early 1930s, with the rise to power of the Nazi Party in Germany with Führer Adolf Hitler's emphasis on a Nordicist conception of the Aryan Race, strong tensions arose between the Fascists and the Nazis over racial issues. In 1934, in the aftermath of Austrian Nazis killing Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, an ally of Italy, Mussolini became enraged and responded by angrily denouncing Nazism. Mussolini rebuked Nazism's Nordicism, claiming that the Nazis' emphasizing of a common Nordic "Germanic race" was absurd, saying "a Germanic race does not exist. ... We repeat. Does not exist. Scientists say so. Hitler says so."[70] The fact that Germans were not purely Nordic was indeed acknowledged by prominent Nazi racial theorist Hans F. K. Günther in his book Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (1922) ("Racial Science of the German People"), where Günther recognized Germans as being composed of five Aryan subtype races: Nordic, Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine, and East Baltic while asserting that the Nordics were the highest in a racial hierarchy of the five subtypes.[41]

By 1936, the tensions between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany reduced and relations became more amicable. In 1936, Mussolini decided to launch a racial program in Italy, and was interested in the racial studies being conducted by Giulio Cogni.[71] Cogni was a Nordicist but did not equate Nordic identity with Germanic identity as was commonly done by German Nordicists.[72] Cogni had travelled to Germany where he had become impressed by Nazi racial theory and sought to create his own version of racial theory.[73] On 11 September 1936, Cogni sent Mussolini a copy of his newly published book Il Razzismo (1936).[71] Cogni declared the racial affinity of the Mediterranean and Nordic racial subtypes of the Aryan race and claimed that the intermixing of Nordic Aryans and Mediterranean Aryans in Italy produced a superior synthesis of Aryan Italians.[72] Cogni addressed the issue of racial differences between northern and southern Italians, declaring southern Italians were mixed between Aryan and non-Aryan races, that he claimed was most likely due to infiltration by Asiatic peoples in Roman times and later Arab invasions.[71] As such, Cogni viewed Southern Italian Mediterraneans as being polluted with orientalizing tendencies.[71] Initially Mussolini was not impressed with Cogni's work, however Cogni's ideas later entered into the official Fascist racial policy several years later.[71]

In 1938 Mussolini was concerned that if Italian Fascism did not recognize Nordic heritage within Italians, that the Mediterranean inferiority complex would return to Italian society.[67] Therefore in summer 1938, the Fascist government officially recognized Italians as having Nordic heritage and being of Nordic-Mediterranean descent and in a meeting with PNF members, and in June 1938 in a meeting with PNF members, Mussolini identified himself as Nordic and declared that previous policy of focus on Mediterraneanism was to be replaced by a focus on Aryanism.[67]

The Fascist regime began publication of the racialist magazine La Difesa della Razza in 1938.[74] The Nordicist racial theorist Guido Landra took a major role in the early work of La Difesa, and published the Manifesto of Racial Scientists in the magazine in 1938.[75] The Manifesto received substantial criticism, including its assertion of Italians being a "pure race", as it was viewed as absurd.[75] La Difesa published other theories that described long-term Nordic Aryan amongst Italians, such as the theory that in the Eneolithic age Nordic Aryans arrived to Italy.[76] Many of the writers took up the traditional Nordicist claim that the decline and fall of the Roman Empire was due to the arrival of Semitic immigrants.[76] La Difesa's writers were divided on their claims that described how Italians extricated themselves from Semitic influence.[75]

The Nordicist direction of Fascist racial policy was challenged in 1938 by a resurgence of the Mediterraneanist faction in the PNF.[77] By 1939, the Mediterraneanists' advocacy of a nativist racial theory that rejected ascribing the achievements of the Italian people to Nordic peoples.[77] This nativist racial policy was prominently promoted by Ugo Rellini.[77] Rellini rejected the notion of large scale invasions of Italy by Nordic Aryans in the Eneolithic age, and claimed that Italians were an indigenous people descended from the Cro-Magnons.[78] Rellini claimed that Mediterranean and Nordic peoples arrived later and peacefully intermixed in small numbers with the indigenous Italian population.[78]

In 1941 the PNF's Mediterraneanists through the influence of Giacomo Acerbo put forward a comprehensive definition of the Italian race.[79] However these efforts were challenged by Mussolini's endorsement of Nordicist figures with the appointment of staunch spiritual Nordicist Alberto Luchini as head of Italy's Racial Office in May

