National Institute of Justice 1998 Annual Report to Congress

U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice

NATIONAL

INSTITUTE OF

JUSTICE

AnnualT O C ONGRESS Report LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

To the President, the Attorney General, and the Congress:

I have the honor to transmit the National Institute of Justice’s annual report on research, development, and evaluation for fiscal year 1998, pursuant to the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (as amended) and the 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act.

Respectfully submitted,

Jeremy Travis Director National Institute of Justice

Washington, DC NATIONAL

INSTITUTE OF

JUSTICE

Annual Report T O C ONGRESS

DECEMBER 1999 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531

Janet Reno Attorney General

Daniel Marcus Acting Associate Attorney General

Laurie Robinson Assistant Attorney General

Noël Brennan Deputy Assistant Attorney General

Jeremy Travis Director, National Institute of Justice

Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice World Wide Web Site World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij

The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and Office for Victims of Crime.

NCJ 177617 iii NIJ Annual Report 1998

Message From the Directorn ...... v

NIJ in Briefn ...... 1 Organization and Financial Datan ...... 1 Growth in Funding and Collaborative Activities Since 1994n ...... 2

Overview of the Yearn ...... 5 Basic Researchn ...... 5 Applied Researchn ...... 9 Technology Development ...... 13 Testing New Ideas and Technology ...... 14 Expanding the Horizons ...... 16 Sharing Knowledge...... 17

Selected Highlightsn ...... 23 Making Communities Safern ...... 23 Monitoring Arrestees’ Drug Use Reveals Community Trendsn ...... 23 Strategic Approaches to Community Safetyn ...... 25 Policing in the Communityn ...... 27 Minimizing Risk Through Less-Than-Lethal Technologyn ...... 30 Taking Steps to Prevent Crimen ...... 32 Mapping Out Crimen ...... 32 Partnerships Promote the Safety of Women and Familiesn ...... 34 Enhancing Public Safety by Improving and Detecting Weaponsn ...... 36 Finding New Ways of Working Togethern ...... 38 Partnerships—Multiplying Perspectives and Resourcesn ...... 38 Consulting the Experts in Science and Technologyn ...... 40 Guiding the User of State-of-the-Art Technologyn ...... 42 Exploring Issues of Special Concernn ...... 44 Understanding Crime in Its Context: The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoodsn ...... 44 Examining Youth and Crime Issuesn ...... 46 Issues in Sentencing and Correctionsn ...... 49

Appendixesn ...... 53 Appendix A: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 1998n ...... 53 Correctionsn ...... 53 Courtsn ...... 54 Crime Mappingn ...... 55 Crime Preventionn ...... 55 iv T able of Contents

Drugs and Crimen ...... 56 Information Dissemination and General Supportn ...... 57 International Crimen ...... 58 Policingn ...... 58 Public Housing and Crimen ...... 60 Schoolsn ...... 60 Sentencingn ...... 61 Technology Developmentn ...... 61 Victimization and Victim Servicesn ...... 67 Violencen ...... 67 Youthn ...... 69 Appendix B: Documents Published in Fiscal Year 1998n ...... 71 Correctionsn ...... 71 Courts and Sentencingn ...... 72 Crime Preventionn ...... 72 Drugs and Crimen ...... 72 Law Enforcementn ...... 72 Technologyn ...... 72 Victimsn ...... 73 Violencen ...... 73 Other ...... 74 NIJ Journaln ...... 75 Solicitations for Research and Evaluationn ...... 75 Annual Reportsn ...... 76 Award Listsn ...... 76 Catalogs of Publications ...... 76 Electronic Publicationsn ...... 76 v NIJ Annual Report 1998

Criminal justice research has come of age in the rates of imprisonment continue to soar. The good news 30 years since Congress established NIJ as the Nation’s is that researchers and practitioners are beginning to criminal justice research institute. Much of the informa- tease apart the complexities of crime, crime prevention, tion in this year’s annual report is based on accumulated criminal behavior, and the impact of crime policies knowledge gained through past research. through use of an ever stronger scientific infrastructure.

The natural curve of scientific discovery is a deliberate Criminal justice research is making a difference, and one—gathering evidence, analyzing it, and replicating an increasing number of practitioners and policymakers findings take time. Progress often comes in small are using research data in crafting their decisions and increments. The process can be compared to building policies. Thirty years ago, when the President’s blocks in which each block contributes to a stronger Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration foundation and a sounder structure. NIJ has followed of Justice recommended the creation of a research this building block approach—maximizing each institute that would apply the principles of science and success, learning from each disappointment, technology to understanding the problems of crime, and making headway so that scientific research today crime control, and the administration of justice, the is more frequently recognized as an integral step fledgling National Institute of Justice opened shop toward effective policy and practice. with a mandate, a vision, a set of good minds, and, in the words of the Commission, “a pervasive lack As a research institute, NIJ recognizes that the of information about crime and the possible effects challenges of the 21st century involve an acceptance of various techniques for crime control.” of the incremental pace of scientific research, the continuing assurance of the rigor of the scientific Some things have remained the same in the last 30 process, and the importance of prompt dissemination years—NIJ continues to encourage minds in a variety of of the results so that they may be assimilated into disciplines—but other things have changed significantly. both policy and practice. An incredible arsenal of tools is now commonplace, most notably computers, analytic software, and other It is a testament to the perseverance of researchers technological advances. However, the biggest change and practitioners and the importance of knowledge has come with the dramatic growth of empirical building for policy and practice that we have come this foundations of criminal justice knowledge, which has far; the promise of tomorrow lies in the ability to sustain grown with expanded research findings. The past our collaboration to meet continuing challenges. 30 years have brought steady progress toward understanding, preventing, and solving crime problems. Public safety issues will continue to be complex and perplexing, and many crime issues of the past remain Jeremy Travis Director with us. Issues related to the pursuit of justice and the role of the criminal sanction assume new saliency as vi NIJ in Brief

Criminal justice research is making a difference,

and an increasing number of practitioners and

policymakers are using research data in

crafting their decisions and policies. 1 NIJ Annual Report 1998

ongress created the National Institute of Although the mandate remains the same, NIJ’s portfolio C Justice 30 years ago to support research, of research, evaluation, and technology has broadened evaluation, demonstration programs, development of considerably. It now encompasses more than discrete technology, and dissemination of information relating to studies of police, courts, drugs, and corrections. It crime and the administration of justice.1 also focuses on crime in its social context, crime and its relation to public health issues, crime policy and The Institute’s mandate is the same today as it was the use of data, crime prevention through technology, in 1968—to marry science to criminal justice problem and crime analysis through geocoding and geographic solving and policy development. Over the intervening analysis. It takes into consideration community action, years, NIJ has made steady, incremental progress, active partnerships, multiple scientific disciplines, and each year building on the years past. In the process, many technological approaches. researchers have followed the natural course of scientific discovery, finding science-based knowledge As NIJ moves toward 2000, it continues to demonstrate to help develop answers to complicated social and its ability to build bridges between research on criminal technical problems. justice policy and practice and research in related disciplines and to find more and more conduits for sharing 1 NIJ’s authorizing legislation is the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended. research results with practitioners.

Organization and Financial Data

NIJ is composed of the director’s office plus three Exhibit 1: Organization of NIJ main offices. (See exhibit 1, “Organization of NIJ.”) Each has distinct responsibilities: National Institute of Justice Office of the Director • The Office of the Director sets the Institute’s Director, Jeremy Travis Planning and Management Division Director, Edwin Zedlewski agenda, develops strategic plans and policies, initiates collaboration with other government Office of Development Office of Research Office of Science and private agencies, and oversees the Institute’s and Communications and Evaluation and Technology budget and management activities. Director, John L. Schwarz Director, Sally T. Hillsman Director, David G. Boyd

• The Office of Development and Communications The International Center Crime Control and Research and Technology Director, James Finckenauer Prevention Division Development Division develops and tests research-based programs, Director, Thomas Feucht Director, Trent DePersia brings promising new practices to the attention Development Division Criminal Justice and Technology Assistance of the field, and communicates findings and Acting Director, Cheryl A. Crawford Criminal Behavior Division Division Director, Michael Grossman technological innovations through multiple meth- Director, Laura Winterfield Communications Division Technology Support Division ods. Priority is given to the needs of State and local Director, Mary G. Graham Director, Sharla Rausch officials and criminal justice practitioners. The new Joint Program Steering Group International Center focuses on justice issues that Justice Chair, Peter Nacci 2 NIJ in Brief

transcend national boundaries and have an impact demonstrations to provide law enforcement and on State and local criminal justice systems. corrections agencies access to the best technologies available. It also provides technology assis- • The Office of Research and Evaluation develops, tance so that these agencies can enhance their conducts, directs, and supervises comprehensive capabilities to improve efficiency and effectiveness. research and evaluation activities. The range of Technology assistance is provided through the research and evaluation projects cuts across a network of the regional National Law Enforcement wide array of distinct topics within the Institute’s and Corrections Technology Centers. charter. Two programs operate as distinct centers of activity: the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring During 1998, all of NIJ’s offices moved into one building, program and the Crime Mapping Research Center. allowing the complete staff to be together for the In addition, the Data Resources Program works to first time in almost 2 years. The consolidation of NIJ ensure the preservation and availability of research accompanied a parallel consolidation of all the other and evaluation data collected through NIJ-funded bureaus and offices that comprise the Office of research. Justice Programs and infused both NIJ and the • The Office of Science and Technology directs and Office of Justice Programs with renewed energy supervises technology research, development, and and collaborative activity.

Growth in Funding and Collaborative Activities Since 1994

The Institute’s research and development portfolio active grants to 796. (See exhibit 2, “Growth of NIJ’s continued to grow throughout fiscal year 1998: 358 Research and Development Portfolio, 1994–98.”) The grants were awarded, bringing the total number of awards made in 1998 are listed in appendix A, page 53.

Exhibit 2: Growth of NIJ’s Research The Institute’s total funding reached almost $116 mil- and Development Portfolio, 1994–98 lion. Congress appropriated $41 million for core operations, and other Federal agencies and Crime Act offices 148 transferred an additional $74.9 million for research and 217 1994 1995 Number of 267 evaluation activities. (See exhibit 3, “Sources of NIJ Awards Made 281 1996 1997 Funds, in Millions, FY 1994–98,” and exhibit 4, 358 1998 “Allocation of NIJ Funds as a Percentage of Total 381 491 Expenditure, FY 1998.”) Number of 632 Active Awards* 765 796 NIJ’s partnerships with Federal agencies have grown dramatically since 1994. During 1998, NIJ entered into $70 research, development, testing, and evaluation funding Value of $93 Active Awards* $145 agreements that totaled more than NIJ’s base appropri- (in millions) $236 $353 ation from Congress. Half of these partnerships were with agencies within the U.S. Department of Justice and 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 were supported with funds from the 1994 Crime Act. *Totals for each year reflect current-year awards plus still-active awards issued in previous years. Other major partnerships are with the White House’s 3 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Office of National Drug Control Policy and the U.S. only one piece of the puzzle; other disciplines Department of State. contribute to a more subtle and nuanced understanding of crime, criminal behavior, and crime prevention in Interdisciplinary partnerships (those outside the a broader context. That is why, for example, NIJ’s fields of criminal justice) have enriched the scientific portfolio of violence against women research is cofund- method; NIJ continues to strongly support multi- ed by agencies interested in the physical and mental disciplinary collaborations. Criminology can reveal health implications of such violence.

Exhibit 3: Sources of NIJ Funds, in Millions, FY 1994–98

$23 $27 Congressional $30 1994 Appropriation $30 1995 $41 1996 1997 $0.5 $11.1 1998 Transfers From $17.1 Other Agencies $19.5 $26.3

N/A $15.6 Transfers $51.9 From Crime Act Program Offices $51.1 $48.6

$23.5 $53.7 $99 Total Funds $100.6 $115.9

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Exhibit 4: Allocation of NIJ Funds as a Percentage of Total Expenditure,* FY 1998

Research, Evaluation, and Development Crime Act Grants Includes all awards made under the 1994 Crime Act. See also exhibit 3. 32% Research, Evaluation, Research and and Development Evaluation Includes all research, evaluation, Program Support science and technology, development, 4% and visiting fellows projects. Crime Act Grants 13% Dissemination 42% Includes clearinghouse, publications, Dissemination and national and international exchange of information. 9%

Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology *Total expenditure of $116 million includes NIJ’s base Support Programs appropriation plus funds transferred from other agencies. 4

Overview of the Y Basic Research

Applied Research ear

New Technologies 5 NIJ Annual Report 1998

he Nation was heartened to witness once again better. Much scientific discovery is, by its nature, a T a year in which crime rates declined. Criminal steady, time-consuming process that involves putting justice practitioners, policymakers, community leaders, one piece with another until a pattern or picture and researchers alike can justifiably celebrate this evolves and avenues for success become clearer. downward trend. At the same time, these partners are keenly aware that too much crime still occurs and that Research and evaluation can provide suggestive data, the causes of the decline are imperfectly understood. fuller logic models of what is likely to work, and data Much hard work remains to build upon the gains to support problem identification. Experiments with of the last few years. problem-solving approaches can occur as the more deliberative scientific process continues to collect In addition to the optimism declining crime rates bring, needed data, posit solutions, and evaluate the process they also spur debate and heated discussion: What and its impact. exactly has caused them to decline? Will they continue to decline? What can be done to keep crime rates down? The Institute’s research, evaluation, and development endeavors fall into three main categories: basic There are several answers and points of view related research, applied research, and the testing of new to each question, but one rings true for each: only ideas and technologies. This section is an overview research and experimentation can help explain and of NIJ’s activities in these three areas. It includes answer these questions systematically and objectively. a special section on activities that go beyond the horizons of American criminal justice and concludes Communities and their leaders are hungry for definitive with a discussion of how the Institute disseminates and comprehensive answers—and the sooner the knowledge.

Basic Research

NIJ’s research rests on the fundamental assumption that The conclusions and insights gained from basic scientific inquiry forms the basis of sound policy and research are then translated into programs that can be practice. The heart of such basic research involves iden- tested in real world settings. But the process of making tifying key questions for study, gathering relevant data, policy regarding public safety usually does not follow analyzing that data, and drawing conclusions and infer- science’s straight and careful path because public poli- ences without prejudice or preconceived expectations. cy is based on consensus, tradeoffs, individual rights,

The findings from basic research inform the larger society—those outside the realm of criminal justice— of factors that contribute to policy action and the implications of those actions. 6 Overview of the Y

legal rulings, political climate, public perceptions, DNA Research and community values. Criminal justice researchers— The rapid advance of DNA technologies has left many like all social science researchers—cannot work in a criminal justice professionals without proper training ear white-coat laboratory where they control all variables and technical support. Hence, NIJ is sponsoring three as they apply different tests. initiatives to foster understanding about the use of DNA evidence and to improve public safety: The Several major projects under way fall into the category National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence, of basic research at NIJ: the Forensic DNA Laboratory Improvement Program, and the DNA 5-Year Plan. Chicago Project on Human Development Understanding the complexities of family, peer, and The National Commission on the Future neighborhood influences on criminal behavior is the of DNA Evidence. This Commission is gathering goal of the Project on Human Development in Chicago data and testimony to make recommendations to the Neighborhoods. The Project, now in its 5th of 8 years, Attorney General on the means of enhancing the use asks theoretical questions about both group and of DNA in the criminal justice system. The Commission individual behavior in a social context as it examines is considering how recent advances in DNA research how individual personalities, family relationships, affect operation of the entire criminal justice system, school environment, and type of community interact from crime scene through trial, including legal issues, over time to contribute to delinquency, criminal laboratory funding issues, and the use of DNA in behavior, and prosocial development. postconviction relief.

One of the Project’s priorities for 1998 was the building The 21 Commission members were selected from a of a master file of primary variables for a number of broad spectrum of policymakers, defense attorneys, analyses, including ones focusing on exposure to vio- prosecutors, law enforcement officials, scientists, lence, adolescent substance abuse, social cohesion as a professors, and other experts in the use of DNA protective factor in adolescent suicide, and risk factors, forensic evidence. Wisconsin State Supreme Court such as depression for adolescent girls’ delinquency. Chief Justice Shirley Abrahamson chairs the Commission.

During 1998, the Commission held three meetings; Communities and their leaders are hungry for its work will continue through 1999 and conclude with final recommendations and a report in 2000. definitive and comprehensive answers—and the The Forensic DNA Laboratory Improvement sooner the better. Much scientific discovery is, Program. This Program, authorized by the DNA by its nature, a steady, time-consuming process Identification Act of 1994 (Public Law 103–322), is increasing the capacity of State and local forensic that involves putting one piece with another until a laboratories to conduct standardized DNA testing.

pattern or picture evolves and avenues Most States use a combination of State, county, and for success become clearer. municipal laboratories to provide forensic services to their police organizations, but the equipment and staffing of the laboratories are woefully inadequate to handle the volume of cases involving DNA testing to support analysis of biological evidence recovered from crime scenes. 7 NIJ Annual Report 1998

NIJ awarded $11.6 million to 39 State and local agencies costly, time-consuming, and dependent on the in fiscal year 1998, plus an additional $500,000 through cooperation of the police. It is, therefore, best suited two awards to: (1) fund a study to determine the feasi- to special studies rather than routine monitoring of bility of external, blind-proficiency testing for DNA lab- police practices. Despite its expense, it provides a oratories, and (2) conduct an evaluation of the impact rich volume of information about policing in different of Federal DNA funding programs. The cumulative contexts. funds for the Forensic DNA Laboratory Improvement Program now total $24,118,448. NIJ has published several reports based on these studies and expects additional reports in the coming year.2 The DNA 5-Year Plan is designed to encourage the development of cutting-edge molecular biology Violence Against Women methods and tools to achieve highly discriminating, Violence against women came to be widely recognized reliable, economic, and rapid DNA testing approaches as a serious social problem in the early 1970’s, but basic appropriate for forensic identity testing. By 2003, empirical data on the frequency and types of violence NIJ hopes to dramatically reduce DNA testing costs; against women have been limited until the last few years. reduce analysis time from hours to minutes; develop inexpensive, portable, disposable DNA test kits for To further knowledge in this area, NIJ and the Centers field use; increase the reliability and legal credibility for Disease Control and Prevention jointly sponsored— of DNA testing through the development of a dual through a grant to the Denver-based Center for Policy testing approach; and develop standard materials Research—the National Violence Against Women for population databases. (NVAW) telephone survey of a national, representative sample of 8,000 women and 8,000 men. Systematic Social Observation NIJ is supporting basic research on police behavior In 1998, the NVAW survey produced two major reports using a field research method called systematic social detailing the first empirical data on stalking and other observation, which requires researchers to follow pre- violence.3 The researchers found that the extent of vio- cise rules for observing and measuring behavior in its lence against women is more profound and more wide- natural setting. Trained observers accompany police spread than originally thought. Among the key findings: officers in their cars, on foot, or on bicycle to observe • Stalking. Approximately 1 million women and everything the officer does during a typical tour of duty. 371,000 men are stalked annually in the United They do not rely upon others to describe or interpret States; 8 percent of surveyed women and 2 percent events. The goal is to improve general understanding of policing and police policy and to account for variations in the way policing is performed and policies are 2 Mastrofski, Stephen D., Roger B. Parks, and Albert J. Reiss, Jr., Policing Neighborhoods: A Report From St. Petersburg, Research carried out in different jurisdictions. Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, forthcoming. “Observing Police in Neighborhoods,” in Annual Report to Congress, 1997, Researchers are using systematic social observation in Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute several sites—urban, suburban, and rural—to inform of Justice, August 1998 (NCJ 171679). Mastrofski, Stephen D., Roger B. Parks, and Albert J. Reiss, Jr., Systematic Observation police managers and the public about how officers of Public Police: Applying Field Research Methods to Policy spend their time, how they organize to work with the Issues, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, December 1998 (NCJ 172859). public, how they use their authority with the public, how 3 Tjaden, Patricia, and Nancy Thoennes, Stalking in America: policing styles vary in different beats, and the nature Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, and extent of onscene supervision. National Institute of Justice, April 1998 (NCJ 169592). Tjaden, Patricia, and Nancy Thoennes, Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the Although systematic social observation yields an extra- National Violence Against Women Survey, Research in Brief, ordinary amount of information on police at work, it is Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 1998 (NCJ 172837). 8 Overview of the Y

of surveyed men said they had been stalked at NIJ’s Intramural Research Program some time in their lives.

ear • Rape. Eighteen percent of women surveyed said Since its creation in 1968, NIJ has engaged they had experienced a completed or attempted researchers through a diverse, multidisciplinary rape at some time in their lives, and 0.3 percent said extramural research program that involves a they had experienced a completed or attempted highly competitive award process. rape in the previous 12 months. Of the women who Beginning in 1994, NIJ’s science, evaluation, reported being raped at some time in their lives, and program development staff began infusing 22 percent were under 12 years old and 32 percent the agency with knowledge gained through their were 12 to 17 years old when they were first raped. independent intramural research studies. Women who were raped before the age of 18 were significantly more likely to be raped as adults. During 1998, staff-authored papers and reports • Partner violence. The findings further revealed were published or presented on the following topics: that women experienced significantly more partner violence than men: 25 percent of surveyed women • International comparisons of drug use among (compared to 8 percent of men) said they had been arrestees.1 raped and/or physically assaulted by a current or • The use of geocoding and geographic analysis former spouse, cohabiting partner, or date. within law enforcement agencies.2 • Extent of injury. Women were significantly • The role of women in the criminal justice more likely than men to be injured during an system (as offenders, victims, volunteers, assault: 32 percent of women and 16 percent and professional personnel).3 of men who were raped since age 18 were • Victimization and personal fraud.4 injured during their most recent rape.

• The effects of pepper spray.5 However, many questions still remain unanswered. 1 Taylor, Bruce, and Trevor Bennett, Comparing Drug For example, studies are needed to determine why the Use Rates of Detained Arrestees in the United States and England, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. prevalence of violence varies significantly among women Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, of different racial and ethnic backgrounds, and more April 1999 (NCJ 175052). needs to be understood about the financial impact of 2 LaVigne, Nancy, and Julie Wartell, eds., Crime Mapping Case Studies, Washington, D.C.: Police Executive medical treatment for violence against women. Research Forum, 1998 (product #834). Mamalian, Cynthia A., and Nancy G. LaVigne, The Use of Computerized Crime Mapping by Law Enforcement: In the coming years, NIJ’s vigorous violence against Survey Results, Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: women and family violence portfolio will begin produc- U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of ing more findings as projects funded in 1996 and later Justice, January 1999 (FS 000237). 3 Office of Justice Programs, Women in Criminal are completed. Justice: A 20-Year Update, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1998 (NCJ 173416). Evaluating Drug Use in Prisons 4 Titus, Richard, “Victimization by Personal Fraud,” paper presented at the 1998 Economic Crime Summit, In addition to the awards NIJ gives to research centers, St. Louis, April 28, 1998. Titus, Richard, “Personal Fraud: NIJ’s own staff also contribute scientific expertise to Who Are the Victims and What Are the Scams?” paper the store of knowledge. (See “NIJ’s Intramural presented at the American Society of Criminology 1998 Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., November Research Program.”) One of these intramural projects 11, 1998. involved evaluating a drug detection and interdiction 5 Kaminski, Robert, Steven M. Edwards, and James effort in the Pennsylvania prison system. The study W. Johnson, “The Effects of Oleoresin Capsicum on Assaults Against Police: Testing the Velcro-Effect found that drug testing through hair analysis can be a Hypothesis,” Police Quarterly 1(2) (NCJ 176335). valuable component in the drive to eliminate illegal drugs in prisons. 9 NIJ Annual Report 1998

In 1996, the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections assess the effectiveness of the new drug interdiction instituted get-tough policies—such as phone monitor- measures. The results: The number of inmates who ing, increased use of narcotic-detecting electronic tested positive for illegal drugs decreased nearly devices on visitors, and increased cell searches using 80 percent during the 2-year period.4 The research, drug-sniffing dogs—to tackle the serious problem of the first of its kind within a State prison system, not drug use in several of its State prisons. only provided feedback to prison administrators about the effectiveness of their methods, it also contributed Before the changes were put in place, NIJ researchers to a better understanding of the effects of prison- analyzed data from samples of hair and urine from based drug detection and interdiction strategies inmates to determine the extent to which inmates and the prevalence of drug use within prisons. As were using drugs. Urinalysis was used to reveal important, it demonstrated both the advantages and short-term, recent use, and hair analysis was used challenges of using hair analysis to detect drug use to reveal sporadic or episodic use that might have in prison. occurred over a period of several months.

4 Two years later, researchers analyzed a second wave of Feucht, Thomas E., and Andrew Keyser, “Reducing Drug Use in Prisons: Pennsylvania’s Approach,” NIJ Journal, October samples and compared the pre- and posttest results to 1998 (JR 000241):10–15.

