DOCSLIB.ORG

English in China: the Impact of the Global Language on China's Language Situation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
English in China: the Impact of the Global Language on China's Language Situation English in China: The Impact of the Global Language on China's Language Situation Author Gil, Jeffrey Allan Published 2005 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School School of International Business and Asian Studies DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/1486 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365962 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au ENGLISH IN CHINA THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE ON CHINA’S LANGUAGE SITUATION Jeffrey Allan Gil BA with First Class Honours in Languages and Applied Linguistics, Grad. Cert. Second Language Teaching (TESOL) School of International Business and Asian Studies, Griffith Business School Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2005 ABSTRACT The language situation of today’s world is drastically different from that which existed in the past. English has become the global language –it is used more and is more widespread than any other language has ever been. At the same time we are faced with large-scale language endangerment which could result in the extinction of half or more of the world’s languages. While not the only reason for language endangerment, the status of English as the global language has important consequences for all other languages and therefore deserves to be studied carefully. However, exactly what English means for other languages and cultures is far from simple and there is no general agreement on this issue. English has been seen as a destructive language, a pluralistic language and as an irrelevant language. This thesis explores the issue of global English as it applies to China. English language learning and teaching has been, and by all indications will continue to be, an important part of China’s reform and modernisation. China is also an ethnically and linguistically diverse country with 55 minority nationalities and over 80 languages. What does the spread of English mean for China’s language situation? Drawing on data gained through fieldwork and published sources, I argue that English in China is multifaceted, that is it has destructive, pluralistic and irrelevant elements. English is now used more and has higher status in China than at any time in the past and this has raised some concerns. However, English is not displacing Chinese language or culture. English is actually taking on Chinese features in both form and function. The Chinese language, far from being threatened, is currently expanding both in China and the world at large. Much effort has gone into promoting putonghua and there is great interest in learning Chinese in many parts of the world. China’s minority languages, like those elsewhere, are under varying degrees of threat. However, English is not the main reason for this situation. At the present time at least it has relatively little presence in minority areas. Despite the fact that it is not destroying China’s languages and cultures, English remains a significant issue for China and must be dealt with thoughtfully and carefully, especially among the minority nationalities. I argue that it is possible for China to acquire English without losing its linguistic diversity. Whether this can be achieved is a question of the resources and political will required to do so rather than any inherent difficulty with speaking two or more languages. To this end, the Context Approach is put forward as a possible way to improve English language teaching and learning among the minorities. In light of the results of this study, I suggest new directions for research, both on language issues in China and in general. I also argue for a new approach to our study of English as a global language and language endangerment. We need to appreciate the complexities of English on a local level as well as a global level and focus our attention more on how English can be taught to speakers of endangered languages in such a way that does not lead to language loss. STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. Signed: Date: TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Statement of Originality Table of Contents List of Tables Note on Chinese Names Note on Spelling Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Research Problem 3 1.3 Central Argument 8 1.4 Theory, Methodology and Sources 9 1.5 Why is this Research Important? 