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1941, as well as with Mussolini becoming interested with Julius Evola's spiritual Nordicism in late 1941.[79] Acerbo and the Mediterraneanists in his High Council on Demography and Race sought to bring the regime back to supporting Mediterraneanism by thoroughly denouncing the pro-Nordicist Manifesto of the Racial Scientists.[79] The Council recognized Aryans as being a linguistic-based group, and condemned the Manifesto for denying the influence of pre-Aryan civilization on modern Italy, saying that the Manifesto "constitutes an unjustifiable and undemonstrable negation of the anthropological, ethnological, and archaeological discoveries that have occurred and are occurring in our country".[79] Furthermore the Council denounced the Manifesto for "implicitly" crediting Germanic invaders of Italy in the guise of the Lombards for having a "a formative influence on the Italian race in a disproportional degree to the number of invaders and to their biological predominance".[79] The Council claimed that the obvious superiority of the ancient Greeks and Romans in comparison with the ancient Germanic tribes made it inconceivable that Italian culture owed a debt to ancient Aryan Germans.[79] The Council denounced the Manifesto's Nordicist attitude towards Mediterraneans that it claimed was "considering them as slaves" and was "a repudiation of the entire Italian civilization".[79]

Neo-Nazism

Since the military defeat of Nazi Germany by the Allies in 1945, some neo-Nazis have developed a more inclusive definition of "Aryan", claiming that the peoples of Western Europe are the closest descendants of the ancient Aryans, with Nordic and Germanic peoples being the most "racially pure." [80]

According to Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, many neo-Nazis want to establish an autocratic state modeled after Nazi Germany to be called the Western Imperium. It is believed this proposed state would be able to attain world domination by combining the nuclear arsenals of the four major Aryan world powers, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Russia under a single military command.[81] The sun wheel has been used as a This proposed state would be led by a Führer-like figure called the Vindex, symbol of the Aryan race by some and would include all areas inhabited by the "Aryan race", as conceived by neo-Nazis, however the Celtic cross Neo-Nazis. Only those of the Aryan race would be full citizens of the state. seems to be the most popular symbol The "Western Imperium" would embark on a vigorous and dynamic program among white supremacists - Nazis of space exploration, followed by the creation by genetic engineering of a included. super race called Homo Galactica. The concept of the "Western Imperium" as outlined in the previous three sentences is based on the original concept of the Imperium as outlined in the 1947 book Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics by Francis Parker Yockey as further updated, extended and refined in the early 1990s in pamphlets published by David Myatt. [82][83][84]

Tempelhofgesellschaft

A neo-Nazi esoteric Nazi Gnostic sect headquartered in Vienna, Austria called the Tempelhofgesellschaft, founded in the early 1990s, teaches a form of what it calls Marcionism. They distribute pamphlets claiming that the Aryan race originally came to Atlantis from the star Aldebaran.

See also

Anatolian hypothesis Aryan Indo-Aryan migrations Indo-Iranians

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Iranian peoples Nordic theory Proto-Indo-Europeans Indo-European language family Kurgan hypothesis R1b Race Life of the Aryan Peoples Scandinavism White nationalism White supremacy

Philosophical

Esotericism in Germany and Austria Thule Society Germanic Neopaganism Neo-völkisch movements

As opposed to:

Soviet people Zhonghua minzu

Third Reich specific

Aryanization Aryan paragraph Honorary Aryan Ahnenpass Aryan Games

Contemporaneous concepts of race

Alpine race Armenoid race Dinaric race East Baltic race Iranid race Mediterranean race Nordic race

References

1. ^ Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Tenth (definition #1) of "Aryan" in English--Page 66 New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, 2. ^ cf. Gershevitch, Ilya (1968). "Old Iranian Literature". U.S.A.:1994--Merriam-Webster See original definition Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I. Leiden: Brill.

