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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67408-9 - Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler Shelley Baranowski Index More information

Index

Africans/Afro-Germans Arrow Cross, 312, 347 impact of Nuremberg Laws on, 208–09 Artaman League, 181 sterilization of, 227 Association for Germandom Abroad Afrika Korps, 336 (Verein für das Deutschtum in Agrarian League, 25, 44, 168 Ausland), 154 Ahlwardt, Hermann, 24 Atlantic Charter, 287 Ali-Husseini. Amin (Grand Mufti of August-Wilhelm, Crown Prince, 168 Jerusalem), 336 Auschwitz-Birkenau, 191, 307, 331, 332, Allianz, 307 335, 342 Alsace and Lorraine, 17, 19, 22, 78, 86, Austria, 131, 132, 133, 152, 175, 203, 217, 110, 131, 145, 260, 290, 302, 309 222, 223, 262, 296, 298, 303, 305, Alvensleben, Ludolf von, 236, 237 308, 317, 318, 320, 331 Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935), anti-Jewish measures introduced in, 203 223–24 antisemitism German annexation of, 223–24, 312 and anti-Marxism/anti-Bolshevism, 267, Pan-German demand for annexation 280, 326–27 of, 131 boycott of Jewish businesses (1933), Papen’s attempted customs union with, 183–84 160 in Imperial Germany, 24–27 Austro-Hungarian Empire/Austria in prewar Third Reich, 326–27 Hungary, 19, 31, 35, 61, 79, 94, 103, Crystal Night (Kristallnacht) pogrom 104, 132, 217, 322 (1938), 224–27 antisemitism in, 26 Nazi radicalization and aryanization, as Imperial Germany’s one ally, 41 of German Fatherland Party, 101–2 disintegration of, 110 of Pan-German League, 45, 46, 130 harsh measures against Serbs, 85 under the Weimar Republic, 124–26, military defeats of, 79 129–31 threat of Serbian nationalism to, Anti-Socialist Law, 34 62 Antonescu, Ion, 314, 323–24 ultimatum to Serbia, 62, 71 Arendt, Hannah, 1, 8 Autobahn, 196, 201 Armenian Genocide, (1915) 91–93 Auxiliary Service Law. See Hindenburg Army League, 46, 85 Program (1916)

357

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-67408-9 - Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler Shelley Baranowski Index More information

358 Index

Babi Yar, 319 Bismarck, Otto von, 16, 17, 19, 20, 28–33, Bach-Zelewski, Erich von dem, 318, 330 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 51, 61, 135, 138 Backe, Herbert, 195, 200, 266, 267, 270, antisocialism of, 20, 21 287 attempts at domestic consolidation, 14, Baden, Prince Max von, 20–21, 27–29 Balkans, 31, 35, 256, 272, 273, 280 continental foreign policy of, 28 Barbarossa, 261, 262, 272, 275, 287, 297, expulsion of Russian and Galician Poles, 303, 314, 315, 316, 323, 324, 326, 22, 24 328, 330, 336, 353 Germanization policies of, 21–22, comparison with decimation of native 23–24, 175 peoples in the Americas, 294 imperialism and colonialism of, 28–33 comparisons with planning for Africa, resignation of, 33–34 268–69 role in unification, 10 early Soviet defeats, 272–75 Bleichröder, Gerson, 35 German military setbacks, 277–80 Blomberg, General Werner von, 172, 175, German planning for, 264–72 176, 200, 216, 217 German treatment of civilians, 284–86 Böckel, Otto, 24 German treatment of Soviet POWs, 280, Bolshevism/anti-Bolshevism, 108, 112, 127, 282–84 128–29, 133, 177, 206, 233, 267, 274, Hunger plan of, 266–67, 320–21 287, 316, 345, 346, 348 popular reactions in Germany to, Bouhler, Philipp, 252, 321, 331 273–74 Brack, Vicktor, 331 Battle for Culture/Kulturkampf. Brandt, Karl, 252 See Catholics/Catholicism Brauchitsch, Walther von, 298 Battle of Tannenberg (1914), 143 Braun, Otto, 161 Bavaria Bredow, General Erich von, 198 counterrevolution in (1918–19), 131, Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 103–04 133, 136, 140, 180–81 Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count Ulrich von, synchronization of (1933), 180–81 112 Belgium, 78, 82, 106, 138, 145, 332 Brüning, Heinrich, 159, 160, 161, 164, German invasion and occupation of, 166, 169, 170, 177, 194, 198 85–86, 262, 311 appointment/tenure as chancellor, 159–60 Belgium and France Bucharest, Treaty of, 103 Imperial German occupation of, 85–86 Buchenwald, 284 Belorussia, 103, 222, 275, 284, 289, 321, Bulgaria, 104, 272 331, 343, 345 joins Central Powers, 80 Bełżec, 331 resistance to deportation of Jews, Berlin to Baghdad railroad, 39, 77 346–47 Berlin West Africa Conference (1884–5), Bülow, Bernhard von, 39, 60, 64, 65 29–31, 32 appointment as chancellor, 52 Bermondt-Avalov, Pavel, 117 attempt at anti-British alliance, 64 Bessarabia and Bukovina, 303, 314, Bürckel, Josef, 302 324 Best, Werner, 130, 259 Caprivi, Leo von, 35 plans for ethnic restructing of Western Zanzibar-Heligoland Treaty concluded Europe, 290–91 by, 36, 42 Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 58, 65, Cartel of Productive Estates, 61, 96, 100 71, 75–78, 81, 82, 100, 102 Catholics/Catholicism, 5, 21, 51, 57, 70, opposition to unrestricted submarine 106, 162, 165, 198, 228, 256 warfare, 95 backlash against euthanasia, 256 dismissal of, 75–78 Battle for Culture (Kulturkampf), 17–19 Biebow, Hans, 307 conflicts with Nazi regime,201–2