21 1.5.1 Language as a Valuable Resource 21 1.5.2 Minorities and their Languages in the Chinese Context 23 1.5.3 Gaps in the Academic Literature 24 1.6 Structure of the Thesis 25 1.7 Conclusion 29 Chapter 2: The Language Situation of Today’s World 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Overview of the World’s Languages 31 2.3 Changes in the World’s Language Situation 37 2.3.1 Development of Language and Long Standing Equilibrium 42 2.3.2 The First Big Punctuation: Agriculture and its Consequences 44 2.3.3 The Punctuation Spreads: European Expansion 47 2.3.4 The Next Big Punctuation: Economic and Political Power 49 2.3.5 Into Uncharted Territory: Languages in a Globalising World 52 2.4 The Making of a Global Language 60 2.5 Arguments About English and Other Languages 69 2.5.1 English as a Destructive Language 70 2.5.2 English as a Pluralistic Language 73 2.5.3 English as an Irrelevant Language 76 2.6 Conclusion 77 Chapter 3: The English Language in China: A Sociolinguistic Profile 3.1 Introduction 78 3.2 English in China: Historical Background 79 3.2.1 The Origins and Early History of ELT in China 80 3.2.2 ELT in the Republican Period (1911-49) 83 3.2.3 ELT in Early Communist China (1949-66) 85 3.2.4 ELT in the Cultural Revolution Period (1966-76) 87 3.2.5 ELT and China’s Open Door (1976-89) 89 3.2.6 ELT at Present and into the Future 91 3.3 The Current Use and Status of English in China 94 3.3.1 Users of English 95 3.3.2 Uses of English 96 3.3.2.1 Interpersonal Function 97 Science, Technology and Research 97 Media 99 Business 102 Tourism and International Connections 103 3.3.2.2 Instrumental Function 104 Formal Education 105 Informal Education 109 3.3.2.3 Regulative Function 112 3.4 A Critical Moment in the Interaction of English and China 113 3.5 Conclusion 116 Chapter 4:English with Chinese Characteristics 4.1 Introduction 117 4.2 Appropriation of Form: China English 118 4.2.1 What is China English? 118 4.2.2 Characteristics of China English 121 Pronunciation 121 Vocabulary 122 Syntax 124 Discourse Patterns 125 4.3 Appropriation of Functions: What the Chinese Do with English 128 4.3.1 Talking Back 129 Story 130 Description 131 A Story About the Main English Speaking Countries 131 4.3.2 Questioning the Authority of Native Speakers 132 Grammar Debate 133 4.3.3 Having Fun with English 135 Lunch with Students 135 Turning a Mistake into a Joke 136 English Brightens the Mood 136 4.4 Chinese Methods of Learning and Teaching English 137 4.4.1 Why Language Teaching in China is Not the Same as in the West 138 4.4.2 Chinese Students’ Perceptions of Western Teachers and Methods 146 4.5 Conclusion 153 Chapter 5: The Chinese Language in China and the World 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 Defining Chinese 159 5.3 Promotion and Spread of Putonghua Within China 166 5.3.1 Definition and Background of Putonghua 167 5.3.2 Promotion of Putonghua 171 5.3.3 Results of Putonghua Promotion 173 5.4 The Chinese Language Outside of China 182 5.4.1 The Current International Situation of Chinese 183 5.4.2 Interest in Learning Chinese 188 Chinese Language Learning in Asia 192 Chinese Language Learning in Europe and the West 195 Chinese Language Learning in Africa 201 5.5 Conclusion 203 Chapter 6: The Impact of English on Minority Languages in China 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 Overview of Minorities in China 207 6.3 Overview of Minority Languages 216 6.4 The Current Use and Status of Minority Languages: Policy and Reality 225 6.5 English and China’s Minorities 233 6.6 The Uses and Users of English in Minority Areas 235 6.6.1 Limited and Superficial Use of English 236 Official Signs 236 Commercial Signs 237 6.6.2 Limited Knowledge of English 238 Greetings and Attention Getting Phrases 238 Students and Teachers as the Main English Speaking Group 240 6.6.3 Korean Opting for Japanese 241 6.7 Mixed Feelings About English 242 6.7.1 Desire to Learn English 243 6.7.2 English as a Potential Threat to Minority Languages? 244 6.8 Conclusion 246 Chapter 7: Prospects and Challenges for Maintaining Linguistic Diversity in China 7.1 Introduction 247 7.2 The Case for Minority Languages, Chinese and English 250 7.3 Multilingualism and China’s Minorities 251 7.4 Education Policy and Reality Among China’s Minorities 261 7.4.1 Minority Education Policy 262 7.4.2 Educational Resources Among the Minorities 267 7.5 The Context Approach for the Improvement of English Language 271 Teaching 7.6 Conclusion 278 Chapter 8: Conclusion 8.1 Introduction 280 8.2 Summary of Findings 281 8.2.1 The Situation of English in China 282 8.2.2 The Situation of Chinese in China and the World 283 8.2.3 The Situation of Minority Languages in China 284 8.3 What do the Findings of this Study Tell Us? 285 8.3.1 English as a Global Language 286 8.3.2 Language Endangerment in the World 287 8.4 Contribution of the Thesis 288 8.4.1 Language as a Topic in Globalisation Studies 288 8.4.2 New Directions in the Study of China’s
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tungusic from the Perspective of Areal Linguistics : Focusing on the Bikin Dialect of Udihe
    Title Tungusic from the Perspective of Areal Linguistics : Focusing on the Bikin Dialect of Udihe Author(s) 白, 尚燁 Citation 北海道大学. 博士(文学) 甲第12069号 Issue Date 2016-03-24 DOI 10.14943/doctoral.k12069 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/61556 Type theses (doctoral) File Information Baek_Sangyub.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Tungusic from the Perspective of Areal Linguistics: Focusing on the Bikin Dialect of Udihe （地域言語学的観点から見たツングース諸語―ウデヘ語のビキン方言を中心に） By Sangyub BAEK A Thesis Submitted to Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University In Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor in the field of History and Area Studies Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... i List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... iii List of Maps ..................................................................................................................................... vi Preface ........................................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................ ix List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lisu and Lahu 1 Abstract Introduction 75