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pp. 1–31., p. 2. the 1964 collection Time and Stars and the 3. ^ Monier-Williams (1899). Polesotechnic League stories featuring Nicholas van 4. ^ "Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 Rijn revision)" (http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de 11. ^ Renfrew, Colin. (1989). The Origins of /monier/). UNIVERSITÄT ZU KÖLN. Retrieved July Indo-European Languages. /Scientific American/, 25, 2010. 261(4), 82-90. 5. ^ Wells, H.G. The Outline of History, 3rd ed. (New 12. ^ Rand McNally’s World Atlas International Edition York: Macmillan, 1921), Ch. 20 ("The Aryan-Speaking Chicago:1944 Rand McNally Map: "Races of Peoples in Prehistoric Times"), pp. 236-51. Mankind" Pages 278–279 The domain of the Aryan 6. ^ H.G. Wells in 1922 on the early history of "the race is shown as extending throughout the regions Aryan peoples" (Proto-Indo Europeans): mentioned above. (http://www.bartleby.com/86/19.html) 13. ^ Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Tenth 7. ^ F. Max Müller, Biographies of Words and the Home New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts, of the Aryas (1888), Kessinger Publishing reprint, U.S.A.:1994--Merriam-Webster Page 66 2004, p. 120; Dorothy Matilda Figueira, Aryans, Jews, 14. ^ Widney, Joseph P Race Life of the Aryan Peoples Brahmins: Theorizing Authority Through Myths of (http://books.google.com/books?id=s9UKAAAAIAAJ& Identity (SUNY Press, 2002), p. 45. printsec=titlepage) New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1907 8. ^ Romila Thapar, "The Theory of Aryan Race and In Two Volumes: Volume One--The Old World Volume India: History and Politics," Social Scientist 24.1/3 Two--The New World ISBN B000859S6O (Jan.-Mar. 1996), 6. Thapar cites an 1883 lecture in 15. ^ a b c d Andrea Orsucci, "Ariani, indogermani, stirpi which Mueller spoke of someone as "belonging to the mediterranee: aspetti del dibattito sulle razze europee south-eastern branch of the Aryan race." (1870-1914) (http://www.unifi.it/riviste/cromohs 9. ^ Rand McNally’s World Atlas International Edition /3_98/orsucci.html)", in Cromohs, 1998 (Italian) Chicago:1944 Rand McNally Map: "Races of 16. ^ OED under race, n.6 I.1.c has "A group of several Mankind" Pages 278–279—In the explanatory section tribes or peoples, regarded as forming a distinct ethnic below the map, the Aryan race (the word “Aryan” set. Esp. used in 19th-cent. anthropological being defined in the description below the map as a classification, sometimes in conjunction with linguistic synonym for “Indo-Europeans”) is described as being groupings." one of the ten major racial groupings of mankind. Each 17. ^ Speech before the University of Stassbourg, 1872, of the ten racial groupings is depicted in a different Chaudhuri, Nirad, Scholar Extraordinary: The Life of color on the map and the estimated populations in 1944 Professor the Rt. Hon. Freidrich Max Muller, Chatto of the larger racial groups except the Dravidians are and Windus, 1974, p.313 given (the Dravidian population in 1944 would have 18. ^ Vacher de Lapouge (trans Clossen, C), Georges been about 70,000,000). The other nine groups are (1899). "Old and New Aspects of the Aryan depicted as being the Semitic race (the Aryans Question". The American Journal of Sociology 5 (3): (850,000,000) and the Semites (70,000,000) are 329–346. doi:10.1086/210895 (http://dx.doi.org described as being the two main branches of the /10.1086%2F210895).. Caucasian race), the Dravidian race, the Mongolian 19. ^ Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). Aryan Idols. USA: race (700,000,000), the Malayan race (Correct University of Chicago Press, 143. ISBN population given on page 413--64,000,000 including 0-226-02860-7. besides the populations of the Dutch East Indies, the 20. ^ The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Philippines, and Madagascar also half of the Malay Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Edwin Bryant, 2001 States, Micronesia, and Polynesia), the American 21. ^ Trivedi, Bijal P (2001-05-14). "Genetic evidence Indian race (10,000,000), the Negro race suggests European migrants may have influenced the (140,000,000), the Native Australians, the Papuans, origins of India's caste system" and the Hottentots and Bushmen. (http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/05_01 10. ^ See, for example, the Poul Anderson short stories in /Indo-European.shtml). Genome News Network (J.