Index 359

nationalism of, 18, 70 Dachau concentration camp support for Enabling Law, 179 differences from colonial camps, 181–82 Center party/Center, 21, 25, 32, 34, 37, Daladier, Edouard, 300 60, 68, 75, 93, 96, 100, 104, 107, 117, Daluege, Kurt, 204 119, 124, 127, 143, 159, 160, 165, 180 Dannecker, Theodor, 310 agrarian interests of, 179 Danzig-West Prussia, 243, 250, 251, 253 rightward drift of, 179 Darré, Walther, 141, 195, 199, 200, 241 support for Enabling Law, 179 Dawes Plan, 121, 144, 145 Central Powers (Germany, Austria- de Gaulle, Charles, 262 Hungary, Ottoman Empire) death camps maritime disadvantages of, 83 construction and operation of, 330–36 military advances of, 83 “efficiency”/technology of,330–36 military weaknesses of, 83 Delbo, Charlotte, 335 Cesairé, Aimé, 334 Democratic Party, 127 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 26 Denmark, 9, 22, 292 Chamberlain, Neville, 220, 263 German invasion and occupation of Chełmno (Kulmhof), 307, 331 (1940), 311, 346 Christian-National Peasants and Labor rescue of Danish Jews, 346 Party (CNBLP), 157 Dernburg, Bernhard, 52 Churchill, Winston, 263, 287 Dinter, Artur, 205 Class, Heinrich, 43, 44, 71, 131, 139 Sins against the Blood, 102 Colonial Association, 41 Dollfuss, Engelbert, 203 Colonial Office,47 Dönitz, Grand Admiral Karl, 355 Colonial Society, 29, 41, 45, 56, 59, 152 Drexler, Anton, 133 Colonial Women’s League, 153 Dreyfus Affair, 27 Committee for Union and Progress. See Ottoman Empire Eastern Galicia, 289, 322–23, 325, 329, Communist Party of Germany (KPD)/ 340 Communists, 119, 126–27, 137, 148, Eastern Marches League (Hakatisten), 42, 161, 164, 169, 175, 179, 181, 182, 43, 45 197, 203, 230 Ebert, Friedrich, 106, 107, 108, 110, 143 Confessing Church. See Protestants/ Ehrhardt, Hermann, 117, 124, 131 Protestantism, conflicts with Nazi Eichmann, Adolf, 223, 302, 310, 313, 348, regime 351 Conrad von Hötzendorf, Count Franz, 79 orchestration of Nisko Project, 298–99 conservative elites trial in Jerusalem of, 298–99 anti-republicanism of, 127–29 Eisner, Kurt, 125, 131 Conservative Party (DKP)/Conservatives, El Alamein, 336, 337, 346 21, 25, 28, 29, 57, 58, 59, 61, 75, 119 Enabling Law, 180 Conti, Leonardo, 254 Entente/Entente Cordiale/Triple Entente Controlled Economy (Zwangswirtschaft), (Great Britain, France, Russian 84, 98, 129, 130 Empire), 4, 7, 39, 57, 58, 68, 69, 70, Cooper, Frederick, 4 72, 77, 78, 79, 92, 94, 99, 104, 106, Crimea, 277, 321 112, 116, 119, 121, 123, 130, 133, German plans for, 288 134, 135, 137, 141, 146, 150, 152, Croatia, 272, 277, 349 155, 158, 170, 176, 196, 198, 208, 229 Crystal Night (Kristallnacht). anti-Bolshevism of, 115 See antisemitism enforcement of Versailles Treaty, 115 Czechoslovakia, 146, 217, 222, 223, 229, Erzberger, Matthias, 100, 124 272, 290 Estonian, 287, 289 annexation and dismemberment of Ethic German Self-Protection Force (1938–39), 220–21 (Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz), 236

