DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College of The The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts UNDER THE EYES OF DIONYSUS : THE THREE MUSKETEERS OR THE LITERARY MYTH A Thesis in French by Roxane Petit-Rasselle © 2007 Roxane Petit-Rasselle Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2007 The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts SOUS L’ŒIL DE DIONYSOS : LES TROIS MOUSQUETAIRES OU LE MYTHE LITTÉRAIRE A Thesis in French by Roxane Petit-Rasselle © 2007 Roxane Petit-Rasselle Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2007 The thesis of Roxane Petit-Rasselle was reviewed and approved* by the following : Kathryn K. Grossman Professor of French Thesis Co-Adviser Co-Chair of Committee Jean-Claude Vuillemin Professor of French Thesis Co-Adviser Co-Chair of Committee Bénédicte Monicat Professor of French Willa Silverman Associate Professor of French and Jewish Studies Adrian Wanner Professor of Russian and Comparative Litterature Tom Hale Professor of African, French and Comparative Literature Head of the Department of French and Francophone Studies * Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. iii ABSTRACT Since its publication in 1844, The Three Musketeers has been feeding the collective imagination. As Alexandre Dumas père’s four heroes are perpetuated by cinema, literature, theater, music, advertisement and any kind of fixed image, they are maintained in the cultural environment –they are known by all. However, the novel contains never ending passages, its dialogues are sometimes excessively stretched, and the characters’ defects are such that d’Artagnan, Athos, Porthos and Aramis should be perceived as anti-heroes. What are then the elements that allowed the Musketeers to exercise so great of a fascination over the public ? To answer to this central question, the nature of Dumas’ novel first needs to be determined. The term « literary myth » seems to define it best. Written for entertainment, the novel seduces an always eager public and it diffuses throughout time and space. Despite many comparative studies, the confusion persists around the literary myth. The latter designates a mythical tale that literature rewrote and maintained in the cultural environment, or a literary tale that the public transformed into a myth. The incompatibility between the terms « myth » and « literary » comes into play, along with the question of the primary text, its validity and the importance of the narrative. After having questioned the comparative studies, this thesis examines, from the perspectives of semiosis and perceptive semiosis, the production of the literary myth with the mechanism of the original text and the perception of the myth. It takes interest not in the narrative, but in the hero, who carries conventional invariants which ensure not only his fascination over the receptors, but also his mobility from one medium to another. As the dionysiac convention emerges behind the Musketeers, the myth of the Greek god is defined as a theoretical tool. It is then possible to examine how it manifests itself in the heroes, and the way it is actualized by the readers. Eventually, the study of the occurrences of the novel validates the invariants produced by the original text, the importance of the original text itself and the existence of a model reader. RÉSUMÉ Depuis sa publication, en 1844, Les Trois Mousquetaires alimente l’imaginaire collectif. Perpétués par le cinéma, la littérature, le théâtre, la musique, la publicité et toute sorte d’image fixe, les quatre héros d’Alexandre Dumas père s’inscrivent dans le paysage culturel : ils sont connus de tous. Pourtant, le roman possède d’interminables longueurs, ses dialogues sont parfois étirés à l’excès, et les défauts de ses personnages sont tels, que d’Artagnan, Athos, Porthos et Aramis devraient être perçus comme des anti-héros. Quels sont donc les éléments qui ont permis aux Trois Mousquetaires d’exercer une aussi grande fascination sur le public ? Pour répondre à cette question centrale, il faut d’abord déterminer la nature du roman de Dumas. Le terme de « mythe littéraire » semble le mieux lui correspondre : écrit à des fins distrayantes, il séduit un public toujours demandeur, et se diffuse à travers l’espace et le temps. En dépit des diverses études comparatistes, la confusion autour du mythe littéraire persiste, celui- ci désignant à la fois un récit mythique que la littérature a réécrit et maintenu dans l’environnement culturel, ou un récit