Applied Research

Translating basic research into action has been Some research partnerships, such as Boston’s characterized as “a cyclical process.”5 It involves Ceasefire Project, involve multiple Federal, State, diagnosing the problem, developing solutions, planning and local agencies and community groups with multiple and implementing action steps, evaluating the results, perspectives on the problem. These types of projects making mid-course corrections, and repeating the often involve several midcourse adjustments. steps. Two distinguishing features of applied research are the nature of the partnerships that are formed and When Boston wanted to stop youth violence and the evaluations that are conducted to make programs homicide, a partnership—composed of researchers, and projects work. community leaders, members of the clergy, probation officers, police officials, and Federal enforcement Partnerships agency personnel—came together to devise a strategy In 1997, NIJ published a report to Congress called to intervene in the local gun market. When data Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s revealed that the problem was more specifically caused Promising.6 The authors concluded that seven entities—communities, families, schools, labor markets, 5 Elden, Max, and Rupert Chishol, “Emerging Varieties of places, police, and criminal justice agencies—are Action Research: Introduction to the Special Issue,” Human Relations 46(2) (1993): 121–41. interdependent in affecting crime at the local 6 Sherman, Lawrence W., Denise Gottfredson, Doris level. NIJ’s applied research program frequently MacKenzie, John Eck, Peter Reuter, and Shawn Bushway, encompasses many of these institutions. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising, A Report to the United States Congress, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1997 (NCJ Criminal Justice Partnerships. In the researcher 165366). The full report was followed in 1998 with a condensed summary especially suited to policymakers and practitioners and practitioner model, both parties work hand-in-glove (Sherman et al., Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. to develop strategies and solutions to community Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 1998 problems. (NCJ 171676). 10 Overview of the Y

by youth gangs, not simply gun markets, the partnership The five Strategic Approaches to Community Safety adjusted its strategies. Boston’s hard work paid off: Initiative sites are: youth homicides fell by two-thirds after the Ceasefire

ear Site Target Crime Problem strategy was put in place. Indianapolis, Indiana Homicide

NIJ is now supporting a five-city effort that is similar to Memphis, Tennessee Sexual assault Boston’s. The Strategic Approaches to Community New Haven, Connecticut Gun-related crime Safety Initiative involves teams led by the local U.S. Portland, Oregon Youth violence attorney and composed of local law enforcement offi- Winston-Salem, cials, criminal justice agencies, other community stake- North Carolina Youth violence holders, and a research partner. The goal is to identify and tackle their communities’ most pressing problems. During 1999, the researchers will provide strategic feedback as the practitioners implement the action During 1998, the teams identified their problems, ana- steps. Policymakers and community leaders will be lyzed data to confirm their hypotheses, and began draw- watching the results carefully for the impact on the ing up their action steps. Among the first things they community. A national assessment also is in place to learned were that they were not accustomed to thinking draw cross-site lessons and understand common and acting as partners and their “corporate cultures” factors that lead to success. varied tremendously. They also learned that data can confirm or reject their “hunches” about the cause of Multidisciplinary Research Partnerships. As their crime problems. criminal justice practitioners and policymakers clamor to figure out what works, they look to a wider research community for answers, including educators, public When Boston wanted to stop youth violence health specialists, engineers, and psychologists. Science naturally evolves to encompass multiple disciplines— and homicide, a partnership—composed research that starts as social or forensic science often evolves to include epidemiology, technology, geography, of researchers, community leaders, members psychosociology, life-course studies, and prevention of the clergy, probation officers, police research. Just as it has taken time for criminal justice methodologies to mature, so too has it taken time to officials, and Federal enforcement agency recognize that so many fields touch criminal justice.

personnel—came together to devise a strategy Multidisciplinary partnerships play a major role in several areas of NIJ’s research, evaluation, and technology to intervene in the local gun market. When data portfolio. Funding partners in NIJ’s family violence pro- revealed that the problem was more specifically gram, for example, include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of caused by youth gangs, not simply gun markets, the Health. NIJ’s partners in several technology projects include various branches of the U.S. Departments of partnership adjusted its strategies. Boston’s hard Defense, Transportation, Commerce, and Energy. The work paid off: youth homicides fell by two-thirds Institute’s international perspectives on criminal justice naturally involve colleagues at the U.S. Department after the Ceasefire strategy was put in place. of State and researchers and practitioners from other countries. 11 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Evaluation In addition, several national evaluations concluded their Evaluation is an important aspect of NIJ’s larger analyses and reported findings during 1998: mission to identify programs of proven success and to understand why they work. As researchers examine The National Evaluation of the Youth Firearm innovative programs, they analyze all aspects of the Violence Initiative. This project examined firearms effort and provide feedback—both positive and reduction strategies in 10 sites, identified the factors negative. Knowing what doesn’t work is equally that contributed to the program’s successes and as valuable as knowing what does. These objective, failures, and suggested strategies that could be reliable evaluations are helping communities as transferred to other jurisdictions. they strive to prevent and reduce crime in their neighborhoods. The evaluation focused on implementation and operation in five of the cities (Birmingham, Alabama; One portion of NIJ’s evaluation portfolio consists of Bridgeport, Connecticut; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; national evaluations of major congressional anticrime Richmond, Virginia; and Seattle, Washington) and on initiatives. These are conducted under NIJ’s statutory crime impact and process issues in the other five cities mandate to report to Congress and the public on (Baltimore, Maryland; Cleveland, Ohio; Inglewood, the lessons learned from national-level programs. California; Salinas, California; and San Antonio, Texas). Several major national evaluations were funded in 1998: A number of factors varied considerably from site to site: • An evaluation of law enforcement programs designed to encourage arrest will document the • The strategic emphasis (traditional enforcement type and extent of arrest policies in cases of or prevention and education). domestic violence in 20 sites and the impact on • The tactical approach to enforcement (saturation or victim well-being and offender accountability in directed patrol, search warrants, probation stops 5 of the sites. and searches, knock and talk, bar checks, or use of informants). • The Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grant program encourages States • Police organizational structure (dedicated, full-time to hold juveniles to strict accountability for units or staffing by rotation with overtime). delinquent behavior. A State is eligible for • The geographic focus (citywide or defined target funds by demonstrating that it is actively consider- areas). ing or will consider legislation, policy, or practices • The population targeted (general population, gangs, that provide accountability-based sanctions, such or identified individuals). as transferring violent and repeat juvenile offenders to adult court. The evaluation found considerable variation in the • An evaluation of victim assistance number of arrests made (less than 100 to more than programs will assess the effectiveness of State 1,000) and the number of guns seized (less than victim compensation and assistance programs. 40 to more than 250). To a large extent, the number The project will obtain information from the of arrests and seizures was influenced by the choices victims’ viewpoint, including assessments of the the sites made in strategy and tactics. A city that services available to victims, identification of emphasized prevention and education, for instance, unmet needs, and suggestions for improving had fewer arrests and seizures than one that empha- the delivery of and payment for services to sized traditional enforcement techniques, such as crime victims. patrol and stop and search. 12 Overview of the Y

In half of the cities where an impact evaluation was XVIII of the Violent Crime Control Act of 1994) found conducted, a relationship between the intervention and the following:7 gun-crime trends was evident. In the remainder, changes ear • The ban triggered speculative price increases and in the target area did not differ much from trends in the ramped-up production of the banned firearms prior city at large. Using data from Salinas, California, the to the law’s implementation, followed by a substantial researchers examined the 2-year relationship between postban drop in prices to levels of previous years. gun-related arrest rates and subsequent gun-related crimes, taking into account the total level of crime (the • Criminal use of the banned guns declined, at least crime index) in the surrounding county. The researchers temporarily, after the law went into effect, which found that gun crimes, the general crime index, and gun- suggests that the legal stock of preban assault related arrests were related as follows: a 10-percentage weapons was, at least for the short term, largely in point increase in the crime index was associated with the hands of collectors and dealers. one additional gun crime in Salinas, California, and an • The ban may have contributed to a reduction in the increase of five gun-related arrests was associated with gun murder rate and the murder of police officers one less subsequent gun crime in that town. by criminals armed with assault weapons.

This finding suggests that enforcement directed at • The ban has failed to reduce the average number of firearms possession and use has a systematic, measur- victims per gun murder incident or multiple gun- able impact on gun crime. shot wound victims.

Assault Weapons Ban. An NIJ-funded look at the An evaluation is now under way of the long-term effects short-term effects of the assault weapons ban (Title of the ban on semiautomatic assault weapons and large- capacity ammunition magazines. It is examining the impact increased juvenile restrictions and regulation of Federal firearms licenses are having on violent crime. The Weed and Seed strategy brings together

Federal, State, and local crime fighting agencies; National Evaluation of the Violence Against Women Act Grants. This ongoing project documents social service providers; business owners and the range of programs funded by the STOP (Services, Training, Officers, Prosecutors) grants program for law other representatives of the private sector; enforcement and prosecution under the Violence and neighborhood residents—linking them in a Against Women Act. The evaluation is assessing grantee outcomes and planning and implementation efforts, shared goal of “weeding” out violent criminals, along with developing a strategy for documenting long- term impacts. Reports on the evaluation of STOP for- drug trafficking, drug-related crime, and gang mula grants were prepared in 1996 and 1997. The 1998 report found the following:8 activity in targeted areas while “seeding” the area • In fiscal year 1998, 54 of the 56 States and territo- with social services, economic revitalization, and ries eligible for STOP funds received them— neighborhood reclamation projects. 7 Roth, Jeffrey A., and Christopher S. Koper, Impacts of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban: 1994–96, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, March 1999 (NCJ 173405). 8 Burt, Martha, Lisa C. Newmark, Lisa K. Jacobs, and Adele V. Harrell, 1998 Report: Evaluation of the STOP Formula Grants Under the Violence Against Women Act of 1994, Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, July 1998. 13 NIJ Annual Report 1998

totaling more than $130 million—within 3 months social services, economic revitalization, and neighbor- of the congressional appropriation. hood reclamation projects.

• The majority of the grants are providing direct During 1998, evaluators presented their report and services to victims, alone or in combination with recommendations about Weed and Seed efforts in other activities. Training for law enforcement and 10 communities in 8 different cities. Major findings prosecution is the focus of nearly a quarter of and recommendations include: the projects. • Pre-existing community features—such as the • More than 90 percent of the subgrantees required strength of the social and institutional infrastructure, to provide matching funds did so. the severity of the crime problem, geographical • All States submitted certification, as required, advantages favoring economic development, showing that victims do not bear the costs of and transiency of the population—may make prosecuting offenders in sexual assault or domestic Weed and Seed easier or more difficult to violence cases. effectively implement.

• The mix of weeding and seeding activities and Other ongoing evaluations of the STOP grants program the sequence in which these components are include reviews of agencies that set police training introduced appear to be important factors in standards, an examination of the States’ capacity gaining community support for the program. to comply with the full faith and credit provision of the Violence Against Women Act, and a study of the • Sites appeared to have greater success if they effects of the grants on raising awareness among concentrated their program resources on smaller tribal leaders. population groups, especially if they could channel other public funds into similar activities and Weed and Seed. The Weed and Seed strategy leverage private funds. brings together Federal, State, and local crime • The more successful programs tended to have fighting agencies; social service providers; business the active and constructive leadership of key owners and other representatives of the private individuals in the community. sector; and neighborhood residents—linking them in a shared goal of “weeding” out violent criminals, • The most effective implementation strategies drug trafficking, drug-related crime, and gang activity were those that relied on bottom-up, participatory in targeted areas while “seeding” the area with decisionmaking approaches.

Technology Development

A significant portion of NIJ’s portfolio of research and Congress also began funding a program to improve State- evaluation relates to the development and demonstra- operated DNA laboratories (discussed on pages 6 and 7). tion of better technology for law enforcement and corrections. In fiscal years 1997 and 1998, Congress also appropriated funds for the development of domestic counterter- In fiscal years 1996–98, Congress set aside 1 percent rorism technologies. Those funds have been used to of Crime Act law enforcement funds to create, in each of expand technology development and demonstrations these years, a $20-million fund at NIJ for investment in for State and local law enforcement and corrections law enforcement and criminal justice technology. agencies. 14 Overview of the Y

NIJ has responded to this expanded mandate by creating of a car and rolled onto the highway well in advance an integrated mix of science and technology strategies. of a fleeing vehicle. The Road Spike™ deploys To make sure NIJ is addressing the needs of State and retractable hollow metal spikes that will puncture, ear local agencies, the Institute regularly consults with embed in, and release the air out of a tire in several practitioners, primarily the 150 members of the Law minutes. This device prevents the driver from losing Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory control of the vehicle and allows pursuit vehicles to Council (LECTAC). The priorities identified by the quickly catch up and arrest the suspect. Council are translated into an agenda for funding In a related area, NIJ supported the Pursuit Manage- science and technology research and development ment Task Force, a multidisciplinary group that programs. defined contemporary police pursuit practices and the role of technology in managing high-speed vehic- The top technology needs of the law enforcement and ular pursuits. The Task Force issued recommenda- corrections communities, as identified by LECTAC, tions regarding the development and application of include the following: technology in pursuit management.

• Concealed weapons and contraband In 1998, NIJ issued a solicitation for proposals to detection. NIJ and the U.S. Departments of test electromagnetic devices designed to stop Defense and Transportation are the leaders vehicles and completed a strategic plan for NIJ’s in the development of relatively inexpensive, vehicle-stopping program. easy-to-use concealed weapons detection • Investigative and forensic science initia- technology. tives. A major focus of NIJ’s investigative and • Vehicle-stopping technology. Research is under forensic science technologies portfolio is the identi- way on a variety of new and innovative technologies fication and development of evidence to solve crimi- that can be used to safely and effectively stop a vehi- nal cases. Among areas of interest in which NIJ is cle. In 1998, NIJ completed the process to commer- funding research are the following: DNA analysis, cialize the Road Spike™ tire deflation device—a trace evidence, questioned documents examination, retractable strip designed to be carried in the trunk fingerprints, firearms, and teleforensics.

Testing New Ideas and Technology

Once research begins uncovering the cause-and-effect Breaking the Drug Abuse-Crime Cycle. Since factors that contribute to certain social conditions, 1997, the Institute has supported a program in criminal behaviors, or phenomena, science can begin Birmingham, Alabama, that is testing the hypothesis that experiments that test the validity of various hypotheses. a systemwide effort to use drug testing, mandatory Testing and experimenting, however, must be accompa- treatment, enhanced judicial involvement, and other nied by rigorous evaluation of the effects—intended interventions with all arrested adults with a history of and unintended—of the mechanisms employed to illicit drug use will reduce drug abuse and criminal improve the situation, eliminate the behavior, or reduce behavior. Much of the funding for this initiative was the effects of the phenomenon. NIJ supported several provided by the White House’s Office of National Drug important demonstration tests during 1998. Control Policy. During 1998, NIJ extended the program to two more sites and one juvenile justice site. 15 NIJ Annual Report 1998

At the end of 1998, NIJ awarded $3 million each to Improving old technologies and developing new ones Jacksonville, Florida, and Tacoma, Washington, to introduces the need to develop standards against which implement jurisdictionwide intervention strategies to measure the usefulness of the technology. NIJ not only designed to identify, supervise, and treat all adult develops such performance standards for equipment and drug-using defendants and $2 million to the Eugene, technology, it also supports testing of products against Oregon, site targeting juvenile drug offenders. The those standards. This way, law enforcement and correc- results of a process and impact evaluation will become tions agencies can make more informed decisions about available in 2000. the equipment they purchase. NIJ does not recommend particular brands of products. Rather, it tests many Reducing Corrections and Police Officer brands and distributes lists of products that have passed Stress. Since 1996, NIJ has awarded 25 grants to the standardized tests showing the strength, endurance, support activities to better understand and reduce and performance of a particular product. the harmful effects of stress on law enforcement and correctional officers and their families. Congress Testing and research have led to performance established the program under Title XXI of the Violent standards for more than 60 types of criminal justice Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. Among equipment, including handguns, soft body armor, other development activities, the program consists of patrol cars, and handcuffs. demonstration and research grants awarded to State and local law enforcement and corrections agencies or NIJ’s primary partner in the development of standards their affiliated support organizations, such as unions and the testing of products is the Office of Law and professional associations. The grants are being Enforcement Standards at the National Institute of used to develop and promote education, training, and Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of treatment programs at the local level. Several programs Commerce. are comparing stress intervention methods, conducting research on the extent and nature of stress among officers, and examining critical incident stress debrief- ings. NIJ intends to publicize results from the innovative programs to reduce stress as the early findings In the realm of technology, NIJ pioneers efforts become available. to find advanced technological methods of

Developing Standards and Testing deterring, identifying, and apprehending criminals. Products. In the realm of technology, NIJ pioneers efforts to find advanced technological methods of It supports the exploration and creation of deterring, identifying, and apprehending criminals. It supports the exploration and creation of alternative alternative techniques to improve criminal techniques to improve criminal justice practice. justice practice. The Forensic DNA Lab Improvement Program is a good example. The Program is increasing the capacity of State and local forensic laboratories to support criminal investigations involving biological evidence recovered from crime scenes. State and local labs are purchasing equipment, supplies, and training to both upgrade and standardize their forensic DNA labs. 16 Overview of the Y Expanding the Horizons ear During this last decade, many economic and social The impact of these developments clearly is being felt phenomena—including crime—previously confined on the streets of America. by national boundaries have exploded across the globe. The globalization of financial markets and NIJ created an International Center in 1997 to communications systems, the easing of international coordinate international activities within the Office transportation, the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, of Justice Programs and NIJ, to help inform policymak- and the collapse of the Soviet Union have all con- ing on transnational issues, and to promote the tributed mightily to an international and transnational global exchange of criminal justice research crime problem. The illicit movement of people, money, information. The latter task involves both exporting goods, and services across national borders has creat- American research and practice information abroad ed new challenges for law enforcement and the admin- and importing the best research and practices from istration of justice. New kinds of crimes—such as around the world. (See, for example, “ADAM Goes human trafficking; cybercrime; international money International.”) The International Center’s primary laundering; and transnational trafficking in drugs, arms, constituents are American policymakers, practitioners, and stolen autos—are confronting not only Federal researchers, and scholars. authorities, but also State and local law enforcement.

ADAM Goes International

An international component of the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program held its first strategic planning meeting in Miami, Florida, in April 1998. In attendance were representatives from:

• Eight nations (Australia, Chile, England, the Netherlands, Panama, Scotland, South Africa, and Uruguay). • Two international organizations (Organization of American States and the United Nations Drug Control Program). • Experts in the field of drug testing systems. • NIJ staff. • Representatives of U.S. Federal agencies (such as the Justice Department’s Drug Enforcement Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services’ National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism).

In total, 40 people attended the conference.

With its launching, International ADAM (I-ADAM) became one of only a few international drug prevalence measures and the only international drug testing system for monitoring the drug use rates of arrestees. I-ADAM’s development is important because the existing drug surveillance systems differ from one another to such an extent that comparisons among countries are difficult.

From its inception, I-ADAM was designed to be a standardized international system that will use similar instruments, sampling, training, and other protocols. By 1999, six of the eight strategic planning countries— Australia, Chile, England, the Netherlands, Scotland, and South Africa—will have started collecting I-ADAM data. Comparative data will be analyzed and the results will be published as they become available.

Visit the ADAM Web site at http://www.adam-nij.net. 17 NIJ Annual Report 1998

In 1998, the Center undertook a number of activities to • The international visitor program coordinat- fulfill its coordinating role and to facilitate comparative ed meetings with 117 visitors from 34 countries. and transnational research, including the following: In addition, work proceeded on the International • Three international challenge grants were Center’s Web site, linking the World Justice awarded to support research on (1) comparative Information Network and the National Criminal Justice juvenile justice processing in Denver, Colorado, and Reference Service to provide an electronic network Bremen, Germany; (2) human trafficking from serving the worldwide criminal justice community. Fuzhou, China; and (3) the commercial sexual (See “NIJ’s World Wide Web Presence.”) exploitation of children trafficked into the United States through Canada and Mexico. The International Center is the vehicle for extending • Major research partnerships were begun with NIJ’s research and development role onto the global Israel, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. stage. As the face of crime takes on an increasingly international cast, our level of understanding and ability • An international visiting fellow was brought to to respond must change. It is the Center’s mission to NIJ from Russia to share knowledge about transna- inform and enlighten that process. tional organized crime in the former Soviet Union.

Sharing Knowledge

One of NIJ’s primary goals is to disseminate science- coordinated articles, announcements, and links to relat- based findings and their related policy implications as ed sites. The newsletter has been expanding its format widely as possible. One path involves traditional mecha- to reach a broader audience and soliciting feedback on nisms—publications, conferences, and face-to-face possible improvements. Like other segments of NIJ’s meetings. The other path is an electronic one where Web site, the newsletter helps bridge the time gap information-sharing occurs instantly in cyberspace. of print media by making information available to audiences sooner. Reaching Out Via Cyberspace Since NIJ’s World Wide Web site was unveiled in 1997, it has continued to grow and be refined, especially in regard to content and ease of access. The site Since NIJ’s World Wide Web site was unveiled regularly posts newly released publications, which can be downloaded directly or requested through in 1997, it has continued to grow and be the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). The site also posts news about awards, refined, especially in regard to content grants, solicitations, upcoming conferences, and and ease of access. links to related sites. In addition, visitors can learn detailed information about NIJ’s programs.

The newest addition to the NIJ Web site is NIJ News. Launched in June 1998, the online newsletter features articles from the director on current issues, along with 18 Overview of the Y

Several NIJ program areas have greatly expanded their sites, and summaries of grants. (See “NIJ’s World presence on the Web during the past year, adding links Wide Web Presence.”) to publications, announcements about events, other ear

NIJ’s World Wide Web Presence

In addition to NIJ’s Home Page (http://www.ojp.usdoj. decisionmaking, courts management, specialized gov/nij), several of NIJ’s programmatic and topic areas courts, prosecution, defense, impact of legislation, have their own Web presence: sentencing outcomes, structured sentencing, and the • The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program general topic of sentencing (http://www.ojp.usdoj. tracks trends in the prevalence and types of drug gov/nij/saap/welcome.html). abuse among booked arrestees in an urban network of • Technology Development Portfolios describe pro- sites across the United States and several international grammatic areas related to crime prevention, officer sites (http://www.adam-nij.net). protection, less-than-lethal weapons, investigative and • Breaking the Cycle is a systemwide intervention forensic sciences, information sharing and analysis, designed to identify and treat all defendants in need of counterterrorism, training, and simulation (http://www. substance abuse treatment. The approach focuses on ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/sciencetech/welcome.html). maintaining continuous treatment as the defendant • The Violence Against Women and Family moves through the system (http://www.ojp.usdoj. Violence program features research on the gov/nij/brekprog.htm). safety of women and family members and the effec- • The Corrections and Law Enforcement Family tiveness of the criminal justice system’s response to Support program is discovering innovative ways these crimes (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/vawprog/ to prevent and treat the negative effects of stress welcome.html). experienced by law enforcement and correctional officers and their families (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ In addition to NIJ’s programmatic Web sites, the Institute nij/clefs/welcome.html). supports several additional Web sites: • The Crime Mapping Research Center promotes • JUSTNET is a gateway to information on new tech- the research and development of GIS (geographic nologies, equipment, and other products and services information systems) and crime mapping to identify, available to the law enforcement, corrections, and solve, and monitor crime problems in communities criminal justice communities. The JUSTNET site con- (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/cmrc). tains news and information services, interactive chat lines and topic boards, data and publications, and links • The Data Resources Program ensures the preser- to related sites (http://www.nlectc.org). vation and availability of research and evaluation data collected through NIJ-funded research. Datasets col- • The Partnerships Against Violence Network lected through NIJ-funded research are archived and (PAVNET) is a database on violence prevention pro- made available to other scientists to support new re- grams, curricula, and funding. With more than 500 search to replicate original findings or test new hypo- subscribers, the PAVNET listserv is an important online theses (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/dataprog.htm). source of information for professionals and volunteers in the violence prevention, education, treatment, and • The National Commission on the Future enforcement fields (http://www.pavnet.org). of DNA Evidence posts announcements and transcripts of meetings and summaries of • The World Justice Information Network (WJIN) is working group meetings. The site will post the a multilingual communications tool and a professional Commission’s forthcoming report and recom- forum for concerned citizens worldwide. Through a mendations (http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/dna/ partnership with Globalink, WJIN members can instant- welcome.html). ly translate documents, send e-mail, and chat online in French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, and • The Sentencing and Adjudication program Spanish, with other languages to be added in the announces funds for research, including fellowship future (http://www.wjin.net). and NIJ-funded grant awards in the areas of judicial 19 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Reaching Out Via Traditional Means Even as electronic distribution and dissemination took Most Popular Publications Released on heightened visibility and intensity this year, tradi- in Fiscal Year 1998 tional modes of dissemination continued to be highly (as measured by orders for copies, requests popular with NIJ’s audience. (See “Most Popular for more information, and inquiries from the media) Publications Released in Fiscal Year 1998.”) • National Guidelines for Death Investigation, Publications. NIJ’s published materials fall into three by the National Medicolegal Review Panel, Research Report, February 1998 (NCJ major categories: 167568). • Concise summaries of research or • Crack, Powder Cocaine, and Heroin: Drug programs. These publications, which range Purchase and Use Patterns in Six U.S. Cities, from 4 to 32 pages, discuss findings from discrete by K. Jack Riley, Research Report, March projects or programs. Included in this category are 1998 (NCJ 167265). several newsletters and the Research in Brief, • Kids, COPS, and Communities, by Marcia R. Research in Action, Research Preview, and Program Chaiken, Issues and Practices, April 1998 Focus series. This year, NIJ’s newsletter TechBeat, (NCJ 169599). which is issued quarterly and devoted to keeping • Stalking in America: Findings From the readers up to date on technologies for use in law National Violence Against Women Survey, by enforcement, corrections, and other criminal jus- Patricia Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes, Research tice agencies, won two national publishing awards. in Brief, June 1998 (NCJ 169592).

• Longer discussions of the issues. This cate- • Protective Intelligence and Threat Assessment gory of publications includes the Research Report Investigations, by Robert A. Fein and Bryan series, which spans a wide range of topics; the Vossekuil, Research Report, July 1998 (NCJ 170612). Issues and Practices in Criminal Justice series, which features innovative programs designed to • ADAM: 1997 Annual Report on Adult and address critical topics of the day; and the Research Juvenile Arrestees, by K. Jack Riley, Research Forum series, which highlights papers from NIJ- Report, July 1998 (NCJ 171672). sponsored conferences. • Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising, by Lawrence W. Sherman, • The NIJ Journal. The Institute’s quarterly journal Denise Gottfredson, Doris MacKenzie, John contains feature articles on thought-provoking Eck, Peter Reuter, and Shawn Bushway, issues, new findings, or research questions of Research in Brief, July 1998 (NCJ 171676). general interest to policymakers and practitioners. • Crime in the Schools: A Problem-Solving Cover stories during 1998 included articles on drug Approach, by Dennis Kenney, Research addiction as a brain disease (by Alan Leshner, Preview, August 1998 (FS 000224). director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse); • Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of the challenges of conducting research on crime in Violence Against Women: Findings From the public housing (by Jeffrey Fagan and colleagues at National Violence Against Women Survey, by Columbia University); and Boston’s interdisciplinary Patricia Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes, Research and multiagency approach to crime prevention in Brief, November 1998 (NCJ 172837). (by David Kennedy, senior researcher at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government).