360 Index

ethnic Germans (Volksdeutschen), 195, Frank, Hans, 282, 299, 301, 320, 330, 341 231, 246 Franz-Ferdinand, Archduke, 61 collaboration in Final Solution, 345–46 Frederick Barbarossa (Frederick I resettlement of, 239–40, 245–46, Hohenstaufen), 273 248–51, 268–70, 287–88 Frederick the Great, 10, 23, 178 “stranding” of, 131, 135, 139, 146–48, Free Conservative Party/Free 152–55 Conservatives, 21, 33 attacks on Poles (1939), 235–38 Free Corps (Freikorps), 109, 112, 116, ethnic/racial community 117–18, 125, 128, 130, 136, 143, 181, (Volksgemeinschaft), 55, 68, 69, 96, 199, 200, 204, 236, 243, 245, 289, 99, 101, 182, 202, 204, 207, 209, 214, 330, 338, 339 215, 228, 232, 345–46 Baltic campaigns of, (1918–20), 117–18 and Nazi social policy, 210–15 formation of, 117–18 nationalist conceptions of, World War I, role in Kapp Putsch, 117–18 68–78, 81–82 Frick, Wilhelm, 172, 177, 180–81, 188, 199 Nazis’ appeal to, 164–66 Friedrich Wilhelm (Elector of Eulenberg, Philipp, 35, 61, 128 Brandenburg), 12 euthanasia, 252–56 Galen, Bishop Clemens August von. Fabri, Friedrich, 29, 31 See Catholics/Catholicism: backlash Falkenhayn, Erich von, 79, 80, 81 against euthanasia removal of, 95 Gayl, Wilhelm Freiherr von Feder, Gottfried, 133 career in Ober Ost, 161 Final Solution General Government, 244, 245, 246, 247, and Barbarossa, 315–20 248, 250, 251, 257, 269, 282, 289, collaboration of populations in occupied 298, 299, 301, 302, 320, 322, 331, Soviet territory, 343–45 339, 340–41 comparison with other genocides, 315–16 extension of Hunger Plan to, 340–41 lack of German opposition to, 351–55 General Plan East (Generalplan Ost), 246, perpetrators of, 321–22, 337–43 320 planned export to Palestine, 351–55 German Colonial Society (DKG), 147 timing of, 316, 325, 327 German Confederation, 10, 15, 16 Fischer, Eugen, 191, 192, 207 German East Africa, 47, 59, 148, Fischer, Fritz, 5 264, 300 Forster, Albert, 243, 250 Maji Maji revolt, 48 Four-Year Plan, 215–16, 222, 223, 241, German Ethnic Registry (DVL), 42, 282 266, 302, 328 German Fatherland Party, 101–02 France, 9, 10, 17, 22, 36, 38, 58, 78, 93, German Labor Front (DAF), 213 120, 145, 148, 155, 170, 175, 176, Institute for the Science of Labor, 178, 194, 217, 220, 231, 233, 256, 257, 257, 268 280, 293, 300, 301, 302, 303, 310, German National People’s Party (DNVP), 313, 326, 348 119, 127, 128, 143, 144, 145, 148, German invasion and occupation of, 151, 154, 157, 158, 166, 178, 179 260–62 entry into government (1925), 143–44 German treatment of French colonial declining electoral fortunes of, 157–58 soldiers, 260–62 German nationalism World War I aims of, 78 insecurities of, 26, 42 Franco, Francisco German People’s Party (DVP), 127, 143, imperialist designs of, 264–65 144, 148, 151, 154, 156 Franco-Prussian War, 22, 27, 48, 50, 69, German Southwest Africa 83, 85, 132, 241, 261 Herero and Nama War (1904–7), 47–49, franc-tireurs in, 264–65 56, 85, 181, 241, 267, 297