littéraire que le public a transformé en mythe. L’incompatibilité des termes de « mythe » et de « littéraire » entre en jeu, de même que la question du texte premier, sa validité et l’importance du récit. Après avoir interrogé les perspectives comparatistes, cette thèse examine, dans l’optique de la sémiose et de la sémiose perceptive, la production du mythe littéraire, avec les rouages du texte originel et la perception du mythe. Elle s’intéresse non au narratif, mais au héros, lequel est porteur de constantes conventionnelles lui assurant non seulement sa fascination auprès des récepteurs, mais aussi sa mobilité d’un support à un autre. La convention dionysiaque se dessinant derrière les Mousquetaires, le mythe du dieu grec est défini en tant qu’outil théorique. Il est alors possible d’examiner la manière dont ses occurrences se rattachent aux héros, puis à leur actualisation par le lectorat. Enfin, l’étude des avatars du roman valide les invariants produits par le texte primordial, l’importance de ce dernier et l’existence d’un lecteur modèle. iv TABLE DES MATIÈRES Liste des illustrations…………..………………………………………………………………viii Liste des tableaux……..…………………………………………………………………………ix Introduction générale……………………………………………………………………………1 Chapitre un : Identités du mythe littéraire…………………………………………………….9 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..9 I. Aperçus du mythe……………………………………………………………………10 1. Perspectives anthropologiques et ethnologiques 2. Perspectives psychanalytiques 3. Perspectives sociologiques 4. Perspective moderne : les mythoclastes II. Le mythe à l’origine de la littérature ? Implications………………………………...23 1. De l’oral à l’écrit : identité du texte et pragmatique 2. La littérature, une dégradation du mythe ? A. Le contenu B. La forme : genres et récit III. Pour une tentative de synthèse : le mythe littéraire………………………………….34 1. Survol du parcours évolutif du mythe littéraire A. Incohérence terminologique B. Affinement du sens du mythe littéraire : quatre définitions C. Le mythe littéraire, un oxymore ? 2. Mythes littéraires ou littérarisés : la controverse autour du mythe fondateur A. Identités et fonctions du texte fondateur : quatre perspectives B. Retranscriptions du mythe fondateur dans le littéraire selon Pierre Brunel C. Mythe fondateur et mythe littéraire : la question de la transtextualité a. Dé- et re-contextualisation : l’hypertextualité est-elle envisageable ? b. Métatextualité c. Intertextualités 3. Réceptions du mythe littéraire A. Coopération du lectorat B. Réécriture du mythe littéraire et fascination C. Approches du mythe littéraire : la mythodologie a. La naissance de la mythanalyse b. Mythocritique et mythanalyse Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….66 Chapitre deux : Pour une redéfinition du mythe littéraire…………………………………..67 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………67 I. Connaissance du mythe littéraire (de l’importance du texte premier)……………….70 1. Emancipation du mythe littéraire et légitimité des avatars d’un récit premier v 2. Type et type cognitif : de l’importance du texte premier 3. Types et types cognitifs : le mythe littéraire par rapport au texte littéraire et au mythe 4. Le mythe littéraire comme fait de mémoire : abandonner l’idée originel ? Proposition de démarche II. La convention dans le mythe littéraire………………………………………………86 1. Le rôle du récit 2. La convention permet-elle la concordance de la référence ? 3. Nature de la convention A. Contenu, mémoire, transformations B. L’irradiation de la convention dans le mythe littéraire C. Irradiation de la convention : mythes littéraire et littérarisé D. Récit, héros et convention E. Identification des propriétés du héros du mythe littéraire III. La coopération du lectorat………………………………………………………….108 1. Reconnaissance et référence 2. Le mythe littéraire génère-t-il un lecteur modèle ? Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………...118 Chapitre trois : Nature et caractères d’une convention : le mythe de Dionysos………….120 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….....120 I. Questions d’origine : diversités géographiques et narratives………………………121 II. Survol historique……………………………………………………………………125 1. Dionysos : un mythe ethno-religieux et fédérateur A. De la période grecque classique à la période hellénistique B. République et empire romains : Dionysos devient Bacchus C. Dionysos au Moyen Age 2. Pour un mythe fédérateur et séculier : le déclin de l’ethno-religieux A. Dionysos renouvelé : la Renaissance B. Les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles : le déclin de Bacchus C. Les XIXe et XXe siècles : le retour de Dionysos III. De l’ambivalence : des propriétés récurrentes à la proposition d’un outil théorique…………………………………………………………………….….150 1. Invariants A. Masculin ou féminin : ambiguïté de Dionysos B. Créateur d’ordre et de désordre politique et social C. Entre la vie et la mort : Dionysos, dieu de la création et de la destruction D. Dieu du masque et de la révélation 2. Le rôle des invariants : jeu de types et de type cognitif Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...…161