• Crime and Justice. NIJ supports the Crime and knowledge, prior experience, and promising future Justice series, which provides comprehensive, inquiries in the field. Editor Michael Tonry and an 11- authoritative, and balanced summaries of current member editorial board of prominent scholars guide 20 Overview of the Y

the series, which is published by the University of Speakers are asked to challenge conventional Chicago Press. Each annual volume contains essays thinking, offer candid recommendations, and from nationally acclaimed researchers and other stimulate a robust debate. Their collected lectures ear experts. Occasionally, an issue with a single theme, are published in the Research Forum series. such as youth violence or prisons, is published. The 1998 series featured the following scholars:

A complete list of the publications produced in fiscal – George Kelling, “Crime Control, the Police, and year 1998 can be found in appendix B. Culture Wars: Broken Windows and Cultural Pluralism,” December 1997. Meetings and Other Gatherings. NIJ uses confer- – Randall Kennedy, “Race, the Police, and ences, panels, lectures, seminars, workshops, and ‘Reasonable Suspicion,’” February 1998. other meetings to stimulate discussion, shape its research agenda, and resolve scientific controversies. – David Musto, “The American Experience With Such face-to-face gatherings, which encourage frank Stimulants and Opiates,” March 1998. discussions and debate, are one of the best ways to – Joan Petersilia, “A Decade of Experimenting With share information and shape future research activity. Intermediate Sanctions: What Have We Learned,” April 1998. Far too many gatherings occurred in 1998 to list in this report. However, highlights include: – Philip Cook, “The Epidemic of Youth Gun Violence,” May 1998. • Technology fair. In March 1998, NIJ displayed an array of technology (both under development and • Annual research and evaluation conference. commercially available) at a technology fair held in Every summer, NIJ cosponsors with other Office of the Rayburn House Office Building on Capitol Hill. Justice Programs offices and bureaus a conference Members of Congress and their staffs visited for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers on numerous booths examining state-of-the-art the latest research and evaluation. The 1998 confer- equipment for law enforcement and correctional ence, titled “Viewing Crime and Justice From a officers and discussing the issues surrounding Collaborative Perspective,” focused on the rewards these new technologies. and challenges of collaborative endeavors with the community and other partners. More than 750 peo- Equipment featured at the fair included telemedi- ple attended. cine for correctional settings, thermal imagers (which resemble palm-size camcorders and allow • National Academy of Sciences workshops. officers to see in the dark), devices that allow The National Research Council of the National officers to translate simple phrases from English Academy of Sciences is a key partner with NIJ in the into another language so they can communicate effort to increase scientific understanding of crime with non-English speaking citizens, and guns that and justice, identify new areas of research, and pro- can be fired only by an authorized user. mote theory development. During 1998, the National Research Council, through its Committee on • Perspectives lectures. To promote informed Law and Justice and with NIJ support, conducted and rational discourse, NIJ established the first workshops on transnational crime and pathological Perspectives on Crime and Justice series in 1996. gambling. Since then, NIJ has invited the Nation’s most prominent scholars to share their policy perspectives The transnational crime workshop focused on with an audience of opinion leaders, congressional defining the issues and measuring the problem staff, Federal officials, journalists, policymakers, while considering the interface between legal researchers, and criminal justice professionals. and illegal activities and the implications of 21 NIJ Annual Report 1998

transnational crime for local law enforcement. The • Multinational peacekeeping missions. workshop’s report, Transnational Organized Crime: Civilian police are increasingly being used in multi- Summary of a Workshop, edited by Peter Reuter and national peacekeeping missions around the world. Carol Petrie, is available from the National During 1998, NIJ, in conjunction with the Police Academy Press at http://www.nas.edu. Executive Research Forum and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, convened a The project on pathological gambling is studying workshop that brought together public safety spe- data sources that can produce reliable measures cialists with experience in peacekeeping missions of the prevalence of pathological gambling and its in Bosnia, Haiti, Somalia, and Central America. The multiple impacts. The project also is examining the group addressed a range of issues related to the factors that cause or mitigate problem gambling limitations of the United Nations CIVPOL (civilian and its social and economic costs. The National police) unit, particularly its inability to provide Research Council’s Report, Pathological Gambling: effective oversight and logistical support for field A Critical Review, is available from the National operations. NIJ published the proceedings of the Academy Press at http://www.nas.edu. conference.9 • Executive sessions on corrections and • National Governors’ Association and sentencing. The effects of sentencing reforms, juvenile crime. NIJ and the Office of Juvenile the continuing increase in the inmate population, Justice and Delinquency Prevention worked closely and concerns about the effects of large numbers with the National Governors’ Association’s Center of former inmates returning to their communities for Best Practices to develop three regional policy have prompted NIJ and the Corrections Program forums on crime prevention and the effective Office to jointly sponsor a multiyear series of meet- administration of juvenile justice and corrections. ings at which a group of researchers and practition- After each forum, the Center published an Issue ers examine major issues surrounding sentencing Brief highlighting the issues, research findings, and corrections. Using commissioned papers as and best practices in the field.10 the basis for their meetings, practitioners and scholars discuss a variety of topics. Five sessions Reaching Out Through are planned; three were held in fiscal year 1998. an Information Network The papers will be published as they become The NCJRS is one of the most extensive sources of available. information on criminal and juvenile justice in the • Technology Institutes. Since 1997, NIJ has world, providing services to an international community brought State and local law enforcement practition- of policymakers and professionals. Sponsored by NIJ, ers together to introduce them to the array of tech- its Office of Justice Programs partners, and the Office nology and technical assistance available from the of National Drug Control Policy, NCJRS functions as a Federal Government and teach practitioners about dynamic information clearinghouse, responding to the many ways technology can help them confront more than 5,000 requests each month from around the current challenges. This year, NIJ introduced a world. Its database of abstracts, available on the Web, Technology Institute designed especially for contains summaries of more than 150,000 documents. correctional practitioners. The 23 practitioners The complete text of more than 1,500 documents is selected by NIJ visited several Federal agencies available on its Web site (http://www.ncjrs.org). in the Washington, D.C., area to learn how they can improve the detection of drugs and contraband 9 Burack, James, William Lewis, Edward Marks, David H. Bayley, in facilities and among probationers and parolees, Robert M. Perito, and Michael Berkow, Civilian Policing and Multinational Peacekeeping—A Workshop Series: A Role for how to improve security in facilities, and how to Democratic Policing, NIJ Research Forum, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, exchange information and share their experiences January 1999 (NCJ 172842). and lessons learned. 10 The Issue Briefs are posted at http://www.nga.org. Making Communities Safer

Taking Steps to Prevent Crime

Finding New Ways of Working Together

Exploring Issues of Special Concern 23 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Making Communities Safer

Monitoring Arrestees’ Drug Use ADAM also has initiated several projects to improve Reveals Community Trends drug testing procedures and make results more precise: • Analyzing the impact that specimen storage and Research has firmly established the link between drug handling procedures have on drug test results. use and subsequent criminal behavior. NIJ has been tracking drug use among booked arrestees since 1987. • Confirming opiate test results to differentiate Today, through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring heroin use from medications containing opiate (ADAM) program, community leaders and their compounds. research partners are following trends in the • Testing for metabolites and markers that prevalence and types of drug use among arrestees indicate crack cocaine use, as opposed to in 35 locations around the Nation.11 powder cocaine use.

ADAM data, which are collected quarterly through ADAM’s interview instrument was redesigned to voluntary and anonymous urine testing and interviews, concentrate on issues of interest to policymakers allow State and local policymakers and analysts to and practitioners. The new instrument increases the view trends as they develop and make it possible ability to calculate the prevalence of drug dependency, to intervene earlier and in a more targeted way. determine the prevalence of need for treatment, and illuminate drug market dynamics. ADAM offers communities a means to assess the breadth and characteristics of their particular drug Interest From Abroad abuse problems; evaluate, at low cost, programs and ADAM has sparked international interest, and last year interventions that serve or target the criminally active the program held its first gathering of representatives population; and plan specific policy interventions from other countries interested in following ADAM appropriate for local substance abuse problems. protocols. International ADAM is intended to create a research partnership among criminal justice organiza- Enhancements in 1998 tions across the world. Drug surveillance or measure- NIJ has developed the capacity to test for a broader ment systems in most countries are not compatible, range of drugs than in the past, thus increasing a making comparisons among countries difficult. I-ADAM community’s ability to detect important local variations addresses this limitation by introducing a standardized in drug trends. Recent additions to the list of drugs that can be detected include LSD, inhalants, MDMA (ecstasy), and flunitrazepam (rohypnol). In addition, three sexually transmitted diseases—HIV, chlamydia, and gonorrhea—can be detected in urine.

11 ADAM is a geographically expanded and scientifically more rigorous version of NIJ’s Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program, which operated at 23 sites from 1987 to 1997. The program expanded to 35 sites in 1998. 24 Selected Highlights

I-ADAM also can contribute to a better understanding ADAM Tracks Drug Use of crime issues that cross national borders, such Trends in 35 Sites as organized crime. I-ADAM data are tools to help countries coordinate their drug control policies and Although most of the 35 ADAM sites in the United resources. Identification of similar drug problems in States are referred to by the name of the largest city in the area, the boundaries (or catchment different nations can give governments grounds for areas) of most sites are substantially larger than such coordination. In addition, spotting a growing the city. In most cases, the catchment area is substance abuse problem in a country’s arrestee the county. (The New York City site, for example, population can help predict a potential target for includes all of the city’s five boroughs.) The 35 international drug trafficking. sites are: Albuquerque New Orleans The Data Collection Process Anchorage New York Sites collect data for a 2-week period, four times a Atlanta Oklahoma City year. Each site collects data on adult males, and all Birmingham Omaha but two are currently collecting data on adult females. Chicago Philadelphia Juvenile collection occurs in 12 sites, but is expected Cleveland Phoenix to expand with the FY 2001 appropriations. A random Dallas Portland (Oregon) Denver Sacramento selection of arrestees are asked to take part in the Des Moines St. Louis study. The interviews are anonymous and confidential, Detroit Salt Lake City which contributes to the high proportion of individuals Ft. Lauderdale San Antonio who consent to participate at most sites. Houston San Diego Indianapolis San Jose Staff in individual sites may ask additional questions Laredo Seattle Las Vegas Spokane geared specifically to their community. Examples of Los Angeles Tucson such questions include: Miami Washington, D.C. Minneapolis • Patterns of acquiring and using crack, powder cocaine, and heroin. In addition to the ADAM sites listed above, ADAM staff provide scientific assistance to domestic and • Patterns of acquiring and using methamphetamine. international affiliated sites, including Albany and Buffalo, New York; Australia; Chile; England; • Acquisition of and attitudes toward firearms. Scotland; and South Africa. • Definitions of gang membership and participation in gang activities.

international surveillance system that will allow • Attitudes toward and patterns of sexually risky researchers to compare the prevalence of drug use behaviors. among arrestees in different nations and assess the consequences of drug abuse both within and across In January 2000, all ADAM sites will field a new national boundaries. interview instrument that will focus on three policy areas: drug use, dependency and need for treatment, Like the United States, many countries want to track and drug markets. These questions will serve to drug use trends among their arrested population. elicit information on the frequency and severity of I-ADAM can do this as well as collect information to drug use within each site, estimate the number of gain a better understanding about the relationship individuals dependent on drugs and in need of treat- between drugs and crime, sources of illegal income ment, inventory treatment experiences to help assess for arrestees, drug dependency, use of substance how individuals attempt to access treatment, and abuse treatment, age of onset of drug use, drug show how drug market activity in a community market dynamics, and certain public health topics. responds to specific interventions. 25 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Local Outreach and Involvement For More Information ADAM represents an important partnership with and among local, State, and national policymakers. Officials Visit the NIJ Web site at http://www.adam-nij.net. at all levels can tailor aspects of the program to meet The ADAM annual reports for 1998: specific needs. For example, officials interested in gang 1998 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees activity can, together with their local data collection (NCJ 175656). team, append gang-related questions to the main 1998 Annual Report on Cocaine Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175657). interview instrument. Such special studies can be 1998 Annual Report on Marijuana Use Among Arrestees done on a local, regional, or national basis, depending (NCJ 175658). on who is interested in the topic. Such research needs are identified by local coordinating councils, which 1998 Annual Report on Methamphetamine Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175660). also play a big part in disseminating the data to local planners and policymakers. 1998 Annual Report on Opiate Use Among Arrestees (NCJ 175659).

Strategic Approaches to Community Safety

Although many law enforcement entities join forces SACSI bolsters the use of a collaborative, knowledge- with agencies in their communities to respond to driven, problem-solving process through which groups crime, relatively few do so in a systematic, integrated can better identify and analyze their local problems and way to analyze information and develop strategic plans devise and implement strategies likely to reduce them. to reduce a specific, targeted problem. Cities that have It builds on the knowledge gained from other compre- experienced the greatest reductions in crime, such as hensive efforts, which have encouraged collaborations Boston and New York, have made remarkable efforts among Federal, State, and local agencies.12 to collectively and comprehensively gather and analyze information from multiple agencies. Together, these The Process groups analyze patterns and trends that define the The SACSI approach is unique in that the U.S. attorney precise nature of a problem, suggest strategic opportu- takes on a new role—as community problem solver nities for interventions, and develop efficient ways to and proactive leader in reducing local crime. The U.S. employ limited resources. attorney acts as a catalyst to the strategic approaches project, undertaking functions and activities not tradi- The Strategic Approaches to Community Safety tionally assumed by U.S. attorneys or their offices. Initiative, or SACSI, is a 2-year Department of Justice project intended to establish integrated and systematic approaches in five pilot cities:

• Indianapolis, Indiana. Cities that have experienced the greatest • Memphis, Tennessee. reductions in crime, such as Boston and • New Haven, Connecticut. New York, have made remarkable efforts to • Portland, Oregon. collectively and comprehensively gather and • Winston-Salem, North Carolina. analyze information from multiple agencies. 12 Comprehensive efforts that contribute to the SACSI model include the Boston Gun Project, the Comprehensive Communities Program, and Weed and Seed. 26 Selected Highlights

The U.S. attorney convenes a team of local, State, and NIJ’s ongoing support includes grants to local research Federal criminal justice practitioners; representatives partners, funding for project coordinators in the sites, from relevant community agencies; and a research part- technical assistance to help sites move toward their ner. This team meets frequently to develop, implement, goals, and development and installation of a Community and evaluate a crime prevention and reduction strategy Safety Information System that will enhance the sites’ focusing on a major crime problem facing the city. Team ability to combine and analyze data across agencies. members then work to better utilize both Federal law enforcement and community resources, making every SACSI Takes Shape effort to coordinate around the identified problem Initial formative meetings for SACSI took place during and desired outcome. They build on existing coalitions the spring of 1998. Working groups, researchers, that might include a broad spectrum of individuals and and project coordinators were then identified in the organizations, consider varying perspectives on the summer of 1998. Subsequently, sites began building problem, and lay the foundation for specific strategies broad coalitions and have been gathering information adopted later in the process. to identify and better understand their targeted crime problem. Sites have begun identifying possible The research partner assists the group in analyzing interventions, and in some cases, they have started information and devising a theory-based strategy to implementing their strategies. reduce the target crime problem. The research partner also takes responsibility for evaluating the effective- State, local, and community partners have experienced ness of the intervention, suggesting adjustments, an unparalleled amount of cooperation from a diverse and reevaluating the strategy. Academic partners group of stakeholders. Partners have commented on unfamiliar with this type of “research in action” the unprecedented involvement of U.S. attorney’s receive guidance and support from NIJ. offices in developing effective local crime reduction strategies. Features of the Justice Department’s Support Specific crime problems being addressed in pilot Numerous components of the Justice Department are cities include: partners in the program: the Office of the Associate • Indianapolis: homicide and gun violence. Attorney General, Criminal Division, Executive Office of U.S. Attorneys, Intergovernmental Affairs, and the • Memphis: sexual assault. Office of Justice Programs, which includes the Bureau • New Haven: gun violence and community fear. of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Executive Office of Weed and Seed, National Institute • Portland: youth gun violence. of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime, Office of the • Winston-Salem: youth violence. Assistant Attorney General, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, and Office of Juvenile Through careful observation of efforts in the pilot juris- Justice and Delinquency Prevention. dictions and feedback from the research partners, the process will be refined and information will be shared For More Information with communities across the country about how to plan National Institute of Justice and Executive Office for Weed and Seed, their individualized crime control strategies. This rigor- What Can the Federal Government Do To Decrease Crime and ous, dynamic method of addressing crime recognizes Revitalize Communities? October 1998 (NCJ 172210). that crime is local. Although specific problems and Coleman, Veronica, Walter C. Holton, Jr., Kristine Olson, Stephen C. Robinson, solutions will vary by community, SACSI is showing that and Judith Stewart, “Using Knowledge and Teamwork To Reduce Crime,” when certain steps are included in a strategic planning NIJ Journal, October 1998 (JR 000241): 16–23. and implementation process, the likelihood of success Kennedy, David, “Pulling Levers: Getting Deterrence Right,” NIJ Journal in fighting local crime rises substantially. July 1998 (JR 000236): 2–8. 27 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Policing in the Community

Policing in the United States continues to undergo one of the community-oriented police agencies studied, dramatic transformation. Heightened focus on the char- officers interacted positively on a daily basis with acteristics and the role of the community has changed persons of all ages, including children. By interacting the manner in which many police agencies conduct with children, “officers learn about family situations business and has reshaped much of the thinking about that can be ameliorated through referrals to specialized the nature of law enforcement organizations and the community agencies, and occasionally they may learn policing strategies used to combat crime and disorder. about activities, such as child abuse and drug offense activities, that require law enforcement action.”16 As one author noted, “In well-informed and well- organized communities, police departments are Defining “Community” increasingly expected to understand the community as As law enforcement agencies move closer to the a partner, prepare department personnel for their part populace and to their communities, many are defining in the partnership process, and support officers in “community” broadly to include the cultural, religious, the process.”13 The view that police departments and and ethnic contexts as well as the residents, business- communities are coproducers of safety and public es, and nonprofit groups in the community.17 order is based on research showing that a coproduction strategy is more effective than a policing style that When the concept of community is seen in this larger distances officers from the public by, in effect, context, the mission of law enforcement expands from relegating the community to the sidelines.14 making the life and possessions of the individual safe and secure to also ensuring the safety and security of An advantage of encouraging closer police-community community life. Achieving the former is not necessarily relations is highlighted in a discussion paper prepared the same as attaining the latter. for one of a series of policing meetings on “measuring what matters,” sponsored by NIJ and the Office of Consider a 10-year-old child returning from school Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS). Written through a designated safety corridor patrolled by police by a police chief, the paper notes that police have backed up by an occasional safe house. Arriving home, begun to think about crime and violence within the with its fortified extra locks, grilles, and perhaps an context of neighborhood conditions, education, the alarm system, the child is safe. But community life is like- economy, and other demographic factors. Some police ly to be seriously compromised in such an environment. departments, he wrote, “are beginning to look at these factors to determine the effect of initiatives aimed at Safety corridors and other such reactive tactics are not neighborhood problems.”15 enough to maximize community safety. The body of research about policing has demonstrated that proac- For example, a research study sponsored by NIJ and tive strategies are needed as well. The most effective the Carnegie Corporation of New York observed that in proactive strategies result from various types of

13 Friedman, W., and M. Clark, “Community Policing: What Is the 15 Stephens, D.W., “Measuring What Matters,” in Measuring Community and What Can It Do?” in Measuring What Matters: What Matters: Proceedings From the Policing Research Institute Proceedings From the Policing Research Institute Meetings, Meetings, Research Report, ed. R.H. Langworthy, Washington, Research Report, ed. R.H. Langworthy, Washington, D.C.: U.S. D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice and Office and Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, July 1999 of Community Oriented Policing Services, July 1999 (NCJ (NCJ 170610): 62. 170610): 124. 16 Chaiken, M.R., Kids, COPS, and Communities, Issues and 14 Mastrofski, S.D., R.B. Parks, A.J. Reiss, Jr., and R.E. Worden, Practices, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Policing Neighborhoods: A Report From Indianapolis, Research National Institute of Justice, June 1998 (NCJ 169599): 42. Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 1998 (FS 000223): 2. 17 Friedman, W., and M. Clark, “Community Policing: What Is the Community and What Can It Do?” in Measuring What Matters: Proceedings From the Policing Research Institute Meetings, 124. 28 Selected Highlights

collaborative police-community interactions. These Understanding Community interactions flow, in part, from law enforcement’s build- Characteristics ing trust among the public, forging police-community Research also can help law enforcement agencies get problem-solving projects and other partnerships, closer to their communities by gathering data about a and gaining important insights into the community community’s characteristics, attitudes, and opinions. and its constituent groups through research. One method by which to conduct such studies is systematic social observation (SSO), which systematizes Building Trust field methods for teams of researchers who observe To promote and maintain police-community coproduc- events as they see and hear them, in contrast to relying tion of safety and public order, the community must on others to describe or interpret the events.20 trust the police. To build the public’s trust, the police must engage the community in a manner seen as fair. Supported by NIJ and COPS, an SSO-based study (Project on Policing Neighborhoods) focused on how Research shows that when individuals report that police and citizens interacted with one another in a police officer treated them fairly, their sense of different neighborhood environments and the fairness comes more from the quality of the officer’s consequences the interactions had on the quality of interaction with them than from the outcome of the neighborhood life.21 These are among the findings in interaction. For example, in one study, residents said one of the two jurisdictions studied: that their beliefs and attitudes about the police had • Officers serving particular beats tended to rate a more to do with how the officer treated them than range of neighborhood problems as more severe with the fact that the officer did or did not issue than did residents. 18 them a ticket. • About half the residents reported that the police were “excellent” or “good” at working with the Officer rudeness, aloofness, excessive force, lack of public to solve problems. interaction and integrity, and the like foster distrust • Older residents reported feeling less safe than within the community and a sense of being treated did younger ones, and members of neighborhood unfairly, often entailing major adverse consequences.19 organizations felt safer than nonmembers.

Officer integrity, another trust-enhancing quality, also is Another study, based on interviews in Chicago, a research area receiving NIJ funding. The Institute is concluded that neighborhood context (such as sponsoring a variety of integrity-related studies, among socioeconomic status of residents and degree of them an examination of the citizen complaint review neighborhood stability) appeared to be the crucial process, a review of early warning systems, a demon- factor influencing attitudes and beliefs about crime stration of organizational and leadership contributions and law. The researchers suggested that “to design to integrity, an exploration of the characteristics of more effective crime control strategies, policymakers model sergeants, and development of indicators of and agents of the criminal justice system would do well the status of corruption within a police agency. to consider the role of community social norms.”22

18 Tyler, Tom, “Why Do Citizens Defer to Legal Authorities? whether they differ on a variety of individual, organizational, A Comparison of European Americans, African Americans, and community characteristics; and (4) development and and Hispanics,” summarized in NIJ Journal, April 1999 evaluation of less-than-lethal devices. (JR 000239): 34. 20 Mastrofski, S.D., R.B. Parks, A.J. Reiss, Jr., R.E. Worden, C. 19 Allegations of excessive force, for instance, have led to DeJong, J.B. Snipes, and W. Terrill, Systematic Observation of riots. Reflecting its ongoing concern about excessive force, Public Police: Applying Field Research Methods to Policy Issues, NIJ continues to sponsor many use-of-force research studies, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, including (1) an examination of the types of force used by a National Institute of Justice, December 1998 (NCJ 172859): vii. county police department, the frequency of incidents, the factors affecting use of force and the extent of injuries, and the 21 Mastrofski, S.D., R.B. Parks, A.J. Reiss, Jr., and R.E. Worden, characteristics associated with the frequency and type of Policing Neighborhoods: A Report From Indianapolis, Research force used; (2) a national assessment of early warning sys- Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, tems law enforcement agencies have developed to identify National Institute of Justice, July 1998 (FS 000223): 2. officers who receive high rates of citizen complaints and to provide remedial intervention to correct problem behavior; 22 Sampson, R.J., and D.J. Bartusch, Attitudes Toward Crime, (3) a comparison of police officers who, because of force- or Police, and the Law: Individual and Neighborhood Differences, integrity-related matters, have been dismissed or compelled Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of to resign to a random sample of colleagues to determine Justice, National Institute of Justice, June 1999 (FS 000240): 2. 29 NIJ Annual Report 1998

This same study also found that “collective efficacy”— To foster greater collaboration with researchers, NIJ, the presence of mutual trust among neighbors com- with support from the COPS Office, has funded many bined with a willingness to intervene on behalf of the projects (called locally initiated research partnerships) common good, specifically to supervise children and through which police and researchers share responsi- maintain public order—not race or poverty, was the bility for jointly selecting a target problem, collaborat- largest single predictor of the overall violent crime ing on a research design, interpreting findings, and rate. Understanding collective efficacy, according to the implementing strategies for effecting change. In one researchers, better equips planners, policymakers, and jurisdiction, for example, the police department worked community service organizations to work with residents in concert with researchers from a nearby university to in addressing community problems.23 (See “Under- evaluate the department’s community policing initiative standing Crime in Its Context: The Project on Human and unearth factors that facilitated or hindered imple- Development in Chicago Neighborhoods,” page 44). mentation.26 ( For further discussion of NIJ’s support for a major effort in five communities to institutionalize Police-Community Problem Solving the data-driven, problem-solving partnership approach, An example of a police department working out ways see “Strategic Approaches to Community Safety,” to engage the community in problem solving is the page 25.) Chicago Police Department’s Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), which is being evaluated with support Closer Is Better from NIJ and others. Under CAPS, police and residents “Policing in the community” increasingly means a collaborate in identifying and prioritizing problems, policing style fine-tuned to the community. That is the devising ways to address them, and helping to marshal message of the quip “Law enforcement is not a game of community resources to find solutions.24 cops and robbers in which the public plays the trees.” And it is the message of this remark by a police chief: Under the police-community approach to coproducing “We must get closer to the people we serve. Closer is safety—whether in Chicago or elsewhere25—police better. Distance is danger.”27 agencies, various components of the community, and a research partner participate in identifying problems and putting them in priority order. To define a problem, For More Information the problem solvers collect data, analyze incidents that Chaiken, M.R., Kids, COPS, and Communities, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department may be related to the targeted problem, look beyond of Justice, National Institute of Justice, June 1998 (NCJ 169599). the individual incidents, and begin asking whether the Hartnett, S.M., and W.G. Skogan, “Community Policing: Chicago’s Experience,” incidents were triggered by a common underlying cause NIJ Journal, April 1999, 2–11 (JR 000239). or condition that, if resolved, would prevent many of Langworthy, R.H. Measuring What Matters: Proceedings From the Policing Research them from recurring. Institute Meetings, Washington, D.C.: Department of Justice, National Institute of 23 Sampson, R.J., S.W. Raudenbush, and F. Earls, Neighborhood Justice and Office of Community Policing Services, July 1999 (NCJ 170610). Collective Efficacy—Does It Help Reduce Violence? Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Mastrofski, S.D., R.B. Parks, A.J. Reiss, Jr., and R.E. Worden, Policing Neighborhoods: Institute of Justice, April 1998 (FS 000203): 1. A Report From Indianapolis, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National 24 See Hartnett, S.M., and W.G. Skogan, “Community Policing: Institute of Justice, July 1998 (FS 000223). Chicago’s Experience,” NIJ Journal, April 1999 (JR 000239): 2–11. Mastrofski, S.D., R.B. Parks, A.J. Reiss, Jr., R.E. Worden, C. DeJong, J.B. Snipes, and W. Terrill, Systematic Observation of Public Police: Applying Field Research Methods 25 In fiscal year 1998, NIJ added 10 research projects to its substantial portfolio of awards related to community-oriented to Policy Issues, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of policing. See Appendix A, page 59. Justice, December 1998, vii (NCJ 172859). 26 McEwen, Tom, “NIJ’s Locally Initiated Research Partnerships Sampson, R.J., and D.J. Bartusch, Attitudes Toward Crime, Police, and the Law: in Policing—Factors That Add Up to Success,” NIJ Journal, January 1999 (JR 000238): 3. Individual and Neighborhood Differences, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, June 1999 (FS 000240). 27 Couper, D.C., “Seven Seeds for the Field of Policing,” speech delivered in acceptance of the Police Executive Research Forum’s leadership award, Washington, D.C., May 4, 1993. 30 Selected Highlights