    Bulletin suisse de linguislique appliyuee, 691I, 1999,75-93 Publié dans Bulletin VALS-ASLA (Association suisse de linguistique appliquée) 69/1, 75-93, 1999 qui doit être utilisée pour toute référence à ce travail Standardisation of Transnational Minority Languages in Asia: Lisu and Lahu 1 David BRADLEY & Maya BRADLEY Abstract Lisu and Lahu are each spoken by large groups spread over southwestern China, northern Laos and Thailand, and northeastern Burma, with some Lahu in northern Vietnam and some Lisu in northeastern India. The status and corpus planning and educational policy for these minorities differ in each nation where they are spoken, which has led to the selection of more than one "standard" variety and the development of various competing orthographies. Diversity was created by religious and political divisions: Protestant missionaries prepared the earliest and most widely used orthographies, but Catholic and post-1950 Chinese Communist orthographies are also in use for Lahu; while Lisu has two very different Protestant orthographies and a post-1950 Chinese orthography in use, along with others that are no longer used. There are also competing centrifugal tendencies among some subgroups speaking divergent dialects, who wish to create their own orthographies and achieve some recognition for their own speech variety. For example, the Lahu Shi (Yellow Lahu) have created their own writing system; this is used among some refugees from Laos living in California and may soon be introduced in Thailand and elsewhere. Nevertheless, each of the two groups feels an internal unity, which is linguistically reflected in efforts to reunify the orthographies and maintain international contacts among leaders and language scholars.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    China Data Supplement March 2008 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC ......................................................................... 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC ..................................................................... 31 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership ...................................................................... 38 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries ......................................................................... 54 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations .............................................................................................. 56 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR ................................................................................................................ 58 LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR ....................................................................................................................... 65 LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan .............................................................................................................................. 69 LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 March 2008 The Main National Leadership of the
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual
    CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2016 ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION OCTOBER 6, 2016 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 21–471 PDF WASHINGTON : 2016 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 15 2010 19:58 Oct 05, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 U:\DOCS\AR16 NEW\21471.TXT DEIDRE CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Cochairman Chairman JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma ROBERT PITTENGER, North Carolina TOM COTTON, Arkansas TRENT FRANKS, Arizona STEVE DAINES, Montana RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois BEN SASSE, Nebraska DIANE BLACK, Tennessee DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio GARY PETERS, Michigan MICHAEL M. HONDA, California TED LIEU, California EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS CHRISTOPHER P. LU, Department of Labor SARAH SEWALL, Department of State DANIEL R. RUSSEL, Department of State TOM MALINOWSKI, Department of State PAUL B. PROTIC, Staff Director ELYSE B. ANDERSON, Deputy Staff Director (II) VerDate Mar 15 2010 19:58 Oct 05, 2016 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 U:\DOCS\AR16 NEW\21471.TXT DEIDRE C O N T E N T S Page I. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 5 Recommendations to Congress and the Administration ..............................