Index 361

Germanization, 25, 26, 103, 142, 240, 242, Hashude Educational Settlement, 212 246, 249, 250, 269, 297 Haushofer, Karl, 141, 150 Gestapo, 245, See SS (Schutzstaffel) Henlein, Konrad, 220 ghettoes, 304, 306–08, 318 Hess, Rudolf, 141 Jewish councils in, 306–08 Heydrich, Reinhard, 130, 181, 197, 245, Lódź, 306–08, 331 259, 266, 298, 301, 302, 305 Globocnik, Odilo, 223, 331 background of, 204 Gobineau, Joseph, 26 convening of Wannsee Conference, Goebbels, Joseph, 163, 187, 211, 229, 261, 327–28 262, 288, 316, 354 Himmler, Heinrich, 181, 197, 198, 203, Goerdeler, Carl, 215 218, 236, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, Göring, Hermann, 140, 168, 172, 177, 215, 266, 270–72, 288, 290, 301, 302, 303, 216, 217, 218, 222, 223, 225, 239, 305, 317, 322, 334, 346, 347 241, 243, 284, 287, 299, 302, 355 appointment as Bavarian chief of police, Great Britain, 10, 36, 38, 58, 63, 64, 68, 181 72, 80, 92, 93, 94, 118, 139, 145, 149, appointment as Commissar for the 173, 175, 176, 181, 194, 217, 221, Strengthening of Germandom, 245 231, 239, 256, 257, 260, 262, 265, desire for “humane” means of 266, 276, 280, 290, 294, 296, 300, extermination, 330, 332–34 302, 309, 313, 317, 327, 336, 344 rivalries with Darré and Rosenberg, 241 Anglo-German naval race, 36–37 Hindenburg Program (1916), 200–01 blockade of Germany, 72, 81, 84, 94, Auxiliary Service Law, 95, 97, 99 107, 150, 169–70, 193 Hindenburg, Paul von, 77, 81, 82, 96, 156, resistance to Nazi imperial ambitions, 160, 169, 178, 197 169–70 and Civil Service Law, 184 World War I aims of, 77 Battle of Tannenberg, 71–72 Great Depression, 5, 7, 139, 142, 155, 162, becomes president of Weimar Republic, 163, 188, 189, 201, 218, 254, 310, 143 339 death of (1934), 200–01 agrarian crisis of, 169–70 use of Article 48, 159–60 impact on international order, conception of “partnership with Hitler, 169–70 173 weakens Social Democrats and Hitler Youth, 205, 211, 213 Communists, 169–70 Hitler, Adolf, 68, 73, 137, 152, 173, 174, greater economic region 175, 178, 179, 180, 188, 198, 201, (Grossraumwirtschaft), 292 203, 204, 215, 218, 221, 222, 223, Greece 226, 236, 243, 245, 250, 252, 254, German occupation of (1941), 272–73 255, 256, 259, 260, 261, 262, 266, Greiser, Arthur, 243, 307 272, 275, 279, 280, 287, 290, 292, visions of Germanized Warthegau, 243 298, 302, 304, 309, 313, 315, 316, Grimm, Hans 325 Volk ohne Raum, 153 aloofness from Harzburg Front, 166 Groener, General Wilhelm, 95, 107 announcement of Four-Year Plan (1936), Grossman, Vasily, 286, 322, 335 216, 266 description of Treblinka, 332–34 announcement of universal military Grynspan, Herschel, 224 conscription (1935), 203 Grzesinski, Albert, 161 anti-Bolshevism and antisemitism of, Günther, Hans J.K., 205 134–35 Gürtner, Franz, 172 appointment as chancellor, 168–69, 172–73, 177 Haase, Ernst, 42 attack on Stresemann’s foreign policy, Hanfstaengel, Ernst, 135 151

362 Index

Hitler, Adolf (cont.) wartime imperial imaginings of, 275–77 becomes führer and Reich Chancellor withdrawal from League of 200–201 Nations, 175 charisma of, 162–64, 242 Hlinka Guard, 313 comment on Armenian genocide, 91 Hoffmann, Johannes, 118 Commissar order of See Barbarossa Holy Roman Empire, 2, 4, 5, 9, 17, 18, conceptions of ethnically-cleansed 138, 205, 260 Europe, 246 Hoover Moratorium, 170 conceptions of living space Hoover, Herbert, 86 (Lebensraum), 138–42 Horthy, Miklós, 312, 347–48 declaration of war against United States, Höss, Rudolf, 342 215 Hugenberg, Alfred, 158, 169, 172, 173 designs on Poland, 221, 234–35 resignation of, 179–80 early life of, 132–34 Hungary, 123, 131, 221, 272, 303, 314 foreign policy gambles of (1933–36), antisemtic measures in, 311–13 175–77, 202–3 deportation of Jews from, 311–13 foreign policy gambles of (1938–9), Hunger Plan, See Barbarossa 217–21 Hyperinflation, 119–22 influence of anti-Soviet refugees on, 134–35 Iasi, massacre, 324, See also Romania influence of United States on,141 IG-Farben, 336 July 20, 1944 assassination attempt Imperial Germany (Second Empire) against, 353 1871 constitution of, 14–16 last will and testament of, 356 “encirclement” by Entente, 6, 62, 67, 70, legal route to power of, 137–42, 162–63 138, 151, 356 meeting with military (1933), 172–75 aspirations to continental hegemony, 12, meeting with Ruhr industrialists (1932), 16, 34, 40–41, 43–44, 58–61 167 citizenship debate in, 58–62 membership in the Nazi Party, 133–34 comparison to United States, 63–64 non-aggression treaty with Poland conceptions of African inferiority, (1934), 176 55–56 on euthanasia, 227–28, 252, 254, 256 cultural and social impact of plans for invasing the British isles, 263 imperialism, 53–56 plans for the invasion of the Soviet wartime imperialist ambitions of, 71, Union, 265 81–82, 89–90, 103–4, 107–8 plans to invade the west, 256–59 September Program, 96–99 popularity of, 229 wartime popular discontent, 96–99 pursuit of rearmament, 193 Imperial League against Social refusal to deport mixed-race Germans, Democracy, 41 328 Independent Social Democratic Party Reich Chancellery meeting of (1937), (USPD), 100, 119, 126 216–17 Iron Guard, 313, 323 Reichstag speech (1939) 296–97 Italy, 13, 41, 143, 218, 233, 262, 264, 272, rejection of indirect rule in occupied 293, 312, 350 Soviet territory, 288, 290, 292 Fascism. See Mussolini, Benito resumption of deportations of Jews, joins Entente (1915), 79 320–21 opposition to deportation of Jews, 79 role in Munich putsch (1923), 136–37 role in Röhm Purge, 197–98 Jeckeln, Friedrich, 321 terminates Nisko Project, 300 Jiaozhou Bay (Shandong Peninsula), 38, ties to conservative elites, 135–36, 137, 44, 80 166–167 Jung, Edgar, 198