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Craig Venter Institute). Retrieved 2005-01-27. 39. ^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas The Occult Roots of 22. ^ It is claimed that the Pashupati seal represents Shiva. Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on J. Marshall 1931: Vol. 1, 52-55. Mohenjo-Daro and the Nazi Ideology New York:1992 New York University IVC. London: Arthur Probsthain. Press Chapter 13 "Herbert Reichstein and Ariosophy" 23. ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rajiv-malhotra Pages 164-176 /how-europeans-misappropri_b_837376.html 40. ^ a b Bruce David Baum. The Rise and Fall of the 24. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books/about Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity. /The_invasion_that_never_was.html?id=xixuAAAAMAAJ New York, New York, USA; London, England, UK: 25. ^ Although most pro-Aryan migration theory scholars New York University Press, 2006. P. 156. also agree that a part of the IVC culture has influenced 41. ^ a b c d Anne Maxwell. Picture Imperfect: Hinduism. Renfrew says: "it is difficult to see what is Photography and Eugenics, 1870-1940. Eastbourne, particularly non-Aryan about the Indus Valley England: UK; Portland, Oregon, USA: SUSSEX Civilization. Renfrew 1988:188-190. Archaeology and ACADEMIC PRESS, 2008, 2010. P. 150. Language. New York: Cambridge University Press 42. ^ John Cornwell. Hitler's Scientists: Science, War, and 26. ^ Bryant 2001:271, Talageri 2000. The Rigveda. the Devil's Pact. Penguin, Sep 28, 2004. [1] 27. ^ After all there is throughout this world so far as man (http://books.google.ca/books?id=5bA2vTgvobAC& is concerned but a single race - the human race, kept pg=PT68&dq=hitler+gunther+aryan&hl=en& alive by one common blood, the human blood. All sa=X&ei=q2IYUfKYIoyayQHBmoG4Dg& other talk is at best provisional, a makeshift and only ved=0CGMQ6AEwCQ) relatively true. (...) Even as it is, not even the 43. ^ a b c d e Alan E Steinweis. Studying the Jew: aborigines of the Andamans are without some Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Harvard sprinkling of the so-called Aryan blood in their veins University Press, 2008. P. 28. and vice-versa. Truly speaking all that one can claim is 44. ^ Mitchell B. Hart. Jews & Race: Writings on Identity that one has the blood of all mankind in one’s veins. & Difference, 1880-1940. Lebanon, New Hampshire, The fundamental unity of man from pole to pole is USA: Brandeis University Press, 2011. P. 247. true, all else only relatively so. Savarkar: "Hindutva". 45. ^ Alan E Steinweis. Studying the Jew: Scholarly Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Savarkar Samagra: Antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Harvard University Complete Works of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 10 Press, 2008. P. 29. volumes, ISBN 81-7315-331-0 46. ^ André Mineau. Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and 28. ^ Erdosy 1995:21, The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Ethics Against Human Dignity. Rodopi, 2004. Pp. Asia. 34-36. 29. ^ Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, the Synthesis of 47. ^ Steve Thorne. The Language of War. London, Science, Religion and Philosophy, Vol.II, p.249 England, UK: Routledge, 2006. P. 38. 30. ^ Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, Vol II, p. 200 48. ^ Wendy Lower. Nazi Empire-building And The 31. ^ Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, Vol II, pp. 195-6 Holocaust In Ukraine. The University of North 32. ^ The Key to Theosophy, Section 3 Carolina Press, 2005. P. 27. 33. ^ Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, Vol. II, p.723 49. ^ Marvin Perry. Western Civilization: A Brief History. 34. ^ Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, Vol II, p 421 Cengage Learning, 2012. P. 468. 35. ^ Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, Vol II, p.168 50. ^ Anne Nelson. Red Orchestra: The Story of the 36. ^ Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, Vol II, p.446 Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who 37. ^ Powell, A.E. The Solar System: A Complete Outline Resisted Hitler. Random House Digital, Inc., 2009. P. of the Theosophical Scheme of Evolution London:1930 212. The Theosophical Publishing House Pages 298-299 51. ^ David Downing. Sealing Their Fate: The Twenty 38. ^ 1967 - Christmas Message 1967-1968: The Solar Two Days That Decided World War II. P. 48. Bodies and Gnostic Wisdom (in Spanish), published in 52. ^ Richard C. Frucht (31 December 2004). Eastern English as The Doomed Aryan Race in 2008 ISBN Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and 1-934206-30-X Culture (http://books.google.com