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gérard De Nerval Et Charles Nodier: Le Rêve Et La Folie
    ABSTRACT GÉRARD DE NERVAL ET CHARLES NODIER: LE RÊVE ET LA FOLIE par Laetitia Gouhier Charles Nodier et Gérard de Nerval entreprennent dans La Fée aux miettes et Aurélia une exploration du moi et de la destinée de ce moi à la recherche d’une vérité transcendante qui est la quête du bonheur à travers une femme aimée irrémédiablement perdue. Pour cela ils développent un mode d’expression en marge des modes littéraires de l’époque en ayant recours au mode fantastique. En effet, l’exploration du moi est liée à la perception surnaturaliste intervenant dans les rêves des protagonistes de ces deux contes. Il s’agit dans cette étude de voir comment l’irruption de l’irréel chez Nodier et Nerval creuse un espace dans lequel instaurer le moi et pourquoi l’irréel et le fantastique provoquent l’interrogation du « moi » en littérature jetant un doute sur sa santé mentale. GÉRARD DE NERVAL ET CHARLES NODIER : LE RÊVE ET LA FOLIE A thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University In partial fulfilment of The requirements of the degree of Masters of Arts Department of French and Italian By Laetitia Gouhier Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2003 Advisor: Jonathan Strauss Reader: Elisabeth Hodges Reader: Anna Roberts TABLE DES MATIÈRES Introduction: Gérard de Nerval le poète fou et Charles Nodier le conteur mélancolique................................................................................................................1 Petite histoire de la folie...........................................................................................2 Nerval
    [Show full text]
  • THE THREE MUSKETEERS by Alexandre Dumas
    THE THREE MUSKETEERS by Alexandre Dumas THE AUTHOR Alexandre Dumas (1802-1870) was born in a small French village northeast of Paris. His father had been a general under Napoleon, and his paternal grandfather had lived in Haiti and had married a former slave woman there, thus making Dumas what was called a quadroon. Napoleon and his father had parted on bad terms, with Dumas’ father being owed a large sum of money; the failure to pay this debt left the family poor and struggling, though the younger Dumas remained an admirer of the French emperor. Young Dumas moved to Paris in 1823 and took a job as a clerk to the Duke of Orleans (later to become King Louis Philippe), but soon began writing plays. Though his plays were successful and he made quite a handsome living from them, his profligate lifestyle (both financially and sexually) kept him constantly on the edge of bankruptcy. He played an active role in the revolution of 1830, and then turned to writing novels. As was the case with Dickens in England, his books were published in cheap newspapers in serial form. Dumas proved able to crank out popular stories at an amazing rate, and soon became the most famous writer in France. Among his works are The Three Musketeers (1844), The Count of Monte Cristo (1845), and The Man in the Iron Mask (1850). Dumas’ novels tend to be long and full of flowery description (some cynics suggest that this is because he was paid by the word), and for this reason often appear today in the form of abridged translations (if you ever doubt the value of such an approach, take a look at the unabridged version of Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables sometime).
    [Show full text]
  • EXT. PARIS. TOWN SQUARE. DAY ATHOS and ARAMIS, with Other MUSKETEERS and RED GUARDS Clear a Path Through a Bustling CROWD