Index 363

Kaas, Ludwig, 159 Ludendorff, Erich, 77, 81, 82, 96, 99, 100, Kahr, Gustav Ritter von, 118, 131, 198 107, 108, 116, 117, 131, 136, 173 Kapp Putsch, 116–18, 123, 125, 127, 128, “final struggle” (Endkampf) and role in 131, 134, 137, 145, 198 kaiser’s abdication, 104–6 Kapp, Wolfgang, 100, 116 Battle of Tannenberg, 73–75 Kennan, George, 340 launch of Spring Offensive, 104 Kiderlin-Wächter, Alfred von, 58 management of Ober Ost, 87–90 Kiel mutiny 107, 263–64 negotiations with Reichstag (1918), Kiev, 279, 284, 318, 319 104–6 Klausener, Erich, 198 visions of eastern empire, 102–03 Klemperer, Victor, 201, 226, 230, 231, 232, Lüderitz, Adolf, 29 304, 316, 354 Lueger, Karl, 132 Klukowski, Zygmunt, 247, 283 Lüttwitz, Walther von, 116 Koch, Erich, 289 Luxembourg, 262 Kripo. See SS (Schutzstaffel) Luxembourg, Rosa, 108, 125 Krösigk, Lutz Graf Schwerin von, 172 Kun, Bela, 312 Madagascar project, 300–02 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 38, 63, 140 Lagarde, Paul, 300 Maidanek, 332, 335 Landauer, Gustav, 125, 131 Majority Social Democratic Party (MSPD), Lange, Friedrich, 27 126 Latvia, 222, 274, 289, 344 Mann, Thomas, 198, 224 Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Manstein, Erich von, 321 Diseased Offspring (1933), 208 Marder, Karl, 307 Law for the Restoration of the Civil Service Marr, Wilhelm, 25 (1933), 202, 223 Marriage Health Law. See “racial hygiene” leader principal (Führerprinzip), 163 (eugenics) League of Nations, 110, 120, 145, 149, master race (Herrenvolk), 5, 236, 266, 276, 175, 243 277, 290, 340 Lenin, Vladimir, 103, 118 Mauthausen, 284 Leningrad Meinecke, Friedrich, 69 seige of, 279, 318 Mengele, Josef, 191 Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von, 81, 148, Meyer, Konrad, 269 209 Michelis, Georg, 100 triumphant return of, 112 “mixed-race” people (Mischlinge). Leutwein, Theodor, 48 See Nuremberg Laws Levi, Primo, 336, 337 Molotov, Vyachaslev, 265 liberalism Moltke, Helmut von, 50, 71, 85 hostility toward Poles, 10–12 alterations to Schlieffen Plan, 63, 78–79 and imperialism, 10–12 defeat on Western Front and removal of, Liebknecht, Karl, 108 78–79 Lithuania, 80, 82, 102, 103, 222, 274, 344 preventive war of, 78–79 living space (Lebensraum), 6, 109, 115, Moses, A. Dirk, 3 176, 177, 193, 214, 215, 223, 230, Mother Cross, 212 238, 241, 256, 257, 262, 292, 321, Müller, Hermann, 156 356 Muller, Ludwig (Reich Bishop). geopolitical conceptions of, 238 See Protestants/Protestantism, conflicts Locarno, Treaty of (1925), 146, 176, 203 with Nazi regime Łódź, 234, 248, 305, 306, 307, 308, 314, Munich conference (1938), 231, 340 318, 331 Munich Putsch. See National Socialism/ Lohse, Hinrich, 289 Nazi Party (NSDAP) Lüdecke, Kurt, 135 Munich Soviet, 125