Minimizing Risk Through Less-Than-Lethal Technology

Police, corrections officers, and concerned citizens • Funding the development and improvement of have long expressed a need for public safety officers existing LTL technologies. to have alternatives to using their hands, firearms, or • Testing and evaluating the safety and effectiveness batons when confronted by violent, uncooperative, or of LTL technologies. fleeing suspects. The development of less-than-lethal (LTL) technologies, including alternatives to high- • Addressing the legal liabilities and social acceptabil- speed pursuits, has consistently been among the top ity issues raised by LTL technologies. 10 priorities of NIJ’s Law Enforcement and Corrections • Coordinating with other Federal and international Technology Advisory Committee. agencies to leverage LTL research, testing, and technology development. NIJ’s LTL program identifies, develops, and evaluates new or improved devices and technologies that mini- • Providing information to law enforcement and mize the risk of death and injury to law enforcement corrections agencies about LTL technologies. officers, suspects, prisoners, and citizens. The program also contributes to reducing civil and criminal liability The LTL Program Portfolio suits against law enforcement and corrections agencies. In 1998, NIJ’s LTL portfolio consisted of six major project areas. NIJ has funded the development of some of Because no single LTL technology accommodates all these technologies as well as provided new and better scenarios and fulfills all requirements safely and effec- information about several existing LTL weapons, such tively, NIJ’s program is designed to provide options that as pepper spray and shot bags. best fit various needs while meeting such criteria as community acceptance and safety. NIJ does so in the Blunt impact projectiles. NIJ is funding research following ways: on three types of projects: (1) modification of a ring airfoil projectile (RAP), originally developed (but not fielded) by the U.S. Department of Defense; (2) development of test devices and models that predict the Police, corrections officers, and concerned citizens probability of injury from blunt-impact projectiles; and (3) development of a database on the effectiveness of have long expressed a need for public safety officers projectiles currently in use. to have alternatives to firearms, batons, or hands RAP is a rubber ring weighing about 1 ounce and resem- and feet when confronted by violent, uncooperative, bling a large napkin ring. Fired from an M-16A1 rifle equipped with an adaptor that makes the weapon non- or fleeing suspects. The development of less-than-lethal lethal at the muzzle, RAP flies straight ahead at a con- stant velocity of 185 to 210 feet per second. A launching technologies, including alternatives to high- device suitable for use by law enforcement and correc- speed pursuits, has consistently been among the tions officers is under development, and modifications are being made to deliver pepper powder. Officers top 10 priorities of NIJ’s Law Enforcement and equipped with RAP will have a weapon that can be used at standoff range (30 feet—a sufficiently safe Corrections Technology Advisory Committee. distance) when confronting violent suspects armed with weapons other than firearms. 31 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Chemicals. Pepper spray (oleoresin capsicum, vehicle-stopping technologies: a Pursuit Management or OC) is the primary chemical LTL weapon used by Task Force and a laboratory performance evaluation, law enforcement and corrections agencies for one-on- which also received support from the U.S. Army one confrontations. NIJ is sponsoring a number of Research Laboratory. evaluations of its health effects and operational effectiveness. The Task Force, consisting of senior law enforcement officers and other experts, identifies police practices Electrical devices. An electric stun projectile, and the role of technology in high-speed pursuits of developed through NIJ’s Joint Program Steering Group fleeing vehicles. The full range of police pursuit issues (a partnership between NIJ and the Defense Advanced has been explored by the Task Force. Its recommenda- Research Projects Agency to jointly identify and fund tions are being used to plan the development and projects), overcomes many of the limitations of cur- demonstration of advanced vehicle-stopping devices rently available electric shock LTL devices, such as the and to provide a resource for law enforcement stun gun and laser. The projectile is more effective agencies that develop and implement policies because it allows the officer standoff distance from a and procedures related to situations involving suspect or prisoner and ensures electrical contact. fleeing vehicles. Unlike earlier devices, there are no wires extending between officer and subject, and both electrical NIJ and the Army Research Laboratory evaluated a contacts are contained in a single device. The health number of vehicle-stopping concepts and related effects of the stun projectile are being evaluated, hardware, assessing their performance, operational with technical information from the developer characteristics, and safety. These laboratory perfor- forming the basis of the assessment. mance tests indicated that all devices met or could be modified to meet established standards for human NIJ compared the effectiveness of stun guns and safety. The evaluations also indicated that some devices pepper spray against hands-on tactics. The study, could disrupt the engine performance of most vehicles conducted in a jail environment, revealed fewer tested. For some devices, more comprehensive testing injuries with pepper spray than with hands-on tactics, is needed to determine effectiveness in operational but more injuries occurred with stun guns than with scenarios; other devices need further development. hands-on tactics.

Nets. Many practitioners and civilians view nets as For More Information particularly safe, noninvasive LTL weapons, preferable Visit the JUSTNET Web site, at http://www.nlectc.org, where specific to chemical or electrical devices. One of the nets projects are described in more detail. whose development was funded by NIJ was recently made available commercially. Another net design, Edwards, Steven M., John Granfield, and Jamie Onnen, Evaluation of Pepper Spray, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, unique in that it can be launched by a baton, is under National Institute of Justice, February 1997 (NCJ 162358). development. Kaminski, Robert, Steven M. Edwards, and James W. Johnson, “Assessing Light. NIJ is supporting the development of a laser the Incapacitative Effects of Pepper Spray During Resistive Encounters With the Police,” Policing 22 (1) (1999):7–29. dazzler to disorient suspects or prisoners and is funding the safety certification of the device. National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center, Pursuit Management Task Force Report, Rockville, Maryland: Car stopping. With funding from the Department National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center, September 1998 (NCJ 172200). of Justice’s Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, NIJ has invested in two projects related to 32 Selected Highlights Taking Steps to Prevent Crime

Mapping Out Crime sources of information using data collected by the office of public works, the tax assessor, and other The use of computer-generated maps showing precise city and county agencies. details about a neighborhood is a well-established practice in the private sector when a developer, for Mapping, with its rich data content and possibilities example, makes a decision about the location of a new for viewing multiple scenarios, gives police greater business or mixed-use development. But only in the capability to analyze criminal events more precisely, last few years has mapping become more widely used identify emerging high-crime areas (hot spots), 28 by public safety agencies. develop solutions, and deploy resources.

Those who use geographic information systems (GIS) NIJ Participates in a technology are finding that they can use GIS not only to Vice Presidential Task Force pinpoint the locations of crime by type, but also to add In 1998, NIJ participated in Vice President Gore’s Task multiple layers of information—such as the location Force on Crime Mapping and Data-Driven Management, of schools, public transportation routes, residence which aims to expand the use of crime mapping and of convicted sex offenders, and other neighborhood data-driven management to improve law enforcement. characteristics—so they can place crime in its context Through the Task Force subcommittees, NIJ is working within the neighborhood and uncover the more with State and local agencies to help them upgrade subtle dynamics of crime and victimization patterns. their technology and equipment and learn more about The Charlotte-Mecklenburg (North Carolina) Police the various uses of crime mapping, especially with Department, for example, is integrating multiple regard to integrating mapping with real-time data that supports community policing and crime prevention.

Those who use geographic information systems In establishing the Task Force, Vice President Gore cited the power of technology to reduce crime by technology are finding that they can use employing up-to-the-minute mapping, tracking, and strategic analysis of crime data combined with local it not only to pinpoint the locations of crime accountability for results. by type, but also to add multiple layers of Training and Assistance information—such as the location of schools, for Crime Mapping To realize the technology’s full potential, law enforce- public transportation routes, residence of ment agencies say they need training and technical assistance on the use of crime mapping and GIS. This is convicted sex offenders, and other neighborhood one finding from a 1998 national survey on the extent to characteristics—so they can place crime which law enforcement agencies use analytic mapping. Published in The Use of Computerized Crime Mapping in its context within the neighborhood and 28 An NIJ survey found that 36 percent of law enforcement uncover the more subtle dynamics of crime agencies with 100 or more sworn officers are using some form of crime mapping. The figure for smaller agencies is 3 percent. Mamalian, Cynthia A., and Nancy G. LaVigne, The and victimization patterns. Use of Computerized Crime Mapping by Law Enforcement: Survey Results, Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, January 1999 (FS 000237). 33 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Crime Mapping Research Awards

NIJ’s Crime Mapping Research Center awarded nine major grants for crime mapping research in 1998: • Assistance in Crime Mapping and Analytic Technologies for Enhancing Law Enforcement and Prosecution Coordination, Hunter College of the City University of New York. • Combining Police and Probation Research To Reduce Burglary: Testing a Crime-Analysis Problem-Solving Approach, Arizona State University. • Crime Hot-Spot Forecasting: Modeling and Comparative Evaluation, Carnegie Mellon University. • Detection and Prediction of Geographical Changes in Crime Rates, State University of New York at Buffalo. • A Geographic Information System Analysis of the Relationship Between Public Order and More Serious Crimes, University of Texas at Austin. • Identification, Development, and Implementation of Innovative Crime Mapping Techniques, Hunter College of the City University of New York. • Predictive Models for Law Enforcement, University of Virginia. • The Social and Economic Impact of Sentencing Practices and Incarceration on Families and Neighborhoods, Yale University. • Variation in Community Policing Activities Across Neighborhoods, University of Cincinnati. by Law Enforcement: Survey Results, the researchers’ burglary in Shreveport, Louisiana, and murder in findings will help NIJ to develop a strategic plan that Lowell, Massachusetts. will respond best to law enforcement needs related to GIS hardware, software, training, technical assistance, In the coming years, NIJ plans to continue reaching other resources, and dissemination techniques. out to community safety agencies and providing assistance and technical expertise with mapping as a tool NIJ’s Crime Mapping Research Center (CMRC), estab- that can promote collaborative problem solving. lished in 1997, serves as a central source of information about mapping research. NIJ also makes training and practical application assistance available through NIJ’s For More Information National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center–Rocky Mountain Region in Denver. (See page Visit NIJ’s Crime Mapping Research Center at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/cmrc, 40 for more information about the National Law or call the Center at 202–514–3431. Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center.) To subscribe to the listserv (Crimemap), send an Internet message to [email protected]. Leave the subject line blank and in the body In collaboration with police officers, crime analysts, and of the message type: subscribe crimemap,. researchers, NIJ has developed a number of courses to For assistance from NLECTC—Rocky Mountain Region, visit the JUSTNET train law enforcement personnel in using crime map- Web site at http://www.nlectc.org. Click on the “Rocky Mountain” center. Or ping. The courses range from an introductory overview contact the director of Rocky Mountain’s Crime Mapping and Analysis Program, to specific uses and intermediate-level analysis. Noah Fritz, at 1–800–416–8086, or NIJ Program Manager James Williams at 202–305–9078. During 1998, NIJ published jointly with the Police LaVigne, Nancy G., and Julie Wartell, Crime Mapping Case Studies: Success in Executive Research Forum a volume to answer the the Field, Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum, 1998 (PERF question: “How do police agencies use crime map- product #834). ping?” Crime Mapping Case Studies: Successes in the Mamalian, Cynthia A., and Nancy G. LaVigne, The Use of Computerized Field highlights successful efforts across the country Crime Mapping by Law Enforcement: Survey Results, Research Preview, that used mapping to identify suspects and prevent or Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, reduce crime, from auto theft in Newark, New Jersey, to January 1999 (FS 000237). 34 Selected Highlights

Partnerships Promote the Safety of Women and Families

The Violence Against Women and Family Violence The initiative addresses the following program (VAW/FV) Research and Evaluation program was objectives: launched in 1996 in direct response to the Violent • Describe the extent of violence against women Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 and family violence. (Crime Act). • Identify the reasons why violent behavior against Over the past year, NIJ continued its ambitious women and within the family occurs and the factors research agenda in collaboration with many other required to end this type of violence. Federal agencies, committing nearly $10 million during • Assess the effectiveness of prevention and 1998 to determine the nature and scope of violence intervention programs. against women and to address gaps in family violence programs, policies, and practices. • Provide research results to justice system practitioners, victim service providers, and NIJ’s VAW/FV program seeks to enhance the policymakers. effectiveness of the criminal justice system’s response • Develop multidisciplinary partnerships to to this type of violence and to improve the safety of broaden research efforts. women and their families. It achieves its goals through a multidisciplinary, collaborative research portfolio Collaboration Enhances that is examining the causes and consequences of Ambitious Research Program violence against women and family violence, evaluating The foundation of NIJ’s research on violence prevention and intervention initiatives, and supporting against women and family violence is built on a variety field research that can be used to improve practice of intra- and interagency partnerships. Each partner and formulate policy. enhances the depth and breadth of the program. NIJ’s VAW/FV infrastructure is comprised of four components:

• The NIJ Violence Against Women Research and The Violence Against Women and Family Violence Evaluation Agenda.

Research and Evaluation program achieves its • The NIJ/Violence Against Women Office Joint goals through a multidisciplinary, collaborative Program. • The NIJ/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention research portfolio that is examining the causes Collaboration.

and consequences of violence against women • The Interagency Consortium on Violence Against Women. and family violence, evaluating prevention and

intervention initiatives, and supporting field NIJ’s Violence Against Women Research and Evaluation Agenda. NIJ has funded projects research that can be used to improve practice on such issues as domestic violence/intimate partner violence, sexual assault, and stalking. These studies and formulate policy. fall under four major program areas: practitioner- researcher collaborations; evaluation of policies and programs, including experimental research designs; longitudinal studies of women’s experience with violence; and basic research. 35 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Members of the Interagency Consortium on Violence Against Women

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. • National Institute of Mental Health.

• National Institute on Aging. • Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research (at the National Institutes of Health). • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. • Office of Child Abuse and Neglect.

• National Institute on Drug Abuse. • Office of Research on Women’s Health (at the National Institutes of Health). • National Institute of Justice.

NIJ and VAWO Joint Program. Together, NIJ against women using a multidisciplinary approach. and the Office of Justice Program’s Violence Against The consortium brings together researchers from the Women Office (VAWO) are evaluating the effectiveness mental health, public health and prevention, alcohol of four programs, plus the largest VAWO program, and drug abuse, and child development fields. Twelve STOP (Services Training Officers Prosecutors) research projects have been funded on a range of Violence Against Women grants program. A majority topics, including abuse of children and the elderly, of STOP grants provide direct services to victims, with partner violence, sexual violence, and perpetrators and emphasis on providing assistance to underserved victims of multiple episodes of family violence. Findings victims and building community capacity to combat from the 12 projects are expected in 1999 and 2000. violence against women. Nearly a quarter of the projects provide training for law enforcement and For More Information prosecution. Many grantees are developing policies and protocols or supporting specialized units within Visit NIJ’s Violence Against Women and Family Violence Program Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/vawprog/welcome.html. law enforcement or prosecution agencies. Visit CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Web site at NIJ and CDC Collaboration. NIJ and the Centers http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/dvp/fivpt. for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are collabo- Burt, M.R., L.C. Newmark, L.K. Jacobs, and A.V. Harrell, Evaluation of the STOP rating on a 5-year effort to examine violence against Formula Grants to Combat Violence Against Women, Washington, D.C.: Urban women—why it occurs, how to prevent it, and how to Institute, July 1998. To access this report on the Urban Institute’s Web page, go increase the effectiveness of legal and health care to www.urban.org, then click on “Researchers by Name,” and then on “Burt.” interventions. The partners support joint publications, Chalk, R., and P. King, eds., Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and projects, conferences, meetings, and panels at profes- Treatment Programs, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1998. sional gatherings. A major component of the NIJ/CDC Crowell, N.A., and A.W. Burgess, eds., Understanding Violence Against collaboration is the National Violence Against Women Women, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996. Survey, which is described on pages 7–8. Healey, K., C. Smith, and C. O’Sullivan, Batterer Intervention: Program Approaches and Criminal Justice Strategies, Issues and Practices, NIJ and CDC expanded their joint research efforts in Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1998 with almost $1 million in funding for two new pro- February 1998 (NCJ 168638). jects: a longitudinal examination of the effects of welfare Legal Interventions in Family Violence: Research Findings and Policy system changes on domestic abuse among low-income Implications, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: American Bar Association minority women, and a study of partner violence among and U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 1998 young, at-risk Mexican-American females to help develop (NCJ 171666). culturally responsive, effective prevention programs. Tjaden, P., and N. Thoennes, Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Interagency Consortium. In 1996, nine Federal Survey, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, agencies formed a consortium to examine violence National Institute of Justice, November 1998 (NCJ 172837). 36 Selected Highlights

Enhancing Public Safety by Improving and Detecting Weapons

Firearms were the cause of 34,000 deaths in 1996.29 Other research, conducted by Sandia National In addition, firearms killed 688 law enforcement Laboratories, suggests several existing technologies officers (92 percent of those killed in the line of duty) that also may be suitable for smart gun application, from 1988 through 1997. Ten percent (or 62) of these including touch memory, biometric technologies, officers were slain with their own firearm.30 and voice recognition.

NIJ is supporting research and development activities In addition to making a police weapon safer, the smart that will lead to safer guns and better ways to detect gun concept, once fully developed and tested, has concealed weapons. the potential to greatly improve safety for private owners by reducing the potential for accidental shoot- Developing Smart Guns ing and the opportunity for a suspect to turn a home- NIJ’s smart gun project supports the development owner’s firearm against the occupant. and refinement of a firearm that will only fire for a recognized user. Detecting Concealed Weapons Concealed weapons in the hands of criminals are In 1994, NIJ sponsored research to determine the serious threats to the safety of the public and to law viability of a smart gun that would be effective enough enforcement officials. Recognizing the severity of the for law enforcement officers to use. In 1995, Colt problem, President Clinton directed the Department Manufacturing developed the first working smart of Justice to address it. In response, NIJ initiated a gun prototype using radio frequency identification technology program to provide better tools to detect technology. When activated, Colt Manufacturing’s weapons. smart gun emits a radio signal, which is received by a small transponder worn by the authorized user. The Department of Justice/Department of Defense The transponder returns a coded radio signal to the Joint Program Steering Group manages the concealed firearm. When the weapon hears the signal, the trigger weapons detection program for NIJ, in collaboration is unlocked and the weapon can be fired. with the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory in Rome, New York, and the National Law Enforcement and At a meeting convened in early 1998, NIJ demonstrated Corrections Technology Center-Northeast Region. the product and solicited ideas for improvements from law enforcement and corrections officials. NIJ is sup- NIJ and the partner agencies are developing technolo- porting Colt Manufacturing’s efforts to build Prototype gies to unobtrusively detect metallic and nonmetallic II, which will contain more advanced features, including concealed weapons using imagery-capable and multiple a smaller receiver that can fit on the back of a watch, in technology-based systems. NIJ also monitors other a bracelet, or be made a permanent part of a uniform. promising technology developments, including low- The rest of the components will be inserted in the power x-rays that penetrate clothing but do not pene- grip of the gun. trate the body. Instead, the device reflects x-rays back from the skin, subjecting individuals to the equivalent of about 5 minutes of exposure to the sun at sea level. 29 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Vital Computer software creates a composite image of the Statistics Report, 47(9) (November 10, 1998): 67. person from the reflected x-rays. The color and shape 30 Uniform Crime Reports, “Law Enforcement Officers Killed, 1997,” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal of objects in the image enable everyday items, like keys, Bureau of Investigation, pp. 4, 15. to be distinguished from suspicious items. 37 NIJ Annual Report 1998

The major advantage of this device over current received. Three prototypes of this device were walk-through portals, like those found at airports delivered to the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory’s and courthouses, is that it can detect weapons with Rome research site for evaluation. If the prototypes no metal content. The device was successfully demon- perform as expected, NIJ plans to demonstrate them strated in a Federal courthouse in Los Angeles and with law enforcement agencies. at a State correctional facility in North Carolina in 1997 and at the U.S. Capitol in April 1998. Also in development are two portable devices used for scanning groups of individuals for illicit weapons. One The second product is a walk-through portal developed uses radar; the other is a hybrid system using both by the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental radar and infrared (heat-detecting) sensors. Both Laboratory of Idaho Falls, Idaho. This device uses flux- appear promising. gate magnetometers to detect changes in the earth’s magnetic field caused by the magnetic material in NIJ is developing a weapons detector that will mount weapons carried by individuals walking through it. to the front of patrol cars. It is intended to allow law It can detect weapons with even a small ferrous enforcement officials to screen individuals standing 10 content. Another advantage it holds over current to 15 feet away for concealed weapons made of metal, portals, besides improved sensitivity, is that it is like handguns and knives, from inside a patrol car. not as likely to issue an alert for innocuous objects like keys, which usually do not contain ferrous material. Finally, NIJ is funding an effort to develop a device for This technology is almost ready for commercialization. noninvasive body cavity screening using magnetic A prototype is in operation in the Bannock County, resonance imaging, or MRI, a technology perhaps Idaho, courthouse. best known for its use in medicine.

In addition to portal devices, NIJ has a number of hand- Although NIJ’s weapons technology and detection held weapons detectors in development. These devices capability programs have only existed for 4 years, they are intended to allow law enforcement officials to scan have been remarkably successful in their endeavors to individuals for illicit weapons at a safe distance. NIJ is develop promising technologies. pursuing multiple technical approaches to increase the chance of producing one or more devices that are highly effective. Two of these approaches use different types of radar and a third uses ultrasound. Each In addition to making a police weapon safer, approach has different advantages and limitations. The ultrasound device is the least expensive and the the smart gun concept, once fully developed most readily developed. On the other hand, ultrasound and tested, has the potential to greatly improve does not penetrate clothing as well as radar. The ultrasound device was demonstrated in 1998 for the safety for private owners by reducing the California Border Alliance Group, where it was well potential for accidental shooting and the

For More Information opportunity for a suspect to turn a homeowner’s Visit the Web site of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections firearm against the occupant. Technology Centers at http://www.nlectc.org. “Making Guns Smart: The Next Step,” TechBeat, Winter 1999: 3. 38 Selected Highlights Finding New Ways of Working Together

Partnerships—Multiplying In recent years, Congress has made it possible for Perspectives and Resources partnerships among government agencies to flourish. Following passage of the 1994 Crime Act, for example, Recognizing that no single organization or field of NIJ formed partnerships with the offices created to study has the answer to reducing and preventing crime, administer the Act to evaluate the innovative programs NIJ joins with other government agencies, as well as established at the State and local levels. Partnerships with professional groups and other organizations, have greatly expanded NIJ’s research capacity. Funds to work on issues collaboratively. The Institute also transferred to NIJ from other government agencies encourages the partnership approach at the local level. have more than doubled since 1995.31 Partnerships bring together multiple perspectives, skills, experiences, and types of knowledge, increasing Partnerships make strategic sense when criminal the chances of devising effective solutions and avoiding justice agencies at different levels of government duplication of effort. They also help to ensure the come together in a single community to focus their involvement of all stakeholders. collective skills on a common problem. At several sites nationwide, the Strategic Approaches to Community The Rationale Safety Initiative (SACSI) is targeting problems like Partnerships make sense for criminal justice because gang violence through a team approach that combines many issues that touch the field of criminal justice also the efforts of U.S. attorneys, researchers, and local affect other disciplines. Substance abuse, perceived as agencies and organizations to build the necessary both a public health and criminal justice problem, is infrastructure of research and technology for precise perhaps the best example. Health concerns also inter- definition of problems and promising countermea- sect with criminal justice concerns in corrections. sures. (See “Strategic Approaches to Community This conjuncture prompted NIJ’s partnership with the Safety,” page 25.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is conducting surveys on the prevalence of Researchers and Practitioners— HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases in prisons. Equal Partners Violence against women, also a concern of both health SACSI is only the most recent way in which NIJ has and criminal justice professionals, prompted a partner- encouraged collaboration. Since 1995, the Institute ship between NIJ and CDC aimed at understanding the has been promoting a new way for researchers to work extent of the problem and finding effective responses. together with criminal justice practitioners in law enforcement and other fields. In the locally initiated research partnerships program, the partners work as equals on pressing local problems. The collaborative Partnerships bring together multiple approach is viewed by NIJ as such a valuable tool that it was selected as the theme of the 1998 criminal justice perspectives, skills, experiences, and research and evaluation conference. types of knowledge, increasing the chances Police departments have long worked with researchers, of devising effective solutions and avoiding but the traditional approach has been for the researcher to identify the topic of study and for the duplication of effort. agency to provide access to data and staff. NIJ’s locally

31 In 1995, transfers of funds from other agencies amounted to $11.1 million; by 1998 that figure had risen to $26.3 million. 39 NIJ Annual Report 1998 initiated research partnerships are a departure from Joining Forces for that model in that the law enforcement agency and Safer Public Housing the researchers together identify the problem to be Some public housing communities across America studied and work side by side to develop strategies to experience disproportionately high levels of crime. deal with the problem. The two collaborate on the NIJ has established a partnership with the U.S. research design and its implementation and on the Department of Housing and Urban Development interpretation of study findings. In the long term, (HUD) to help local public housing authorities NIJ anticipates that the partnerships will extend (PHA’s) reduce crime. beyond the life of the initial project to become ongoing collaborations that build practitioners’ In one partnership effort, NIJ is developing measurable research capacity. indicators of the impact of HUD’s Public Housing Drug Elimination Program (PHDEP) so that public housing The 41 researcher-practitioner partnerships in policing officials and residents will have empirically based evi- are the subject of a national evaluation of both process dence for deciding whether a program supported by and impact, with the final report expected early in the PHDEP should be continued, modified, or discontinued year 2000. From their beginnings in policing, the part- and whether it can or should be replicated. nerships have been extended to other areas, including research on inmate substance abuse, crime in Another NIJ-HUD partnership effort brings together public housing, and violence against women (see researchers, local PHA’s, residents, and law enforce- “Partnerships Promote the Safety of Women and ment officials. As with all research partnerships, NIJ Families,” page 34.) sees this effort as helping to develop and sustain local research capacity. Researchers work with the PHA’s Drug Treatment for Prisoners— and residents to design technically sound strategies Partnerships Extended for evaluating the impact of a program, with a built-in Because large proportions of arrestees are substance feedback loop that allows for midcourse correction. abusers, treatment offered in the correctional setting Alternatively, the partnership can first identify prob- holds the potential for reducing drug use as well as lems related to drug abuse and trafficking and other recidivism. The Residential Substance Abuse Treatment crime, then design and implement solutions and evalu- (RSAT) program, authorized under the 1994 Crime Act, ate their impact. For the researchers, the projects offers funds to the States to develop such programs afford the opportunity to apply their knowledge in a in prisons and jails. States are encouraged to adopt real-world setting where it can make a difference. comprehensive approaches that include relapse prevention and aftercare. With support from the Eight researcher-practitioner partnerships are now Corrections Program Office, NIJ is evaluating under way in Calexico, California; Jonesboro, Arkansas; selected RSAT programs. Omaha, Nebraska; Nashville, Tennessee; New Haven, Connecticut; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Raleigh, North The evaluations are patterned on the researcher- Carolina; and Salt Lake City, Utah. practitioner model. Researchers based in local univer- sities or other research institutions are encouraged For More Information to collaborate with the State agency whose program is being assessed. Again, the immediate aim is to measure McEwen, Tom, “NIJ’s Locally Initiated Research Partnerships in Policing: Factors That Add Up to Success,” NIJ Journal (January 1999): 2–10 (JR 000238). program effectiveness, while the long-term goal is to build the research capacity of the agency. A national- Viewing Crime and Justice From a Collaborative Perspective: Plenary Papers level evaluation, covering programs in all States that of the 1998 Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation, Research have RSAT programs, is also under way. In 1998, NIJ Forum, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 1999 (NCJ 176979). awarded many additional evaluation grants. 40 Selected Highlights

