U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE AnnualT O C ONGRESS Report LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL To the President, the Attorney General, and the Congress: I have the honor to transmit the National Institute of Justice’s annual report on research, development, and evaluation for fiscal year 1998, pursuant to the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (as amended) and the 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act. Respectfully submitted, Jeremy Travis Director National Institute of Justice Washington, DC NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE Annual Report T O C ONGRESS DECEMBER 1999 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Janet Reno Attorney General Daniel Marcus Acting Associate Attorney General Laurie Robinson Assistant Attorney General Noël Brennan Deputy Assistant Attorney General Jeremy Travis Director, National Institute of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice World Wide Web Site World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and Office for Victims of Crime. NCJ 177617 iii NIJ Annual Report 1998 Message From the Directorn . v NIJ in Briefn . 1 Organization and Financial Datan . 1 Growth in Funding and Collaborative Activities Since 1994n . 2 Overview of the Yearn . 5 Basic Researchn . 5 Applied Researchn . 9 Technology Development . 13 Testing New Ideas and Technology . 14 Expanding the Horizons . 16 Sharing Knowledge. 17 Selected Highlightsn . 23 Making Communities Safern . 23 Monitoring Arrestees’ Drug Use Reveals Community Trendsn . 23 Strategic Approaches to Community Safetyn . 25 Policing in the Communityn . 27 Minimizing Risk Through Less-Than-Lethal Technologyn . 30 Taking Steps to Prevent Crimen . 32 Mapping Out Crimen . 32 Partnerships Promote the Safety of Women and Familiesn . 34 Enhancing Public Safety by Improving and Detecting Weaponsn . 36 Finding New Ways of Working Togethern . 38 Partnerships—Multiplying Perspectives and Resourcesn . 38 Consulting the Experts in Science and Technologyn . 40 Guiding the User of State-of-the-Art Technologyn . 42 Exploring Issues of Special Concernn . 44 Understanding Crime in Its Context: The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoodsn . 44 Examining Youth and Crime Issuesn . 46 Issues in Sentencing and Correctionsn . 49 Appendixesn . 53 Appendix A: Awards Made in Fiscal Year 1998n . 53 Correctionsn . 53 Courtsn . 54 Crime Mappingn . 55 Crime Preventionn . 55 iv T able of Contents Drugs and Crimen . 56 Information Dissemination and General Supportn . 57 International Crimen . 58 Policingn . 58 Public Housing and Crimen . 60 Schoolsn . 60 Sentencingn . 61 Technology Developmentn . 61 Victimization and Victim Servicesn . 67 Violencen . 67 Youthn . 69 Appendix B: Documents Published in Fiscal Year 1998n . 71 Correctionsn . ..