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Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on Morals and Happiness

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Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on Morals and Happiness Library.Anarhija.Net Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Morals and Happiness William Godwin William Godwin Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Morals and Happiness 1793 http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/godwin/ PJfrontpiece.html lib.anarhija.net 1793 Contents Summary of Principles 9 Book I: Of the Powers of Man Considered in His Social Capacity 12 Chapter I: Introduction 13 Chapter II: History of Political Society 17 Chapter III: Spirit of Political Institutions 23 Chapter IV: The Characters of Men Originate In Their External Circumstances 30 Chapter V: The Voluntary Actions of Men Originate In Their Opinions 48 Chapter VI: Of the Influence of Climate 76 Chapter VII: Of the Influence of Luxury 83 Chapter VIII: Human Inventions Susceptible Of Per- petual Improvement 86 2 Book II: Principles of Society 92 Chapter I: Introduction 93 Chapter II: Of Justice 96 Chapter III: Of the Equality of Mankind 105 Chapter IV: Of Personal Virtue and Duty 109 Chapter V: Of Rights 116 Chapter VI: Of the Right of Private Judgment 124 Book III: Principles of Government 133 Chapter I: Systems of Political Writers 134 Chapter II: Of the Social Contract 137 Chapter III: Of Promises 141 Chapter IV: Of Political Authority 155 Chapter V: Of Legislation 160 Chapter VI: Of Obedience 162 Chapter VII: Of Forms of Government 173 3 Book IV: Of the Operation of Opinion in Soci- eties and Individuals 178 Chapter I: Of Resistance 179 Chapter II: Of Revolutions 190 Chapter III: Of Political Associations 204 Chapter IV: Of Tyrannicide 217 Chapter V: Of the Cultivation of Truth 221 Appendix: Of The Connection Between Understanding and Virtue 229 Chapter VI: Of Sincerity 237 Appendix, No. 1: Illustrations of Sincerity 249 Appendix, No. 2: Of the Mode of Excluding Visitors 260 Chapter VII: Of Free Will And Necessity 263 Chapter VIII: Inferences From the Doctrine of Necessity 278 Chapter IX: Of the Mechanism of the Human Mind 288 Chapter X: Of Self-Love and Benevolence 304 Chapter XI: Of Good And Evil 316 Book V: Of the Legislative and Executive Powers332 Chapter I: Introduction 333 4 carry us towards it, without feeling some presages of its approach; Chapter II: Of Education, the Education of a Prince 336 and it is reasonable to believe that, the earlier these presages are in- troduced, and the more distinct they are made, the more auspicious Chapter III: Private Life of a Prince 345 will be the event. Chapter IV: Of A Virtuous Despotism 352 Chapter V: Of Courts And Ministers 356 Chapter VI: Of Subjects 363 Chapter VII: Of Elective Monarchy 371 Chapter VIII: Of Limited Monarchy 376 Chapter IX: Of a President With Regal Powers 385 Chapter X: Of Heriditary Distinction 390 Chapter XI: Moral Effects of Aristocracy 395 Chapter XII: Of Titles 400 Chapter XIII: Of the Aristocratic Character 403 Chapter XIV: General Features of Democracy 410 Chapter XV: Of Political Imposture 417 Chapter XVI: Of the Causes of War 428 Chapter XVII: Of the Object of War 435 Chapter XVIII: Of the Conduct of War 439 Chapter XIX: Of Military Establishments and Treaties 445 712 5 Chapter XX: Of Democracy as Connected with the tion to sympathize in the concerns of others. The general diffusion Transactions of War 451 of truth will be productive of general improvement; and men will daily approximate towards those views according to which every Chapter XXI: Of the Composition of Government 456 object will be appreciated at its true value. Add to which, that the improvement of which we speak is public, and not individual. The Chapter XXII: Of the Future History of Political Societies462 progress is the progress of all. Each man will find his sentiments of justice and rectitude echoed by the sentiments of his neighbours. Chapter XXIII: Of National Assemblies 469 Apostasy will be made eminently improbable, because the apostate Chapter XXIV: Of the Dissolution of Government 475 will incur, not only his own censure, but the censure of every be- holder. One objection may perhaps be inferred from these considera- Book VI: Of Opinion Considered as a Subject tions. "If the inevitable progress of improvement insensibly lead towards equality, what need was there of proposing it as a specific of Political Institution 478 object to men's consideration?" The answer to this objection is easy. The improvement in question consists in a knowledge of truth. But Chapter I: General Effects of the Political Superinten- our knowledge will be very imperfect, so long as this great branch dence of Opinion 479 of universal justice fails to constitute a part of it. All truth is useful; Chapter II: Of Religious Establishments 493 can this truth, which is