    [Show full text]
  • Warriors As the Feminised Other
    Warriors as the Feminised Other The study of male heroes in Chinese action cinema from 2000 to 2009 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chinese Studies at the University of Canterbury by Yunxiang Chen University of Canterbury 2011 i Abstract ―Flowery boys‖ (花样少年) – when this phrase is applied to attractive young men it is now often considered as a compliment. This research sets out to study the feminisation phenomena in the representation of warriors in Chinese language films from Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China made in the first decade of the new millennium (2000-2009), as these three regions are now often packaged together as a pan-unity of the Chinese cultural realm. The foci of this study are on the investigations of the warriors as the feminised Other from two aspects: their bodies as spectacles and the manifestation of feminine characteristics in the male warriors. This study aims to detect what lies underneath the beautiful masquerade of the warriors as the Other through comprehensive analyses of the representations of feminised warriors and comparison with their female counterparts. It aims to test the hypothesis that gender identities are inventory categories transformed by and with changing historical context. Simultaneously, it is a project to study how Chinese traditional values and postmodern metrosexual culture interacted to formulate Chinese contemporary masculinity. It is also a project to search for a cultural nationalism presented in these films with the examination of gender politics hidden in these feminisation phenomena. With Laura Mulvey‘s theory of the gaze as a starting point, this research reconsiders the power relationship between the viewing subject and the spectacle to study the possibility of multiple gaze as well as the power of spectacle.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 1 2013
    ISSUE 1 · 2013 NPC《中国人大》对外版 CHAIRMAN ZHANG DEJIANG VOWS TO PROMOTE SOCIALIST DEMOCRACY, RULE OF LAW ISSUE 4 · 2012 1 Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee Zhang Dejiang (7th, L) has a group photo with vice-chairpersons Zhang Baowen, Arken Imirbaki, Zhang Ping, Shen Yueyue, Yan Junqi, Wang Shengjun, Li Jianguo, Chen Changzhi, Wang Chen, Ji Bingxuan, Qiangba Puncog, Wan Exiang, Chen Zhu (from left to right). Ma Zengke China’s new leadership takes 6 shape amid high expectations Contents Special Report Speech In–depth 6 18 24 China’s new leadership takes shape President Xi Jinping vows to bring China capable of sustaining economic amid high expectations benefits to people in realizing growth: Premier ‘Chinese dream’ 8 25 Chinese top legislature has younger 19 China rolls out plan to transform leaders Chairman Zhang Dejiang vows government functions to promote socialist democracy, 12 rule of law 27 China unveils new cabinet amid China’s anti-graft efforts to get function reform People institutional impetus 15 20 28 Report on the work of the Standing Chairman Zhang Dejiang: ‘Power China defense budget to grow 10.7 Committee of the National People’s should not be aloof from public percent in 2013 Congress (excerpt) supervision’ 20 Chairman Zhang Dejiang: ‘Power should not be aloof from public supervision’ Doubling income is easy, narrowing 30 regional gap is anything but 34 New age for China’s women deputies ISSUE 1 · 2013 29 37 Rural reform helps China ensure grain Style changes take center stage at security Beijing’s political season 30 Doubling
    [Show full text]
  • Title the Kilen Language of Manchuria
    The Kilen language of Manchuria: grammar of amoribund Title Tungusic language Author(s) Zhang, Paiyu.; 张派予. Citation Issue Date 2013 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/181880 The author retains all proprietary rights, (such as patent Rights rights) and the right to use in future works. ! ! ! THE KILEN LANGUAGE OF MANCHURIA: GRAMMAR OF A MORIBUND TUNGUSIC LANGUAGE ZHANG PAIYU Ph.D. THESIS UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG February 2013 Abstract of thesis entitled The Kilen Language of Manchuria: Grammar of a moribund Tungusic language Submitted by Zhang Paiyu For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in February 2013 This thesis is the first comprehensive reference grammar of Kilen, a lesser known and little studied language of the Tungusic Family. At present, Kilen is a moribund language with less than 10 bilingual speakers in the eastern part of Heilongjiang Province of P.R.China. Since the language does not have a writing system, the examples are provided in IPA transcription with morpheme tagging. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. Chapter 1 states the background information of Kilen language in terms of Ethnology, Migration and Language Contact. Beginning from Chapter 2, the language is described in the aspects of Phonology, Morphology and Syntax. This thesis is mainly concerned with morphosyntactic aspects of Kilen. Chapters 6-8 provide a portrait of Kilen syntactic organization. The sources for this description include the work of You Zhixian (1989), which documents oral literature originally recorded by You himself, a fluent Kilen native speaker; example sentences drawn from previous linguistic descriptions, mainly those of An (1985) and You & Fu (1987); author’s field records and personal consultation data recorded and transcribed by the author and Wu Mingxiang, one of the last fluent native speakers.
