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Xeriscape Guidelines Adapted to Residential Gardens in Cyprus Elli George Georgiou Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

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Xeriscape Guidelines Adapted to Residential Gardens in Cyprus Elli George Georgiou Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2002 Xeriscape guidelines adapted to residential gardens in Cyprus Elli George Georgiou Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Landscape Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Georgiou, Elli George, "Xeriscape guidelines adapted to residential gardens in Cyprus" (2002). LSU Master's Theses. 1076. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1076 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. XERISCAPE GUIDELINES ADAPTED TO RESIDENTIAL GARDENS IN CYPRUS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture in The School of Landscape Architecture by Elli George Georgiou B.S., University of New Orleans,1999 August 2002 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my graduate committee (Kevin Risk, Van Cox, and Charles Fryling from the School of Landscape Architecture) for their time and guidance. I also extend thanks to the Forestry Department of Cyprus for their interest they showed and for the information they provided me. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, my brother, and my friends for their love and support. ii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………….ii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………...iii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………..vi ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………..x INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………….1 I.1 Background of the Topic…………………………………………………………….1 I.2 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………1 I.3 Scope………………………………………………………………………………...3 I.4 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………3 I.5 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………3 I.6 Timeliness of Research………………………………………………………………4 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF WATER CONSERVATION………………6 1.1 Sustainability…………………………………………………………………………6 1.2 Hydrological Cycle…………………………………………………………………..7 1.3 Landscaping and Water Conservation in the United States (Xeriscape)……………12 CHAPTER 2. CYPRUS…………………………………………………………………….22 2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………22 2.2 Environmental Factors………………………………………………………………27 2.2.1 Geology……………………………………………………………………27 2.2.2 Climate ……………………………………………………………………29 2.2.3 Flora of Cyprus……………………………………………………………30 2.2.4 Bioclimatic Zones…………………………………………………………31 2.2.5 Natural Vegetation and Plant Communities of Cyprus……………………33 2.3 Hydrology in Cyprus………………………………………………………………...38 CHAPTER 3. GARDENS IN CYPRUS…………………………………………………….45 3.1 Landscaping and Water Conservation in Cyprus…………………………………….45 3.2 Garden Culture of Mediterranean and Cyprus ………………………………………52 3.3 Gardening Trends in Cyprus Since 1960…………………………………………….56 3.4 The Importance of Gardens in Cypriots’ lives ……………………………………….66 CHAPTER 4. XERISCAPE GUIDELINES DEVELOPED BY DENVER WATER DEPARTMENT………………………………………………………………….71 iii CHAPTER 5. THE CASE STUDIES……………………………………………………….82 5.1 Introduction of the Sites……………………………………………………………..82 5.2 Inventory and Conceptual Diagrams of the Case Studies……………………………86 CHAPTER 6. XERISCAPE GUIDELINES ADAPTED TO RESIDENTIAL GARDENS IN CYPRUS…………………………………………………108 6.1 Attitude of Cypriots Toward the Idea of Xeriscape………………………………….108 6.2 Xeriscape Guidelines for Residential Gardens in Cyprus……………………………111 CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………137 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………..141 APPENDIX1 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL OF CASE STUDY#1………………..144 APPENDIX 2 SOIL SALTS IN SOIL SAMPLES OF CASE STUDY #1………………….145 APPENDIX 3 MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL OF CASE STUDY #2…………….146 APPENDIX 4 SOIL SALTS IN SOIL SAMPLES OF CASE STUDY #2…….……………147 APPENDIX 5 WATER ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDY #1………………………………..148 APPENDIX 6 WATER ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDY #2……………………..…………149 APPENDIX 7 SALT TOLERANCES OF ORNAMENTALS………………………………..150 APPENDIX 8 PLANTS TOLERANT TO SALINITY/LIST#1……………………….……151 APPENDIX 9 PLANTS TOLERANT TO SALINITY/LIST#2………………………….