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Anthrozoology and Sharks, Looking at How Human-Shark Interactions Have Shaped Human Life Over Time

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Anthrozoology and Sharks, Looking at How Human-Shark Interactions Have Shaped Human Life Over Time Anthrozoology and Public Perception: Humans and Great White Sharks (Carchardon carcharias) on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA Jessica O’Toole A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Marine Affairs University of Washington 2020 Committee: Marc L. Miller, Chair Vincent F. Gallucci Program Authorized to Offer Degree School of Marine and Environmental Affairs © Copywrite 2020 Jessica O’Toole 2 University of Washington Abstract Anthrozoology and Public Perception: Humans and Great White Sharks (Carchardon carcharias) on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA Jessica O’Toole Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Dr. Marc L. Miller School of Marine and Environmental Affairs Anthrozoology is a relatively new field of study in the world of academia. This discipline, which includes researchers ranging from social studies to natural sciences, examines human-animal interactions. Understanding what affect these interactions have on a person’s perception of a species could be used to create better conservation strategies and policies. This thesis uses a mixed qualitative methodology to examine the public perception of great white sharks on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. While the area has a history of shark interactions, a shark related death in 2018 forced many people to re-evaluate how they view sharks. Not only did people express both positive and negative perceptions of the animals but they also discussed how the attack caused them to change their behavior in and around the ocean. Residents also acknowledged that the sharks were not the only problem living in the ocean. They often blame seals for the shark attacks, while also claiming they are a threat to the fishing industry. The results of this study can be used to determine future strategies and policies as Cape Cod continues to navigate the increasing shark population. 3 Acknowledgments I would like to thank Professor Marc L. Miller, Professor Vincent F. Gallucci, and Manjari Misra for all their guidance and assistance on this thesis. I really appreciate your help and insight as I navigated this new field of anthrozoology. Also, thank you to all my family, friends, and SMEA cohort and community who have supported me the last two years. You are all amazing! I especially want to thank my parents, Donna and Patrick, and my brother Bryan for constantly pushing me achieve my goals and supporting me every step of the way. 4 Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 3 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. 5 List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 8 1. Chapter One: Anthrozoology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 9 1.1. History of Anthrozoology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 1.2. Definitions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 1.3. Human-Animal Studies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11 1.4. Interactions, Relationships, and Bonds ………………………………………………………………………………………. 13 1.5. Crossing Boundaries …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14 1.6. Paul Shepard …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 14 1.7. Chapter Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………... 16 2. Chapter Two: Biology and Management of Sharks ………………………………………………………………………………... 17 2.1. Biology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 2.2. Distribution ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 2.3. Management ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 24 2.4. Great White Sharks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 2.5. Chapter Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32 3. Chapter Three: Anthrozoology of Sharks ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33 3.1 Sharks as Gods …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 33 3.2 Sharks as Food ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 36 3.3 Sharks as Symbols ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 37 3.4 Sharks as Art ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38 3.5 Sharks as Entertainment ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. 39 3.6 Sharks as Monsters ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. 40 3.7 Chapter Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 43 5 4 Chapter Four: Cape Cod and Sharks ……………………………………………………………………………………………..……..… 45 4.1 The Cape …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45 4.2 Sharks of Cape Cod ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………. 49 4.3 The 2018 Attack ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. 53 4.4 Reactions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………… 54 4.5 Chapter Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57 5 Chapter Five: Methodology ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….. 58 5.1 Research Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… 58 5.2 Mixed Methods Data Collection ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59 6 Chapter Six: Analysis and Results ………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. 65 7 Chapter Seven: Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 79 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 83 References ……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………… 85 Appendix I. Disciplines Represented in Anthrozoology Literature ………………………………………………………………….. 95 II. Data Collection Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... 98 III. Autoethnographic Note ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 108 6 List of Tables and Figures Tables: Table 4.1 Past Winners of the Monster Shark Tournament ………………………………….……………………………………….. 51 Table 5.1 Elite Interviewees …………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………... 59 Table 5.2 Semi-structured Interviewees ………………………..…………….……………………………………………………….………. 61 Table 5.3 Unobtrusive Observation Locations ………………………………..………………………………..…………………………… 61 Table 5.4 Secondary Source Information Pieces ……………………..……………………………………………………………….….… 62 Appendix 1.1 Disciplines Represented in Anthrozoös …………………………………………………………….……………………… 95 Figures: Figure 2.1 Shark Diagram ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….. 18 Figure 3.1 The Shark Callers of Kontu ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 36 Figure 3.2 Life of Sharks Comic ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….. 40 Figure 4.1 Map of Cape Cod …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 46 Figure 4.2 Scenes from the Monster Shark Tournament …………………………………………………………………………….... 50 Figure 4.3 New Shark Mitigation Strategies ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…. 56 Figure 4.4 Sharktivity App ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 57 Figure 5.1 Map of Unobtrusive Observation Sites ……………………………………………………………………………………..….. 62 Figure 6.1 Facebook Comments on a Shark Article ……………………………………………………………………………………..… 67 7 Introduction The field of marine and environmental affairs is a broad discipline concerning issues in marine and environmental policy and management. This includes such topics as marine and coastal law, fisheries resource management, environmental justice, and many more. Recently, another area of study has emerged in the field of marine and environmental affairs, known as anthrozoology. Anthrozoology is the study of human-animal interactions and while relatively new in academia, it has actually been around for centuries. Since its official debut in the academic world in the 1970s, anthrozoology has continued to grow in both the social and natural sciences. The study’s insight into human behavior makes it a valuable tool in creating conservation strategies and policy decisions. Anthrozoology can also help researchers understand how interactions with animals influence peoples’ perceptions of the species. An example of this can be seen with the great white sharks off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Like other coastal communities in the United States, the Cape has a long history of shark interactions. These interactions have been both direct and indirect, ranging from great whites biting paddleboards to shark themed art festivals. In September 2018, a bodyboarder off the shore of Newcomb Hollow Beach on Cape Cod was bitten by a great white shark. Unfortunately he died of his injuries, becoming the first person to die of a shark attack on Cape Cod in over 80 years. Given this history of interactions and the recent shark attack, this thesis looks to understand what the public perception of sharks is on Cape Cod by asking three research questions: How are sharks understood by people, how do sharks influence people’s behavior, and what other sharks issues are salient in people’s minds? The Plan of This Thesis This thesis examines the field of human-animal interactions and the perceptions of sharks on Cape Cod. Chapter 1 introduces the field of anthrozoology, examining its history, definitions, and role in academia. Chapter 2 looks at the biology and management of sharks with a focus on the great white. Chapter 3 dives into the world of anthrozoology and sharks, looking at how human-shark interactions have shaped human life over time. In Chapter 4 the history of Cape Cod is discussed as well as the area’s past interactions with sharks, focusing once again on the great white. Chapter 5 remarks on the mixed qualitative method approach that was used to collect the data for this thesis. Research results are presented in Chapter 6, while the significance of
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