perhaps the most fundamental of all moral principles, be without its benefit? Whatever be the object towards Chapter III: Of the Suppressions of Erroneous Opinions which mind irresistibly advances, it is of no mean importance to us in Religion and Government 498 to have a distinct view of that object. Our advances will thus be- come accelerated. It is a well known principle of morality "that he Chapter IV: Of Tests 507 who proposes perfection to himself, though he will inevitably fall short of what he pursues, will make a more rapid progress, than Chapter V: Of Oaths 513 he contented to aim only at what is imperfect." The benefits to be derived in the interval from a view of equality as one of the great Chapter VI: Of Libels 517 objects to which we are tending, are exceedingly conspicuous. Such a view will strongly conduce to make us disinterested now. It will Chapter VII: Of Constitutions 527 teach us to look with contempt upon mercantile speculations, com- Chapter VIII: Of National Education 536 mercial prosperity, and the cares of gain. It will impress us with a just apprehension of what it is of which man is capable, and in Chapter IX: Of Pensions and Salaries 542 which his perfection consists; and will fix our ambition and activity upon the worthiest objects. Intellect cannot arrive at any great and illustrious attainment, however much the nature of intellect may 6 711 mous. Men will not be disposed, as now, to take advantage of each Chapter X: Of the Modes of Deciding a Question on the other's distresses. They will not consider how much they can extort, Part of the Community 550 but how much it is reasonable to require. The master-tradesman who employs labourers under him, will be disposed to give a more ample reward to their industry" which he is at present enabled to Book VII: Of Crimes and Punishment 553 tax, chiefly by the accidental advantage of possessing a capital. Lib- erality on the part of his employer will complete in the mind of Chapter I: Limitations of the Doctrine of Punishment the artisan, what ideas of political justice will probably have begun. which Result from the Principles of Morality 554 He will no longer spend the surplus of his earnings in that dissipa- tion, which is one of the principal of those causes that at present Chapter II: General Disadvantages of Punishment 559 subject him to the arbitrary pleasure of a superior. He will escape from the irresolution of slavery and the fetters of despair, and per- Chapter III: Of the Purposes of Punishment 565 ceive that independence and ease are scarcely less within his reach Chapter IV: Of the Application of Punishment 572 than that of any other member of the community. This is an obvi- ous step towards the still further progression, in which the labourer Chapter V: Of Punishment Considered as a Temporary will receive entire whatever the consumer may be required to pay, Expedient 580 without having a capitalist, an idle and useless monopolizer, as he will then be found, to fatten upon his spoils. Chapter VI: Scale of Punishment 593 The same sentiments that lead to liberality of dealing will also lead to liberality of distribution. The trader, who is unwilling to Chapter VII: Of Evidence 603 grow rich by extorting from his customers or his workmen, will also refuse to become rich by the not inferior injustice, of withhold- Chapter VIII: Of Law 605 ing from his indigent neighbour the gratuitous supply of which he Chapter IX: Of Pardons 617 stands in need. The habit which was created in the former caseof being contented with moderate gains, is closely connected with the habit of being contented with slender accumulation. He that is not anxious to add to his heap, will not be reluctant by a benevolent Book VIII: Of Property 622 distribution to prevent its increase. Wealth was at one period al- Chapter I: Preliminary Observations 623 most the single object of pursuit that presented itself to the gross and uncultivated mind. Various objects will hereafter divide men's Chapter II: Principles of Property 630 attention, the love of liberty, the love of equality, the pursuits of art and the desire of knowledge. These objects will not, as now, be Chapter III: Benefits Attendant on a System of Equality 645 confined to a few, but will gradually be laid open to all. Thelove of liberty obviously leads to a sentiment of union, and a disposi- 710 7 Chapter IV: Objection to this System from the Frailty side those who were cased in mail; but learning proved that the low- of the Human Mind 654 born were capable of surpassing their lords. The progressive effect of these ideas may easily be traced. Long after learning began to un- Chapter V: Objection to This System from the Question fold its powers, its votaries still submitted to those obsequious man- of Permanence 659 ners and servile dedications, which no man reviews at the present day without astonishment.
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