364 Index

Mussolini, Benito, 117, 136, 169, 179, “mixed-race” people, 207, 209–10, 328 203, 218, 231, 239, 263, 272, 287, prewar colonial antecedents of, 207–08 348–49 and Stresa Front with Britain and Ober Ost France, 348–49 comparisons with National Socialist occupation of East, 89 Napoleon Bonaparte, 4, 10, 18, 40, 69, German occupation of, 87–89 104, 138, 273 Order Police. See SS (Schutzstaffel) National Liberal Party/National Liberals, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 17, 21, 23, 25, 28, 33, 59 (OUN),, 282 National Rural League. See Agrarian Ossietsky, Carl von, 146 League Ottoman Empire, 72, 77, 115, 326 National Socialism/Nazi Party (NSDAP), defeats in Balkans, 80 92, 102, 175, 178 entry in World War I, 80 agricultural policies of, 182–83 genocide of Armenians, 91–93, 326 electoral breakthrough of, 158, 182–83 Imperial German designs on, 40–41 factors in its rise to power, 162–71 victory at Gallipoli, 80–81 imperialist ambitions in Africa, 256–57 leadership principle (Führerprinzip) of, Pact of Steel (1939), 221 338 Palestine, 264, 336, 344, 347 League of German Girls (BdM), 247 Pan German League, 27, 42, 58, 59, 61, Munich putsch of (1923), 166 71, 75, 77, 86, 90, 131, 138, 140, 166, penal system of, 182–83 167, 207 policies on domesticity, 211–12 founding and ideology of, 42–46 social bases of, 165–66 objection to Polish labor, 71 Twenty-five point program of,133–34 Papen, Franz von, 162, 166, 169, 170, 172, Women’s League, 247 188, 194 National Socialist Motor Vehicle Corps Marburg speech of, 197 (NSKK), 212 reactionary government of, 160–61 National Socialist People’s Welfare, role in Hitler’s appointment as 210–11 chancellor, 173 Naumann, Friedrich, 82 Pétain, Philippe, 260 Navy League, 37, 41 Peters, Carl, 29, 31, 37, 42, 45 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939– challenge to British in Zanzibar, 32–33 41), 296–97 Emin Pasha episode of, 32–33, 46 Netherlands, 106, 128, 138, 332, 341, 343, nationalist/imperialist beliefs of, 348, 351 31–32 antisemitic measures in, 259–60 Piłsudski, Josef, 149 German invasion and occupation of Poland, 91, 102, 103, 110, 124, 125, 139, (1940), 259–60, 262 140, 146, 150, 157, 175, 176, 221, Neumann, Erich, 328 229, 267, 272, 280, 289, 290, 297, Neurath, Konstantin von, 172, 175, 176, 305, 308, 312, 314, 317, 318, 321, 217 344, 345 Nisko Project, 298–300 annexed territories, 243–44 Norway antisemitism in, 309 German invasion and occupation of German invasion of (1939), 233–43 (1940), 259, 310 occupation and resettlement of, Noske, Gustav, 108–09, 116, 117 243–53 November Revolution, 128 Pope Benedict XV, 83 Nuremberg Laws (1935), 191, 194, 207, Popular discontent and the limits of, 209–10, 211, 222, 223, 303, 305, 311, 228–31 328 Pripet Marshes, 303, 318

Index 365

Progressive Party/Progressives, 17, 29, 31, Reich League of German Colonists, 34, 37, 51, 60, 68, 75, 82, 93, 96, 100, 147 104, 106, 107 Reichstag, 14, 20, 32, 57, 70, 93, 96, 102, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 109, 129, 148, 158, 159, 166, 176, 221, 243, 262, 299, 303, 305, 306, 178, 179, 246, 296 308, 311, 317, 318, 320, 328, 331, as expression of popular voices, 160 347 elections of 1874, 19 Protestants/Protestantism, 5, 17, 21, elections of 1881, 28 85, 127, 156, 157, 159, 165, 198, 228 elections of 1890, 34 conflicts with Nazi regime,201–02 elections of 1903, 52 nationalism of, 17–18 elections of 1907 rightwing electoral politics of under (Bülow Bloc), 52 Weimar, 156–57 elections of 1912, 60 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 118, 135, elections of 1920, 119 326 elections of 1928, 157 Provisional Government, 108, 112 elections of 1930, 160 renunciation of Brest-Litovsk, 108 elections of 1932, 163 use of Free Corps as bargaining chip, elections of November 1932, 168 109 elections of March 1933, 178, 180 Prussia, 15, 20, 21, 43, 102, 116, 131, 139, peace resolution, 1917, 100 161, 172 reformist coalition in (Social Democrats, agriculture/agrarians, 128–29, 160, 169, Center, Progressives), 160 172 support for Tirpitz’s navy bill, 51, Junker landowners of, 128–29 160 Polish population of, 10–12, 19, 21–24, Reichstag fire (1933),177 25–26, 59–60 Reichswehr, 110, 124, 131, 133, 136, 137, role in imperial system, 14 140, 159, 160, 169, 170, 175, 197, role in unification,9–12 216 Siege Law, 83, 257 war planning of, 150 SPD-led government of (1919–32), 129, Reichswerke Hermann-Göring, 217, 288, 159, 161, 180 294 three-class franchise in, 21, 61, 71, 100 Reinsurance Treaty, 35 Prussian Settlement Commission, 23, 252 Revolution of 1848, 2, 9, 12, 256 Rhineland, 26, 110, 130, 137 Quisling, Vidkun, 259 “black horror” in, 17, 19, 34, 113–15, 121, 141, 146, 155, 190, 208, 219, racial hygiene (eugenics), 101 227, 259, 260, 262 in Imperial Germany, 54–55 remilitarization of (1936), 203, 222 Third Reich’s imposition of, 187–93 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 234, 300 “racial passport” (Ahnenpass), 210 plans for an anti-British blockade, Rademacher, Franz, 300 263–64 Raeder, Admiral Ernst Ritter von Epp, Franz Xaver, 140, 245, 257 surface fleet plans of,264 Röhm Purge. See SA (Storm Troops) Rapallo, Treaty of, 124, 146, 216 Röhm, Ernst. See SA (Storm Troops) Rathenau, Walter, 84, 101, 124, 128, 146 Rohrbach, Paul, 40, 92, 152 murder of, 124–25, 128 Romania, 104, 265, 266, 272, 289, 312, Ratzel, Friedrich, 64, 140, 141 325 Reconstruction (Aufbau), 134–35 antisemtic measures in, 313–14 Red Orchestra, 329, 353 antisemitic violence in, 323–25 Reich Colonial Task Force, 147 resistance to deportation of native Jews, Reich Entailment law, 195 95 Reich Food Estate, 195 sides with Entente, 95