    EXT. PARIS. TOWN SQUARE. DAY ATHOS and ARAMIS, with other MUSKETEERS and RED GUARDS clear a path through a bustling CROWD. Excitement is in the air. CONSTANCE is amongst the CROWD, accompanied by FLEUR BAUDIN and her friend THERESE DUBOIS. ARAMIS Stand back. They jostle for a good position to see whatever is coming next. THERESE Please, let me through! Meanwhile FATHER LUCA SESTINI leads his horse away from the CROWD, unknown that he is being followed by three THIEVES. EXT. PARIS. STREET. DAY SESTINI pauses to tie up his horse and rest, then starts to take down his luggage from the saddle. Seeing their opportunity the THREE THIEVES push him roughly aside and try to grab the bags from him. SESTINI Help! Please help! Help! He turns and calls into the CROWD. SESTINI (cont'd) Thieves! Thieves! ATHOS and ARAMIS hear his cries as they ride through the CROWD. They glance at each other and nod. ATHOS Make way!! They push their way through the CROWD, climb down off their horses and launch into a sword fight with the THIEVES. EXT. PARIS. STREET. DAY The Royal Carriage continues on its journey through the cheering CROWD with TREVILLE and PORTHOS at the head. (CONTINUED) 2. CONTINUED: The CROWD cheer from either side of the street as the carriage hurries through. MAN God bless you, Your Majesty! EXT. PARIS. STREET. DAY The sword fight between ARAMIS, ATHOS and the three THIEVES continues, even SESTINI has drawn his dagger and fights. One of the THIEVES picks up one of SESTINI’s bags and starts to run off with it.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects Du Roman D'apprentissage Dans Les
    ASPECTS DU ROMAN D’APPRENTISSAGE DANS LES TROIS MOUSQUETAIRES, SYLVANDIRE ET JOSEPH BALSAMO D’ALEXANDRE DUMAS PÈRE. BY Frédérique Sevet M.A., University of Nebraska-Lincoln 2001 © 2009 Submitted to the graduate degree program in French Literature and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________________ John T. Booker, Chairperson _______________________________ Van Kelly _______________________________ Caroline Jewers _______________________________ Bruce Hayes _______________________________ Margot Versteeg Date defended: August 24, 2009 2 The Dissertation Committee for Frédérique Sevet certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: ASPECTS DU ROMAN D’APPRENTISSAGE DANS LES TROIS MOUSQUETAIRES, SYLVANDIRE ET JOSEPH BALSAMO D’ALEXANDRE DUMAS PÈRE. Committee: ______________________________ John T. Booker, Chairperson _______________________________ Van Kelly _______________________________ Caroline Jewers _______________________________ Bruce Hayes _______________________________ Margot Versteeg Date approved: August 24, 2009 3 Remerciements. Je voudrais remercier le Professeur Booker et les autres membres du jury, ainsi que ma famille, pour leur aide et leur soutien. 4 Table des matières. Introduction. 5 I. La vie de Dumas. 8 II. La réception de Dumas à son époque et maintenant. 13 Chapitre 1 : Dumas et les genres romanesques. 22 I. Dumas et le roman historique. 22 II. Dumas et le roman-feuilleton. 38 III. Dumas et le roman d’aventures. 47 Chapitre 2 : Le roman d’apprentissage. 57 A. L’historique. 58 B. Les traits caractéristiques. 66 1. Le caractère du personnage en formation. 67 2. Le contexte politique et social. 71 C. Critiques. 79 1. Bakhtin. 79 2. Lukacs. 81 3. Suleiman. 85 Chapitre 3 : L’apprentissage de d’Artagnan dans 89 Les trois mousquetaires.
    [Show full text]
  • Enjeux D'une Réappropriation Dans Milady De Winter D'agnès Maupré
    Les Trois Mousquetaires : enjeux d’une réappropriation dans Milady de Winter d’Agnès Maupré Suivi d’un Entretien avec Agnès Maupré Bonadè Sophie To cite this version: Bonadè Sophie. Les Trois Mousquetaires : enjeux d’une réappropriation dans Milady de Winter d’Agnès Maupré Suivi d’un Entretien avec Agnès Maupré. Alternative Francophone, University of Alberta, 2016, 1 (9), pp.120-140. 10.29173/af27276. hal-02912370 HAL Id: hal-02912370 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02912370 Submitted on 28 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Alternative Francophone vol.1, 9(2016) : 120-140 http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/af Les Trois Mousquetaires : enjeux d’une réappropriation dans Milady de Winter d’Agnès Maupré Suivi d’un Entretien avec Agnès Maupré Sophie Bonadè Laboratoire SLAM, Université d’Évry « Qui dira les ravages exercés par la femme imaginaire – ange ou madone – qui gouverne le siècle ? Mais si les héroïnes du XIXe siècle n'ont pas fini de nous solliciter en dépit des changements profonds intervenus depuis dans les mœurs, si elles revivent si souvent sur nos écrans, n'est-ce pas précisément par leur soif de bonheur, leurs contradictions et le destin qui les broie ? La liberté ne se partageant pas, aucune de leurs aspirations ne saurait nous être étrangère.