Consulting the Experts in Science and Technology

A paramount concern in developing new equipment and A Smart Gun (a gun that can be fired only by recognized technology is uncovering and understanding the needs users); through-the-wall surveillance systems (which of those who will use it. Equally important is making can detect movement behind concrete walls); and sure a product is the best tool for the job and has advanced body armor inserts (lighter than the vests received the imprimatur of the experts. Lives are on now used, they also protect against assault rifles) are the line every day—law enforcement officers, correc- among the products being developed on the basis of tions personnel, and citizens. That reality is the driving LECTAC recommendations. force behind NIJ’s creation of an array of measures to make sure these issues are fully addressed. Deciding on Priorities Promising technologies and related policy issues are Identifying the Needs of the Field reviewed for NIJ by experts from the private sector Input from the people who work on the front lines and various Federal agencies. These knowledgeable comes to NIJ via a group of practitioners organized representatives constitute the Technology and Policy as the Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Assessment Panel, whose primary function is present- Advisory Council (LECTAC). In essence, LECTAC ing different perspectives on the best approaches to members are the voice of State and local practitioners getting new technologies into practitioners’ hands in who will be the end users of NIJ-developed products, both the short and long term. Legal, social, and other services, standards, guidelines, and publications. problems that might arise in developing a specific They work through the National Law Enforcement product are examined in depth. One of the Panel’s and Corrections Technology Centers (NLECTC), subcommittees is dedicated to investigating liability, a NIJ’s one-stop technology education, assessment, and recurring issue for criminal justice agencies. referral source for law enforcement and corrections agencies. LECTAC pinpoints needs and NIJ passes It was the Panel that recognized the potential to the information on to researchers, scientists, and adapt for law enforcement use some of the products engineers. Major imperatives are affordability, safety, developed for the military; the result has been a effectiveness, and limited liability. vigorous Justice-Defense Department collaboration on a number of products, including the ring airfoil projectile, a nonlethal deterrent device initially developed for use by the National Guard; a laser dazzler, A paramount concern in developing new which uses laser light to temporarily immobilize suspects; and an explosives diagnostic system that detects equipment and technology is uncovering bombs and similar devices. and understanding the needs of Refining and Standardizing those who will use it. Procedures The work of law enforcement and corrections agencies encompasses a vast array of issues. These agencies operate best when they have access to the most advanced techniques and proven practices. Through a process involving technical working groups (TWG’s), each dedicated to a specific discipline or practice, NIJ helps to identify the best techniques and practices, develop standardized procedures, and draw on 41 NIJ Annual Report 1998 community opinion in the shaping of its long-range a list of initiatives, which currently contains more than policies. The goal of each TWG is to produce 150 projects at some stage of development. objective, comprehensive, verifiable guidelines and procedures. Community Acceptance— An Essential Component TWG’s are established in response to community- The technology tools developed under NIJ sponsorship articulated issues and in response to requests must not only meet the tests of scientific soundness, from the criminal justice community. A key component cost-effectiveness, and responsiveness to practitioner is a resource pool of organizations and experts in the needs, they also must be socially acceptable. That is, field for which a TWG has been established. The guide- they must reflect community perceptions of appropri- lines for death investigations, recently published by ate and valid use. NIJ, were developed through the work of a TWG.32 Social acceptability is particularly important when In recent months, NIJ has set up TWG’s to develop unfamiliar technologies, such as new methods of non- procedures for investigating bomb and explosive lethal incapacitation, are proposed. Ensuring that the evidence, crime scenes, and arson; using eyewitness community has the opportunity to become familiar with evidence; and responding to electronic crime. The proposed tools and technologies is the work of the guidelines for each procedure will be developed by Community Acceptance Panel, through which NIJ asks surveying representatives of all relevant disciplines representatives with highly differing points of view to and arriving at a consensus that reflects their diverse express their views and concerns. A typical panel, for perspectives. example, might be composed of representatives from the American Civil Liberties Union, Hand-Gun Control, Coordinating the Work of the National Rifle Association, the National Association Federal Agencies for the Advancement of Colored People, neighborhood The Justice Department is only one of several Federal public housing associations, and crime watch groups. agencies that work on research and technology devel- New and proposed technologies are presented to the opment that could be useful in law enforcement and panel by experts and criminal justice practitioners. NIJ corrections. For example, advances in communications uses the Panel’s reactions to improve the way the tech- and transportation could be adopted or adapted for nology programs are presented to the public and, if police use. To avoid costly duplication, the many necessary, to modify the programs or specific products. Federal agencies that conduct these types of activities The Community Acceptance Panel is not the only way now share information through the Technology Policy NIJ receives public input about a new technology, but it Council (TPC).33 is the most structured way, and every effort is made to achieve a balanced public perspective. One way TPC maximizes the value of investments in research and development is by tracking Federal initiatives under way in all participating agencies. For More Information As the executive agent for TPC, NIJ maintains Visit the Web site of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center at http://www.nlectc.org. 32 National Guidelines for Death Investigation, Research Visit the Web site of the National Institute of Justice, Office of Science Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, December 1997 (NCJ 167568). and Technology at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/sciencetech.

33 Initially, the Attorney General requested that the law enforcement and corrections components of the Justice Department that conduct research and development meet regularly to share information about their programs. Subsequently, other Federal agencies joined TPC, creating an interagency council with representatives from several departments. 42 Selected Highlights

Guiding the User of State-of-the-Art Technology

Criminal justice agencies face the same imperative of NIJ’s most frequently requested publications. for ongoing technological advancement as do other Other guidelines issued in 1998 include: organizations. For that reason, NIJ has spearheaded • Batteries used by law enforcement. Vehicles, technology-related research and development to flashlights, mobile radios, laptop computers, and produce life-saving equipment and devices that cell phones all require batteries. The guidelines promise to prevent crime and improve criminal cover performance advantages and disadvantages, justice. NIJ also develops performance standards cost-effectiveness, and handling and maintenance. for equipment, tests equipment against them, and issues guidelines for using the equipment. In 1998, • Designing and building forensics standards and guidelines were developed in several laboratories. Developed with the American areas, and a number of training and technical assis- Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, the guide- tance initiatives were undertaken to familiarize lines are a resource for building or refurbishing a prospective users with the new technologies. laboratory. Safety, security, and adaptability to changing technologies were the main considera- Measuring Performance, tions in developing the guidelines. Issuing Standards In law enforcement and corrections, where lives are Demonstrating Safe, Effective on the line every day, equipment needs to meet rigor- Riot Control in Prisons ous and exacting standards for safety, dependability, A mock prison riot held at the West Virginia peniten- and effectiveness. For more than 25 years, NIJ has tiary showcased emerging technologies useful for developed standards for commercial equipment and rapid, safe response. Some 300 observers watched tested it to help officials make informed decisions several scenarios set up to depict real-life riot situa- when purchasing such items as protective clothing, tions. They included a stabbing and hostage-taking vehicles, weapons, and communications systems. during a basketball game, an uprising in the prison In 1998, NIJ released standards for several types of chapel, cellblock takeovers, and high-speed escapes equipment, among them: by boat and automobile.

• Antennas used by law enforcement in radio The basketball game scenario featured a range of communication. The revised standard covers equipment used for restraint and communication. An newer antennas, at base stations or other fixed electronic fence foiled an attempted escape, and other sites, that use new frequency bands. inmates were prevented from fleeing when their vehi- • Pistols used by law enforcement officers. cle was disabled by a road spike. During the simulated Performance requirements were set for new hostage negotiations, a voice translator was used to talk weapon designs and calibers, and testing proce- with inmates who could not speak English. Participants dures were revised. used a biometric device to verify the identities of staff and inmates and an ion tracker to detect explosives in Guidance for Technology Users the facility. Guidelines, as distinct from standards, present information in nontechnical terms and reach a wide Other scenarios demonstrated the capabilities of night- audience. For example, NIJ developed guidelines for vision devices, security systems, officer protection death investigations in conjunction with the Bureau products, drug detection systems, and location/tracking of Justice Assistance and the Centers for Disease systems. Telemedicine technology was used to respond Control and Prevention; the booklet has been one to staged injuries. 43 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Saving Resources Through Preparing weapons team responses. Rescuing Technology-Based Training hostages, using force, clearing rooms and buildings, Using advanced technologies as training tools can be and dealing with threats to school security are simulat- a relatively low-cost alternative or supplement to con- ed by an interactive technology, the Weapons Team ventional classroom learning. NIJ is developing several Engagement Trainer (WTET). Trainees equipped with training tools in a number of areas of interest to law a range of simulated weapons respond to various enforcement and corrections and has created an scenarios that are projected on large screens and can Internet-based database, the Law Enforcement be replayed for evaluation purposes. Originally devel- Instructional Technology Information System, to catalog oped for the Navy, WTET was commercialized for law training curricula that use advanced technologies. enforcement use and has been installed in the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department. Handling bomb threats. Bomb threats are among the most frightening and dangerous situations public Briefing the Field: NIJ’s Technology Institutes safety officers face. Under NIJ sponsorship, the Transferring technology to law enforcement and University of Houston is developing an interactive corrections is the aim of the Technology Institutes multimedia package that trains first responders to NIJ has held to bring State and local agency officials up conduct bomb threat assessments that cover evaluating to speed on recent developments applicable to their the situation, searching, and evacuating. fields. In two sessions held in 1998, one for law enforcement and another for corrections, the range of Because the Bomb Threat Training Simulator (BTTS) affordable, effective technologies currently available or is in CD-ROM format, it requires only a multimedia- in the pipeline was showcased. equipped computer and enables trainees to learn at their own pace, saving travel time, class time, and At each weeklong Institute, some 24 officials selected money. An evaluation of the initial version of BTTS from a pool of applicants were briefed on technologies showed it to be more effective than conventional being developed by NIJ and other Federal agencies. bomb threat response training. On the basis of reviews The Institutes also served as forums where participants by experts, NIJ provided additional funds to develop discussed the specific challenges they face and BTTS for actual field use, with rollout scheduled for explored possible solutions. NIJ staff were on hand mid-2000. to direct them to further information.

Analyzing bombs. Dealing with explosive devices requires an understanding of how they are made and For More Information what they are made of. With the Department of Defense Visit the Law Enforcement Instructional Technology Information System and the FBI, NIJ is piloting and evaluating a better way Web site at http://www.leitis.com, for information about training curricula. for law enforcement to diagnose these devices. One Visit the Web site of the National Law Enforcement and Corrections tool, the RTR-3, is a computer-based, portable x-ray Technology Center (NLECTC) at http://www.nlectc.org, for information about system that permits real-time diagnosis or enables new products and technologies for law enforcement and corrections. Or con- the x-ray images of the devices to be transmitted tact NLECTC by phone (800–248–2742) or e-mail ([email protected]). electronically for examination. The RTR-3 is being Forensic Laboratories: Handbook for Facility Planning, Design, Construction, piloted in 28 State and local agencies nationwide. and Moving, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, April 1998 (NCJ 168106). Training bomb disposal experts. To aid in New Technology Batteries Guide, NIJ Guide 200–98, Washington, D.C.: U.S. the highly dangerous and delicate process of disman- Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, October 1998. tling bombs, NIJ, along with the FBI, is developing a NIJ Standard 0112.03, Autoloading Pistols for Police Officers, Washington, D.C.: computer-based, interactive tool for training bomb dis- U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 1998. posal technicians. Packaged as a CD-ROM, it is intended NIJ Standard 0204.02, Fixed and Base Station Antennas, Washington, D.C.: U.S. as a refresher course, supplementing basic training. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, June 1998. 44 Selected Highlights Exploring Issues of Special Concern

Understanding Crime in Its Context: cultural structure of Chicago’s neighborhoods and the The Project on Human Development changes that take place in them over time. The second in Chicago Neighborhoods is a series of longitudinal studies assessing the personal characteristics and changing circumstances of a What makes some communities relatively safe sample of children and adolescents. Researchers and lawful while others experience high rates of have conducted surveys among nearly 9,000 residents crime, violence, and substance abuse? How do of 343 Chicago neighborhood clusters, more than 2,800 individual personalities, family relationships, school key community leaders, and a sample of 6,000 children environments, and type of community interact to and adolescents (from birth through age 18). The contribute to delinquency and criminal behavior? Chicago Project goes beyond previous studies by What characteristics—of communities, families, and examining individuals and their communities— individuals—enable citizens to lead crimefree lives as well as individuals in their communities. even in high-risk neighborhoods? Using Chicago as a laboratory, researchers are attempting to answer NIJ is conducting the Chicago study in partnership such questions about the complex relationships with the Harvard School of Public Health. The Project among community, crime, delinquency, family, is cofunded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur and individual development. Foundation; the National Institute of Mental Health and the Administration for Children, Youth and Families of The Project on Human Development in Chicago the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Neighborhoods brings together experts from many and the U.S. Department of Education. disciplines to examine crime in the context of community. It combines two studies into a single integrated Understanding Community Influences research effort. The first is an intensive examination Offers Practical Benefits of the social, economic, organizational, political, and The study’s focus on the effects of community and neighborhood contexts on individual behavior offers a deeper understanding of human development and the role of changing social environments. Already, Preliminary analyses have provided new insight researchers have amassed a wealth of information that reveals significant ways in which the social environment into the origins of some of the Nation’s most of neighborhoods shapes and determines behavior and that identifies the developmental pathways that attract serious problems: delinquency, substance people to or deter them from a variety of antisocial abuse, and other forms of criminal behavior. behaviors. Preliminary analyses have provided new insight into the origins of some of the Nation’s most This knowledge will help practitioners and serious problems: delinquency, substance abuse, and other forms of criminal behavior. This knowledge will policymakers develop effective strategies help practitioners and policymakers develop effective for prevention, intervention, treatment, strategies for prevention, intervention, treatment, rehabilitation, and sanctions. rehabilitation, and sanctions. As the Project’s researchers explore how communities influence individual development, they are addressing specific questions such as, “What role is played by the 45 NIJ Annual Report 1998 economic opportunities available in a community?” parents and children. The researchers are looking at and “How are residents affected by a range of social how these developments occur, hoping to generate factors operating in the community?” Another concept findings useful in developing community initiatives to being explored is the “spheres of influence” or strengthen neighborhood-based service programs. “nested contexts” within the larger community, which play important roles in human development. These influences range from social contexts, such as school and peer groups, to family relationships, For More Information to an individual’s own health and temperament. Visit NIJ’s Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij. Click on “Program” and “Publications.” The research produced by the Chicago Project has Visit the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods’ other useful applications. For example, the study is Web site at http://phdcn.harvard.edu for current Project information, generating a substantial database of information including Project brochures, descriptions of funded grants, a list of recent about a major urban area—its people, institutions, scientific publications, newsletters, progress reports, press releases, resources, and their relationships within communi- and staff contact information. Requests to receive the Project’s ties—along with a detailed description of life in the quarterly newsletter, “The Chicago Project News,” can be made city’s neighborhoods. This information should prove via the Web site. valuable to community agencies and leaders in Chicago Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) and other large cities. Annual Report, November 1998. Available from PHDCN, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115; phone: Community Cohesion and Residential 617–432–1227. Stability Help Reduce Crime Sampson, Robert J., and Dawn Jeglum Bartusch, Attitudes Toward Crime, The Project’s researchers have found that a communi- Police, and the Law: Individual and Neighborhood Differences, Research ty’s cohesiveness offers insights into the social Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute mechanisms that link neighborhood poverty and of Justice, June 1999 (FS 000240); and Obeidallah, Dawn A., and Felton J. Earls, Adolescent Girls: The Role of Depression in the Development of instability with high crime rates. This cohesiveness, Delinquency, Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of or collective efficacy, is defined as mutual trust and a Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 1999 (FS 000244). willingness on the part of neighborhood residents to help maintain public order where they live. Examples Sampson, R., S. Raudenbusch, and F. Earls. “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy,” Science 277:918–924; of collective efficacy include monitoring children’s play see also by the same authors, Neighborhood Collective Efficacy: groups; helping one another; and intervening to prevent Does It Help Reduce Violence? Research Preview, Washington, juvenile truancy, street-corner loitering, and similar D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, antisocial behavior. The researchers also found that April 1998 (FS 000203). collective efficacy is itself influenced by the extent Selner-O’Hagan, M.B., et al., “Assessing Exposure to Violence in Urban of a neighborhood’s residential stability. Youth,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 39(2) (1998); see also by the same authors, Assessing the Exposure of Urban The study is devoting particular attention to early Youth to Violence, Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of childhood and family economic conditions and the ways Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 1996. in which they are related to the services available in neighborhoods. The local environment plays a crucial role in a neighborhood’s educational, recreational, and child care services; the question of why similar environments affect children differently, depending on their age, gender, and ethnicity, is being examined.

Underlying factors, such as a child’s temperament and social isolation, may produce problems for both 46 Selected Highlights

Examining Youth and Crime Issues

Overall arrests of juveniles have been declining since (See “Understanding Crime in Its Context: The Project 1994, but persons under the age of 18 still accounted on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods,” for an estimated 19 percent of all persons arrested and page 44, for more details about these findings.) 17 percent of all violent crime arrests in 1997.34 During 1998, with support from NIJ, the University of Chicago Safety in Schools published a special volume in the Crime and Justice As community institutions, schools can serve as the series devoted exclusively to youth crime issues.35 physical places and social networks where communities The volume’s 10 essays by highly respected scholars mobilize against violence. Although children are gener- focus especially on youth violence. Other NIJ-funded ally safer in school than they are elsewhere, the recent research is examining the developmental sequences series of violent incidents has raised school crime and that lead some children to engage in antisocial safety to the highest level of priority. behavior, safety in schools, gang-related violence, and transfers of youth to adult courts. According to the 1998 joint U.S. Department of Education/U.S. Department of Justice Annual Report Developmental Antecedents on School Safety, key indicators show that few of the to Youth Violence murders and suicides of youth occur at school and A great deal of research has been done on the that most schools did not report any serious violent importance of early childhood in shaping later crimes to police in 1996.38 Other major findings criminal behavior. A study of New York prison inmates include the following: found that 68 percent of the sample reported some • The percentage of 12th graders injured in violence form of child victimization and 23 percent reported at school has not changed over the 20-year period, experiencing multiple forms of abuse and neglect, 1976–96, although the percentage threatened with including physical and sexual abuse.36 Such findings injury showed a very slight overall upward trend. have important policy implications for developing prevention programs for youth and providing treatment • In 1996–97, 10 percent of all public schools report- services for offenders. ed at least one serious violent crime to police. Another 47 percent reported at least one less NIJ-funded research also has found that one of the serious violent or nonviolent crime. The remaining most important influences in keeping violent crime 43 percent did not report any crimes to police. low in urban neighborhoods is collective efficacy— • Elementary schools were much less likely than that is, mutual trust among neighbors combined with either middle or high schools to report any type a willingness to intervene on behalf of the common of crime to the police in 1996–97. good, including supervision of neighborhood children.37

34 Snyder, Howard N., Juvenile Arrests 1997, Washington, D.C.: Violence? Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, April 1998 Delinquency Prevention, 1998 (NCJ 173938). (FS 000203); and Earls, Felton, Linking Community Factors and Individual Development, Research Preview, Washington, 35 Tonry, Michael, and Mark H. Moore, eds., Youth Violence, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, vol. 24 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Chicago: September 1998 (FS 000230). University of Chicago Press, 1998. 38 U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of 36 Weeks, R., and C.S. Widom, Early Childhood Victimization Justice, Annual Report on School Safety: 1998. See also Among Incarcerated Adult Male Felons, Research Preview, Kaufman, P., X. Chen, S.P. Choy, K.A. Chandler, C.D. Chapman, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National M.R. Rand, and C. Ringel, Indicators of School Crime and Institute of Justice, April 1998 (FS 000204). Safety 1998: Executive Summary, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Departments of Education and Justice, October 1998 (NCES 37 Sampson, R.J., S.W. Raudenbush, and F. Earls, 98–251/NCJ 172215). Neighborhood Collective Efficacy–Does It Help Reduce 47 NIJ Annual Report 1998

The NIJ-funded High School Youths, Weapons, and Gang-Related Violence Violence: A National Survey examined the extent In the area of gang violence, an NIJ-funded study to which a national sample of male high school corroborates previous findings that gang members sophomores and juniors was involved in or otherwise are more likely to engage in serious and violent crimes. affected by firearm-related activity and exposure to More significantly, however, the research identified 39 weapons in 1996. Highlights of the survey findings windows of opportunity for intervention and revealed include the following: that, contrary to popular belief, reprisals suffered by those youths who resisted overtures to join a gang • Fifty percent of the juveniles surveyed felt that were often milder than the serious assaults endured they could obtain firearms relatively easily. by youths during gang initiation.41 • Family and friends were the primary sources of guns. These findings underscore the need for effective gang-resistance education programs directed at • The majority of respondents who said they carry preteens, especially those prone to delinquent and or possess firearms said they did so primarily for violent behavior. protection.

• Most schools had implemented some violence- In another NIJ study, interviews with 16- to 24-year-old limiting measures. males with violent histories revealed that young men saw violence as a way to achieve and maintain social An assessment of one student-level problem-solving power and dominance. It also was seen as a means curriculum for 11th grade students found that the to acquire flashy cars, control or humiliate others, program was responsible for a significant drop in fear defy authority, settle drug-related disputes, attain levels as well as a decline in actual incidents of crime retribution, satisfy the need for thrills, and respond to 40 and violence. Classroom conditions improved as well; challenges of one’s manhood. The presence of guns, by the end of the year, the number of teachers report- alcohol, or drugs also tended to influence social inter- ing that they spent a majority of their time dealing with actions leading to violence. The study identified several disruptive students had been reduced by half. factors, such as the reaction of bystanders, that affect outcomes. Findings indicate that teaching negotiation The curriculum brings together students, teachers, and conflict avoidance skills under conditions that administrators, and the police to identify problems and mimic the street can be effective.42 develop responses. The program’s major components include regular meetings among faculty, administrators, Europeans are seeing a significant increase in juvenile and the police; problem-solving classes for students; crime, and the trends in juvenile violence in Europe and regular reviews by police and teachers to identify appear to parallel the American experience. Although problem students. socioeconomic conditions such as rising unemployment and poverty were linked with increased juvenile Replication of the program is needed in different crime rates, one study of European gangs revealed school settings and regions of the country to determine that an individual’s family history of violence was a the project’s potential for positive outcomes. key indicator.43

39 Sheley, J.F., and J.D. Wright, High School Youths, Weapons, Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, October and Violence: A National Survey, Research in Brief, 1998 (NCJ 172852). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, October 1998 (NCJ 172857). 42 Fagan, J., Adolescent Violence: A View From the Street, Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of 40 Kenney, D., Crime in the Schools: A Problem-Solving Justice, National Institute of Justice, January 1998 (FS 000189). Approach, Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, April 1998 43 Pfeiffer, C., Trends in Juvenile Violence in European (FS 000224). Countries, Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 41 Huff, C.R., Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth Gangs May 1998 (FS 000202). and At-Risk Youth, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. 48 Selected Highlights

Juvenile Transfers to Adult Courts system. According to the National Survey on Sentencing Several ongoing studies are examining the implications Structures, 35 States have made it easier to transfer of the trend to adjudicate serious juvenile offenders in juveniles to adult courts, and a larger number of youths adult courts rather than through the juvenile justice are being sentenced as adults and incarcerated in adult prisons.