366 Index

Rommel, General Erwin, 336 Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz, 217 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 287, 301, 327 Sebastian, Mihail, 323 Rosenberg, Alfred, 134, 242, 287, 289, Seeckt, Hans von, 116 320, 326 Seldte, Franz, 172 proposals for occupation of the Soviet Serbia, 41, 79, 80 Union, 287 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur von, 311 Ruhr, 169 Sierakowiak, Dawid, 307, 314 employers lockout in, 156 Silesia, 10, 169, 220, 243, 262 French and Belgian occupation of Sinti and Roma, 187, 227, 229, 244, 299 (1922–23), 130, 136, 137, 142 impact of Nuremberg Laws on, 208 Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim, 307 Slavs/anti-Slavism, 3, 6, 42, 45, 65, 87, 90, Rural People (Landvolk) movement, 157 220, 243, 262, 267, 268, 270, 282, Russian Empire/Russia, 2, 10, 12, 19, 31, 286, 297, 315, 316, 324 35, 72, 79, 81, 87, 94, 95, 117, 125, Slovakia, 221, 312, 347 138, 267, 317, 326 antisemitic measures in, 313 antisemitism in, 26 Sobibór, 331, 332 military withdrawals of, 86 Social Darwinism, 13, 32, 53, 54, 55, 62, 86, mobilization of forces of, 62, 68 133, 151, 228, 236, 237, 240, 337 Imperial Germany’s conflict with, Social Democratic 35–36 Party (SPD)/socialists, 37, 51, 60, 68, 69, Russian Revolutions 75, 93, 96, 97, 99, 104, 117, 127, impact in Germany of, 102, 106, 107 129, 137, 143, 151, 156, 175, 197, 230 SA (Storm Troops), 136, 137, 170, 177–78, founding of, 70–71 180, 181, 182, 211, 243, 353 refusal to support war credits, 77 absorption of Steel Helmets (Stahlhelm), vote against Enabling Law (1993), 179 179 Social Democratic Party in Exile (Sopade), formation of, 134 197, 211, 229 participation of in Crystal Night Socialists and Communists pogrom, 225 destruction of, 177–78 Röhm Purge, 177–78 Soviet Union, 106, 118, 124, 135, 145, violence against Jews, 177–78, 186 146, 152, 170, 216, 220, 222, 230, Saar, 78, 120, 203, 302 233, 234, 240, 256, 281, 287, 288, Saar Palatinate, 303, 309 290, 292, 294, 296, 309, 312, 314, Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 284 317, 319, 325, 327, 330, 332, 339, Sanders, Otto Liman von, 41 342, 346, 353, 354, 355 Sauckel, Fritz, 294 German invasion of. See Barbarossa Scandinavia, 233, 256, 263, 290 Spain, 293 Schacht, Hjalmar, 193, 216 Spartacists, 100, 107, 108, 117 New Plan of, 201, 215 special path (Sonderweg), 5–6, 63 suspension of debt repayment to U.S., Speer, Albert, 276, 278, 294 201 SS (Schutzstaffel), 311, 341 Scheidemann, Philipp, 107, 110 Business Administration Main Office, Scheubner-Richter, Max von, 92, 134, 136 288, 335 Schiemann, Theodor, 35 Central Emigration Office,247 Schleicher, General Kurt von, 160, 166, distinctiveness of, 240–42 169, 171, 172, 193, 196, 198 expansion of power following Röhm Schleswig-Holstein, 157 purge (1934), 198–99 Schnitzer, Eduard (Emin Pasha), 32 expansion of power (1936), 204 Schönerer, Georg Ritter von, 132 fusion of racism and expansionism, Schuschnigg, Kurt, 218 199–200