    [Show full text]
  • Suez 1956 24 Planning the Intervention 26 During the Intervention 35 After the Intervention 43 Musketeer Learning 55
    Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd i 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iiii 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East Louise Kettle 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iiiiii 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Louise Kettle, 2018 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/1 3 Adobe Sabon by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 3795 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 3797 4 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 3798 1 (epub) The right of Louise Kettle to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iivv 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Contents Acknowledgements vii 1. Learning from History 1 Learning from History in Whitehall 3 Politicians Learning from History 8 Learning from the History of Military Interventions 9 How Do We Learn? 13 What is Learning from History? 15 Who Learns from History? 16 The Learning Process 18 Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East 21 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Zukas on Hazan, 'A History of the Barricade'
    H-Socialisms Zukas on Hazan, 'A History of the Barricade' Review published on Thursday, October 20, 2016 Eric Hazan. A History of the Barricade. London: Verso, 2015. 144 pp. $17.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-78478-125-5. Reviewed by Alex Zukas (College of Letters and Sciences, National University)Published on H- Socialisms (October, 2016) Commissioned by Gary Roth Barricades In his book, Eric Hazan presents a brief and readable historical survey of a long-standing symbol of insurrectionary urban politics, the barricade. While there are moments of serious analysis, he takes a narrative approach to the historical phenomenon of the barricade in short, breezy chapters (ten to fifteen pages on average) and embeds his analysis in stories about the barricades from protagonists and antagonists. Besides some key secondary sources and documentary collections, the major source for his stories is the memoirs and writings of French public figures and authors such as Cardinal de Retz, François-René de Chateaubriand, Louis Blanc, Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, Alexis de Tocqueville, Mikhail Bakunin, and Auguste Blanqui. The verve of Hazan’s writing and that of his sources contribute to the feeling of being an eyewitness to unfolding events. This is his intent: “it is these heroes and heroines that I have tried to being back to life from the anonymity into which official history has cast them” and to make this history “a source of inspiration for those unresigned to the perpetuation of the existing order” (p. x). It is a partisan but not an uncritical history in which the author spends a large part of each chapter on the battle tactics of the barricade builders and the armies that assailed them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Three Musketeers: Retold from the Alexandre Dumas Original Free
    FREE THE THREE MUSKETEERS: RETOLD FROM THE ALEXANDRE DUMAS ORIGINAL PDF Alexandre Dumas | 160 pages | 02 Aug 2007 | Sterling Juvenile | 9781402736957 | English | New York, United States The Three Musketeers | Introduction & Summary | Britannica Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Want to Read saving…. Want to Read Currently Reading Read. Other editions. Enlarge cover. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. Open Preview See a Problem? Details The Three Musketeers: Retold from the Alexandre Dumas Original other :. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Return to Book Page. This swashbuckling epic of chivalry, honor, and derring-do, set in France during the s, is richly populated with romantic heroes, unattainable heroines, kings, queens, cavaliers, and criminals in a whirl of adventure, espionage, conspiracy, murder, vengeance, love, scandal, and suspense. With a plot that delivers stolen diamonds, masked balls, purloined letters, and, of course, great bouts of swordplay, The Three Musketeers is eternally entertaining. Get A Copy. Paperbackpages. Published February 13th by Modern Library first published March More Details Original Title. The d'Artagnan Romances 1. Other Editions 5. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. To ask other readers questions about The Three Musketeersplease sign up. My 13 year old son is loving The Count and I haven't read Musketeers but I am wondering if it would be a good and appropriate book for him. Any thoughts from parents out there? I just wanted to ask if this edition has been abridged at all. Anyone know? This new edition translated by Richard Pevear gets very high marks and both restores material as well as making the translation less florid and closer to the original French.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Kit 2021