For More Information Placing juveniles in adult facilities raises several issues: Fagan, J., Adolescent Violence: A View From the Street, Research Preview, • Housing: Integrating youth with adult inmates Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, exposes them to potential rape or assault; yet January 1998 (FS 000189). segregated housing may not be available, and Greenwood, P.W., Costs and Benefits of Early Childhood Intervention, isolation for protection may increase the risk OJJDP Fact Sheet, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, of suicide. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, • Programming: Juveniles may be subject to February 1999 (FS 9994). mandatory education laws in addition to having Huff, C.R., Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth Gangs and different needs in terms of diet and physical exer- At-Risk Youth, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department cise. Discipline methods for incarcerated adults of Justice, National Institute of Justice, October 1998 (NCJ 172852). may not be appropriate for juveniles. Joint Justice Department and Education Department Report Shows Most Crime Against Students Occurs Away From Schools, • Recidivism: The most common change in State BJS Fact Sheet, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, juvenile laws in recent years has been in transfer- Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 1998 (NCES 98–251). ring juveniles to the adult court system.44 However, Kaufman, P., X. Chen, S.P. Choy, K.A. Chandler, C.D. Chapman, M.R. Rand, and C. the findings about how transferring juveniles to the Ringel, Indicators of School Crime and Safety 1998, Washington, D.C.: U.S. adult criminal justice system affects recidivism Departments of Education and Justice, 1998 (NCES 98–251/NCJ 172215). rates are quite limited. Kenney, D., Crime in the Schools: A Problem-Solving Approach, Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Many States also have changed their laws with regard to Institute of Justice, August 1998 (FS 000224). confidentiality of a juvenile’s criminal record and now Pfeiffer, C., Trends in Juvenile Violence in European Countries, are opening court proceedings to the public. Several Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National States have created laws that make the juvenile’s par- Institute of Justice, May 1998 (NCJ 167029). ents accountable for the child’s crimes. For example, some States require parents to pay court or supervi- Sheley, J.F., and J.D. Wright, High School Youths, Weapons, and Violence: A National Survey, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. sion fees. Legislation passed in 1995 in Idaho, Indiana, Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, October 1998 (NCJ 172857). and New Hampshire requires parents to pay fees toward their child’s custody in a State institution. Tonry, Michael, and Mark H. Moore, eds., Youth Violence, vol. 24 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Weeks, R., and C.S. Widom, Early Childhood Victimization Among Incarcerated 44 1996 National Survey of State Sentencing Structures, Adult Male Felons, Research Preview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, September 1998 (NCJ 169270). Justice, National Institute of Justice, April 1998 (FS 000204). 49 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Issues in Sentencing and Corrections

The number of people incarcerated in the United aimed at understanding the impacts of VOI/TIS. States has more than tripled since 1980, and now tops Collaborating with CPO and consulting with corrections 1 million.45 And although the rate of increase seems to practitioners, sentencing policymakers, and be leveling out, prison populations continue to rise. researchers, NIJ is evaluating programs funded under VOI/TIS and conducting related research A significant portion of this growth is attributable to that will improve the ability of State and local jurisdic- sentencing reforms, such as mandatory-minimum and tions to achieve the goals of their violent offender three-strikes laws, and to changing policies on parole and truth-in-sentencing programs. release. The challenge of managing the influx of offenders has given rise to new approaches based in the Rethinking Justice courts and elsewhere. It also has generated new ways To explore sentencing issues in depth, NIJ and CPO of thinking about how to manage the increasing number launched a series of executive sessions on sentencing of offenders who are released into the community after and its implications for corrections. Begun in 1998, the serving their sentence and how to deal with the public sessions bring together practitioners and scholars safety issues that accompany their release. foremost in their fields to find out if there are better ways to think about the purposes, functions, and Effects of Sentencing Reform interdependence of sentencing and corrections. The amount of time offenders serve in prison is almost always less than the time they are sentenced to serve.46 To better manage the flow of offenders, many jurisdic- According to some critics of sentencing practices, large tions are experimenting with specialized courts that differences between time sentenced and served— streamline case processing and make services available particularly for violent offenders—drive a conceptual to keep defendants from returning to court. Drug wedge between public expectations of punishment and courts, for example, feature a treatment component, systems practice, eroding public confidence. backed by the authority of the judge. NIJ-sponsored evaluations of drug courts in several jurisdictions are To ensure that violent offenders serve larger portions now under way, with preliminary findings showing of their sentences, Congress established the Violent reduction in reoffending by those sentenced. The Offender Incarceration and Truth-in-Sentencing issue of cost-effectiveness is of particular interest (VOI/TIS) program through the 1994 Crime Act. in these evaluations. Through grants to States, VOI/TIS helps States to ensure that violent offenders are incarcerated with Restorative justice, another fairly recent innovation, more certainty and with longer, more determinate attempts to repair the harm caused by crime and sentences. rebuild relationships in the community. The victim’s perspective is central to deciding how to repair the NIJ has been working with the Justice Department’s harm caused by crime. The sanctions imposed also Corrections Program Office (CPO) to support research depart from tradition, requiring offenders to accept responsibility and act to repair the harm they caused. 45 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations NIJ has been active in promoting the understanding in the United States, 1996, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, April 1999 (NCJ of restorative justice in a number of ways. Regional 171103):iii. symposia, for example, have produced an online 46 Ditton, Paula M., and Doris James Wilson, Truth in “notebook,” which is available at NIJ’s Web page Sentencing in State Prisons, Special Report, Washington, D.C.: (www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/rest-just/index.htm). U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, January 1999 (NCJ 170032). 50 Selected Highlights

Like restorative justice, community justice aims to Women Offenders “restore” victim and offender, but is distinctive in its Managing and meeting the needs of female prisoners focus on the community. Local residents work on an are issues that have come to the forefront because of equal footing with government agencies to identify the surge in their numbers in the past decade. Although needs and responses, with partnerships formed among women still account for a small proportion of the the various stakeholders. Along with other Office of prison population, their numbers are increasing much Justice Programs bureaus, NIJ cosponsored a major faster than that of male inmates. Women’s needs are conference on community justice in 1998. distinct in part because of their disproportionate victimization from sexual or physical abuse and their Correctional Health Care responsibility for children. Changing trends in the health of prison and jail populations have brought health care issues to the top of the A Department of Justice update on women in criminal corrections management agenda. NIJ continues its justice focused considerable attention on women work with the Centers for Disease Control and offenders and female juvenile offenders. The report, Prevention (CDC) to measure the extent of HIV/AIDS, which NIJ was instrumental in preparing, noted that the sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis in increased number of women offenders has not been prisons and jails. Surveys have identified high rates matched by enhanced attention to specialized proof infection. The most recent survey (1994–95) grams. In a separate study, correctional officials and confirmed that AIDS is far more prevalent among administrators identified a number of needs related to 47 inmates than in the overall U.S. population. women offenders: a greater number of alternatives to The results of the 1996–97 survey are expected incarceration; classification and screening for needs in mid-1999. related to childhood sexual abuse, spousal abuse, and offenders’ children; management styles that Federal courts have confirmed prisoners’ constitutional differ from those used with men; and more drug right to adequate health care. Providing access to treatment and mental health services. specialist physicians can be difficult because correctional facilities are often in rural areas where special- The corrections officials identified effective or innova- ists are in short supply, and taking prisoners to special- tive programs, citing those that offer strong female role ists outside the prison poses security risks. models, the chance to form supportive peer networks, and attention to women’s particular experiences as Telemedicine, the remote delivery of health care via victims of abuse and as parents.49 To further spotlight telecommunications, holds great promise as an alterna- promising programs for women offenders, NIJ tive. This new mode of care has been successfully examined the New York City-based Women’s Prison demonstrated and implemented in a correctional Association, which offers an array of services, including 48 setting, under NIJ sponsorship. It has the potential transitional assistance to women who are HIV-positive to contain costs while improving access to medical or at risk of contracting HIV.50 specialists not otherwise available.

47 The incidence of AIDS among State and Federal inmates in 49 Office of Justice Programs, Women in Criminal Justice: 1994–95 was 518 per 100,000, and among city and county A 20-Year Update, Special Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. inmates 706. By contrast, the incidence in the U.S. population Department of Justice, 1998 (NCJ 173416); and Morash, Merry, (1993 data) was 41 per 100,000. Hammett, Theodore M., et al., Timothy S. Bynum, and Barbara A. Koons, Women Offenders: 1994 Update: HIV/AIDS and STD’s in Correctional Facilities, Programming Needs and Promising Approaches, Research in Issues and Practices, Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Justice, August 1998 (NCJ 171668). December 1995 (NCJ 156832). 50 Conly, Catherine, The Women’s Prison Association: 48 McDonald, Douglas C., et al., Telemedicine Can Reduce Supporting Women Offenders and Their Families, Program Correctional Health Care Costs: An Evaluation of a Prison Focus, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Telemedicine Network, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Institute of Justice, December 1998 (NCJ 172858). Justice, National Institute of Justice, March 1999 (NCJ 175040). 51 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Residential Substance For More Information Abuse Treatment Criminologists recognize that the high proportion of Visit the Sentencing and Adjudication section of the NIJ Web page at offenders who are substance abusers makes in-custody http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/saap/welcome.html. treatment appropriate for this population.51 The 1994 Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States, Crime Act provided expanded funds for residential sub- 1996, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice stance abuse treatment, encouraging the States to Statistics, April 1999 (NCJ 171103). adopt comprehensive programs, including relapse pre- Ditton, Paula M., and Doris James Wilson, Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons, vention and aftercare. The Corrections Program Office Special Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice of the Department of Justice, which administers the Statistics, January 1999 (NCJ 170032). program, transferred funds to NIJ to evaluate these Hammett, Theodore M., Public Health/Corrections Collaborations: Prevention programs in several States. These process evaluations and Treatment of HIV/AIDS, STD’s, and TB, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: are now nearing completion. U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 1998 (NCJ 169590). Reentry Lipton, Douglas S., The Effectiveness of Treatment for Drug Abusers Under Communities face public safety and health concerns Criminal Justice Supervision, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. when large numbers of offenders are released and Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 1995 returned to their homes. In addition, ex-offenders need (NCJ 157642). to secure jobs to reduce their risk of recidivism and McDonald, Douglas C., et al., Telemedicine Can Reduce Correctional Health increase the likelihood that their reentry will go Care Costs: An Evaluation of a Prison Telemedicine Network, Washington, D.C.: smoothly. U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, March 1999 (NCJ 175040); and McDonald, Douglas C., Andrea Hassol, and Kenneth Carlson, Health care after release. The health risk posed by “Can Telemedicine Reduce Spending and Improve Prisoner Health Care?” inmates returning to the community suggests the need in NIJ Journal, April 1999 (JR 000239). for collaboration between public health and correc- Morash, Merry, Timothy S. Bynum, and Barbara A. Koons, Women Offenders: tions. In a study conducted with the CDC, NIJ found Programming Needs and Promising Approaches, Research in Brief, Washington, that virtually all correctional systems undertake some D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, August 1998 collaboration with public health agencies, but needs (NCJ 171668). persist, especially in discharge planning and transition- Office of Justice Programs, Women in Criminal Justice: A 20-Year Update, al services.52 Working with the National Commission Special Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1998 on Correctional Health Care, NIJ is identifying the (NCJ 173416). health care needs of soon-to-be-released inmates, with the goal of generating evidence useful for to hire people with criminal records. Prisons have long informing public policy to better protect offender offered academic and life skills programs to help meet and community health. offenders’ needs. NIJ, the National Institute of Corrections, and the U.S. Department of Education’s Academic and life skills programming. Finding Office of Correctional Education have cooperated on a a job can be a problem for released offenders because number of projects addressing these job and educa- they often lack skills, have little or no job-seeking tional needs. The Delaware Life Skills Program, for experience, and may encounter employers who refuse example, offers academic, violence reduction, and life

51 See, for example, Lipton, Douglas S., The Effectiveness of 52 Hammett, Theodore M., Public Health/Corrections Treatment for Drug Abusers Under Criminal Justice Supervision, Collaborations: Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS, STD’s, Research Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of and TB, Research in Brief, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department Justice, National Institute of Justice, November 1995 (NCJ of Justice, National Institute of Justice, July 1998 (NCJ 169590). 157642):2–3. 52 Selected Highlights

skills training.53 Although programs have not been rigor- models and the major issues they raise. The greatest ously evaluated, it is clear that certain components have contribution of the approach to date has been to been successful among some inmates. reduce recidivism and supervision costs for mentally disordered or developmentally disabled offenders.54 Case management. To aid in the reentry process, some jurisdictions have borrowed the case management approach of mental health and social service 53 Finn, Peter, The Delaware Department of Correction Life workers. Most often used by probation and parole offi- Skills Program, Program Focus, Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice and National Institute of Corrections, cers, case management aims to deliver services geared August 1998 (NCJ 169589). to reducing recidivism and to address health care 54 Healey, Kerry Murphy, Case Management in the Criminal issues, including drug treatment, joblessness, and Justice System, Research in Action, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, February homelessness. NIJ examined several case management 1999 (NCJ 173409). 53 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Appendix A: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 1998

This appendix presents the grants, beginning with a number other For More Information interagency and cooperative agree- than 98 identify previous years’ The Institute’s mission and approach to research is described in ments, contracts, and fellowships awards that received supplements the NIJ Prospectus, Building Knowledge about Crime and Justice. awarded by the National Institute in 1998. For online access to this listing as well as information about of Justice during fiscal year 1998. publications, programs, funding opportunities, and other aspects of The awards reflect research, An asterisk (*) before the project NIJ, visit NIJ’s World Wide Web page at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij, development, evaluation, training, name means the award was made the Justice Information Center at http://www.ncjrs.org, or contact the dissemination, and technical sup- with funds appropriated under the National Criminal Justice Reference Service at (301) 519–5500 or port projects, including those sup- Crime Act. (800) 851–3420. ported by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (the Crime Act) and those conducted in partnership with Corrections other Federal agencies. Addressing Sentencing- Case Classification in Com- Related Changes in munity Corrections: National An annual open solicitation for Correctional Health Survey of the State of the Art Care: Building a University of Cincinnati proposals invites investigators Researcher-Practitioner Edward Latessa to initiate research and evaluation Partnership $59,559 98–IJ–CX–0008 in broadly defined topic areas; University of Texas Medical more focused solicitations are Branch *Changing Prison Strategies Jacques Baillargeon in Response to Violent issued throughout the year on $150,013 98–CE–VX–0022 Offender Incarceration/Truth- specific topics and programs, in-Sentencing Legislation including those emphasized by the *Baseline Psychopathology RAND Corporation Crime Act. in Women’s Prison: Nancy Merritt Its Impact on Institutional $178,708 98–CE–VX–0023 Adjustment and Organization Treatment Efficacy *Community Jails Statewide Of This Appendix University of Virginia Research Consortium Janet Warren University of Alaska, Anchorage The awards are listed alphabeti- $148,457 98–CE–VX–0027 Nancy E. Schafter cally by project title within 16 $49,892 98–CE–VX–0014 *Building an Effective major topic areas with additional Research Collaboration *Crime, Coercion, and subcategories. Listed under each Between the Pennsylvania Communities: The Unintended project title are the awardee orga- Department of Corrections Consequences of Removal on nization, principal investigator or and Temple University Community Organization Temple University Urban Institute contractor, award amount, and Jack R. Greene William J. Sabol award number. Award numbers $159,801 98–CE–VX–0016 $166,827 98–CE–VX–0004 54 Appendixes

Effects of Change Over Time *Georgia Cognitive *Impact of Incarceration in Numbers and Composition Skills Experiment: on Crime, Crime Patterns, of State Prison Populations Georgia Board of Pardons and Crime Rates on the Level of Crime and Parole University of California, Berkeley University of New Mexico University of Cincinnati Jose Canela-Cacho Bert Useem Patricia Van Voorhis $149,998 98–CE–VX–0029 $21,551 98–IJ–CX–0085 $143,861 98–CE–VX–0013 Nighttime Incarceration Evaluation of the New Mexico *Government Management as an Intermediate Department of Corrections of Prison Privatization Sanction: An Evaluation Work-Release Program Abt Associates Inc. of the Oklahoma County University of New Mexico Terence Dunworth Program Bert Useem $247,438 98–CE–VX–0002 University of Oklahoma $199,816 98–CE–VX–0005 Department of Public Safety Health Status of Thomas E. James *Evolving Optimum Prison Soon-To-Be-Released $167,114 98–IJ–CX–0011 Classification Policies in the Inmates Implementation of Truth in National Commission on *Unintended Consequences Sentencing: A Dynamic Model Correctional Health Care of Sentencing Policy: South Carolina Department of Robert Greifinger Key Issues in Developing Corrections $500,000 97–IJ–CX–K018 Strategies to Address Lorraine T. Fowler Long-Term Care Needs $149,585 98–CE–VX–0025 Impact Assessment Pennsylvania State University of Sex Offender Cynthia Massie *Explaining Instability in the Community Notification $131,768 98–CE–VX–0011 New Mexico Female Prison on Wisconsin Population Communities University of New Mexico Marquette University Gary Lafree Richard G. Zevitz $51,458 98–CE–VX–0020 $49,972 98–IJ–CX–0015

Courts

Are Hung Juries a Problem? An Evaluation and Increasing Our National Center for State Courts Review of the Peacemaker Understanding of the Victor Flango Court of the Navajo Recovery Process Through $169,588 98–IJ–CX–0048 Nation Drug Court Narratives Temple University Syracuse University Community Justice Eric Gross Mary Ann Holmquist Planning Grant $3,990 97–IJ–CX–0039 $49,608 98–IJ–CX–0041 County of Travis, Texas Chriss Wetherington An Evaluation of A Review of Specialized $49,959 98–IJ–CX–0045 Safe Streets Now! Courts: Key Issues in Justice Research Center Handling Child Abuse Domestic Violence Courts: Jan Roehl and Neglect Cases Jurisdiction, Organization, $163,426 98–IJ–CX–0058 Urban Institute Performance Goals, Adele Harrell and Measures Impact of Community $75,243 97–IJ–CX–0013 National Center for State Courts and Legal Context Susan Keilitz on the Adjudication $124,170 98–WT–VX–0002 and Sentencing Process Joint Centers for Justice Evaluation of Post- Studies, Inc. adjudication Felony Drug Christopher D. Maxwell Court $24,973 98–IJ–CX–0023 University of Florida, Gainesville Ronald L. Akers $22,374 98–IJ–CX–0051 55 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Crime Mapping

*Assistance in Crime Crime Mapping Research Innovative Crime Mapping Mapping and Analysis Center Fellowship Techniques and Spatial Technology for Enhancing Program Analysis: Phase II Law Enforcement and Julie D. Wartell, NIJ Visiting Fellow Hunter College Prosecution Coordination $90,857 98–LB–VX–0003 Victor Goldsmith Hunter College $249,821 97–LB–VX–K013 Victor Goldsmith *Detection and $63,648 98–LB–VX–0004 Prediction of Geographical *Mapping Crime: Changes in Crime Principle and Practice *Combining Police and State University of New York, University of Maryland, Probation Research to Buffalo Baltimore County Reduce Burglary Peter Rogerson Keith D. Harries Arizona State University $221,520 98–IJ–CX–K008 $20,000 98–LB–VX–0009 Vincent Webb $224,118 98–IJ–CX–0059 *GIS Analysis of the Predictive Methods Relationship Between for Crime Analysis Community Safety Public Order and More University of Virginia Information System Serious Crime D.E. Brown, Visiting Fellow Implementation University of Texas, Austin $139,043 98–LB–VX–0008 U.S. Department of Justice, William R. Kelly Civil Rights Division $147,166 98–IJ–CX–K009 *Predictive Models Nancy Sweesy for Law Enforcement $399,640 98–IJ–CX–A063 *GITS: Further Analyses University of Virginia Using Orange County’s D.E. Brown, Visiting Fellow *Crime Hot Spot Multijurisdictional $299,940 98–IJ–CX–K010 Forecasting: Modeling Gang Incident and Comparative Tracking System Using a High-Definition Geo- Evaluation University of California, Irvine graphic Information System Carnegie Mellon University James W. Meeker to Enhance Community Wilpen Gorr $103,060 98–IJ–CX–0072 Policing on College Campuses $200,110 98–IJ–CX–K005 Temple University George Rengert $248,662 98–IJ–CX–0001

Crime Prevention

The Children-at-Risk Effects of Casino Gambling Project on Human Program: A Study of the on Crime and Quality of Development in Chicago Feasibility of a Longer Life in New Casino Neighborhoods Term Evaluation Jurisdictions Harvard University Urban Institute University of Nevada, Reno Felton J. Earls Adele Harrell Grant Stitt $2,200,000 93–IJ–CX–K005 $34,431 92–DD–CX–0031 $252,331 98–IJ–CX–0037

Commission on Behavioral Labor Markets and and Social Sciences Crime: Criminal Justice and Education Policy and Research National Science Foundation Issues Cheryl Eavey Orlando Rodriguez, NIJ $25,000 98–IJ–CX–A050 Visiting Fellow $115,764 98–IJ–CX–0047 Does Community Crime Prevention Make a *Process Evaluation of Difference? Maryland’s Hot Spot Illinois Criminal Justice Communities Program Information Authority Urban Institute Carolyn Rebecca Block Jeffrey A. Roth $138,067 98–WT–VX–0022 $329,237 98–IJ–CX–0029 56 Appendixes

Drugs and Crime

Drugs and Crime, PharmChem Drug Ft. Lauderdale ADAM General Testing Laboratory Broward County Sheriff’s Office PharmChem Laboratories, Inc. Ron Cochran Breaking the Cycle Research Elizabeth M. Lison $12,293 94–IJ–CX–A030 Demonstration Project $36,000 98–IJ–CX–C010 Jacksonville (Florida) Houston ADAM Judith A. Truett Sacramento Batterer/Drug Houston-Galveston Area Council $3,000,000 98–IJ–CX–K013 Intervention Experiment Brett Arkinson California State University, $31,965 95–IJ–CX–A008 Breaking the Cycle Research Sacramento Demonstration Project Carole Barnes Indianapolis ADAM Pierce County (Washington) $99,905 98–IJ–CX–K014 Marion County Justice Agency Alliance Cindy Mowery Dean Wilson Why Haven’t Drug Prices $11,554 95–IJ–CX–A013 $3,000,000 98–IJ–CX–K011 Risen With Tougher Enforcement? Modeling the Los Angeles ADAM Breaking the Cycle Research Behavior of Drug Markets University of California, Los Demonstration Project University of Maryland, Angeles University of Alabama, College Park Douglas Anglin Birmingham Peter Reuter $48,157 97–IJ–CX–A007 L. Foster Cook $260,730 98–IJ–CX–0040 $2,812,302 96–IJ–CX–0065 Manhattan ADAM New York City Department of *Classifying Inmates for Arrestee Drug Abuse Mental Health, Mental Strategic Programming Monitoring/Drug Use Retardation, and Alcoholism Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. Services Douglas Young Forecasting Programs Patricia Thomas $39,884 94–IJ–CX–A013 $128,240 98–CE–VX–0010 The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, Evaluation of a Miami ADAM which was expanded from the Comprehensive Service- Miami County Department of Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) Based Intervention to Human Services program in 1997, performs drug Reduce Substance Abuse Raphael Martinez tests on samples of arrestees Yale University $9,734 98–IJ–CX–A012 brought to booking facilities at Denise Stevens $191,718 98–IJ–CX–0053 23 sites. The test findings indicate *Rural ADAM Project levels of drug use, determine what University of Nebraska, Omaha Evaluation of La Bodega de drugs are used in specific jurisdic- Denise C. Herz la Familia: A Family Drug tions, and track changes in $26,104 98–IJ–CX–0065 Crisis Center arrestees’ drug use patterns. Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. Support Services for Douglas Young Dallas ADAM ADAM Program $159,980 98–IJ–CX–0049 County of Dallas Abt Associates Inc. Pat McMillan D. Hunt A Life Course Model of $7,636 94–IJ–CX–A039 $4,694,545 98–IJ–CX–C001 Career in Crime and Substance Abuse DUF Program: Assistance University of Minnesota With Program Operations Residential Substance Christopher Uggen Aspen Systems Corporation Abuse Treatment (RSAT) $45,903 98–IJ–CX–0036 Debra Hoffmaster $152,310 93–IJ–CX–C002 Program Operation Drug TEST *A Collaborative Evaluation District of Columbia Pretrial DUF—Washington, D.C. of Pennsylvania’s Program Services Agency District of Columbia Pretrial for Drug-Involved Gerry Chapman Services Agency Violators $265,273 98–IJ–CX–A009 Kathryn Boyer Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. $9,010 95–IJ–CX–A024 Douglas Young $59,989 98–RT–VX–K002 57 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Evaluation of the *Evaluation of Wisconsin’s *Outcome Evaluation of Barnstable County Residential Substance Abuse Wisconsin Dual Diagnosis Sheriff’s Department’s Treatment Program for Treatment Program RSAT Program Female State Prisoners University of Wisconsin, Madison Massachusetts Executive University of Wisconsin, Madison D. Paul Moberg Office of Public Safety D. Paul Moberg $99,351 98–RT–VX–K005 Diane Brensilber $59,864 98–RT–VX–K003 $59,990 98–RT–VX–K006 *Process Assessment of *Local Process Evaluation of Correctional Treatment *Evaluation of Jail-Based the Michigan Department of Texas Christian University Treatment in Virginia Corrections RSAT Program Kevin Knight University of Maryland, National Council on Crime $59,946 98–RT–VX–K004 College Park and Delinquency Bruce Kubu James Austin $59,982 98–RT–VX–K001 $60,000 98–RT–VX–K007

Information Dissemination and General Support

Annual Review of Development and Production Professional Justice Research of Annual Reports and Conference Series Castine Research Corporation Other Materials Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. Michael Tonry Cygnus Corporation Edward F. Connors $170,592 92–IJ–CX–K044 Todd Phillips $129,400 94–MU–CX–C008 $26,000 94–IJ–CX–C005 Committee on Law Research Application and Justice Core *Idaho Criminal Justice Contract Support Statistics Abt Associates Inc. National Academy of Sciences Idaho Department of Law Catherine Conly Carol Petrie Enforcement $1,156,371 94–MU–CX–C007 $210,000 98–IJ–CX–0030 Robert C. Uhlenkott $50,000 97–MU–MU–K016 Scholarly Conference: Crime Atlas “Why Is Crime Decreasing?” Justice Research and Statistics John B. Pickett Fellowship Northwestern University Association in Criminal Justice Policy John P. Heinz Joan C. Weiss and Management $21,680 98–IJ–CX–0046 $89,501 98–IJ–CX–K001 Harvard University Susan Michaelson Technical Assistance Criminal Justice Research $99,600 92–IJ–CX–0012 for NIJ’s Professional Training Program Conference Series University of Maryland, National Criminal Justice Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. College Park Reference Service (NCJRS) Edward F. Connors Charles Wellford Aspen Systems Corporation $1,200,000 98–IJ–CX–C002 $25,000 95–IJ–CX–A033 Richard Rosenthal $10,889,355 94–MU–CX–C006 *Technical Assistance Data Resources Program and Support of the National Institute National Institute of Justice CSR, Inc. of Justice Publications Support Edward J. Spurlock University of Michigan Palladian Partners, Inc. $6,313,071 96–MU–MU–C004 Paul J. Stemple Cate Timmerman $458,082 95–IJ–CX–C005 $113,874 98–IJ–CX–C009

Developing Communications Policy Forums on Crime Initiatives in Criminal Issues for State Policymakers Justice National Governors’ Association, CF Productions, Inc. Center for Best Practices Thomas V. Brady David E. Brown $52,000 98–IJ–CX–0076 $70,000 98–IJ–CX–0054 58 Appendixes

International Crime

The Internet Studio: Links Between International Illegal Immigration and Building Technical and Domestic Sex Industries Other Transnational Crime Support Infrastructure Coalition Against Trafficking Georgetown University for NIJ’s International Women William F. McDonald Program Janice Raymond $44,988 95–IJ–CX–0110 Rule of Law Foundation $188,677 98–WT–VX–0032 Sergey Chapkey Transnational Organized $293,413 98–IJ–CX–0007 The Role of Local Law Crime Workshop Enforcement in Controlling National Academy of Sciences Faith Mitchell $75,000 98–IJ–CX–0019