    [Show full text]
  • Xiang Dialects Xiāng Fāngyán ​湘方言
    ◀ Xiang Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. Xiang Dialects Xiāng fāngyán ​湘方言 Mandarin 普通话 (putonghua, literally “com- kingdom, which was established in the third century ce, moner’s language”) is the standard Chinese but it was greatly influenced by northern Chinese (Man- language. Apart from Mandarin, there are darin) at various times. The Chu kingdom occupied mod- other languages and dialects spoken in China. ern Hubei and Hunan provinces. Some records of the vocabulary used in the Chu kingdom areas can be found 湘 汉 Xiang is one of the ten main Chinese Han in Fangyan, compiled by Yang Xiong (53 bce– 18 ce), and dialects, and is spoken primarily throughout Shuowen jiezi, compiled by Xu Shen in 100 ce. Both works Hunan Province. give the impression that the dialect spoken in the Chu kingdom had some strong local features. The dialects spoken in Chu were influenced strongly he Xiang dialect group is one of the recognized by northern Chinese migrants. The first group of mi- ten dialect groups of spoken Chinese. Some 34 grants came into Hunan in 307– 312 ce. Most of them million people throughout Hunan Province came from Henan and Shanxi provinces and occupied speak one of the Xiang dialects. Speakers are also found Anxiang, Huarong, and Lixian in Hunan. In the mid- in Sichuan and Guangxi provinces. Tang dynasty, a large group of northern people came to The Xiang dialect group is further divided into New Hunan following the Yuan River into western Hunan. The Xiang (spoken in the north) and Old Xiang (spoken in the third wave of migrants arrived at the end of the Northern south).
    [Show full text]
  • Progress on Reading to Learn in Hong Kong Primary Schools
    “The basis of their reading experience”: Progress on Reading to Learn in Hong Kong Primary Schools Po Shan Susana Lau Teacher Librarian HKIED Jockey Club Primary School Hong Kong Peter Warning Lecturer University of Hong Kong Hong Kong A key government education policy in Hong Kong is Reading to Learn, introduced in 2000. Cultivating an independent reading habit is identified as one of the “Seven Learning Goals” to be achieved by 2014. This paper reports the results of a small-scale pilot study designed to inform a more comprehensive future survey implemented jointly by the Education and Manpower Bureau and the Hong Kong Teacher Librarians Association to measure the effectiveness of Reading to Learn. Introduction “Were we to choose our leaders on the basis of their reading experience and not their political programs, there would be much less grief on earth.” Joseph Brodsky (Nobel Prize acceptance speech, 1987) A key government education policy – one of the “Four Key Tasks” – in Hong Kong is Reading to Learn , introduced in 2000. Cultivating an independent reading habit is identified as one of the “Seven Learning Goals” to be achieved by 2014 (EMB Education & Manpower Bureau, 2004). To provide support for Reading to Learn , government-funded primary schools in Hong Kong have been encouraged to appoint teacher librarians (TLs). The duties of the TLs are to manage their schools’ libraries and promote Reading to Learn . This paper reports the results of a small-scale pilot study designed to inform a more comprehensive future survey implemented jointly by the Education and Manpower Bureau (EMB) and the Hong Kong Teacher Librarians Association (HKTLA) to measure the effectiveness of Reading to Learn .