    PRESS KIT THE EUROPEAN ROAD OF D’ARTAGNAN: FIRST EUROPEAN EQUESTRIAN ROUTE Open to all hiking practices 2 First European equestrian Route certified by the Council of Europe, the European Route D’Artagnan is a physical and linear hiking route, established on basis of historical and literary documents which retrace the epic of Charles de Batz de Castelmore D’Artagnan born in Lupiac in Gascony (FR) around 1615, and died at the siege of Maastricht (NL) on June 25, 1673. The life of the musketeers who accompanied D’Artagnan or who have any link with this itinerary have enriched this theme. Historically speaking, the Route takes up the peregrinations of the Captain-Lieutenant of the First Company of Musketeers who accompanied King Louis XIV on all his travels, in the 17th century, as well as the paths taken during “special missions” entrusted by the King or by Cardinal Mazarin, his Prime Minister, in 6 countries and 15 regions. On the literary level, D’Artagnan was made famous thanks to three novels by Alexandre Dumas published in the 19th century: Les Trois Mousquetaires (1844), Vingt ans après (1845) and Le vicomte de Bragelonne (1847). The novels of Alexandre Dumas have been translated into many languages and have undergone multiple adaptations (films, cartoons, novels, plays, musicals, comics, manga, etc.) in several languages, which have popularized the character and made him a “swashbuckling hero” known over the world. D’Artagnan is a unique historical figure, an instantly recognizable musketeer silhouette, with a finely trimmed mustache and beard, indicative of an era, which has stood the test of time without losing its strength or modernity.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognoscenti of Cannabis I: Jacques-Joseph Moreau (1804-1884)
    Cognoscenti of Cannabis I: Jacques-Joseph Moreau (1804-1884) Ethan Russo Portrait of Moreau in 1845, by N.E. Maurin, Library of the Academy of Medi- cine, Paris, France. Ethan Russo, MD, is a neurologist with Montana Neurobehavioral Specialists in Missoula. In addition, Dr. Russo is Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Univeristy of Washington and Adjunct Associate Professor, Univeristy of Montana. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics, Vol. 1(1) 2001 E 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. 85 86 JOURNAL OF CANNABIS THERAPEUTICS Jacques-Joseph Moreau (de Tours) was one of the earliest pioneers of modern psychopharmacology. Born in 1804 in Montrésor, France, Moreau pursued medical studies in Tours and Paris, subsequently studying psychiatry under the tutelage of Jean Étienne Dominique Esquirol, whose eclectic approach to healing of the mind included the prescription of therapeutic travel. As part of his duties, Moreau ac- companied patients to the Orient, where he was able to observe the effects of, and partake himself of hashish, the resinous by-product of cannabis (Holmstedt 1973). Upon his return to France, Moreau investigated the therapeutic possibilities of this substance. He likely is the character known as ‘‘Dr. X’’ who provided hashish in the form of an electuary called dawamesk to literary illuminati such as Théophile Gautier, Charles Baudelaire, Alexandre Dumas and Honoré de Balzac of Le Club des Hachichins at the Hôtel Pimodan in Paris. Moreau was among the first to apply herbal pharmacology system- atically to the treatment of mental illness, using the dissociative hallu- cinogen, Datura stramonium L. Solonaceae (Moreau 1841).
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign MIT Students MIT Dedicates Reflecting Wall
    MIT's . The Weather Oldest and Largest Today: unny, Windy, nOF (30°C) Tonight: Clear, Windy, 55°F (l30C) Newspaper Tomorrow: unny, Windy, 69°F (21°C) Details, Page 2 Volume 121, umber 44 Cambridge, Massachu etts 02139 eptember 1 ,2001 Foreign MIT Students MIT Dedicates Reflecting Wall By W.S. Wang Not Called Back Home STAFF REPORTER The Reflecting Wall at MIT wa By Christine Fry international students back into the dedicated Friday evening as several country. Northeastern's fall term hundred students, faculty, and taff Following the September 11 ter- begins eptember 20, and some stu- placed flowers, candles and me sages rorist attacks on New York and dents were on international flights last by the monument for the thousands Washington, D.C., international stu- week that were diverted to Canada. of victims of last Tuesday's terrori t dents at several local universities Boston University officials could attacks. The memorial is 'located have been told to prepare to return not be reached for comment. along the wall behind the MIT to the Middle East. chapel. Danielle Ashbrook, Director and ot all students affected Assistant Professor of Architec- Associate Dean of the MIT Interna- Not all students from a particular ture John Fernandez designed the 12 tional Students Office, said she was country have been asked to return. by 25 foot wooden structure to match unaware of any MIT students being The possibility of returns "doesn't the dimensions of the World Trade asked by their sponsor government seem to be across the board," Ash- Center's outer wall.
    [Show full text]
  • The Southern Cross
    Fiction and faith converge 9 September 2011 | by Michael Shackleton THE ISLE OF MONTE CRISTO: Finding the Inner Treasure, by ST Georgiou. Novalis, San Francisco. 2010. 299pp. Reviewed by Michael Shackleton A Californian in his thirties, Steve Georgiou, has a sense of disillusion. Being of Greek ancestry, he roams to the Greek island of Patmos, where St John traditionally wrote the book of Revelation, hoping to find some inner peace. The year is 1993. By chance he meets Robert Lax, a white-bearded octogenarian, a convert to Catholicism from Judaism, who has a name for being the island’s hermit, poet and holy man. The unexpected encounter is a revelation, a jolt to Georgiou’s listlessness, setting him on a new course of spiritual adventure and satisfaction. Lax tells this Californian surfer to go with the flow of creation, that going with the flow means he can see the whole sea and not just each rolling wave he may briefly focus on. He can lose his sense of self and become open to what happens around him and experience the sense of God’s presence in everything. The two men become good friends and Georgiou often pays return visits to Patmos until Lax’s death in 2000. Georgiou, a doctor of theology, published the fruit of that experience in his book The Way of the Dreamcatcher, which I favourably reviewed in this newspaper in 2004. I was impressed by the insights he drew from Lax’s simplicity, and how the same spiritual path is open to anybody. I recommended the book and described it as a powerful piece of spiritual writing.
    [Show full text]