Index 367

formation of, 198–99 Tirpitz, Alfred, 39, 56, 57, 63, 81, 160, Gestapo, 304, 352, 353 264 mobile attack units (Einsatzgruppen), as backer of Fatherland Party, 100 198–99, 234, 236, 237, 245, 280, insubordination and removal of, 94 316, 322, 332 on the navy as instrument of national Office for the Strengthening of survival, 38–39 Germandom (RKF), 269 Tiso, Monsignor Josef, 221, 313 Order Police, 322 Todt, Fritz, 294 Race and Resettlement Office,247 , 269 Toller, Ernst, 131 Reich Security Main Office,339 Transnistria, 289, 324 SD (Security Service), 181, 204, 223, Treblinka, 331, 346 231, 245, 273, 283, 294, 298, 313, Treitschke, Heinrich von, 25, 56 322, 338, 339, 352, 353, 354 Trianon, Treaty of, 312 Waffen SS, 260, 290, 345, 346 Tripartite Pact, 264, 312 Ethic German Liaison Office Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, (Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle), 235 and Italy), 36 Stabilization, effects of, 143–44 Trotta, General Lothar von, 48, 85, 241 Stalin, Josef, 216, 222, 239, 265, 275, 279 Tulp, Sybren, 311 Stalingrad, 346, 347, 352, 353, 354 Turkey, 40, 103, 115, 264, 265 Steel Helmets (Stahlhelm), 123, 127, 157, Turnip Winter, (1916–17), 97 166, 172 Stinnes, Hugo, 121 Ukraine, 80, 103, 222, 267, 275, 279, 282, Stinnes-Legien Agreement, 107, 123 286, 287, 288, 289, 317, 319, 321, Stöcker, Adolf, 24 322, 324, 331, 345 Stoler, Ann Laura, 4 United States, 4, 13, 43, 63, 64, 94, 145, Strasser, Gregor, 163, 168, 178, 198 160, 170, 194, 226, 257, 262, 266, Streicher, Julius, 225, 243 294, 296 Strength through Joy (KdF), 213–14 entry in World War I, 99 Stresemann, Gustav, 150, 155 entry in World War II, 294, 327 death of, 159 objection to unrestricted submarine fulfillment policy of,155 warfare, 65, 94, 106 negotiation of Locarno Treaty, 145–46 Upper Silesia, 110, 120, 124, 130, 157, overseas colonial ambitions of, 148–49 231, 243, 251, 299 Polish policy of, 149 Ustasha, 272 Sudentenland, 220, 224, 230, 296, 345 Sweden, 259 van der Lubbe, Marinus, 177 synchronization (Gleichschaltung), Versailles, Treaty of, 109–12, 119, 128, 180–81, 196 130, 134, 137, 141, 142, 144, 145, of Bavaria, 180–81 146, 149, 151, 157, 158, 170, 173, of tourism, 186 203, 216, 237 Szalasi, Ferenc, 348 status of ethnic minorities, 152 terms of, 109–12 T-4 project. See euthanasia Vichy France, 292 Terboven, Josef, 259 anti-Jewish measures of, 309–10 Teutonic Knights, 23, 75, 87, 108, 139, creation of, 259 140, 240, 251, 273 declining willingness to deport Jews, Thirty Years War, 4, 16, 17, 69, 108, 284 350–51 Three Emperors League (Germany, Austria- opposition to deportation of Jews from Hungary, and Russia), 28, 35 Saar Palatinate and Baden, 302 Thule Society, 132 resistance to Hitler’s territorial claims, Thyssen, Fritz, 136, 167 264–65

368 Index

Vlasov, Andrei, 290 White Rose, 353 Volk/völkisch. See ethnic/racial Wihlem II, Kaiser, 35, 36, 40, 48, 52, 61, community 63, 73, 79, 84, 99, 106, 128, 129, 164, von der Goltz, Count Rudiger von, 136 177, 217 abdication of, 106 Wagner, Adolf, 180 appointment of Hindenburg and Wagner, Josef, 243 Ludendorff to Supreme Command, Wagner, Robert, 302 95 Walb, Lore, 229, 231 attempt to exploit Boer War, 37 Waldersee, Alfred von, 35 conflict with Bismarck,33–34 Wannsee Conference (1942) 243, 247, Daily Telegraph Affair, 58 249, 250, 251, 253, 306, 307, 327–28, Easter Message of, 100 336 Eulenberg affair, 58 Wartheland/Warthegau, 243 “heroic” death and abdication of, 106 Wehrmacht, 203, 216, 217, 231, 233, 235, isolation at Algeciras conference, 57 236, 239, 241, 260, 263, 266, 272, “peace of the fortress” (Burgfrieden) 273, 274, 283, 286, 288, 289, 290, of, 70 298, 317, 318, 321, 325, 342, 345, nationalist purposes of navy, 37–38 347, 354, 356 suspension /resumption of unrestricted anti-Polish actions of, 235 submarine warfare, 94 collaboration with SS mobile attack Willikens, Werner, 337 units, 280, 316 Wilson, Woodrow, 100, 106 Weimar Coalition (Social Democrats/ Fourteen Points, 108, 112 Democrats/Center), 119 peace feelers of, 83 Weimar Republic Winter Aid (Winter Hilfe), 211 founding of, 109–15 world policy(Weltpolitik), 37–40 imperialism and colonialism, 146–55 social welfare/biopolitics, 161–62 Young German Order, 127 Westarp, Count Cuno von, 158 Young Plan, 155, 157, 166 Western Europe Yugoslavia, 138, 272 German occupation and exploitation of, German occupation and division of 290–94 (1941), 272–73 Western Front, World War I, 78, 83, 103, 112 Zitzewitz, Georg Werner von, 157