Policing

Policing, General Monitoring and Modeling *Structure of Large Impacts of Policing Municipal Police *COMPSTAT and Initiatives Organizations Organizational Changes: National Development and University of Nebraska, Omaha A National Assessment Research Institutes, Inc. Mary Laura Farnham Police Foundation Bruce D. Johnson $177,159 98–IJ–CX–0003 David Weisburd $212,999 98–IJ–CX–K012 $351,861 98–IJ–CX–0070 *Supporting Police Integrity The Phoenix Project: Temple University Curbing Police Brutality: Predictors of Suspect Jack R. Greene What Works? Use of Force $221,589 98–IJ–CX–0066 Eastern Michigan University Charlotte Research Center Liqun Cao Russell Johnson *Turnover Among Alaska $25,000 98–IJ–CX–0064 $24,991 98–IJ–CX–0071 Village Public Safety Officers: An Examination *The Force Factor: Police Perjury: of the Factors Associated Measuring Police Use of Deviance or Utilitarianism With Attrition Force Relative to Suspect Michael O. Foley University of Alaska, Anchorage Resistance $17,125 98–IJ–CX–0032 Darryl Wood University of South Carolina $48,995 98–IJ–CX–0035 Geoffrey Alpert *Process Evaluation $270,173 98–IJ–CX–0018 of Police Restructuring Update and Expansion of in the District of the RAND Survey Regarding Frontiers of Policing Columbia State and Local Police State University of New York, Urban Institute Investigative Processes Albany Jeffrey A. Roth Michigan State University David Bayley $440,803 98–IJ–CX–K007 Frank Horvath $49,994 98–IJ–CX–0017 $108,442 98–IJ–CX–0057 *Reducing Nonemergency *Identifying Correlates of Calls to 911: Four *Use of Force by the Police Deviance: An Approaches Montgomery County Empirical Study of Police University of Cincinnati Police Department Corruption and Brutality in Lorraine Green Mazerolle Joint Centers for Justice New York (1975–1996) $399,919 98–IJ–CX–0067 Studies, Inc. Temple University Joel Garner Jack R. Greene *Responding to the $76,034 98–IJ–CX–0086 $298,719 96–IJ–CX–0053 Problem Police Officer: An Evaluation of Early *Women in Policing: *Measuring the Effectiveness Warning Systems Assessing the Work of the Police Corps Model University of Nebraska, Environment Allegheny County Omaha New Traditions for Women, Inc. Susan Allen Samuel Walker Donna Milgram $223,377 98–IJ–CX–0084 $174,643 98–IJ–CX–0002 $93,281 98–IJ–CX–0013 59 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Community Policing *Transition: Creating a *Modern Prison Work Culture of Community Southern Illinois University *Building Effective Policing Jody Sundt Strategies for Community University of New Mexico $99,934 98–CE–VX–0021 Policing Marjorie Hudson State University of New York, $177,124 98–IJ–CX–0073 Online Education, Albany Resources, and Support Raymond Hunt *Wave 4 Community for Law Enforcement $140,991 95–IJ–CX–0081 Oriented Policing Services Families (COPS) Evaluation Nashville-Davidson County *Community Policing Urban Institute (Tennessee) Strategies: First National Jeffrey A. Roth Lorraine Williams-Greene Survey Update $427,775 98–IJ–CX–0087 $99,559 98–FS–VX–0004 Macro International, Inc. Billy Jones *Peer Support Program $39,972 96–IJ–CX–0045 Corrections and Law Fraternal Order of Police, Old Pueblo Lodge #51 (Tuscon, Evaluating Community Enforcement Family Arizona) Policing in Public Housing: Support Larry Morris South Philadelphia Initiative $224,016 98–FS–VX–0005 Temple University *Creating Positive Mentors: Jack R. Greene Provision of Supervisory Police Family Life $191,475 98–IJ–CX–0052 Skills Training for Sergeants Education Project and Field Training Officers Philadelphia Police Department *An Evaluation of the Dallas Miami Police Department Mitchell Yanak Police Department Paul Sherpard $73,447 98–FS–VX–0002 Interactive Community $45,425 96–FS–VX–0003 Policing Program *Reaching Out to North University of Texas, Arlington *Corrections Officer Carolina’s Law Enforcement Charles H. Mindel Maintenance Program Community $295,570 95–IJ–CX–0070 Connecticut Department of North Carolina Department of Corrections Crime Control and Public Safety, *Organizational Issues in Robert Munroe Governor’s Crime Commission Community Policing: Effects $99,990 98–FS–VX–0003 George S. Ake of Geographical and Staffing $67,020 98–FS–VX–0008 Models on Community *Law Enforcement and Policing Corrections Family Support *Stress Reduction Program City of San Diego City of East Lansing (Michigan) for Law Enforcement Donna J. Warlick Patricia E. Nowak Personnel and Their $176,230 98–IJ–CX–0016 $10,202 98–FS–VX–0001 Families City of Los Angeles *Police Department and *Law Enforcement and Kevin J. Jablonski Police Officer Association Family Support Program $89,785 98–IJ–CX–0010 Leaders’ Perceptions of Iowa State University Community Policing Eugene Deisinger University of Cincinnati $147,395 96–FS–VX–0006 Locally Initiated Lawrence Travis $139,052 98–IJ–CX–0005 Law Enforcement Family Partnerships, Support Project Policing *Policing in a Community Michigan State Police, Forensic Context Science Division Development of a University of Cincinnati Gary Kaufman Multiagency Research James Frank $41,422 98–FS–VX–0007 Partnership Involving the $373,971 98–IJ–CX–0063 Chandler, Glendale, and *Longview Police Scottsdale, Arizona, Police *Problem Solving Strategies Department Prevention and Departments and Tactics for Community Treatment of Stress Arizona State University Policing Longview Police Guild Vince Webb City of San Diego (Washington) $113,240 98–IJ–CX–0006 Donna J. Warlick Jim Duscha $213,119 98–IJ–CX–0080 $49,252 98–FS–VX–0006 60 Appendixes

*Implementing Community National Evaluation of *Impact of Oleoresin Policing in Los Angeles: A Locally Initiated Research Capsicum Spray on Partnership Between the Los Partnerships I Respiratory Function Angeles Police Department, Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. in the Sitting and Prone University of California, Los J. Thomas McEwen Maximal Restraint Angeles, and University of $299,971 95–IJ–CX–0083 Positions Southern California University of California, Training Research Corporation *Research Partnership San Diego Wellford Wilms Between Lexington, Theodore C. Chan $179,560 95–IJ–CX–0060 Kentucky, Division of Police $128,176 98–IJ–CX–0079 and Eastern Kentucky *Institutionalizing the Use of University *Multimethod Study of Research in a Local Police Eastern Kentucky University Police Special Weapons Department: A Continuing Larry Gaines and Tactics Teams Partnership $33,464 98–IJ–CX–0004 University of Houston University of Cincinnati David Klinger Lawrence Travis $187,364 98–IJ–CX–0081 $75,913 98–IJ–CX–0068 Policing Technology

*Locally Initiated Research *Evaluation of Computers in Partnership With Arlington Patrol Cars: Implications for County, Virginia, Police the Community Policing Department Roles of Police Officers Urban Institute San Francisco State University Elizabeth Langston Caran Colvin $133,911 98–IJ–CX–0009 $255,000 98–IJ–CX–0012

Public Housing and Crime

Community-Based Housing: The South Assessment of the Calexico Philadelphia Initiative Evaluation of a Truancy Housing Authority’s Drug Temple University Reduction Program Elimination Program Jack R. Greene Metropolitan Development San Diego State University $191,475 98–IJ–CX–0052 and Housing Authority Foundation Gerald F. Nicely Michael Sabath An Evaluation of a $118,042 98–IJ–CX–0056 $131,357 98–IJ–CX–0055 Comprehensive Service- Based Intervention Strategy Fear of Crime in Two Comparative Effects in Public Housing Public Housing Contexts of High-Rise Public Yale University North Carolina State University Housing for the Elderly Denise Stevens William R. Smith Omaha Housing Authority $191,718 98–IJ–CX–0053 $63,052 98–IJ–CX–0050 Katy Salzman $131,063 98–IJ–CX–0075 Evaluation of a Neighborhood Revitalization Public Housing Drug and Disorder: An Evaluating Community Elimination Program Intervention Evaluation Policing in Public Arkansas State University University of Utah David Harding Barbara Brown $74,182 98–IJ–CX–0061 $236,195 98–IJ–CX–0022

Schools

A National Study of Delinquency Prevention in Schools Gottfredson Associates, Inc. Gary D. Gottfredson $261,419 96–MU–MU–0008 61 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Sentencing

*Addressing Sentencing- *Examining the Effects *New Jersey No Early Related Changes in of Ohio’s Truth-in- Release Act: Impact on Correctional Health Care: Sentencing Prosecution, Sentencing Building a Researcher- Ohio Department of Rehabilitation Rutgers State University of Practitioner Partnership and Correction New Jersey University of Texas Medical Horst Gienapp Candace McCoy Branch $117,570 98–CE–VX–0019 $1,124,219 98–CE–VX–0007 Jacques Baillargeon $150,013 98–CE–VX–0022 *Impact of Determinate *Research on and Evaluation Sentencing Laws on Plea of Sentencing Reforms and Attitudes Toward Crime Rates and Court Delay Their Effects and Punishment in Justec Research Oregon Criminal Justice Council Vermont: An Experiment Thomas Marvell Phillip Lemman With Restorative $110,387 98–CE–VX–0017 $310,152 98–CE–VX–0030 Justice Doble Research Associates, Inc. *Impact of Ohio’s Senate Bill Social and Economic Impact John Doble 2 on Sentencing Disparity of Sentencing Practices $94,757 98–IJ–CX–0028 University of Cincinnati Yale University John Wooldredge Kathryn Dudley Estimating the Impacts $149,194 98–CE–VX–0015 $93,481 98–CE–VX–0012 of Three Strikes and Truth-in-Sentencing *Impact of Truth in *Unintended Consequences on Correctional Sentencing on Length of Sentencing Policy: Populations of Stay in Prison Creation of Long-Term University of California, Los Urban Institute Health Care Obligations Angeles William J. Sabol Abt Associates Inc. Elsa Chen $212,491 98–CE–VX–0006 William Rhodes $34,997 98–IJ–CX–0082 $127,077 98–CE–VX–0001 *Michigan Sentencing *Evaluating the Guidelines: Integrating Development of an Intermediate Sanctions into Empirically Based Risk Guidelines and Examining Assessment the Judicial Response National Center for State Courts National Center for State Courts Brian J. Ostrom Victor Flango $237,787 98–CE–VX–0009 $250,952 98–CE–VX–0008

Technology Development

Officer Protection and *Proof of Concept Investigative and Crime Prevention and Demonstration Forensic Science for the Personal *COPLINK Database Alarm Forensics, General Integration and Access for Telephonics Corporation *Computational Assistance Law Enforcement Intranet Dennis Fortner and Training in DNA City of Tucson $459,078 97–LB–VX–K021 Population Genetics for Douglas F. Smith Forensic Science Laboratories $200,000 97–LB–VX–K023 *Technology Thrust Areas and Technology University of Illinois R.E. Gaensslen *Offender Wide-Area Solutions to Law $98,952 98–LB–VX–A018 Continuous Electronic Enforcement Monitoring Systems Raytheon TI Systems, Inc. *Detection of Date-Rape Lucent Technologies, Inc., Frank Bates Drugs in Hair and Urine Integrated Solutions $500,000 98–LB–VX–K001 University of Illinois, Chicago Laura G. Tutterow Adam Negrusz $272,677 98–LB–VX–K005 $105,564 98–LB–VX–K020 62 Appendixes

Develop a Rapid Immobilized DNA 5-Year Research and *Validation of the Probe Assay for the Detection Development Plan Combined DNA Index of mtDNA Variation System-Approved DNA Rebecca L. Reynolds *Chip-Based Genetic Detector Markers for Forensic Testing Children’s Hospital Oakland for Rapid Identification of University of Texas, Houston Research Institute Individuals Ranajit Chakraborty $193,318 96–IJ–CX–0028 Nanogen, Inc. $49,741 98–LB–VX–K019 Michael I. Nerenberg Forensic Accreditation Board: $499,882 97–LB–VX–0004 An Accreditation Program Forensic DNA Laboratory for Forensic Specialty *Database of Y- Improvement Program Certifying Programs Chromosome STR Loci American Academy of Forensic in U.S. Populations Acquisition of CODIS Sciences Pennsylvania State University Capabilities Graham R. Jones Mark Stoneking City of Tucson (Arizona) $51,000 98–IJ–CX–0074 $110,384 98–LB–VX–0005 Walter K. Tannert $11,360 98–DN–VX–0026 *Medicolegal Death *Evaluation of New STR Investigator Guidelines Markers for Forensic Arizona DNA Analysis and Training Project Analysis Enhancement Program Occupational Research and University of Cincinnati Arizona Department of Public Assessment, Inc. Ranjan Deka Safety Steven C. Clark $220,359 98–LB–VX–0002 Debra A. Figarelli $150,000 98–LB–VX–0007 $420,000 98–DN–VX–0014 *Evaluation of Single National Center for Nucleotide Polymorphisms Arkansas: Establishment Forensic Science (SNP’s) for Human of a DNA Data Bank University of Central Florida Identification Use Arkansas State Crime Laboratory William W. McGee University of Texas, Houston Kenneth H. Michau $1,047,992 98–IJ–CX–K003 David Stivers $161,250 98–DN–VX–0019 $40,000 98–LB–VX–0010 *National Commission on California Statewide DNA the Future of DNA Evidence *Improved Analysis Laboratory Improvement U.S. Attorney’s Office, of DNA STR’s for Human Program District of Columbia Identification-Mass California Department of Justice, Barbara Anijikaiye Spectrometry Bureau of Criminal Identification $99,952 98–LB–VX–A049 Genetrace Systems, Inc. and Information Christopher H. Becker Jan Bashinski *Pattern Recognition $301,999 97–LB–VX–0003 $1,000,000 98–DN–VX–0013 Techniques in Investigative and Forensic Sciences *Microchip DNA Continuation and Institute for Linguistic Fingerprinting Devices Expansion of “Fast Track” Evidence, Inc. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Forensic Indexing of Crime Carole E. Chaski J. Michael Ramsey Scene Profiles $90,000 98–LB–VX–0065 $498,963 97–LB–VX–A063 City of Albuquerque (New Mexico) John F. Krebsbach *Support to the 15th *Microdevice for $141,979 98–DN–VX–0009 Meeting of the International Automated, Ultra-High- Association of Forensic Speed, and Portable DNA Denver Forensic Sciences Forensics DNA Laboratory 15th Meeting of the Whitehead Institute for Improvement Program International Association of Biomedical Research Denver Police Department Forensic Sciences, Inc. Daniel J. Ehrlich Greggory S. LaBerge Barry A.J. Fisher $250,000 98–LB–VX–K022 $198,340 98–DN–VX–0010 $49,920 98–LB–VX–0011 *Rapid DNA Typing by Developing Criteria for Teleforensic Laser Desorption Mass Model External DNA Demonstration Project Spectroscopy Proficiency Testing New York State Police Oak Ridge National Laboratory University of Illinois, Chicago Gerald M. Zeosky C.H. Winston Chen Joseph L. Peterson $50,000 98–IJ–CX–A051 $149,040 97–LB–VX–A047 $249,926 96–DN–VX–0001 63 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Development and Expansion of DNA Implementation of Implementation of West Analysis Capabilities Automated Multiplex Virginia Short Tandem Illinois State Police, Springfield Short Tandem Repeats Repeat Combined DNA Susan Hart Johns in Forensic Casework Index System Database $150,000 98–DN–VX–0032 County of Dallas Marshall University Research Timothy J. Sliter Corporation Expansion of DNA Services $151,068 98–DN–VX–0006 Terry W. Fenger North Carolina State $2,000,000 98–DN–VX–K001 Bureau of Investigation Improvement of Capability Mark S. Nelson to Analyze DNA DNA Improvement of Data- $73,000 98–DN–VX–0012 Virginia Department of basing and Forensic Casework Criminal Justice Services Michigan State Police, Forensic Florida Statewide Deanne F. Dabbs Science Division Coordinated Forensic $375,000 98–DN–VX–0018 Frank E. Schehr DNA Laboratory Program $457,015 98–DN–VX–0031 Florida Department of Law Increasing STR Typing Enforcement Capabilities in the DNA STR Conversion Project Dale Heideman Oregon DNA Laboratory Marion County (Indianapolis) $900,000 98–DN–VX–0034 Oregon Department of Forensic Services Agency State Police James E. Hamby Forensic Development Cecilia H. von Beroldingen $359,560 98–DN–VX–0004 of STR Database and $113,198 97–DN–VX–0013 Comparison to Enhancement of the Nonsubject Cases Kansas City, Missouri, Tennessee Bureau of Maryland State Police Police Department DNA Investigation’s Forensic DNA Louis C. Portis Equipment Upgrade Laboratory Program $180,808 96–DN–VX–0002 Kansas City Police Department Tennessee Bureau of John T. Wilson Investigation, Forensic Services Forensic DNA Enhancement $163,700 98–DN–VX–0033 Division Project for Texas William J. Darby, III Texas Department of Public Safety Maine Statewide DNA $85,336 98–DN–VX–0002 D. Pat Johnson Laboratory Improvement $380,000 98–DN–VX–0001 Program Expanded Felon DNA Maine Department of Databank Program Forensic DNA Laboratory Public Safety for the State of Alabama Program Expansion Timothy D. Kupferschmid Alabama Department of Missouri State Highway Patrol $155,000 97–DN–VX–0008 Forensic Sciences T. J. Luikart John W. Hicks $546,742 98–DN–VX–0025 Montana DNA Program $374,900 98–DN–VX–0021 Montana Department of Justice Forensic DNA Program for James Streeter Expanded Forensic DNA Connecticut: PCR $34,550 98–DN–VX–0008 Testing Program for the Technologies State of Hawaii Connecticut Department North Dakota Department Honolulu Police Department of Public Safety of Health Crime Laboratory Wayne Kimoto Elaine M. Pagliaro Division DNA Project $300,540 98–DN–VX–0020 $191,000 98–DN–VX–0017 North Dakota Department of Health Expanding DNA Analysis Fort Worth DNA Laboratory Hope R. Olson Capabilities: STR Enhancement $73,774 98–DN–VX–0030 Implementation City of Fort Worth (Texas) County of Bexar (Texas) D.E. Garrett North Louisiana Crime Lab Lonnie D. Ginsberg $121,085 98–DN–VX–0027 DNA Analysis Improvement $171,310 98–DN–VX–0024 Program Houston Forensic DNA North Louisiana Criminalistics Expanding DNA Typing in Laboratory Improvement Laboratory Georgia Program Patrick W. Wojtkiewicz Georgia Bureau of Investigation City of Houston $275,470 98–DN–VX–0003 George Herrin, Jr. James Bolding $380,950 98–DN–VX–0022 $106,909 98–DN–VX–0005 64 Appendixes

Northern Illinois Less-Than-Lethal *Face Recognition and Police Crime Lab Incapacitation Intelligent Software Forensic DNA Analysis Development Program *Biomechanical Assessment Analytic Services, Inc. Northern Illinois Police Crime of Nonlethal Weapons Tina M. Babin Laboratory Wayne State University $3,749,998 98–LB–VX–K021 Jane M. Homeyer Albert I. King $266,669 98–DN–VX–0011 $148,276 98–LB–VX–K017 *Investigation and Evaluation of Voice Stress Prince Georges County Police *Development of a Analysis Technology Department DNA/Serology Database of the Effects U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Project of Less-Than-Lethal Laboratory Prince Georges County Weapons Sharon M. Walter (Maryland) Government Pro Tac International $150,000 98–LB–VX–A013 Michael Ricucci Ken Hubbs $222,290 98–DN–VX–0028 $84,770 98–LB–VX–K006 *Law Enforcement/Criminal Justice Multijurisdiction STR Conversion and Evaluation of the Human Information System Study— Expansion of CODIS Database Effects of a Prototype Phase II Minnesota Department Electric Stun Projectile Center for Technology of Public Safety Pennsylvania State University Commercialization, Inc. Terry L. Laber Pamela R. Kauffman Thomas Kennedy $200,000 98–DN–VX–0023 $99,600 98–IJ–CX–K006 $299,341 97–LB–VX–K012

STR Technology Update and *Evaluation of Vehicle *Southwest Border States Increased Combined DNA Stopping Electromagnetic Antidrug Information System Index System Capacity Prototype Devices Criminal Information Sharing New Jersey Division of State U.S. Department of the Army Alliance Police E. Scannell Glen Gillum Linda B. Jankowski $250,000 98–LB–VX–A099 $7,918,174 97–LB–VX–K009 $297,381 98–DN–VX–0035 Ring Airfoil Projectile System Telemedicine Network Tarrant County Forensic DNA for Less-Than-Lethal Prototype Laboratory Enhancement Application SPAWAR, Charleston Program Guilford Engineering Jerry A. Koenig County of Tarrant (Texas) Associates, Inc. $937,273 98–IJ–CX–A014 Ronald L. Singer David Findlay $89,520 98–DN–VX–0016 $249,303 97–IJ–CX–K019 *Voice-Response Translator for Preprogrammed Law Upgrade of Serological Enforcement Phrases Analysis to DNA Technologies Communication and Integrated Wave Technologies, Inc. Kentucky State Police John Hall Lucy A. Davis Information Technology $401,324 98–LB–VX–K023 $231,570 98–DN–VX–0007 *Development of Advanced Wireless Technology Validation and Standards Training and Simulation Implementation of PCR-STR Association of Public Safety Technologies Analysis and CODIS Site Communications Officials Establishment International, Inc. *Bomb Threat Training Baltimore County (Maryland) Craig M. Jorgensen Simulator Police Department $44,570 97–LB–VX–K002 University of Houston Karen L. Irish Christopher A. Chung $119,300 98–DN–VX–0015 *Development of a $131,075 98–LB–VX–K016 Community Access Washington State Patrol System for the *Development of Computer- Forensic DNA Laboratory Chicago Police Based Training for Law Improvement Program, Department Enforcement Phase III Abt Associates Inc. Advanced Systems Technology Washington State Patrol Marianne Beauregard Barbara Hines Donald C. MacLaren $474,418 98–LB–VX–0070 $319,436 98–LB–VX–K018 $300,000 98–DN–VX–0029 65 NIJ Annual Report 1998

*Law Enforcement Defense Advanced Research Portable Through-the- Technology Training Projects Agency (DARPA) Wall Surveillance System Needs Assessment Support of the Joint-Program Raytheon Company Planning Steering Group (JPSG) Larry Frazier Sam Houston State University U.S. Department of Defense, $278,595 98–DT–CX–K004 Larry T. Hoover Defense Advanced Research $500,000 97–LB–VX–K020 Projects Agency Stand-Off Detection and David Fields Tracking of Concealed *Training, Technology $349,985 97–IJ–CX–A025 Weapons Development, and Quantum Magnetics, Inc. Implementation Detection and Classification Peter V. Czipott U.S. Department of Defense, of Concealed Weapons $297,733 98–DT–CX–K002 Naval Air Warfare Center Using Magnetic Gradient Janet Weisenford Measurements Technical Support for $507,944 97–MU–MU–A042 U.S. Department of Energy, the Concealed Weapons Idaho National Engineering Detection and Through- *Working With Technology Laboratory the-Wall Surveillance in Corrections Jonathan Nadler Programs American Correctional $101,959 95–IJ–CX–A027 U.S. Air Force Research Association Laboratory, Information John J. Greene Development of an Directorate $164,930 96–LB–VX–K004 Inexpensive Radar David Ferris Flashlight for Law $1,499,076 98–MU–MU–A062 Enforcement and Corrections Applications Counterterrorism Technical Support to Georgia Institute of Technology Technologies NIJ’s Office of Science E.F. Greneker and Technology Assessment of Explosively $336,539 98–DT–CX–K003 U.S. Department of Energy, Formed Penetrator Pacific Northwest National U.S. Department of the Navy, Explosives Detection Laboratory Naval Surface Warfare Center, and Remediation Steven W. Martin Indian Head Division Research and $157,546 97–DT–CX–A092 Marc Magdinec Evaluation $445,988 97–DT–CX–A074 U.S. Department of Defense, Office of Special Technology Body Cavity Screening David Perkins Program Assessment, System $1,350,000 97–DT–CX–A068 Policy, and Quantum Magnetics, Inc. Coordination Geoff Barrall Laser Dazzler Assessment U.S. Air Force Research $250,263 98–DT–CX–K005 *Facilitation of Domestic Laboratory and International Chemical/Biological Chad Lindstrom Technology Partnerships Dosimeter Advanced $290,000 98–DT–CX–A040 Eagan, McAllister Associates, Inc. Concept Technology Robert Greenberg Demonstration Multisensor Portal $428,589 96–LB–VX–K008 U.S. Department of Defense, Concealed Weapons Directorate of Research and Detection *Governance and Engineering Chang Industry, Inc. Technology Delivery Jasper Lupo Yu-Wen Chang $200,000 98–DT–CX–A073 $850,164 98–DT–CX–K001 Processes for the National Law Enforcement and Cybercrime Passive Millimeter-Wave Corrections Technology Cyberterrorism Study Camera for Concealed Centers and Their User Tennessee Valley Authority Weapons Communities David J. Icove Thermotrex Corporation Pymatuning Group, Inc. $65,000 98–MU–CX–A076 Peter F. Black Ruth M. Davis $299,942 98–DT–CX–K006 $498,204 98–LB–VX–0001 66 Appendixes

*Information Technology Assistance Rocky Mountain Region— Technology Acquisition Denver, Colorado: National Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. Technology Assistance, General Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology J. Thomas McEwen *Oak Ridge Laboratory Center $499,869 98–LB–VX–K011 Technical Support University of Denver, Colorado to the National Institute Seminary *Law Enforcement of Justice Deborah G. Bradford Technology, Technology Oak Ridge National Laboratory $1,786,004 96–MU–MU–K012 Transfer, Less-Than-Lethal James A. Reafsnyder Weapons Technology, and $250,000 98–LB–VX–A075 Policy Liability Assessment Southeast Region— Charleston, South Carolina: SEASKATE, Inc. *Sandia National National Law Enforcement E.A. Burkhalter Laboratories Test Facility and Corrections $255,828 96–LB–VX–K006 Sandia National Laboratories Technology Center Debra D. Spencer South Carolina Research Authority *Less-Than-Lethal Policy $525,000 97–LB–VX–A004 Gary A. Mastrandrea Assessment Panel $1,839,697 97–MU–MU–K020 SEASKATE, Inc. E.A. Burkhalter National Law Enforcement Southeast Region— $352,866 96–MU–MU–K016 and Corrections Technology Charleston, South Centers Carolina: National Law Public Acceptance Enforcement and of Police Technologies NIJ’s National Law Enforcement Corrections Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. and Corrections Technology Technology Center J. Thomas McEwen Centers (NLECTC) offer central- U.S. Department of the Navy, $100,000 93–IJ–CX–K012 ized sources of product and tech- Space and Naval Warfare Systems nology information, assessment, Center, Charleston *Research Conference and referral services to law Ronald L. Polkowsky on Illicit Substance enforcement, corrections, and $199,030 96–IJ–CX–A010 Detection other criminal justice profession- Gordon Research Conferences als. NIJ also supports a Border Western Region— Jimmie C. Oxley Research and Technology Center El Segundo, California: $20,000 97–LB–VX–0007 that focuses on developing and National Law Enforcement enhancing border control. and Corrections *Surplus Property Program The following awards provide Technology Center Ultimate Enterprise Limited technical assistance and other Aerospace Corporation Michael Simpson resources in support of the Donald Peterson $212,998 96–LB–VX–K002 Director of Science and Technology $1,624,793 96–MU–MU–K006 at NIJ through operation of the *Systems Engineering and NLECTC. Operation of the Evaluation Support for the Border Research and National Institute of Justice National—Rockville, Technology Center Office of Science and Maryland: National Law SPAWAR, San Diego Technology Enforcement and Corrections Chris Aldridge U.S. Department of Defense, Technology Center $244,250 96–IJ–CX–A036 Defense Support Office Aspen Systems Corporation Operation of the Carl F. Klele David C. Shinton $2,649,943 96–MU–MU–K011 Office of Law $1,298,898 96–LB–VX–A038 Enforcement Northeast Region—Rome, Technology New York: National Law Commercialization Standards and Testing Enforcement and Corrections Wheeling Jesuit University Tom Burgoyne Technology Assessment Technology Center $2,800,000 98–IJ–CX–K002 Program Air Force Research Laboratory U.S. Department of Commerce, Information Directorate National Institute of Standards John A. Ritz and Technology $2,670,000 96–IJ–CX–A032 Kathleen M. Higgins $3,827,375 94–IJ–CX–A004 67 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Victimization and Victim Services