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Contest for Power and Influence
    CHAPTER 1 U.S.-CHINA GLOBAL COMPETITION SECTION 1: A GLOBAL CONTEST FOR POWER AND INFLUENCE: CHINA’S VIEW OF STRA- TEGIC COMPETITION WITH THE UNITED STATES Key Findings • Beijing has long held the ambition to match the United States as the world’s most powerful and influential nation. Over the past 15 years, as its economic and technological prowess, dip- lomatic influence, and military capabilities have grown, China has turned its focus toward surpassing the United States. Chi- nese leaders have grown increasingly aggressive in their pur- suit of this goal following the 2008 global financial crisis and General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Xi Jinping’s ascent to power in 2012. • Chinese leaders regard the United States as China’s primary adversary and as the country most capable of preventing the CCP from achieving its goals. Over the nearly three decades of the post-Cold War era, Beijing has made concerted efforts to diminish the global strength and appeal of the United States. Chinese leaders have become increasingly active in seizing op- portunities to present the CCP’s one-party, authoritarian gover- nance system and values as an alternative model to U.S. global leadership. • China’s approach to competition with the United States is based on the CCP’s view of the United States as a dangerous ideologi- cal opponent that seeks to constrain its rise and undermine the legitimacy of its rule. In recent years, the CCP’s perception of the threat posed by Washington’s championing of liberal demo- cratic ideals has intensified as the Party has reemphasized the ideological basis for its rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes Have Been Seen by the Administration)
    立法會 Legislative Council Ref : CB2/PL/MP/1 LC Paper No. CB(2)357/05-06 (These minutes have been seen by the Administration) Panel on Manpower Minutes of meeting held on Thursday, 20 October 2005 at 2:30 pm in Conference Room A of the Legislative Council Building Members : Hon LAU Chin-shek, JP (Chairman) present Hon KWONG Chi-kin (Deputy Chairman) Hon LEE Cheuk-yan Hon CHAN Yuen-han, JP Hon LEUNG Yiu-chung Hon Jasper TSANG Yok-sing, GBS, JP Hon Andrew CHENG Kar-foo Hon Tommy CHEUNG Yu-yan, JP Hon Frederick FUNG Kin-kee, JP Hon WONG Kwok-hing, MH Hon Andrew LEUNG Kwan-yuen, SBS, JP Hon LEUNG Kwok-hung Member : Hon LI Fung-ying, BBS, JP absent Public Officers : Item I attending Mr Stephen IP Secretary for Economic Development and Labour Mr Matthew CHEUNG Kin-chung Permanent Secretary for Economic Development and Labour (Labour) Mrs Jennie CHOR Deputy Commissioner for Labour (Labour Administration) - 2 - Mrs DO PANG Wai-yee Assistant Commissioner for Labour (Policy Support and Strategic Planning) Mr Byron NG Assistant Commissioner for Labour (Employment Services) (Acting) Item II Prof Arthur K C LI, GBS, JP Secretary for Education and Manpower Mrs Fanny LAW, GBS, JP Permanent Secretary for Education and Manpower Mr Edward YAU, JP Deputy Secretary for Education and Manpower 1 Clerk in : Mrs Sharon TONG attendance Chief Council Secretary (2) 1 Staff in : Mr Raymond LAM attendance Senior Council Secretary (2) 5 Ms Alice CHEUNG Legislative Assistant (2)1 Action I. Briefing by Secretary for Economic Development and Labour on the Chief Executive's 2005-2006 Policy Address relating to labour portfolio (LC Paper No.
    [Show full text]
  • Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau
    IPP740 REV World Bank-financed Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Ethnic Minority Development Plan of the Yunnan Highway Assets Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Yunnan Provincial Highway Bureau July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized EMDP of the Yunnan Highway Assets management Project Summary of the EMDP A. Introduction 1. According to the Feasibility Study Report and RF, the Project involves neither land acquisition nor house demolition, and involves temporary land occupation only. This report aims to strengthen the development of ethnic minorities in the project area, and includes mitigation and benefit enhancing measures, and funding sources. The project area involves a number of ethnic minorities, including Yi, Hani and Lisu. B. Socioeconomic profile of ethnic minorities 2. Poverty and income: The Project involves 16 cities/prefectures in Yunnan Province. In 2013, there were 6.61 million poor population in Yunnan Province, which accounting for 17.54% of total population. In 2013, the per capita net income of rural residents in Yunnan Province was 6,141 yuan. 3. Gender Heads of households are usually men, reflecting the superior status of men. Both men and women do farm work, where men usually do more physically demanding farm work, such as fertilization, cultivation, pesticide application, watering, harvesting and transport, while women usually do housework or less physically demanding farm work, such as washing clothes, cooking, taking care of old people and children, feeding livestock, and field management. In Lijiang and Dali, Bai and Naxi women also do physically demanding labor, which is related to ethnic customs. Means of production are usually purchased by men, while daily necessities usually by women.
    [Show full text]