…152 APPENDIX 10 PLANTS TOLERANT TO BORON/LIST#1……………………………….153 APPENDIX 11 PLANTS TOLERANT TO BORON/LIST#2……………………………….154 VITA ………………………………………………………………………………………..155 iv List of Tables Table 1.1 – Comparison of water use in residential at Denver Colorado…………………..20 Table 2.1 – Annual precipitation…………………………………………………………...39 Table 2.2 – Monthly precipitation………………………………………………………….40 Table 2.3 – Relationship of groundwater and surface water in Cyprus……………………41 Table 6.1 – Plants adapted to Cyprus…………………………………………………….130 v List of Figures Figure 1.1 – Water cycle……………………………………………………………………..8 Figure 1.2 – Plant cycle………………………………………………………………………9 Figure 1.3 – Water competition………………………………………………………………10 Figure 1.4 – Hydro-illogical cycle……………………………………………………………11 Figure 1.5 – Water conservation in landscaping……………………………………………..16 Figure 1.6 – Photo of a colorful Xeriscape garden…………………………………………...18 Figure 1.7 – Photo of a Xeriscape garden with naturalistic look…………………………….19 Figure 2.1 – Mediterranean climates in the world……………………………………………22 Figure 2.2 – Map of Mediterranean…………………………………………………………..24 Figure 2.3 – Map of Cyprus…………………………………………………………………..25 Figure 2.4 – Photo of Tombs of the King……………………………………………………26 Figure 2.5 – Map of geology of Cyprus……………………………………………………...28 Figure 2.6 – Map of bioclimatic zones of Cyprus……………………………………………32 Figure 2.7 – Photo of Pine Forest…………………………………………………………….34 Figure 2.8 – Photo of Garigue on dry eroded soils…………………………………………..35 Figure 2.9 – Photo of Garigue on moderately eroded soils…………………………………..35 Figure 2.10 – Photo of rocky areas…………………………………………………………..36 Figure 2.11 – Photo of coastal areas………………………………………………………….36 Figure 2.12 – Photo of wetlands………………………………………………………………37 Figure 2.13 – Photo of cultivated areas………………………………………………………..38 Figure 2.14 – Water consumption in a household……………………………………………..44 vi Figure 3.1 – Using a water container………………………………………………………….48 Figure 3.2 – Washing a car…………………………………………………………………..48 Figure 3.3 - Water conservation at home…………………………………………………… 49 Figure 3.4 – Photo of botanical garden in Nicosia…………………………………………...51 Figure 3.5 – Photo of olive trees……………………………………………………………...58 Figure 3.6 – Photo of lemon trees…………………………………………………………….59 Figure 3.7 – Photo of gold gress trees………………………………………………………..60 Figure 3.8 – Photo of a lawn in Cyprus………………………………………………………60 Figure 3.9 – Photo of imported plants………………………………………………………..61 Figure 3.10 – Photo of dry gold gress trees………………………………………………….61 Figure 3.11 – Photo of water conservation garden…………………………………………..63 Figure 3.12 – Photo of water conservation garden…………………………………………..64 Figure 3.13 – Photo of water conservation garden…………………………………………..65 Figure 3.14 – Photo of pergolas with vines………………………………………………….67 Figure 3.15 – Photo of people that eating in an outdoor space………………………………68 Figure 3.16 – Photo of a garden that enhances the character of the place……………………69 Figure 4.1 – Planning and design……………………………………………………………72 Figure 4.2 – Base plan………………………………………………………………………..73 Figure 4.3 – Water-need zones………………………………………………………………73 Figure 4.4 – Soil analysis……………………………………………………………………74 Figure 4.5 – Use of lawn……………………………………………………………………75 Figure 4.6 – Plant selection…………………………………………………………………..75 vii Figure 4.7 – Efficient irrigation………………………………………………………………76 Figure 4.8 – Use of mulches………………………………………………………………….77 Figure 4.9 – Appropriate maintenance………………………………………………………..77 Figure 4.10 – Photo of Xeriscape garden before the construction……………………………78 Figure 4.11 – Photo of Xeriscape garden after the construction……………………………..78 Figure 4.12 - Photo of Xeriscape garden before the construction…………………………..79 Figure 4.13 - Photo of Xeriscape garden after the construction………………………………79 Figure 4.14 - Photo of Xeriscape garden after the construction………………………………80 Figure 4.15- Photo of Xeriscape garden after the construction………………………………80 Figure 4.16 – Photo of Xeriscape garden with cactus…………………………………………81 Figure 5.1 – Location map of the case studies………………………………………………….82 Figure 5.2 – Photo of the house on the beach…………………………………………………..83 Figure 5.3 – Base map with existing conditions of the house on the beach……………………84 Figure 5.4 – Base map with existing conditions of the house on mountain…………………….85 Figure 5.5 – Photo of the fruit garden………………………………………………..…………87 Figure 5.6 – Inventory base map with existing conditions of the house on the beach………….88 Figure 5.7 – Photo of the barbeque area……………………………………………………….89 Figure 5.8 – Photo of the area from the beach to the house……………………………………89 Figure 5.9 – Photo of the view from the house to the beach……………………………………90 Figure 5.10 – Photo of the view from the house to the open fields……………………………90 Figure 5.11 – Conceptual diagram of the house on the beach…………………………………93 Figure 5.12 – Inventory base map of the house on mountain………………………………….98 Figure 5.13 – Photo of the sea…………………………………………………………………98 viii Figure 5.14 – Photo of hilly landscape………………………………………………………..99 Figure 5.15 – Photo of Troodos mountain……………………………………………………100 Figure 5.16 – Photo of village Evrychou…………………………………………………….100 Figure 5.17 – Conceptual diagram of the house on mountain………………………………..102 Figure 6.1 – Wind direction…………………………………………………………………...115
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