Development of a Urban Institute Victimization Outcomes: National Study of Victim Blaine Liner What Influences Victim Needs and Assistance $750,000 98–VF–GX–0016 Compliance, Injury, and Victim Services, Inc. Crime Completion? Ellen Brickman Repeat and Multiple University of Maryland, $379,193 98–VF–GX–0011 Victimizations: The College Park Role of Individual Catherine A. Gallagher Evaluation of Victims and Contextual Factors $24,987 98–IJ–CX–0025 of Crime State Pennsylvania State University Compensation and R. Barry Ruback Assistance Programs $24,997 98–IJ–CX–0034

Violence

Violence, General Development of Estimating the Population Violence Against Women at Risk for Violence During NIJ-NCOVR Partnership University of Houston Child Visitation Carnegie Mellon University Ernest N. Jouriles Victim Services, Inc. Patricia Edgar $86,054 98–WT–VX–0005 Chris O’Sullivan $526,342 98–MU–MU–0007 $44,797 98–IJ–CX–0021 Developmental Antecedents Patterns of Violence: of Violence Against Women: *Evaluation of a Coordinated An Analysis of Individual A Longitudinal Approach Response to Domestic Offenders University of North Carolina, Violence University of Nebraska, Omaha Greensboro San Diego Association Julie Horney Jacquelyn White of Governments $86,172 96–IJ–CX–0015 $99,745 98–WT–VX–0010 Stuart R. Shaffer $62,526 98–WT–VX–K014 Developmental Theory Violence Against and Battering Incidents Evaluation of Efforts to Women and Family University of Cincinnati Implement No-Drop Policies Paul Mazerolle American Bar Association Violence $97,142 98–WT–VX–0007 Laura Nickles Beliefs and Perceptions $233,342 98–WT–VX–0029 About Domestic Drugs and Alcohol and Violence Their Connections to *Evaluation of Special State University of New York, Domestic Violence Session Domestic Violence: Albany University of New Mexico Enhanced Advocacy and Alissa P. Worden Paul Guerin Interventions $179,216 98–WT–VX–0018 $41,428 98–IJ–CX–0031 University of Connecticut Cathrine M. Havens *Children Exposed to Ecological Model of $74,999 98–WE–VX–0031 Domestic Violence Battered Women’s American Bar Association Experience Over Time Family Violence: Building a Laura Nickles George Washington University Coordinated Community $140,987 98–IJ–CX–0069 Mary Ann Dutton Response $350,948 98–WT–VX–0023 American Medical Association Conference: Co-Occurrence Larry S. Goldman of Domestic Violence Economic Distress, $8,555 96–IJ–CX–0029 and Child Abuse Community Context, and University of Minnesota Intimate Violence: An Field Testing Domestic Jeffrey L. Edleson Application and Extension of Violence Risk Assessment $24,975 98–WT–VX–0026 Social Disorganization Theory Instruments University of Tennessee, Knoxville Victim Services, Inc. Michael L. Benson Chris O’Sullivan $93,107 98–WT–VX–0011 $97,661 98–WT–VX–0019 68 Appendixes

Impact of Domestic *National Evaluation Team Program in Violence—Employment of the Rural Domestic Colorado Springs Experiences of Women Violence and Child 21st Century Solutions on Welfare Victimization Enforcement Craig D. Uchida University of South Florida Grant Program $75,000 98–WE–VX–K010 Martha L. Coulter Cosmos Corporation $429,068 98–WT–VX–0020 Mary A. Dunton Researcher-Practitioner $369,953 98–WR–VX–K002 Partnership: Evaluation *Impact Evaluation of of Grants to Encourage the Data Collection and *National Evaluation Arrest Policies for Communication Systems of the Violence Against Domestic Violence Components of the Violence Women Act Grants Pennsylvania State University Against Women Act STOP Urban Institute Paul Antolosky Grant Projects: An Martha Burt $74,921 98–WE–VX–0032 Implementation Guide $449,354 95–WT–NX–0005 National Center for State Courts *The Richmond/Police Susan Keilitz Predicting Levels Foundation Domestic $199,582 96–WT–NX–0002 of Abuse and Reassault Violence Partnership Among Batterer Police Foundation Impact Evaluation of a Program Participants Rosann Greenspan Sexual Assault Nurse Indiana University of Pennsylvania $199,098 98–WT–VX–0001 Examiner Unit in Alex Hackert Albuquerque, New Mexico $94,981 98–WT–VX–0014 Risk Factors for Violent University of New Mexico Victimization of Women: Cameron Crandall Predicting Reporting A Prospective Study $262,853 98–WT–VX–0027 and Nonreporting of Wellesley College Sexual Assault to Jane Siegel *Impact Evaluation of STOP the Police: A Multivariate $67,035 98–WT–VX–0028 Grant Programs for Reducing Analysis Violence Against Women Hawaii Department of the Secondary Data Analysis University of Arizona Attorney General on the Etiology, Course, Eileen M. Luna Libby O. Ruch and Consequences of $239,072 98–WT–VX–K010 $32,227 98–WT–VX–0015 Intimate Partner Violence Against Poor Women Impact Evaluation of STOP Prosecutors’ Charging Better Homes Fund Grants Law Enforcement Decisions in Sexual Amy Salomon and Prosecution Assault Cases $108,962 98–WT–VX–0012 Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. University of Nebraska, Omaha J. Thomas McEwen Cassia Spohn Sexual Violence and $399,974 96–WT–NX–0007 $173,460 98–WT–VX–0003 Intimate Partner Violence Centers for Disease Control A Longitudinal Study Research and Evaluation and Prevention of Battered Women on Violence Against Ted Jones in the System Women $500,000 98–IJ–CX–A026 University of Colorado, Boulder King County Epidemiology, Joanne Belknap Planning and Evaluation Unit Understanding the $234,934 98–WT–VX–0024 Sandy Ciske Intergenerational $119,346 98–WT–VX–0025 Transmission of Violence Male-Perpetrated Michigan State University Domestic Violence Research on Violence G. Anne Bogat Boston University Against Women: $248,830 98–WT–VX–0021 Barbara A. Cole Syntheses for Practitioners $76,667 98–WT–VX–0031 State University of New York, Using a Longitudinal Albany Data Set to Further National Evaluation Alissa P. Worden Understanding of the of the Arrest Policies $349,484 98–WT–VX–K011 Trajectory of Intimate Program Under Violence Violence Over Time Against Women *Researcher-Practitioner Michigan State University Institute for Law and Justice, Inc. Partnership: Evaluating Cris Sullivan J. Thomas McEwen the Domestic Violence $99,117 98–WT–VX–0013 $624,650 98–WE–VX–0012 Enhanced Response 69 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Violence Against Immigrant Violence Against Women: The Effect of Gun Carry Women and Systemic The Role of Welfare Reform Laws on Crime and Injury Responses California Institute for Harvard University Kent State University Mental Health Deborah Azrael Edna Erez Sandra Naylor Goodwin $26,138 98–IJ–CX–0042 $184,527 98–WT–VX–0030 $516,842 98–WT–VX–0009 Effectiveness of Denial Violence Against Violence and Threats of Handgun Purchase Women of Violence Against University of California, Davis Wichita State University Women in America Fay Yee Jana L. Jasinski Center for Policy Research $160,046 98–IJ–CX–0024 $85,206 98–WT–VX–0017 Patricia G. Tjaden $250,000 93–IJ–CX–0012 Police Problem-Solving Violence Against Strategies for Dealing with Women—Population- Firearms Youth and Gang-Related Based Comparison Firearms of Assaultive Injury Analysis of Title XI Effects: Rand Corporation Pattern Assault Weapons Ban Peter Greenwood University of Pittsburgh Evaluation $397,789 98–IJ–CX–0043 Harold B. Weiss Urban Institute $184,917 98–WT–VX–0016 Jeffrey A. Roth $301,826 98–IJ–CX–0039

Youth

Youth, General Evaluation of the *Longitudinal Analysis of Department of Recidivism Rates in Three *Assessing Mental Correction Housing California Youth Authority Health Problems Among Program for Waived Parole Release Cohorts Serious Delinquents Juveniles in Ohio California Youth Authority California Youth Authority Abt Associates Inc. Norman Skonovd Rudy Haapanen Dale Parent $137,450 98–CE–VX–0026 $310,345 98–CE–VX–0024 $191,976 98–CE–VX–0003 *Maryland Department of Boot Camps for Juveniles: Exploring Youth Violence: Juvenile Justice Partnership A Multisite Study Risk and Protective to Study Waiver Effects University of Maryland, Factors in Three Settings University of Baltimore College Park University of Southern California Jeffrey D. Senese Doris MacKenzie Cheryl Maxson $146,267 98–CE–VX–0018 $48,063 96–SC–LX–0001 $124,935 98–IJ–CX–0020 Neighborhood and Family Classification for Good Kids in Bad Contexts of Adolescent Juvenile Corrections Circumstances: A Girls’ Delinquency University of Cincinnati Longitudinal Analysis Harvard University Lawrence F. Travis University of Cincinnati Dawn A. Obeidallah $187,437 98–JB–VX–0108 Michael G. Turner $49,505 98–IJ–CX–0044 $19,633 98–IJ–CX–0026 *Community Justice Process and Outcome Conferences: Evaluation of Prosecutorial Impact of Juvenile Restorative Policing Waiver to Criminal Court Sentencing Guidelines University of Maryland, in Virginia University of Utah College Park Urban Institute Russel Van Fleet Lawrence Sherman Sanjeer Sridharan $200,000 98–JB–VX–0111 $221,772 98–IJ–CX–0033 $194,803 98–JB–VX–0107 70 Appendixes

Structured Decision Gangs *The Police Response Making for Alameda to Gangs: A Multisite County Probation Assessment of the Study National Council on Crime Community Impact Arizona State University and Delinquency of Civil Gang Injunctions Charles Katz Barry Krisberg University of Southern $163,532 98–IJ–CX–0078 $75,000 98–JB–VX–0109 California Cheryl Maxson Youth Groups and Understanding Needs and $398,728 98–IJ–CX–0038 Gangs in Europe: Outcomes of Substance A Joint American/ Abuse Treatment for Evaluation of G.R.E.A.T. European Workshop Juvenile Offenders University of Nebraska, University of Southern RAND Corporation Omaha California Patricia Ebener Finn-Aage Esbensen Malcolm W. Klein $74,976 98–JB–VX–0112 $300,434 94–IJ–CX–0058 $9,931 98–IJ–CX–0027 Use of Risk Assessment in Achieving Accountability- *Gang-Control Efforts Based Sanctions in a Community Policing University of Michigan Environment: Developing Rosemary Sarri Process and Impact Measures $282,600 98–JB–VX–0110 Police Executive Research Forum Deborah Weisel *Youth-Police Interaction $229,484 98–IJ–CX–0083 and the Implication for Coproduction of *Police Problem-Solving Safety in Chicago Strategies for Dealing With Chicago Alliance for Youth and Gang-Related Neighborhood Safety Firearms Warren Friedman RAND Corporation $160,787 98–IJ–CX–0077 Peter Greenwood $397,789 98–IJ–CX–0043 71 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Appendix B: Documents Published in Fiscal Year 1998

Most NIJ materials are free and • Research Previews: Two- Texas’ Project RIO (Re-Integration can be obtained in several ways: page fact sheets on research of Offenders), Finn, P., Program and evaluation findings and Focus, June 1998, 19 pages, • Download documents from activities. NCJ 168637. the NIJ World Wide Web site at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij. • Issues and Practices: Women Offenders: Programming • Call or write to the National Reports presenting program Needs and Promising Approaches, Criminal Justice Reference options and issues for crimi- Morash, M., T.S. Bynum, and B.A. Service (NCJRS) at nal justice managers and Koons, Research in Brief, 800–851–3420 (outside administrators. September 1998, 11 pages, NCJ 171668. the United States, call • Program Focus: Highlights 301–519–5500), P.O. of specific innovative State Box 6000, Rockville, MD and local criminal justice 20849–6000, or download doc- programs. uments from the NCJRS Web site at http://www.ncjrs.org. • Research Forum: Reports based on NIJ-sponsored con- • Order Research Previews via ferences and lectures series. fax-on-demand by calling 800–851–3420. Corrections • For many science and technology publications, Chicago’s Safer Foundation: A call the National Law Enforce- Road Back for Ex-Offenders, Finn, ment and Corrections P., Program Focus, June 1998, Technology Center (NLECTC) 19 pages, NCJ 167575. at 800–248–2742 or download documents from The Delaware Department of the NLECTC Web site at Corrections Life Skills Program, http://www.nlectc.org. Finn, P., Program Focus, September 1998, 19 pages, NCJ 169589. NIJ publishes several types of publications, including: Managing Prison Growth in North • Research in Action: Carolina Through Structured Overviews of specific topics Sentencing, Wright, R.F., Program and programs in research Focus, February 1998, 15 pages, and practice. NCJ 168944.

• Research in Brief: The Orange County, Florida, Jail Summaries of recent NIJ Educational and Vocational research, development, and Programs, Finn, P., Program Focus, evaluation findings. December 1997, 16 pages, NCJ 166820. • Research Reports: Comprehensive reports on Public Health/Corrections NIJ-sponsored research and Collaborations: Prevention and development projects. Treatment, Hammett, T.M., Research in Brief, July 1998, 19 • Research in Progress pages, NCJ 169590. Videotapes: Sixty-minute lectures with a question-and- Successful Job Placement for answer segment presented Ex-Offenders: The Center for by well-known scholars Employment Opportunities, Finn, and accompanied by a P., Program Focus, March 1998, Research Preview summariz- 19 pages, NCJ 168102. ing the salient points of the discussion. 72 Appendixes

Courts and Preventing Crime: What Drugs and Crime Sentencing Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising, Sherman, L.W., Drug Courts and the Role of Resolving Community Conflict: D.C. Gottfredson, D.L. MacKenzie, Graduated Sanctions, Harrell, A., The Dispute Settlement Center of J. Eck, P. Reuter, and S.D. Bushway, Research Preview, August 1998, Durham, North Carolina, McGillis, Research in Brief, July 1998, 4 pages, FS 000219. D., Program Focus, September 19 pages, NCJ 171676. 1998, 15 pages, NCJ 172203. Rise of Hallucinogen Use, Hunt, D., Violence Among Middle School Research in Brief, October 1997, and High School Students: 12 pages, NCJ 166607. Crime Prevention Analysis and Implications for Prevention, Lockwood, D., Crime in the Schools: A Problem- Research in Brief, October Law Enforcement Solving Approach, Kenney, D., 1997, 12 pages, NCJ 166363. Research Preview, August 1998, Community Policing in Action: 4 pages, FS 000224. Lessons From an Observational Visibility and Vigilance: Study, Mastrofski, S., R.B. Parks, Metro’s Situational Approach to and R.E. Worden, Research Kids, COPS, and Communities, Preventing Subway Crime, La Chaiken, M., Issues and Practices, Preview, June 1998, 4 pages, Vigne, N.G., Research in Brief, FS 000199. June 1998, 67 pages, NCJ 169599. November 1997, 12 pages, NCJ 166372. National Evaluation of G.R.E.A.T., Measuring What Matters, Part Two: Esbensen, F., and D.W. Osgood, Developing Measures of What the Research in Brief, November 1997, Police Do, Brady, T.V., Research in 8 pages, NCJ 167264. Action, November 1997, 16 pages, NCJ 167255.

Police Overtime: An Examination of Key Issues, Bayley, D.H., and R.E. Worden, Research in Brief, May 1998, 17 pages, NCJ 167572.

Policing in Emerging Democracies: Workshop Papers and Highlights, Wirth, T., Research Report, October 1997, 108 pages, NCJ 167024.

Policing Neighborhoods: A Report From Indianapolis, Mastrofski, S.D., R.B. Parks, A.J. Reiss, Jr., and R.E. Worden, Research Preview, July 1998, 2 pages, FS 000223.

Protective Intelligence Threat Assessment Investigations: A Guide for State and Local Law Enforcement Officials, Fein, R.A., and B. Vossekvil, Research Report, July 1998, 65 pages, NCJ 170612.

Technology Forensic Laboratories: Handbook for Facility Planning, Design, Construction, and Moving, Office of Law Enforcement Standards, Research Report, April 1998, 71 pages, NCJ 168106. 73 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Helicopters in Pursuit Operations, Using Gunshot Detection Immigrant Populations as Victims: Alpert, G.P., Research in Action, Technology in High-Crime Areas, Toward a Multicultural Criminal September 1998, 6 pages, Mazerolle, L.G., Research Preview, Justice System, Davis, R.C., and E. NCJ 171695. June 1998, 4 pages, FS 000201. Erez, Research in Brief, May 1998, 7 pages, NCJ 167571. National Guidelines for Death Wireless Communications and Investigation, National Interoperability Among Law Medicolegal Review Panel, Enforcement Agencies, Taylor, Violence Clark, S.C., Research Report, M.J., R.C. Epper, and T.K. Tolman, Adolescent Violence: A View From December 1997, 57 pages, Research in Brief, February 1998, the Street, Fagan, J., Research NCJ 167568. 12 pages, NCJ 168961. Preview, January 1998, 4 pages, FS 000189. State and Local Law Enforcement Wireless Communications and Victims Batterer Intervention: Program Interoperability: A Quantitative Civil Protection Orders: Approaches and Criminal Justice Analysis, Taylor, M.J., R.C. Epper, Victims’ Views on Effectiveness, Strategies, Healey, K.M., C. Smith, and T.K. Tolman, Research Keilitz, S.L., C. Davis, H.S. with C. O’Sullivan, Issues and Report, January 1998, 131 pages, Efkeman, C. Flango, and P.L. Practices, February 1998, NCJ 168961. Hannaford, Research Preview, 201 pages, NCJ 168638. January 1998, 2 pages, FS 000191. The Unrealized Potential Batterer Programs: What Criminal of DNA Testing, Weedn, V.W., Early Childhood Victimization Justice Agencies Need to Know, and J.W. Hicks, Research in Among Incarcerated Adult Healey, K.M., and C. Smith, Brief, April 1998, 8 pages, Male Felons, Weeks, R., and Research in Action, July 1998, NCJ 170596. C.S. Widom, Research Preview, 12 pages, NCJ 171683. April 1998, 2 pages, FS 000204. 74 Appendixes

The Crime of Stalking: How Big Is Neighborhood Collective Trends in Juvenile Violence in the Problem? Tjaden, P., Research Efficacy—Does It Help Reduce European Countries, Pfeiffer, C., Preview, November 1997, 4 pages, Violence? Sampson, R.J., S.W. Research Preview, May 1998, FS 000182. Raudenbush, and F. Earls, 4 pages, FS 000202. Research Preview, April 1998, Criminal Behavior of Gang 2 pages, FS 000203. Members and At-Risk Youth, Other Huff, C.R., Research Preview, Predicting Criminal Behavior Crime and Justice Atlas, Justice March 1998, 4 pages, FS 000190. Among Authorized Purchasers Research and Statistics of Handguns, Wintemute, G., Association, June 1998, 140 pages. Homicide in Eight U.S. Cities: Research Preview, April 1998, Trends, Context, and Policy 4 pages, FS 000198. Crime and Place: Plenary Papers Implications, Lattimore, P.K., J. of the 1997 Conference on Trudeau, K.J. Riley, J. Leiter, and S. Stalking in America: Findings From Criminal Justice Research Edwards, Research Report, the National Violence Against and Evaluation, Taylor, R.B., November 1997, 144 pages, Women Survey, Tjaden, P., and N. G. Bazemore, B. Boland, T.R. NCJ 167262. Thoennes, Research in Brief, Clear, R.P. Corbett, Jr., J. Feinblatt, May 1998, 24 pages, NCJ 169592. G. Berman, M. Sviridoff, and C. Legal Interventions in Family Stone, Research Forum, July 1998, Violence: Research Findings A Study of Homicide in Eight U.S. 105 pages, NCJ 168618. and Policy Implications, jointly Cities: An NIJ Intramural Research produced by NIJ and the American Project, Lattimore, P.K., J. Trudeau, Bar Association, Research K.J. Riley, J. Leiter, and S. Edwards, Report, July 1998, 89 pages, Research in Brief, November 1997, NCJ 171666. 12 pages, NCJ 167263. 75 NIJ Annual Report 1998

Perspectives on Crime and Evaluation of Victims of Crime Juvenile “Breaking the Cycle” Justice: 1996–1997 Lecture Series, Act State Compensation and Evaluation, September 1998, Vol. I, Wilson, J.Q., P. Reuter, Assistance Programs, January SL 000308. M.H. Moore, C.S. Widom, and N. 1998, SL 000242. Morris, Research Report, Law Enforcement and Corrections November 1997, 132 pages, Forensic Document Examination Family Support Solicitation for NCJ 166609. Validation Studies, June 1998, Research, Evaluation, Development, SL 000297. and Demonstration Projects, March 1998, SL 000266. NIJ Journal Guidelines for Submitting Proposals for National Institute of Local Evaluations of the NIJ Journal, December 1997, Justice-Sponsored Research, Residential Substance Abuse No. 234, 44 pages, JL 000234. August 1998, NIJ 92737. Treatment for State Prisoners Program, January 1998, SL 000252. NIJ Journal, March 1998, No. 235, Guidelines for Submitting 40 pages, JL 000235. Proposals for NIJ Investigator- National Evaluation of the Rural Initiated Research, Rev. July 1998, Domestic Violence and Child NIJ Journal, July 1998, No. 236, NIJ 92737-4. Victimization Enforcement Grant 35 pages, JL 000236. Program, March 1998, SL 000270. Juvenile Accountability Incentive NIJ Request for Proposals for Solicitations for Block Grant Program Research and Evaluation Solicitation (1998), Comparative, Cross-National Research and April 1998, SL 000282. Crime Research Challenge Grants, Evaluation April 1998, SL 000277. Building Safer Public Housing Communities Through Locally Initiated Research Partnerships (1998), January 1998.

Communicating Research Findings: Assessing the Communication Strategies and Products of the National Institute of Justice, July 1998, SL 000299.

Crime Mapping Research Center Fellowship Program, October 1997, NCJ 166375.

Data Resources Program Funding for the Analysis of Existing Data, April 1998, SL 000278.

Drug Court Evaluation II, December 1997.

Evaluating Task Forces, Toll-Free Information Service Lines, and Drug Testing Programs: BJA/NIJ Evaluation Partnership for the Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Program (1998), August 1998, SL 000289.

Evaluation of Vehicle-Stopping Electromagnetic Prototype Devices, Phase III: Engineering Field Testing, July 1998, SL 000298. 76 Appendixes

Reducing Nonemergency Calls to Annual Reports NCJRS Catalog #39, March/April 911: An Assessment of Four 1998, 24 pages, BC 000263. Approaches to Handling Citizen 1997 Annual Report to Congress, Calls for Service, February 1998, August 1998, 82 pages, NCJ 171679. NCJRS Catalog #40, May/June 1998, SL 000264. 24 pages, BC 000264. Building Knowledge About Crime Research and Evaluation on and Justice: The 1998 Research NCJRS Catalog #41, July/August Violence Against Women, Prospectus of the National 1998, 24 pages, BC 000265. April 1998, SL 000279. Institute of Justice, November 1998, 24 pages, NCJ 167570. The NIJ Publications Catalog, Research on Violence Against 1996–1997, November 1997, Women: Syntheses for Practitioners, 72 pages, NCJ 166144. March 1998, SL 000271. Award Lists 1997 Research Portfolio (Interim), The NIJ Publications Catalog, 6th Researcher-Practitioner Research in Brief, November 1997, Edition, 1986–1996, November Partnerships: Evaluations of 38 pages, NCJ 166374. 1997, 25 pages, NCJ 167244. Grants to Encourage Arrest Policies for Domestic Violence, May 1998, NIJ Awards in Fiscal Year 1997, SL 000295. Research in Brief, August 1998, Electronic 27 pages, NCJ 167576. Publications Selection of Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Site NIJ News: An online newsletter NIJ Awards Issued in Response to Management Teams, March 1998, that features articles from the Fiscal Year 1997 Solicitations, SL 000258. director on current issues, Research in Brief, November 1997, along with coordinated articles, 20 pages, NCJ 167576. Solicitation for the Forensic DNA announcements, and links Laboratory Improvement Program, to related sites. Visit NIJ’s Web Phase 4, September 1998, SL Catalogs of page at http://www.ojp.usdoj. 000307. gov/nij/newsletter. Publications Solicitation for Investigator- NCJRS Catalog #36, JUSTINFO: An electronic newslet- Initiated Research (1998), September/October 1997, ter service sponsored by the U.S. March 1998, SL 000240. 24 pages, BC 000260. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs and published Solicitation for Policing Research NCJRS Catalog #37, November/ the 1st and 15th of each month. and Evaluation: Fiscal Year 1998, December 1997, 24 pages, BC It provides the latest criminal May 1998, SL 000286. 000261. justice news, information, services, and publications. Solicitation for Research and NCJRS Catalog #38, January/ Subscription information as well Evaluation on Corrections and February 1998, 24 pages, as back issues can be accessed at Sentencing (1998), April 1998, BC 000262. http://www.ncjrs.org/justinfo. SL 000276.