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/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA259). ABC-CLIO. Yugoslav Border: Difference, Identity, and pp. 259–. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6. Sovereignty in Twentieth-Century. SUNY Press, 2001. 53. ^ David Downing. Sealing Their Fate: The Twenty P. 52. Two Days That Decided World War II. Read How You 67. ^ a b c d e Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Want, 2010 P. 48. Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, 54. ^ Joseph W. Bendersky. A concise history of Nazi USA: Routledge, 2001. Pp. 188. Germany, Plymouth, England, UK: Rowman & 68. ^ Alan W. Ertl. Toward an Understanding of Europe:A Littlefield Publishers Inc., 2007. p. 161-2. Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration. 55. ^ Rich, Norman (1974). Hitler's War Aims: the Boca Raton, Florida, USA: Universal Publishers, 2008. Establishment of the New Order, p. 276-7. W. W. P. 8. Norton & Company Inc., New York. 69. ^ Melville Jacobs, Bernhard Joseph Stern. General 56. ^ a b Norman Davies. Europe at War 1939-1945: No anthropology. Barnes & Noble, 1963. P. 57. Simple Victory. Pan Macmillan, 2008. Pp. 167, 209. 70. ^ Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. 57. ^ Adolf Hitler (30 April 2008). Hitler's Table Talk, London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: 1941-1944: Secret Conversations Routledge, 2002. P. 45. (http://books.google.com/books?id=JIbqZ_F5UhkC). 71. ^ a b c d e Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-66-7. Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, 58. ^ Aaron Gillette (12 October 2012). Racial Theories USA: Routledge, 2002. P. 60. in Fascist Italy (http://books.google.com 72. ^ a b Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. /books?id=8Gjq0ZPvIZgC). Routledge. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: ISBN 978-1-134-52706-9. Routledge, 2002. P. 61. 59. ^ a b c d Eric Ehrenreich. The Nazi ancestral proof: 73. ^ Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. genealogy, racial science, and the final solution. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Bloomington, Indiana, USA: Indiana University Press, Routledge, 2002. P. 59-60. pp.9-10 74. ^ Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. 60. ^ Ehrenreich, The Nazi ancestral proof, p.70 London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: 61. ^ Himmler noted on 26 July 1942 in response to Routledge, 2002. P. 78. Rosenberg’s attempt to influence Jewish policy that 75. ^ a b c Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. "The occupied territories will be Jew-free. The Fuhrer London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: has laid the implementation of this very difficult order Routledge, 2002. P. 80. on my shoulders." Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich 76. ^ a b Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. at War New York:2008 Penguin Page 271; Himmler London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: had begun the initial pre-Wansee Conference Routledge, 2002. P. 81. implementation of the final solution by July and 77. ^ a b c Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. August of 1941. Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich at London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: War New York:2008 Penguin Page 240. Routledge, 2002. P. 110-111. 62. ^ Padfield, Peter Himmler New York:1990--Henry 78. ^ a b Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. Holt Page 402 London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: 63. ^ Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. Routledge, 2002. P. 110-112. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: 79. ^ a b c d e f g Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Routledge, 2001. Pp. 11. Italy. London, England, UK; New York, New York, 64. ^ Neocleous, Mark. Fascism. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: Routledge, 2001. Pp. 146. USA: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. p. 35 80. ^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas Black Sun: Aryan Cults, a b 65. ^ Aaron Gillette. Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. Esoteric Nazism, and The Politics of Identity New London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: York: 2002--N.Y. University Press, See Chapter 15 for Routledge, 2001. Pp. 39. a discussion of Aryan identity politics 66. ^ Glenda Sluga. The Problem of Trieste and the Italo- 81. ^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003). Black Sun:

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Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of 83. ^ “Vindex—The Destiny of the West—Imperium of the Identity. New York: New York University Press. West” by David Myatt: (http://blogs.myspace.com p. 221. ISBN 0-8147-3155-4. /index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view& 82. ^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas Black Sun: Aryan Cults, friendId=423609919&blogId=497426085) Esoteric Nazism, and The Politics of Identity New 84. ^ "Space Exploration: An Expression of the Aryan York: 2002--N.Y. University Press, See Chapters 4 Soul" by John Clarke (http://www.natvan.com/national- and 11 for extensive information about the proposed vanguard/130/index.html) National Vanguard magazine "Western Imperium" Issue 130, January–February 2006: